LESSON 1:  Reveals all truth

Power of the Press JOURNALISM AS A CAREER- highly responsible job, should have
 Selection of which news to be covered presentable and confident personality.
 Space or time given to stories OTHER ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENT OF A GOOD JOURNALIST:
 Way the story is presented 1. Inquisitive bent of mind

 Images and language 2. Good writing and comm. Skills

 Importance given 3. Ability to differ fact and fiction

4. Tact
 Way the audience is guided to interpret the story
5. Intelligent
 Glory of the byline
6. Capable of handling unforeseen situations.

NEWS- informant about current events printed in newspapers or

broadcast by the media. (Microsoft Encarta, 2009)
LESSON 2: HISTORY OF JOURNALISM
 Recent info
1. TOMAS PINPIN (1637) Father of Filipino Printing- launched the
 Current events
first Phil Newsletter called SUCCESSORS FELICES (fortunate
 Interesting
events)- 14 page/Spanish
 Previously unknown

1799- Pinpin with HOJAS VOLANTES (flying sheets) titled AVISO AL

ELEMENTS OF NEWSWORTHINESS
PUBLICO (notice to the Public) served the Spaniards and has same
1. Timeliness
role with omalohokan/town crier.
2. Proximity
3. Significance
August 8, 1811- DEL SUPERIOR GOVIERNO launched by Gov.
4. Prominence
Fernandez del Forgueras
5. Oddity/unusual
 First regular pub, reported the developments about spain
6. Conflict
and Europe
7. Progress
 First to have layout THE NAME, DATE AND PLACE of pub.
8. Human interest
 15 ISSUES within 25 YEARS
9. Drama
10. Romance
35 years lapsed
11. Number
LA ESPERANZA
Essential Qualities of News (COBA)
 first daily Newspaper (Dec 1, 1846)
1. Clarity
 edited by Felipe Lacorte/Evaristo Calderon
2. Objectivity
 gave way to LA ESTRELLA (1847)/ DIARIO DE MANILA
3. Brevity
(1848)
4. Accuracy
JOURNALISM
DIARIO
 Reporting News for Media
 gov’s daily organ in 1852
 Gathering News
 renamed BOLETIN OFICIAL DE FILIPINAS
 Journalism in school is Campus Journalism
 ceased circulation by ROYAL ORDER in 1860
QUALITIES OF A JOURNALIST
 reappeared with FELIPE DEL PAN
 Have nose for news
 official decree/permanent closure Feb 19, 1898
 Tell the truth
 Not be afraid to people
1862- EL CATOLICO FILIPINO (Mariano Sevilla)
 Knowledgeable in style
 First fil religious newspaper
 Finish articles on time
1865 EL PORVENIR FILIPINO
SOURCES OF NEWS
 Pioneered two editions daily
 Offices, departments
 Followed by REVISTA MERCANTIL
 School calendar
1887- beginning of opinionated Journalism
 Invitations/Memos
LA OPINION (April 1, 1887)
 Different Clubs and Organizations
 First paper to defy friars
 Sports Team
 Students and Teachers
AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD
 Community
 English newspaper started to circulate
KINDS OF NEWS
 Led by MANILA TIMES (Thomas Gowan) on Oct. 11, 1898
1. STRAIGHT NEWS- facts reported without elaboration.
 Bought in 1917 (Manuel Quezon) sold after 4 years.
2. NEWS FEATURE- based on facts; writer may give
 Other owners; Alejandro Roces Sr. (1927-1930)
impressions, describe or narrate without biased opinion.
 1927, Ramon Roces put a magazine known as GRAPHIC
 Roces- Father of Modern Journalism
INTRODUCTION TO JOURNALISM
Journalism- a form of writing that tells people of what truly happened  MANILA TRIBUNE- (Roces, April 1, 1925); editor= Carlos

that they might not have known before. Romulo

MANILA DAILY BULLETIN (Carson Taylor- oldest existing newspaper

RESPONSIBLE JOURNALISM  Feb 1, 1900- started shipping a journal

 Not biased writing  1930- Herald/ Tribune on tough competition

 Reports of what is only seen;  SEN. VICENTE MADRIGAL- put up publication chain called

