I

NTELLI
GENTTRANSPORTATI ONSYSTEM
AMaj orProj
ectReport
Submitt
edi npart
ialf
ulfi
l
mentoft
he
Requi
rement sfortheawar
d
Of
FourYearDegr ee
I
n
CIVILENGI NEERING
By
Di
neshKumar

DEPARTMENTOFCI VILENGINEERI
NG
JaiParkashMukandLalI
nnov
ati
veEngi
neer
ing&Technol
ogy
I
nstit
ute
Radaur
HARYANA
SESSION2017-21
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Ev eryprojectbi gorsmal lissuccessf ul l
argelyduet ot heef for tofa
numberofwonder f
ul peopleswhohav eal way sgi vent heirv aluabl e
adv iceorl entahel pinghand.Iwoul dliketoexpr essmysoul felt
est eem andr ev erencef or,whoasmygui depr ov i
dedmewi tha
tremendousamountunf l
inchingsuppor t,i
nspirationandmot i
v ation
tocar ryonwi ththi swor k.Wor dsar ei ncapablet of ormul at emy
thankf ul
nesst ot hem, privi
l
egedmewi thunli
mi tedr esour cesand
responsi bili
ti
es.si ncer elyappr eci at
et hesuppor tandgui danceofal l
thosepeopl ewhohav ebeeni nst rument alinmaki ngthi spr ojecta
success.Wehav et akenef fortsi nthispr oj
ect.Howev er ,
itwoul dnot
hav ebeenpossi blewi thoutt heki ndsuppor tandhel pofmany
per sonaliti
eswhower ei nvolvedi nt hewhol epr ocess.Wear ehi ghly
i
ndebt edt oMr .MeghavGupt a, Headoft hedepar t
mentf ort hei r
gui danceandconst antsuper visionaswel lasf orpr oviding
necessar yinformat ionr egar dingt hepr oject&al sot hei rsuppor tin
compl et
ingt hepr oject.I'
m gr eatf ullt
oi nchar geofsi teandst aff
whohel pedusbypr ov i
dingt hei rabsolut eguidanceatv ariousst ages
oft hepr ojectwor k.
CERTIFI CATE
Iti
scer ti
ficatedt hatthest udentsofCI VILENGINEERINGf i
nalyear
ofhas
workedont hepr oject"I
NTELLI GENTTRANSPORTATI ONSYSTEM"
for
submi ssionJ. M. I
.E.T.
I(Har yana)basedonsy l
l
abusandsubmi tt
ed
sati
sfact oryrepor tinthevolumef orpar ti
alful
fi
lmentofthe
requir
ement
fortheDegr eei nCI VILENGI NEERING, StateboardofTechni
cal
Education,
Haryanaundert hegui danceofMr .
MeghavGupt a,Headofthe
department .
Dheeraj -8517506
Dinesh- 8518658
Raman- 8518666
Bhagsi ngh- 8518655
Tabl
eofCont
ent
s
1.I
ntr
oduct
ion
•Whati
sITS…….
•WhyI
TS…….
•Adv
ant
agesofI
TS…….
•HowdoesanI
TSwor
k….
2.I
ssuesi
nroadt
raf
fi
c
•Ur
bani
sat
ion….
•I
ncr
easei
ntr
anspor
tdemandandCO2emi
ssi
ons…
•Ex
acer
bat
ionoft
raf
fi
csaf
ety
….
•Ex
acer
bat
ionoft
raf
fi
ccongest
ion….
3.Component
sofI
TS
•Pat
ter
nofI
TSconf
igur
ati
on….
•Communi
cat
ions….
.
•Posi
ti
oni
ng….
•Mappi
ng….
•Sensi
ng….
4.I
ntel
l
igentt
ranspor
tat
iont
echnol
ogi
es
•Wi
rel
esscommuni
cat
ions….
•Comput
ati
onal
technol
ogi
es….
•Fl
oat
ingcardat
a/f
loat
ingcel
l
ulardat
a…
•Vi
deov
ehi
cledet
ect
ion,
and
•Sensi
ngt
echnol
ogi
es&i
nduct
ivel
oopdet
ect
ion…
•Radarandacoust
icsensor
s….
5.Appl
i
cat
ions
•Col
l
isi
onwar
ningsy
stem/Col
l
isi
onav
oidancesy
stem…
•Real
timepar
kingmanagement
…
•El
ect
roni
ctol
lcol
l
ect
ion…
•Aut
omat
edr
oadspeedenf
orcement
…
•Speedal
ert
s…

Emer
gencyv
ehi
clenot
if
icat
ionsy
stem…

 Var
iabl
espeedl
i
mit
s….

