Nature of

Research
 Definition of Research
asystematic, controlled,
empirical and critical investigation
of hypothetical propositions about
the presumed relations among
natural phenomena (Kerlinger,
1973)
 Definition of Research

orderlyinvestigation of a
subject matter for the
purpose of adding to
knowledge (UNESCO, 1962)
Definition of Research
careful, systematic,
reliable, and valid method
of investigating knowledge
and solving problems
(Wiersma, 1991)
 Definition of Research
systematic process of collecting
and analyzing information in
order to increase our
understanding of the
phenomenon with which we are
concerned or interested (Leedy,
1997)
Purpose and Importance of
Research
Discover new facts of known
phenomenon
Find solution to problems
Improve or develop new
products
Purpose and Importance
of Research
Validate generalizations
into systematic order
Provide basis for
decision making in any
undertaking
 Purpose and Importance
of Research
Satisfy the researcher
curiosity
Improve educational
practices
Purpose and Importance
of Research

Promote health and

long life
Improve quality of life
Characteristics of Research
Logical
Cyclical
Analytical
Valid
Reliable
Classification of Research
1.According to Purpose
a. Predictive Research – has the
purpose to determine the future
operation of the variables under
investigation with the aim of
controlling or redirecting such for
the better.
 Classification of Research
1.According to Purpose
b. Directive Research – determines what
should be done based on the findings to
remedy an unsatisfactory condition, if
there is any.
c. Illuminative Research – is concerned
with the interaction of the components of
the variable being investigated
Classification of Research

2. According to Goal
a. Basic or Pure Research –
is done for the development
of theories and principles.
 Classification of Research
2. According to Goal
b. Applied Research – involves
seeking new applications of
scientific knowledge to the solution
of a problem such as development of
new system, procedures, device or
method in order to solve problem.
Classification of Research
3. According to Level of
Investigation
a. Exploratory Research – the
researcher studies the variables
pertinent to a specific situation.
b. Experimental Research – the
researcher studies the effects of the
variables on each other.
Classification of Research
3. According to Level of
Investigation
c. Descriptive Research – is
concerned with conditions of
relationships that exists; practices
that prevail, beliefs and processes
that are going on; trends that are
developing.
Classification of Research

4. According to Scope
 under this category is
action research which is
done on a very limited
scope to solve a particular
problem
Classification of Research
5. According to Statistical
Content
a. Quantitative – inferential
statistics is utilized to determine the
results of the study
b. Qualitative – descriptive data
are gathered
 Research Process
1. Select a problem and
specify research question
2. Conduct review of
related literature and
studies
 Research Process

3. Formulate a hypothesis
4. Select a research design
5. Gather the data
 Research Process
6. Analyze and interpret data
7. Determine implications and
conclusions from the findings
8. Make recommendations for
further research
 Meaning of Variable
A variable is anything in a
research situation that varies and
can be measured. It can be
human characteristics or
characteristics, groups, schools,
districts, instructional materials,
etc.
 Types of Variable

1.Independent Variable –
stimulus variable chosen by
the researcher to determine
its relationship to an
observed phenomenon.
 Types of Variable
2. Dependent Variable –
response variable which is
observed and measured to
determine the effect of
the independent variable.
 Types of Variable

3. Intervening Variable –
interferes with the dependent
and independent variables, but
its effects can either strengthen
or weaken the independent and
dependent variables.
 Types of Variable
4. Control Variable – the
variable controlled by the
researcher in which the
effects can be neutralized
by eliminating or
removing the variable.