 No exaggeration DMHM; Spanish daily, El Debate, Weekly, Monday Post,

Herald and Mabuhay, a Pilipino daily.
 Not enhancing
JAPANESE OCCUPATION  Democratic way is through competitive exam.
 Publications were shut down
 DMHM destroyed Staff List (10 atleast)
 Printing was transferred to OSAKA MAINICHI Publishing 1. Chief Editor
Comp. (Manila Sinbusya Corp.) 2. Asso
 Papers existed: 3. Managing

1. TVT 4. Feature

2. Liwayway 5. Literary

3. Manila Shimbun 6. Sports

4. Shin-Seike 7. Reporters (1 for each class)

5. Bicol Herald
6. Davao Nichi-Nichi Can be an appointed member of the staff

 Guerillas- memiographed in short size edited by them to 1. Typists

counter propaganda against the Japanese. 2. Layout artist

3. Staff artist

MARTIAL LAW IN THE PH- period of history where the head declared 4. Photojourn

a proclamation to control troublesome areas under the rule of the 5. Circulation manager

Military.
Aspects: Duties and Responsibilities

 Censorship of radio/newspaper  Chief Editor

 Prohibition sale/consumption of alcohol -supervises editorial staff

-writes editorials of the organ
 “gatherings of more than 5
-any member may write editorial as long as it follows the
 Permit to held public meetings.
guidelines.
 Religious meeting allowed as long as not curfew hours

 Associate Editor
ROLE and FUNCTION OF JOURNALISM
-edits the article in cooperation with chief.
Function
-may delegated to write editorials
1. Information
2. Increasing Public Awareness
 Managing Editor
3. Interpreting the Facts
-as the hand of the board
4. Encouraging Decisions, Influencing Chane and Shaping
-brings articles to the press for typesetting
Public Opinions
-checks articles for typo
-layout the paper paging
HIGHSCHOOL PUBLICATION
 The Coconut of old MANILA HIGHSCHOOL (Araullo High
 Circulation Manager
School)- first school paper in Manila public HS born in 1911-
-ensures the release and distribution of the paper.
1912- a mimeographed edited by Carlos P. Romulo

SECTION EDITORS
Torres Torch of TORRES HS- made issue in Sept. 1930
Next are, Mapazette of MAPA HS (1940, Sept.)  News

The Chronicler of Arellano HS (1940, Nov.) -reporter to cover events relevant to school acts.

-the rest are born after World War 2 -writes articles on assignment of the chief

FORMAL INTRODUCTION OF CJ  Filipino

 Formal classroom instruction in hs journalism began in 1952 -optional staff

-prime job is to write editorial of the fil section
 Mrs. Sarah England (Mapa HS) experimented with the
-edits articles preparatory to submission
teaching of Journalism.
 Araullo, Torres, Arellano and Abad Santos follow through.
 2-2 plan implemented; journalism remained as a vocational
 Feature
subject in 2nd year
-gives out assignment to feature writers
 Optional subject in 3rd
-receives, and edits feature articles
 Elective in 4th

 Exchange
EDITORIAL BOARD
-beginning school paper; optional
 There should be a moderator. Wherein he/she must meet
-function sometimes accomplished by circulation manager
this;
-makes up a list of school papers sent by other schools.
1. With a degree in journalism
2. With experience in newspaper work.
 Layout Section
-cause assignment of the school’s official photographer to
 Staff Members;
take pictures on school’s activities for the month.
1. Atleast 1 yr residence
2. Not in proation list
 Layout Artist
3. Not have any disciplinary case
-designing and formatting
4. Chief, asso, and managing editors should not have
-label or properly identify all pictures
any major positions on different org.
-they write using pencil at the back of every pic.