 Dy
nami
ctr
aff
icl
i
ghtsequence…

6.I
TSi
nIndi
a
7.Concl
usi
on
8.Pr
efer
ence
1.
INTRODUCTI
ON
Roadsar eacor epi eceofi nf rast ruct ur et hatsuppor tst hemov ementofpeopl eandl ogi sti
cs,
for mi ngt hef oundat i
onofsoci al andeconomi cdev el opmentandi nter connect ingci ti
es.por ts.
proj ect sandai rpor ts.Butwhi ler oadmai ntenanceandi mpr ovement sbr ingabouteconomi c
dev el opment , thei ncr easedv ol umeoft raf fi
ccausespr obl emssuchast r af f
icacci dent sand
congest i
on.I nr ecenty ear st hegr owt hofpopul ation, pr ogr essofur bani sat ionandr api dly
i
ncr easi ngcarowner shi pi nAsi ancount rieshasexacer bat edt henegat iveef fect scausedby
car s, resul ti
ngi namassi v ei ncr easeoft raf f
icacci dent s,congest i
onandenv ironment al
det er i
or ationduet oemi ssi ongas.
TheI nt elligentTr anspor tSy st ems( ITS)i sanewr oadandt rafficsy stem whi chcombi nes
i
nf or mat ion.communi cat ion, andcont rol technol ogiest opr oper l
yi ntegr at edr i
v ers, vehi cles
andr oadsi nawayt hatsuppor tspeopl edr i
ving.I t
sai mi st osol venotonl ycart raf fici ssues
butal sosoci oeconomi ci ssues, whi chi ncl udeagei ng.adecl i
ni ngCBD, tour i
sm v itali
zat i
on,
andsust ainabl eeconomi cdev elopmentut il
izinginf ormat ioncommuni cat i
ont echnol ogy .
Thi sdocumentwi llexpl aint heel ement sofI TS, prov i
deconcr et eappl icat ionst osol vet he
i
ssuesandl istmeasur est oef f
ici ent lyandef fecti
velyi mpl ementi tasawor kingsy stem i n
Asi ancount ries.I TSpl acesv ehi clesatt hecent reoft hesy st em asamov ingobj ect ,
rat hert han
bui l
di ngasy st em i naf act or yorof fice.I tusessensi ng, posi t
ioni ng.mappi ng, communi cation
andnet wor kst osol v ei ssuesbyi nt egr atingt hem andt henconnect ingpeopl e, vehi clesand
roads.
TheI TSappl icat ionsai mt osol vet hei ssuesatt hreemai nl ev els: soci et y.t her oad
admi ni stratoranddr iver s.Atasoci et al lev el,theappl icationswoul ddecr easeacci dent sby
wayofsaf edr iv i
ngsuppor t, aswel lasr educet raffi
ccongest ionbypr ov idingongoi ng
congest i
oni nf ormat ion, inlower ingt heenv i
ronment al i
mpact .Fort her oadadmi nist rator,
hazar dousl ocat ionsandf requent lycongest edar eascoul dbeeasi lyi dent ifiedbypr obe
i
nf or mat ioncol lectedf rom v ehi cl es; thiswoul denabl et her oadst obemanagedmor e
efficient l
yandatal owercost .Dr iv erswoul denj oyeconomi cadv ant agessuchasr educed
tolls, useoft her out ei nf ormat i
onandbenef i
tssuchasnonst opt ol lpay mentandpar ki ngf ee
pay ment .
Somecount rieshav eat t empt edt oi mpl ementI TSandexper i
encedposi tiver esul ts.Howev er ,
theyhav est illcomeupagai nstv ar iousi ssueswhi chhav ei nhi bitedi tssuccess, suchas
sy stemsnotbei ngpr oper lyi nt egr at ed, nothav i
ngenoughexper ti
se, notest ablishi ngamast er
plan, or, i
mpor t ant l
y, financi al rest ri
ct ions.
Inor dert oef f ect ivelyi nt roduceanI TS, itisimpor tantt osel ecti nfor mat i
oncommuni cat ion
technol ogyandappl icat ionst ailor edt oeachcount ryandr egi on. ,Thi si ncludesdr awi ngupand
efficient l
ypr omot inganappr opr iat ei nt roduct i
onpl anandpr ojectscheme, bui ldingconsensus
amongr elatedpar ti
es, andensur inganadequat ebudgetandsy stem i sinpl ace.
Wehopet hatt hi sdocumentwoul dpr ov idewor kabl esuggest ionsi nsol vingcommoncar
traffici ssuesexper i
encedar oundt hewor ld.
1.
1Whati
sITS
Intelli
gentTr anspor tSystems, orITS,isanewt ranspor tationsy stem
whi chai mst or esolveav ariet
yofr oadtraffi
ci ssues, suchast raffi
c
acci dentsandcongest i
on, byli
nkingpeopl e,roads, andv ehi cl
esi nan
i
nf ormat ionandcommuni cati
onsnet workv i
acut ting-edget echnologies.
Itincludes, forexampl e,ar oadtraffi
cinformat ionpr ovi
sionsy stem in
whi chr oadt raffi
cinformat i
oniscol l
ectedv i
ar oadsi desensor sandt hen
prov idedt odr i
vers.
• •I ntell
igenttransportationsystem isani ntegr atedsy stem ofpeopl e,
roadandv ehicle,designtocont ri
butest oimpr ov er oadsaf ety,comfort
aswel lasenv i
ronment alconservationthrought her ealizationofsmoot h
trafficbyr eli
evingtraffi
ccongest ion.
• •I TSi sasy stemsi nwhichinformat i
onandcommuni cat
ion
technologiesar eappl i
edinthef i
eldofr oadt ransport,
i
nf r
astr
uct ure, t
raffi
cmanagementandmobi l
ity
management .
• •I TSi ncludesabr oadrangeofwi relessandwi reli
ne
communi cation-basedi nf
ormation,control andelect r
onics
technology .
• •Appl icationofadv ancetechnologyusi ngelectronics,
Microprocessor s,Communi cati
onnet wor ksandadv ance
sensors.Itpr ovideimpor t
antinformation, securi
ty,safety
andef f
ici
ency .
• •I tli
nkspeopl e,
Roadandv ehicl
es
• •I mpr ov esTr avel
er

-
Safet
y
-
Conveni
ence
-
Eff
ici
ency
1.
2WhyI TS
•Trafficjam/Congest i
on
•Roadsaf et
yandsecur it
y
•Toi ncreaseef f
ici
encyoftransporti
nfr
astr
uctur
e
•Proact i
ve
•Environmentf ri
endly
•Tor educef uelconsumpt i
on
•Inadequat eroaddev el
opment
•Lowspeed, increasedaccidentr
ates
•Impr ovetheat t
racti
venessofpublictr
anspor
t
•Tackl
eri
singcongest
ionwhi
chi
ncr
easest
rav
elt
imeand
i
ndustr
ycosts
•Reducet
heenv
ironment
ali
mpact
soft
ranspor
t

1.3Adv antagesofITS
•Offersar angeofconvenientandaff
or dabl
etranspor
topt
ions
makingbestuseofi nf
rast
ructur
e
•Managescongest i
onandi nci
dent
st omai nt
ainagoodlevelof
servi
cet oroadusers
•Reduct i
oninstopsanddel aysati
ntersecti
ons
•Speedcont rolandimprovement
•Traveltimeimpr ov
ement
•Capaci t
ymanagement
•Inci
dentmanagement
1.
4HowdoesanI
TSwor
k

DataCol lecti
on
↓
DataTr ansmi ssion
Rapi dandr ealti
medat at
ransmissionbetweentheroadand
TrafficManagementCent er
↓
DataAnal y
sis
Errorr ectif
icati
on,datacl
eani
ng,dat asy
nthesi
sandadapt i
ve
l
ogi cal analysis
DataTr ansmi ssion
↓
Rapi dandr eal-
ti
medat at
ransmissionbetweentheTraff
ic
ManagementCent erandthetr
aveler
↓
I
ntel l
igentI nfor
mat i
on
2.I
ssuesi
nroadt
raf
fi
c

2.1Ur banisation
Globally,popul ati
oninur banareasi ncreasedataf armor er apidrat
e
duri
ngt he20cent urythanthosei nruralareas.Accor di
ngt othe
UnitedNat i
ons, 30%oft hewor ld'spopulati
onl i
v edinurbanar easin
1950; todayt hatf i
gurestandsat54%.TheUNexpect sthatby2050,
66%oft hewor ld'
sent i
repopulationwillli
vesinci t
ies.
Today ,thewor ld'
slargestcityi
sToky o; f
oll
owedbyDel hi,
Shanghai ,Mexi coCi ty,
Mumbai ,andSaoPaol o.Ifspredicted
thatby2050, ur banpopul at
ionsinAsi aandAf ricainpar ti
cular
willhavei ncreasedexponent i
all
y.
Assumingthesepredi
ctionsarecor
rectandurbani
zati
oncont i
nues
toincr
ease,i
tisal
sofairtoassumethatroadtraf
fi
cissues,suchas
congesti
onanditsimpactontheenv i
ronmentwil
lonlyworsen.
2.2Increasei nt
ranspor tdemand, andCO2emi ssions
•Accor dingtoestimat esbyt heInternationalTranspor tForum (
|TF),
roadandr ail
passengert raffi
cwillincreaseby120%230%by2050
wor l
dwi de(esti
mat esv arydependingonf utureoil pricesandur ban
transpor tpol
ici
es).Thei ncreasesar epredictedtot akepl acemainl
y
i
nnon- OECDcount rieswher epassengert raf
ficisexpect edto
i
ncr easeby250%450%.Asar esult,worldwideCO2emi ssionsfrom
surfacepassengert r
anspor tareest i
mat edtoincr easeby30%- 110%.
• •Accor dingtot heInt
ernati
onalEnergyAgency(IEA),gl
obalCo2
emissionsreached32. 2bil
li
ontonnesin2013.Approximately23%
ofCO2emi ssionsar ederi
vedfrom thetranspor
tsector
,which
i
ncludesair
, shi
p,rail
,androadtraff
ic.OftheCO2emi ssi
ons
causedbythet ransportsector
,thr
eequar ter
sareofthoseare
causedbyroadt raffi
c.
2.3Exacerbationoftr
aff
icSafety
TheEuropeanUni on(EU)predictedinitsWhitePaperonTranspor
t
(2011)thateconomiclossescausedbyt raf
fi
ccongesti
onwill
i
ncreaseby50%i nEUnationsby2050. Thesi t
uat
ionisf
armor e
seri
ousinAsi anmegaciti
es.TheWor l
dBankest i
matedin2014that
theeconomi ccostsofdelayeddeliv
eriescausedbytraf
fic
congestionsinKualaLumpural onecor r
espondedtoupto1.8%of
Malaysi
anGDP.
2.4Exacerbationoft r
aff
iccongestion
TheEur opeanUni on(EU)predictedinitsWhitePaperonTr anspor
t
(2011)thateconomi clossescausedbyt raf
fi
ccongest i
onwill
i
ncreaseby50%i nEUnat ionsby2050. Thesi t
uati
onisfarmor e
seri
ousi nAsianmegaci ti
es.TheWor l
dBankest imatedin2014that
theeconomi ccost sofdelayeddeliver
iescausedbyt raf
ic
congestionsinKual aLumpural onecor r
espondedtoupt o1.89%,of
Malay si
anGDP.
Figure2.4-1Tr af
ficCongestionsinAsianCi t
ies
(Source:MeetingDocumentf orCouncilonInfrast
ructur
al
Development)

Fi
gur
e2.
4-
1
Traff
icCongest
ionsi
nAsi
anCit
ies
(Sour
ce:Meeti
ngDocumentf
orCounci
lonI
nfr
ast
ruct
ural
Devel
opment)
 3.Component sofITS
•PatternofITSConfi
gurat
ion
Thepat t
ernsofITSconfi
gurati
onmayi nclude(
i)t
wo-
way
communi cati
on(acti
vesystem),(
ii
)one-waycommunicati
on
(passiv
esy st
em),and(i
ii
)telemati
cssystems,amongothert
hings.

• •Thechi efchar
act
eri
sti
coft heacti
vesystem (
i)isthati
tis
readi
l
ydeployablet
oawidev ar
ietyappl
icat
ionsvi
ai nt
eracti
ve
communication.

• •Intheotherhand,t
hechiefchar
act
eri
sti
cofthepassi
ve
syst
em (
ii
)isthatt
heinstal
l
ati
onofonboarduni
tissi
mpleandl
ow
cost
.

• •Thet el
emat
icssyst
em (
ii
i)
,whichwasadoptedinEur
ope
tort
hechargi
ngoftol
l
stotr
ucks,amongothert
hings,i
s
advant
ageous
• inchargi
ngteesforawidergeogr
aphi
careaasitdoesnot
r
equi
retheinst
all
ati
onofroadsi
deinf
rast
ruct
ures.