Select a staff
  The Reporters 6. Offers training in organization, business methods,
-life of the contents depend on the skills of the reporters commercial, art, salesmanship, bookkeeping, and business
-secure cold and raw facts and write articles out of the same. management.

7. Develops qualities of cooperation, tact, accuracy, tolerance,

PUBLICATION POLICIES
 A well-edited paper needs definite policies which may pertain
to what it may print or what the staff may conduct. Such
policies may be posted on the conspicuous places like the
bulletin boards in the staff room or they may be printed and
distributed to the staff.
 Policies are brief statements of the paper’s platform or are
sometimes printed under the masthead, as in the following
examples:
 To support all school projects and to give only constructive
criticism of some projects.
 To maintain a high standard of sportsmanship by avoiding
personal enmity and jealousy both within and outside school.
 To refrain from publishing articles which convey wrong
impressions against the school, and
responsibility, and leadership.
B. Aid to the school and community
1.Informs the community on the work of the school.
2. Publishes school news.
3. Creates and expresses school opinion.
4. Makes known the achievements of the school.
5. Helps unify the school.
6. Encourages and stimulates worthwhile activities.
7. Develops right standard of conduct.
8. Provides an outlet for student suggestions for the betterment of the
school.
9. Develops better interschool relationship.
10. Develops school spirit.

 To avoid unkind personal jokes, criticisms, and caricatures. 11. Develops cooperation between parents and the school.

JOURNALISM IN GENERAL NATIONAL AND CAMPUS NEWSPAPER COMPARED

Newspaper
 Journalism
● A newspaper is a printed publication which is published and
Etymology; diurnal- daily
sold at regular intervals. Its main purpose is to provide news
-Rome, short bulletins of battles, etc are compiled by the gov
for its readers.
and was called acta diurna or “daily events”.
● A national paper is one that can be bought easily anywhere
 The occupation of writing for publication in newspapers and
in the country.
other periodicals. (Noah Webster)
 Something that embraces all forms in which or through which
Two categories of national papers:
the news and comments on the news reach the public.
● Popular papers present their news in a bright the lively
(Fraser F. Bond)
fashion, with easy-to-read articles and many photographs.
JOURNALISM ● Heavy or quality papers emphasize the more serious
 School Paper Advisers of the City Schools of Manila - subjects, and print longer articles about them.
Enjoyable co-curricular activity of the school paper staff in
collecting, organizing, and presenting news; in writing Sections or Parts of a Campus Paper
editorials, columns, literary articles, and features; in FRONT PAGE
copyreading, proofreading, dummying, and writing headlines 1. Local News- news that takes place within the country.
- all for the purpose of putting out a school organ. 2. Foreign news- news that takes place outside the country
3. Dateline news- an out-of-town news story.
4. Weather news- usually a boxed forecast of the area,
Its Basic Definition- It is concerned with the collection and
sometimes includes the temperature, wind directions, and
dissemination of news through print media as well as electronic media.
velocities.
5. Index- a slug line indicating an important inside page story
 • It involves various areas of work like reporting, writing,
and the page where it is found.
editing, photographing, broadcasting or cable casting news
items.
Other things found;
 • It covers the printed media that comes in the form of
1. CUT (photo)
broadsheets, tabloids, newsletters and magazines.
2. HEADLINE (title)
3. LEAD (first sentence of news story)
4. JUMPLINE (line telling a reader where the story is
continued)
5. GRAPHIC (combination of artwork and words)
6. OUTLINE (descriptive info/caption)
7. INDEX (alphabetical table of contents)
8. PHOTO CREDIT (reference to source of pic)
9. BYLINE (name of the writer)
10. DECK (secondary lead line)

FUNCTIONS OF THE CAMPUS PAPER B. EDITORIAL PAGE

A. Aid to the students 1. Folio
1. Provides an opportunity for interesting writing. -page number; date; and the name of newspaper
2. Gives students the opportunity to learn how to read the 2. Masthead
newspapers. -editorial box contains logo, names of the staff, about staff
3. Acts as a stimulus to better work. 3. Editorial Paper
4. Develops students’ powers of observation and discrimination -commentary written by any of the editors who comments or
concerning relative merits of news articles. gives the opinion of the staff
5. Serves as an outlet and motivation for journalistic writing. 4. Editorial Column
 -personal opinion written by columnist
5. Editorial Cartoon
-caricature emphasizing a simple point.
6. Editorial Liner
-short statement of quoted saying placed at the end of
editorial column
7. Letter to the Editor
-letter sent by the reader

a. Single-Feature Story
SPORTS PAGE
● Sports stories are classified as news stories, therefore,
what may be found in the news page may also be found in
the sports section.
● Other things that may be found in the sports section are the
sports commentaries and sports features.
SPECIAL FEATURES

● Society Page - has been eliminated which have become

irrelevant to the needs of the times.
● Commonly found in the present-day newspapers: b. Several-Feature or Composite Story
a. Life and leisure - (The arts, Religion, Entertainment and
Comics
b. Finance and Business for The Manila Times
c. The modern campus publication is both a school and
community paper. Its content is similar to that of a
metropolitan paper, minus the businesses and agricultural
sections, the shipping, movie, TV and radio guides, the
display and classified ads and the comic page.

WRITING THE NEWS STORY 3. Fact Story

News Writing
 Any type of journalistic writing describes events (5W, 1H)
 Often requires investigation on part of the writer, to make the
article accurate
IN WRITING THE BODY;
 Write the story right away
 Play dominant points
 Be accurate/truthful
 Avoid editorializing and writing libelous
 Give the source 4. Action Story
 Write names in full
 Identify names mentioned
 Watch out for errors of fact/grammar
 Observe the guidelines of clear and effective writing
 Adopt a paper stylesheet for consistency

PREPARING COPY;
 Type copy on standard-size, 2 or 3 spaced for the
copyreader
5. Speech, Report, Quote, and Interview Stories
 Write 1- or 2-word slugline
 Complete sentences/paragraphs
 Avoid splitting words
 Write more at the end of every sheet

VARIOUS TYPES OF NEWS STRUCTURE

1. Straight News Story

ADVANCED NEWS

2. News-Feature Story
OBJECTIVE AND INTERPRETATIVE REPORTING COMPARED

WRITING THE HEADLINES

 Headline- the text indicating the nature of the article or news
story below it. It’s a brief summary of what is the article
about.
 Purpose- quickly and briefly draw attention to the story.
 Functions
 Tell in capsule form what the story is about
 Grade news as to importance
 Make the page look attractive

STRUCTURE OF HEADLINE
 Flush Left- both lines are flushed to the left margin. This is
also true with a one-line headlines. Has no exact count for
the units in each line
 Dropline or Step Form- consists of two or three, and
sometimes four lines of types of the same length, somewhat
WHAT INTERPRETATION MEANS less than a column in width, so that the first line is flushed to
the left, second to centered, and the third flushed to the
1. Financial right.
-know little of economics  Inverted Pyramid- each of three or four lines in this head is
-explain facts without leaving reader perplexed successively shorter than the line above it.
2. Court
-explain or simplify legal terms
3. Labor
-translate simple, understandable words.