Inmanyoft hecount r
ieswher ethereareal argenumberofr el
ati
vel
y
l
ow- i
ncomer oadusers, asy stem thatall
owst heuseofl owcost
onboar duni
thasbeenadopt ed.Howev er,t
her ehavedisadvantages
thatleaveaheavierburdenonbacky ar
dsy stems, i
ncurri
ng
substanti
alcostsandf orcingar oadusert opur chasenewonboar d
unitwhenanewappl i
cat i
oni sadded.Itisrecommendedt hat,when
studyingtheadopti
onoft hepat t
ernofITSconf i
gurati
on,it
sf ut
ure
scalabil
it
ybetakenintoaccount .
3.2Communi cat ions
Compar i
sonofRadi ocommuni cationtechnol ogy
Ther ear eav arietyofmeansofcommuni cationthatconnectr oads
(roadsidesy stems)wi t
hv ehicles( ITSonboar dunit),suchasmobi le
phones, DSRCandFM mul ti
plexbr oadcast i
ng.Aseachoft hese
meansofcommuni cati
onhasi t
sownuni quechar act eri
stics, i
tis
adv i
sabl etouset her adiocommuni cati
ont echnologyt hatbestsui t
s
thechar acteristicsofappl i
cations.
Thatsai d,i
tisuneconomi cal i
nt ermsofcost stoinstalladev ice
thatiscompat i
blewi tht herelev antcommuni cati
onsst andar ds
foreachappl ication.Ther efore, whenest abli
shingITS, is
i
mpor tanttosel ectt heopt imal meansofcommuni cat i
onsby
takingi ntoaccountt her equiredspeci f
icationsofappl i
cations
andot herr elev antmat ters.Technol ogi
est hatconnectr oadsand
vehiclesar er oughl ydi vi
dedi ntocommuni cationstechnol ogies
andbr oadcast i
ngt echnol ogies.
Thecompar i
sonofcommuni cat ionsandbr oadcast i
ng
technol ogiesi sshownasf oll
ows:
3.3Posi ti
oning
3.3.1Necessi tyf orl ocat ioni nformat i
onf orI TS:
ITSisdesi gnedt or esol venotonl yv ehiclet r
afficissues, suchas
traf
ficacci dent s, traf ficcongest ionandadv erseef fect sont he
environment-butal sosoci al i
ssues, suchast heagi ngof
popul ation,ur bani ssues, pr
omot ionoft our i
sm, andsust ainabl e
economi cdev elopment .
Thebasi cst ruct ureofI TSconsi stsoff ivecomponent s: sensi ng,
positioning, mappi ng, andnet working.
Inotherwor ds, mechani smsf orthedi stri
but i
on, stor age, and
processi ngofi nf ormat ionwor kcol labor ativelytooper at eav ar i
etyof
applicationsbyef fect iv elyut i
li
zingt hesef ivetechnol ogies; sensi ng
technol ogyt orcol lect ingi nformat iononext ernal ci
rcumst ancesv ia
camer aorr adari nst al ledonamov ingobj ectormappi ngt echnol ogy
torplottinganddi spl ay ingt hel ocat iononamap: communi cation
technol ogyf orl inkingamov ingobj ectt ot heCent er( abasest ati
on),
aswel lasamov ingobj ectt oot hermov i
ngobj ects; andnet wor ki
ng
technol ogy .
Inaddi ti
on, inr ecenty ear s.increasi ngi mpor t
ancehasbeenpl aced
ont r
af fi
cpr obei nf or mat ionappl i
cat ionswhi chut il
izei nfor mat ion
coll
ect edf rom av ehi cl e.Aspr obei nformat i
onappl i
cat ionsr equire
highlyaçcur atel ocat ioni nformat ion, therei sahi gherr equi rement
forhighl yaccur atel ocat ionident ifi
cat i
ont echnologi es.
3.3.2Accur acyofl ocat ionandi dent ifi
cat i
ont echnol ogy
requir edf orI TS:
Ofal l themov i
ngobj ect s, vehi clesar eoper atedi nav er ylimi t
ed
spacecal l
eda“ road. "Whi leai rplanesf lyint heai rwher ether eare
noobst aclesandshi pscr uiseonopenoceansandseas, vehicles
areof tenoper atedi naconf inedspacesur roundedbyobst acles
suchasi nsi det unnel s,el ev atedhi ghway s, under groundr oadsand
parkingt echnol ogysmuchhi gheri nt hecaseofv ehiclescompar ed
toai rplanesorshi psbecausemostoft hev ehi clesar eownedby
i
ndi vidual s.
Itisbecauseoft hishi ghdemandt hatt her equi red
speci ficationsofl ocat ioni dent ificationt echnol ogyi na
vehicl ear el owcostandt hecapabi li
tyt oaccur at elyident ity
l
ocat ionev eninaconf inedspacesur r
oundedbyobst acles.
Tabl e3. 4-3l istst hel ocat ioni dent i
ficat i
ont echnol ogiest hat
arenowcommonl yused.
GNSSi swi delyusedasanI TSappl icat i
onduet ocostadv antagesof
roadsi deuni tsandonboar dequi pment .Howev er ,GNSShas
disadv antagessuchast hei nabi l
ityt oaccur atelyi dent i
fyl ocation
suchasi nsi det unnel s,ar easmount ainousorsur roundedby
buildings, tonameaf ewandi t
'ssuscept i
blet oer r
orbyov eramet er.
Inor dert oest ablishanappl i
cat ionusi ngr elativel ocat i
onsof
pedest ri
ansandv ehi cles, accur acyoft echnol ogyi nlocat ion
i
dent ificationneedst obef ur t
heri mpr ov ed.Pr oj ectst oimpr ov ehigh-
precisi onposi ti
oni ngi ncl udeEU' sGal i
leoSy stem, andJapan' sQuasi
-ZenithSat ell
it
eSy st em ( QZSS) .Ot herappr oachest oi mpr ov e
posi t
ioni ngaccur acybyusi ngcor r
ect i
ondat af r
omRoadsi deuni t
s
arei mpor tanti nposi tioni ngatencl osedl ocationssuchast unnels,
i
ndoorpar king,et c.wher esat elliteacqui siti
oni sdi ff
icult.
3.4Mappi ng:
Posi tional dat aneedt obeassoci atedwi t
hmapdat a.Obt aining
posi ti
onal dat aal onewoul dnotpr ovidet hel ocat i
onamov i
ngobj ect,
orrout esear chf unct ionunl essposi tional dat aar el inkedwi t
hmap
data.Anumberofmapdat aar er equi redf orI TS: basemapdat a, road
networ kdat a( li
nk/ node) ,andi nf or mat ionont heabov edat a
connect ed, r
oadchar act er
isticsdat a( traf f
icr estriction,st opline,
sidewal k, i
nter change, etc.)
, statici nfor mat ion( landmar k, war ning,
etc.),anddy nami ci nf ormat ion( trafficr estrict i
on, roadsur face,
weat her , etc.).Thesedat at urni ntousef ulinfor mat iont odr ivers
throughappl i
cat i
onssuchasr out esear ch.Ther efore, compl et eness,
accur acy ,and" f
reshness"ar er equi redf ordat ai neachappl i
cat i
on.I n
particul ar,freshnessi scr i
ti
cal inmapdat af oruserconv enience.A
met hodt okeept hemapasup- to- dateaspassi blewi t
hi nformat ion
whi chi sr enewedev er ydayi st hekey .Ifar out esear chappl i
cat ion
doesnotr ecogni z eanewl yopenedr oadsect ion,theser vicewoul dnot
bepr ovidedt ouser s.Howt oupdat emapdat aisf undament al inI TS
appl i
cat ion.
TheconceptofDy nami cMapi nt ermsofi nt ernational standar ds,
current lyunderdi scussi on, i
samechani sm t obui ldamapov erlaid
withst at i
ci nformat i
onsuchasl andmar k,anddy nami cinfor mat i
on
suchasl ocal informat ionandt raf f
icsi gnal .I nordert or eali
ze
drivingsuppor tser vice, systemsofl inkingt hebasemapwi thst ati
c,
quasi -st atic,quasi -dy nami c, anddy nami cdat aisessent ial.
3.5Sensi ng
Inordertof urtheri
mprovetr
aff
iceff i
ciency,iti
simportantto
ful
lyunder standthemechanism oftrafficcongesti
onanddet ect
thecausal factorsoft
hecongestion.Tr aff
iccongesti
oni s
expressedbyt raf
fi
cfl
owr at
e(q)andav eragespeedoft raf
fi
c
fl
ow( v),andi tisi
mportantt
ounder standt hestat
usoft hese
factor
s