HOW AND WHAT TO INTERPRET

 Hangging Idention- The first line is flushed left. This is

followed by two indented parallel lines.
 Crossline or Barline- A one-line headline that runs across
the column. The simplest form, it is a single line across the
allotted space. If it runs across the page, it is called the
streamer.
 Boxed Headline- Foe emphasis or art’s sake, some
headlines are boxed. (Full boxed, Half boxed, and Quarter
boxed)
 Jump story Headline- This may be the same as the original
headline or it may just be a word, a phrase or a group of
words followed by a series of dots.
  1 UNIT - The question mark, space, all figures capital JILTF,
all lower-case letters except jiltf.
 1 1/2 UNITS - em dash, lower case m and w and all capital
letters except capital M and W and JILTF.
 2 UNITS - The capital M and W

President = 8 1/2 Why? P= 1 1/2 r= 1 e= 1 s= 1 i= 1/2 d= 1 e= 1 n= 1

Do's and Don'ts in Writing Traditional Headlines t= 1/2
1. Make your headline answer as many W’s as possible.
2. The headline should summarise the news story. It should contain PRINTER’S DIRECTION
nothing that is not found in the story.  Printer’s direction or specification for Headlines write a one
3. Positive heads are preferable to negative ones. line headline, occupying 3 columns, 42 points high bodoni
4. Put a verb expressed or implied in every deck. bold type, capital and lower case. ANSWER: 3-42-bb-clc
5. Omit articles like (a, an, & the) and all forms of the verb to be (is,
are, be), unless needed to make the meaning clear. PREPARING HEADLINE SCHEDULE
6. Don’t break off abbreviations, names, and hyphenated words.  A headline schedule is a complete collection of headline
7. Avoid repeating principal words regardless of the number of decks. types that are particular newspaper uses. This collection
8. Avoid heads that carry a double meaning. should specify the unit counts for all heads.
9. Don’t coin abbreviations of your own. Use only those that are
common to the readers like PNRC, DEPED, and DCS.
HEADLINE SCHEDULE
10. Don’t abrreviate days and months unless figures follow, as: Mon.,
Jan. 23
UNIT SIZE/FAMILY
HEADLINES COLUMN
COUNTS TYPE
What to Avoid Writing Headlines
Osmena High
1. Avoid the following kinds of headlines: 11.5 14.5 48 Radiant 2
revives Comedia.
 Fat Head- the spaces between the letters or words are so
crowded that there are no more spaces between, them or Dope upsurge in
12.5 11.5
that the spaces are so small that several words read as one. Community, School 30 Cheltenham 1
11.5
 Thin Head- the spaces between the letters or words or the noted.

space after the words in a line are so wide that effect is ugly. Food production
28.5 24 Century 2
 Label Head- an incomplete headline, like the label of a drive intensified.
product.
 Wooden hand- a very weak headline that is devoid of Headline Vocabulary
meaning, sometimes due to the absence of a subject or the  Headline writing must be cartloads of special skill. The copy
lack of a verb. editor who usually writes the headline should be able to tell
 Screaming Head- it is a big and bold headline of a short and in capsule form - temptingly, yet understandably - the most
unimportant story. A sensational head is another kind of complex story with words that fit the limit of the unit counts.
screaming headline

Headline Vocabulary samples

2. Don't tell the same thing even though you use a different word. Each
succeeding deck should contribute information.

3. Don't comment directly or indirectly. Avoid editorializing even in

headlines. 4. Unless the subject is implied or has been mentioned in
the first deck, avoid beginning a headline with a verb. 5. Don't end a
line with a preposition. Neither should you separate a preposition from
its object. Don't confuse a hanging preposition with a two-word verb
that ends with a preposition.

PUNCTUATING HEADLINES
 Use a comma in place of the conjunction [and].
 Two related thoughts should be separated with a semicolon.
 The dash may be used for smaller decks, but not for
headlines in large types.
ETHICS AND LAWS OF THE PRESS
 The single quotation marks, not the double quotation marks,
 A school paper, like all newspapers, should observe
are used in headline.
accuracy, fairness, and good taste in reporting events.
 Follow the other rules of punctuation.

ETHICS- words which show bias in the handling of news stories or

other stories concerning race, color, religious beliefs, or class should
Unit Counting in Headlines (In Letterpress Printing)
be avoided.
 A headline should fit the allotted space by a system of unit
counts giving to each letter, figure or space.
A school paper should not as rule print pictures which offend the
sensibility of the general run of readers.
THE CORRESPONDING UNIT COUNTS ARE AS GIVEN AS
FOLLOWS:
Example: photos of dead persons or murder victims which emphasize
 1/2 UNIT - jiltf and all punctuations except the em dash (----),
brutality. Sex crimes are not the territory of the school paper.
and the question mark (?).
The persons that can be held accountable when a school paper
reporter commits a breach of ethics or laws on journalism are the
following:
 Advisers
 Principal
 School journalism supervisor of the division
 the division superintendent (in the case of the public high
schools)
 heads of private schools or presidents of State Colleges
 Code of Ethics In order to guide its members along the right
path of good journalism, the Philippine Secondary Schools
Press Association (PSSPA) during the national conference in
1948 at Torres High School, Manila, adopted a Code of
Ethics modeled after that of the Indiana Secondary School
Press Association. This is their code:
 Conscious of the honor of representing the student
population of all public high schools in the Philippines and
the great responsibility that this honor entails, the Philippine
Secondary School Press Association pledges to do and
uphold the following Code of Ethics:
 Conscious of the honor of representing the student
population of all public high schools in the Philippines and
the great responsibility that this honor entails, the Philippine
Secondary School Press Association pledges to do and
uphold the following Code of Ethics: 1. To cooperate at all
times with the faculty in the improvement and betterment of
the school and to give only constructive criticisms in regard
to any school undertaking.
 2. To reflect good sportsmanship in writing by disregarding
personal grudge and enmity. 3. To avoid ironic personal
jokes. 4. To exclude from publication articles about the
school that may draw wrong and unpleasant conclusions
from those unaware of the real situation. 5. To extend full
credit to the author of any borrowed article.
 6. To be accurate and truthful in newspaper reporting. 7. To
correct errors brought to the attention of the staff. 8. To strive
hard for the best way of expression. 9. To practice teamwork
and discard individualism. 10. To adopt new ideas and make
changes whenever such will mean progress and
advancement.
 5. To extend full credit to the author of any borrowed article.
6. To be accurate and truthful in newspaper reporting. 7. To
correct errors brought to the attention of the staff. 8. To strive
hard for the best way of expression. 9. To practice teamwork
and discard individualism
 justifies it. At the same time, I shall fight vigorously for public access to
The Responsibility of the Press
The Ethics of Mass Media
The Philippine press has always been considered a bulwark of our
democratic and individual human rights as ordered by the New
Constitution. The ethical journalist will not reveal confidential
information given to him in the exercise of his profession. Even after
leaving the profession of journalism, he may not reveal confidential
information given to him while he was a journalist.
The members of the Fourth Estate must be governed by the Code of
Ethics of the 1. The following is the Code of Ethics of the Philippine
Press Council: a. Accuracy, Truthfulness, Objectivity The ethical
journalist scrupulously reports and interprets the news. He does not
suppress essential facts nor distort the truth by omission, or wrong or
improper emphasis.
Code of Ethics of the Philippine Press Council: a. Accuracy,
Truthfulness, Objectivity The ethical journalist scrupulously reports and
interprets the news. He does not suppress essential facts nor distort
the truth by omission, or wrong or improper emphasis.
b. Professional Secrecy The ethical journalist will not reveal
confidential information given to him in the exercise of his profession.
c. Fairness and Honesty in Gathering the News The ethical journalist
resorts only to fair and honest method in gathering the news. This
includes the taking of pictures.
d. Protecting Juveniles and Women Involves in Sex Offenses The
ethical journalist - and this applies to editors, especially - will not
publish the names of women involved in sex crimes, whether they are
offenders or the offended, considering that a woman's reputation, once
sullies, places her in a very distinct disadvantage and makes a future
normal life difficult.
e. Respect for Privacy or for Private Reputation The ethical journalist
should exercise very great restraint in publishing reports which would
adversely affect a person's privacy or his private reputation.
f. Decency, Courtesy, and Good Taste The ethical journal does not
write in detail news stories which only serve to arouse prurient interest
in his readers especially in cases involving sex.
g. Honorable and Honest Means of Livelihood The ethical journalist will
not accept a bribe to write or suppress a news story.
h. Personal Behavior, Manners Realizing that he wields great power
which can be used for good or for evil, the ethical journalist always
comports himself with dignity, right manners and good conduct.
Laws
The Code of Ethics of the members of the National Press Club
I. I shall scrupulously report and interpret the news, taking care not to
suppress essential facts nor to distort the truth by omission or improper
emphasis. I recognize the duty to air the other side and the duty to
correct substantive errors promptly. II. I shall not violate confidential
information on material given to in the exercise of my calling.
III. I shall resort only to fair and honest methods in my effort to obtain
news, photographs and/or documents, and shall properly identify
myself as a representative of the press when obtaining any personal
interview intended for publication. IV. I shall refrain from writing reports
that will adversely affect a private reputation unless the public interest
information.
V. I shall not let personal motives or interests influence me in the
performance of my duties, nor shall I accept or offer any present, gift or
other consideration of a nature that may cast doubt on my professional
integrity. VI. I shall not commit any act of plagiarism. VII. I shall not, in
any manner, ridicule, cast aspersions on, or degrade any person by
reason of sex, creed, religious belief, political conviction, cultural and
ethnic origin.
VIII. I shall presume persons accused of crime of being innocent until
proven otherwise. I shall exercise caution in publishing names of
minors and women involved in criminal cases so that they may not
unjustly lose their standing in society. IX. I shall not take unfair
advantage of a fellow journalist.
X. I shall accept only such tasks as are compatible with the integrity Why Lead- Used when the reason is more prominent or unique
and dignity of my profession, invoking the "conscience clause" when How Lead- method of achieving the story is the unnatural way
duties imposed on me conflict with the voice of my conscience. XI. I
shall conduct myself in public or while performing my duties as a Grammatical Beginning Lead
journalist in such a manner as to maintain the dignity of my profession. 1. Prepositional Phrase Lead-
When in doubt, decency should be my watchword. with/above/across/around/behind/in/on/at/under