(1)SensingTechnol ogyforMeasuringAv erageSpeedofTr af

fi
c
Flow( v)
.Av ar
ietyofsensorshavebeendev el
opedandputt ouse
forthepur poseofmeasur i
ngtheaveragespeedoftraff
icf
law.The
representati
vetypesofsuchsensorsareshownasf oll
ows:
Table3.5-1Av eragespeedsensingt
echnology
4.I
ntell
i
gentTransport
ati
onTechnol
ogi
es4.1
Wir
elessCommuni cati
on
••Highspeedwi r
elesscommunicat
ionhasci
vi
land
mil
it
aryappli
cati
ons.

• •Iti
ncludesWi-Fi
(I
EEE802.11)
,WiMAX(802.
16)
,sensor
net
work,
wi r
elessmesh/adhocnetwor
k,mobil
eIPandsoon.

• •Radiomodem communi
cat
iononUHFandVHFar
ewi
del
y
usedf
orshor
tandlong

•r
angecommuni
cat
ionwi
thi
nITS.
4.2Comput ati
onal Technol
ogies
Itmeanmi croprocessor–it’
sasmal ldevi
celi
keacomputer
system whichisusedi nvehi
cleforadvancedsi
gnal
andfor
processi
ngt hedata.
4.
3Fl
oat
ingCarDat
a/Fl
oat
ingCel
l
ularDat
a

Low- costmet hodsforobtai

ningtr
av elti
meandspeeddatafor
vehicles.Broadlyspeaki
ngfourmet hodshav ebeenusedt
o
obtainedt herawdat a-
•Triangulati
onMet hod•Vehi cl
ere-identi
fi
cati
on•GPSbased
met hod
•Smar t
phonebasedr i
chmoni tor
ing

Tr
iangul
ati
onMet
hod

•Bymeasur i
ngandanaly
singmobil
enet
workdat
ausi
ng
tr
iangul
ati
on,thedat
aisconver
tedi
ntot
raf
fi
cfl
owinf
ormat
ion.

•Inmet
ropoli
tanar
eas,
thedistancebet
weenant
ennasi
sshor
ter
andint
heoryaccur
acyi
ncreases.

•Anadvant
ageofthi
smethodist
hatnoinf
rast
ruct
ureneedst
o
bebui
ltal
ongther
oad;onl
ythemobi
lephonenetworki
sused.
 •Vehi
cler
e-i
dent
if
icat
ion:

•Vehi
cler
e-i
dent
if
icat
ionmet
hodsr
equi
reset
sofdet
ect
ors
mountedal
ongtheroad.

•Auni
queseri
alnumberf
oradevi
ceint
hev ehi
clei
sdetect
edat
onel
ocat
ionandthendet
ect
edagai
nfur
therdowntheroad.

•Tr
avel
timesandspeedar
ecal
cul
ated.

GPSbasedmet hod:
•Ani ncreasi
ngnumberofv ehicleareequippedwithaboxthat
containsaGPSr ecei
ver.Thedat aarethencommuni catedwi
ththe
servi
cepr oviderusingther egularon-boar
dr adi
ounitorvi
acel
lul
ar
networ kdata.
•Posi t
ionreadingsf rom thesev ehicl
es/carsareusedto
comput evehicl
e/ carspeeds.

Smar t
phone-basedr i
chmoni tori
ng:
•Smar t
phoneshav ingv ar
ioussensor scanbeusedt otrackt
raf
fi
c
speedanddensi ty
.Theaccel erometerdatafrom smart
phonesused
bycardriver
sismoni t
oredt of i
ndouttraf
ficspeedandroadquali
ty.
•Thisisimplementedi nBangal ore,I
ndiaasapar tofa
resear
chexper i
ment alsystem Ner i
cel
l
4.4VideoVehi cl
eDetection:
• •Tr affi
c-fl
owmeasur ementandaut omat
icinci
dentdetecti
on
usingvideocamer asisanot herf
orm ofvehi
cledetect
ion.
• •Thecamer asaretypicall
ymountedonpol esorstruct
ures
aboveoradj acenttotheroadway .
4.5Sensi
ngTechnol ogiesandI nducti
vel oopDet
ecti
on:
• •Sensort echnologyi sav i
talcomponentusedfordatacol
lect
ion
duri
ngVehi cl
e-t
o-Vehicle(V2V)andVehi cletoI
nfr
astr
ucture(
V21)
communi cati
ons.Thisdat aisthenprovidedtotr
ansport
ati
on
managementsy st
emsf orfur
therprocessingandanal
ysisand
subsequentdecisi
ons/ acti
ons.

• •At echnologythatusessensorstoacquireinf
ormat
ionby
detect
ingthephy si
cal,chemical
,orbi
ologicalpr
opert
yquanti
ties
andconv ertt
hem intoreadablesi
gnal.Thereareawidevari
etyof
sensorsav ai
l
ableforpracti
call
yanyindustri
alneed.
I
nduct
ivel
oopdet ecti
on:
• •Oneormor el oopsofwireareembeddedunderthe
r
oad&connectedt oacontrolbox.
• •Whenav ehiclepassesov erorrestsont
heloop,
i
nduct
anceisr
educedshowi ngav ehicl
eispr
esent
.
4.6Radarandacousticsensors:
• •ar eal
sousedf ordetecti
ngv ehi
cleinther
oadway.I
tworksi
n
twowaysy st
em.Ittransmitsradarpulsesandref
lect
edener
gyis
recei
vedandtheninterpr
eted.
5.Appl i
cat i
onsofI TS
5.1Col l
isionAv oidanceSy stem:
Acol li
sionav oidancesy stem, al
soknownasapr e-crashsy stem,
forwardcol li
sionwar ningsy stem, orcoll
isi
onmi t
igationsy stem,
i
sanadv anceddr iver-
assistancesy stem desi
gnedt opr eventor
reducet hesev erit
yofacol l
ision.
CAS, alsoknownaspr e-crashsy st
em, f
orwardcolli
sionwar ning
system, orcol l
isi
onmi t
igati
ngsy st
em, usesradarorot hersensor s
(eg,laserandcamer a)todet ectani mminentcrash,andt hen
providesawar ningt othedr i
v erortakesbraking/
steer i
ngact ion
dir
ect l
y.

Col
l
isi
onav
oidancet
echnol
ogyi
ncl
udest
hef
oll
owi
ngf
eat
ures:

•For
war
dcol
l
isi
onwar
ning

•Aut
o-br
eaki
ng

•Back-
uppar
kingassi
stance

•Bl
i
ndspotdet
ect
ion

•Lanedepar
tur
ewar
ning
Fi
g5.1-C ol
l
isi
on
Av
oidanceSy
stem
5.2Real -
ti
mepar kingManagement :
• •Thepr op0sedaut omat edr eal-
ti
mepar kingmanagement
system hast hefollowingi mpor t
antfeatures.Itaidsthedriv
erto
l
ocat ehis/herpreferablepar kingspotquickly.Itcandetect
i
mpr operpar ki
ngofav ehicl
eatsomepar kingsl ot.
• •Real -
timepar kingav ail
abili
tyensuresthatt hemobi l
e
enforcementappl icati
ononapar kingoffi
cer'
shandhel ddev i
ce
knowswhat 'sgoingoni nanygi venzone,atanygi vent
ime....Wi
th
real
-ti
mepar ki
ngmanagement ,cit
iescanmai ntainserver
responsivenessandconnect iontopr ev
entlostr evenueandincor
rect
ti
cketing.
5.3Elect r
onicTol lCollecti
on:
• •El ectr
oni ct ollcoll
ectionisawi rel
esssy st em toautomat i
cal l
y
coll
ectt heusagef eeort ollchargedt ov ehiclesusingtollroads,
HOVl anes,toll bri
dges, andt ol
ltunnel s.Itisaf asteral
ternati
ve
whichi sreplaci ngt oll
boot hs,wher ev ehiclesmustst opandt he
drivermanual l
ypay sthet ollwit
hcashoracar d.
• •Whent hev ehicl
epassesar oadsidet ollreaderdevice,ar adio
signal f
rom t her eadert ri
ggersthet r
ansponder ,whichtransmi ts
backani dent i
fyingnumberwhi chr egistersthev ehicl
e'
suseoft he
road, andanel ectronicpay mentsy stem char gestheusert het oll.
5.4Automat
edr oadspeedenf orcement :
• •Thecamer asdet ectthespeedofamov i
ngv ehicl
eusingradar,
taki
ngapictur
ewhenav ehicl
ei sdetectedspeeding.Thecamer as
workremotelywi t
hnopol i
ceof fi
ceroroper at
or .Speedcamer as
mayalsobecalledAutomat edSpeedEnf orcementsy st
em.
• •Whenv ehiclepassesaspeedcamer asyst
em andt hedetects
thatt
hevehi
cleisspeeding,apictureofthatvehi
cleistaken.