Below is the Code of Newspaper Ethics of the American Society of 2. Infinitive Phrase Lead- to + main verb
Newspaper Editors:
3. Participial Phrase Lead- act as adjective, kapag tinanggal
The American Society of Newspapers Editors has its own code which mo yung phrase na to can stand still parin yung sentence or thought.
has been adopted by Philippine public high school paper, to wit: I. Kadalasan after ng participial phrase ay may comma (,).
Responsibility - The right of newspapers to attract and hold readers is
restricted by nothing but consideration of public welfare. II. Freedom of 4. Gerundial Phrase Lead- act as noun, meaning to say kapag
the Press - Freedom of the press is to be guarded as vital right of Nawala to sa sentence, incomplete yung thought
mankind.
5. Clause Lead- because/since/…
III. Independence - Freedom from all obligations except that of fidelity
to the public interest is vital. 1. Promotion of any private interest Novelty Lead
contrary to the general welfare, for whatever reason, is not compatible 1. Astonisher Lead- uses an interjection or exclamatory
with honest journalism. 2. Partisanship in editorial comment which sentence
knowingly departs from the truth does violence to the best spirit of 2. Contrast Lead- describes two extremes
American journalism; in the news columns it is subversive of a 3. Epigram Lead- familiar expression, verse, saying, proverbs
fundamental principle of the profession. 4. Picture Lead- vivid description of the subject matter
5. Background Lead- vivid description on the settings or
IV. Sincerity, Truthfulness, Accuracy - Good faith with the reader is the location
foundation of all journalism worthy of the name. 1. By every 6. Descriptive Lead- comparatively few descriptive words
consideration of good faith a newspaper is constrained to be truthful. 2. 7. Parody Lead- imitation of a well-known song, poem or lines/
Headlines should be fully warranted by the contents of the articles comedy
which they surmount. 8. Punch Lead- short/purposeful word/rarely used
9. One Word Lead-
V. Impartiality Sound practice makes a clear distinction between news 10. Quotation Lead- speaker’s direct lines/words
reports and expressions of opinion. News should be free from opinion 11. Question Lead
or bias of any kind. VI. Fair Play - A newspaper should not publish
unofficial charges affecting reputation or moral character without
opportunity given to the accused to be heard. ELEMENTS THAT MAKES NEWS

1. A newspaper should not invade private rights or feeling without sure
warrant of public right as distinguished from public curiosity. 2. It is the
privilege, as it is the duty, of a newspaper to make prompt and
complete correction of its own serious mistakes of fact or opinion,
whatever their origin.
VII. Decency - A newspaper cannot escape conviction of insincerity if,
professing high moral purpose, is supplies incentives to base conduct,
such as are to be found in details of crime and vice, publication of
which is not demonstrably for the general good.
WRITING THE LEAD
 First paragraph in an article and it contains the most
important information
Kinds of Lead
1. Conventional or Summary Lead
2. Grammatical Beginning Lead
3. Novelty Lead
Conventional or Summary Lead
 Used in straight news answers right away or any of the 5 W’s
and/or the H.
Who Lead- used when the person involved is more prominent
What Lead- Used when the event or what took place is more important
Where Lead- Used when the place is unique and no prominent person
is involved.
Elements of News
 Conflict- physical or mental conflict
 Immediacy or Timeliness- newest angle of the story
 Proximity or Nearness- geographical nearness/kinship or
interest
 Prominence- by reason of wealth, social position or
achievements
 Significance- interesting
 Names- important names, important news/ more names in
the story, the better
 Drama- adds color to the story
 Oddity or Unusualness- strange unnatural events
 Romance and Adventure- may be experiences with other
things
 Sex- this story is usually related to stories of romance…
 Progress- a country is chronicled step by step in the
newspaper
 Animas- especially those with talents
 Number- vital statistics, election results, scores, …
 Emotion- various human responses/ innate desire/…
Types of News Stories
Scope or Origin
 Local News- Report of events that take place within the
immediate locality.
 National News- takes place within the country.
 Foreign News- takes place outside the country.

When Lead- this lead is useful when speaking of deadlines, holidays,  Dateline News- preceded by the date and place of origin or

and important dates. place where it was written or filed.

Chronology or Sequence
 Advanced or Anticipated- published before its occurrence,
sometimes called dope or prognostication.
 Spot News- The reporter himself is an eyewitness to the
event that took place
 Coverage News- written from a given beat/ example of first-
hand reporting
 Follow-up News- sequel to a previous story

Structure
 Straight News- consists of facts given straight without
embellishment. Its main aim is to inform
 News Feature- but it entertains more than it informs/ Several
facts are included in the lead in their order of importance

Treatment
 Fact Story- plain exposition setting
 Action Story- A narrative of actions involving not mere simple
facts but also of dramatic events
 Speech Report- usually written from a public address, talks,
and speeches
 Quote Story- Speeches, statements when reported, are
regarded as quote stories
 Interview Story- news report written from an interview

Content
 Routine Story- stories reported year in and year out
 Police Reports-
 Science News-
 Developmental News- developmental communication
 Sports Stories-

Minor Forms
 News Brief- A short item of news interest/giving mainly the
result with details
 News Bulletin- It is similar to the lead of a straight news
story. Its aim is just to give the gist of the news
 News Featurette- This is a short news-feature usually used
as fillers
 Flash- A bulletin that conveys the first word of an event