Thespeedcamerar
ecords:
• •Speedofthevehi
cle
• •Li
censepl
ate,
makeandmodel
• •Dat
eandt
imeoft
heof
fence
• •Di
rect
ionoft
rav
el

Oncet heinformat i
onisrecordedt hephoneisvi
ewedbya
Provi
ncialOf fencesOffi
cer.
Oncet heofficerhasconfirmedt hatthevehi
clewasspeedi
ng,
a
ti
cketisissued.
Theticketsar emailedtother egi
steredaddr
essoftheowner
ofthev ehi
cle.
5.5SpeedAlert
s:
Analertt
hatsoundsifyou'r
espeedi ng.Thi
sfeat
urecoordinat
esthe
car'
sposit
ion,vi
aGPS,wi t
hadat abaseofspeedlimi
tinformati
onto
al
ertdri
versift
hey'
respeeding.Thishelpsdri
ver
smai nt
ainasafe
dri
vi
ngspeed.Newerv ersi
onsmayuseacamer atoreadspeedlimi
t
si
gns.
5.6EmergencyVehi cl
eNot i
ficati
onSyst
em:
Amet hodfornotif
yingtraff
icofanapproachingemer gencyvehicl
e
i
sdescr i
bed...
.Asignal i
semi tt
edfr
om theemer gencyv ehi
cle,
whichisdetectedbyar ecei
veralongtheroadway .Therecei
ver
causesalighttofl
ashandar elaysi
gnalt
obesentt othenextaler
t
unital
ongtheroadway .
5.7VariableSpeedLimits:
Vari
ablespeedl imi
tsarespeedl i
mi tst
hatchangebasedonroad,
tr
affi
c,andweat herconditi
ons.Variabl
espeedlimit
soff
er
considerablepr
omisei nrestor
ingthecredi
bil
it
yofspeedli
mitsand
i
mpr ovingsafetybyrestr
icti
ngspeedsdur i
ngadv er
seCondi
ti
ons.
5.
8Dy namicTr af
ficl
i
ghtSequence:
• •I tpr
ov i
desaneffi
cientt
imemanagementscheme, inwhicha
dynamictimescheduleisworkedouti
nrealti
meforthepassage
ofeachtraff
iccolumn.Therealt
imeoperat
ionoft
hesy stem
emulatesthejudgmentofatraff
icpol
i
cemanondut y
.
• •av ehi
cletr
aff
iccontr
olsyst
em thatcombinestr
adit
ional
t
raff
icli
ghtswit
hanar r
ayofsensor
sandar t
if
icial
int
ell
i
genceto
i
ntel
li
gentl
yrout
evehicl
eandpedestri
antraf
fi
c.
 6.I
TSI
NINDI
A

TheI TSpr ogram i nIndiaisai medensur i

ngsaf e, aff
ordable,quick,
comf ortable,
rel i
ableandsust ainableaccessf ort hegr owingur ban
andr uralpopul ati
ont ojobs, educat i
on, r
ecr eat
ionandsuchot her
needs.Af ewIT' Sapplicationshav ebeeni ntroducedi nIndiain
met ropoli
tanci ti
eslikeNewDel hi,Pune, Bangal or e,
Chennai etc.
focusingonst and-alonedepl oyment sofar eawi designal control,
parkinginformat ion,adv ancedpubl i
ct r
anspor tation,tollcoll
ection
etc.Howev er
,al lofthesear esmal lscalepi l
otst udieslimitedto
maj orciti
esandar eint hebegi nningst ageofdepl oyment .Thus, at
present,therear enoexhaust i
vefullydev elopedI TSappl i
cati
ons
witht r
affi
cmanagementcent ersinI ndi
a.
Abri
efdescr
ipt
ionofsomeoft
heexi
sti
ngappl
i
cat
ionsofI
TSi
s
gi
venbel
ow:

Tri
alofadv
ancedTr
aff
icManagementSy
stem(
Tami
lNadu,
sep
2009):

Thisinvol
vedat ri
alrunoft hef ull
yautomat edTr aff
icRegul atory
ManagementSy stem (TRMS) ,i
nvolv
ingusageofsur veil
lance
camer asinthecityofChennai .Thisprojectinvolvedinstalli
ng
sophisti
catedcamer as,wirelesstowersandpol es,undert heRs.3-
crore-
Stategovernment -fundedpr oj
ect.Aut omat i
cNumberPl ate
Reader(ANPR)Camer aswer einstal
ledin28outof 42v antagepoi nts
i
nt hecity
,whilePanTi l
tZoom"( PTZ)camer aswer edepl oyedi n10
outof12j unct
ions,Thisiswar nmot or
istswhobl at
antl
yv i
olaterules
andmoni tortr
affi
conar t
erialroadsduringpeakhour s.
Aut
omat
edTr
aff
icCont
rol
(ATC)
:

ATChasbeensetupi
nmanyci
ti
esi
nIndi
aincl
udi
ngDel
hi,
Pune,
Mumbaietc.

Mumbai
:

TheAr eaTraff
icControlProj
ectoftheMumbai Traff
icContr
olBranch
focusedonsy nchr
onisingmajorjuncti
onandwasi mplemented
throughtheMumbai Met ropol
it
anRegi onDevelopmentAuthori
ty
(MMRDA)andMuni cipalCorporati
onofGr eat
erMumbai (
MCGM)wi t
h
fi
nancialai
dfrom Wor l
dBank.Moder ngadget ssuchasSpeedCheck
GunsandMul t
iRadarCcompr i
singSmar tCamer as,
Radarsensor,
Manual contr
oluni
t,Flashgenerator,
Flashli
ght,PowerBoxand
Tri
podwer eusedinthispr oj
ect
.
Chennai
:

TheChennai t
raffi
cpol icesetupt heci
ty'sfi
rstAut omat icTraffi
c
Cont r
ol(ATC)sy stem at26maj ortr
aff
icsignalsar oundt henew
secretar
iatcompl ex.Thesy st
em monitorsandr egul at
est raffi
c
withoutanymanual interventi
onandhel pspolicer egulateVIPr outes.
TheATCi sdesignedt obecapabl eofchangi ngsi gnaldur ati
oni n
accordancewi ththev olumeoft hetraf
ficbyanal ysingt henumberof
vehicl
esatt hr
eeadj oiningjuncti
onsandsy nchr onisingthesi gnals.
Manualintervent
ioni
frequir
edisdesignedt obeper
formedfrom
hecontrolroom.AVIPmov ementcanbemanagedbycr eat
inga
greencorr
idorbyautomatical
lysynchroni
singthesi
gnalsal
ong
theVIProute.
Adv
ancedPubl
icTr
anspor
tat
ionSy
stem:

Oneappl icat i
oni mpl ementedi nAPTSar eai sGPSv ehicl
et racking
system inpubl ictransportbuses( Bangalore,Chennai ,
Indor e)to
moni torvehi cleroutingandf requencysot hatpassenger sdonot
havet owai tl onghour sforabus.Theobj ectiv ei
st oprovideGl obal
Positioni
ngSy stem basedpassengeri nformat i
onsy st
em t ohel p
passenger sut i
li
set hei
rwai t
ingt i
meatbusst opsmor eefficientl
yas
wellast or educet heuncer taintyandassoci atedf r
ustr
ations.
Displayboar dswi thhighqual i
tyli
ghtemi tt
ingdi odeinwide- view
anglear epr ov i
dedatbusst opssot hat.passenger scanr eadt he
i
nformat ion.I tdisplaysthenumberanddest inationofthe
approachi ngbus, expectedt i
meofar ri
val,andmessagesofpubl i
c
i
nterest.
BusRapi
dTr
anspor
t:

BusRapi dTr ansit(BRT)sy stemsar ev i

ablealternativestotr
aditi
onal
l
ightrailpublictr
anspor t.Insteadofat r
ainormet ror ai
l,
BRTsy stems
usebusest oplyadedi cat edl anethatruns:lengthwi sealongthe
centreoft hemad.Atspeci fi
cl ocat
ions,passenger scanembar kor
disembar katconv enientlylocat edstati
ons,whi chof tenfeat
ureticket
booths,turnstil
es,andaut omat icdoors.Studieshav eshownt hatBRT
i
snotonl ycheapert obui l
d, butisalsopr ofi
tableforbusowner sto
operateandr elativ
elyinexpensi veforcommut erstouse.Theci ti
es
selectedforimpl ement i
ngBRTi ncl
udeAhmedabad, Pune,Rajkot,
Bhopal ,
Indore,Visakhapat nam, Vij
ayawadaandJai pur.

Ahmedabad:

AhmedabadBRTSi sahi ghl yambitiousrapidt r

anspor tsy stem
developedbyGuj aratInfr
ast r
uctur
eDev elopmentBoar d( GIDB),
recognizingthatnosi nglemodewoul dcatertot hemobi li
tyneeds
oftheci tyandthat' Bus'for mst hemostcr i
ti
cal segmentoft he
publictransportsystem int heAhmadabadci ty.GI DBhast hereby
entrustedt hesystem desi gnt asktoCEPTUni ver sity.I
nAugust
2009, t
heAhmedabad, I
ndi a,busrapidtransitsyst em, ter med
"Janmar g,"orpeople'sway ,begant r
ialoperati
ons, becomi ng
Indi
a'sf i
rstful
ly-
featuredBRTser v
icewi t
hmedi anst ations,level
boarding, andcentralcont rol.Janmar ghast hepot entialtohel p
revi
v ethei mageofpubl i
ct ransportinAhmedabadandi nIndia.
Theencl osedst ati
onsoft heBRTsy stem hav ebecomesomeof
thefinestqualit
ypubl icspacesi nthecity.Apar toff irstcor ri
dor
connect i
ngPi r
anat oR. T.O.wasopenedt opubl i
conOct ober14,
2009byChi
efMi
nist
erNar
endr
aModi
onDecember3,
2009.
El
ect
roni
cTol
lCol
lect
ion(
ETC)
:

TheEl ectr
oni cTol lCol l
ect
ion(ETC)i sdesi gnedt odetermineifa
cari sregisteredi nat ollpaymentpr ogram, aler
tenforcersoftol
l
pay mentv i
olations, anddebitthepar ti
cipatingaccount .WithETC,
theset r
ansact ionscanbeper f
ormedwhi lev ehi
clestravelanear
highwaycr uisingspeed.ETCi sfastbecomi ngagl oball
yaccepted
met hodoft ollcollection,atr
endgr eatl
yai dedbyt hegrowthof
i
nt eroperableETCt echnologies.Technol ogiesusedi nETCar e
Aut omat icVehi cleIdent i
fi
cati
on( AVI),
Aut omat icVehicle
Classi fi
cati
on( AVC) ,VideoEnf or
cementSy stems( VES)and
Vehi clePosi t
ioningSy stem (
VPS)ETCsy stemsar edeployedinthe
followingci t
iesi nIndia:
Adv
ancedPar
kingManagement
:
State-
of-artparkingmanagementsy stem issetupbyt heNew
DelhiMuni ci
pal CouncilatPal li
kaPar kinginConnaughtPl ace.This
system allowv ehicl
euser st obegui dedbyawi der angeofsensor s,
l
ights,si
gnboar dsanddi rectional di
spl aystotheclosestv acantcar
spaceexi sti
ngi nthepar kingl otandsi mi l
arl
yforidentifyi
ngt hei
r
carlocationatt hetimesofexi t.Apartfrom automat i
conl i
ne
guidanceatj unctions,zone- wi sesub-di v
isi
onofar easwi llassi
st
easyident i
fi
cation.Thegui dancesy stem operatethroughoutt he
threelevelsofpar ki
ngatPal lika,whichhasacapaci t
yf or1,050
carsand500scoot ers.
Li
stofI
TSpr
oject
sinI
ndi
a:

I
TSonBRTCor
ri
dor
s:
Si
gnalPr
ior
it
y,Vehi
clet
racki
ngandAut
omat
ic
far
ecoll
ecti
oninI
ndoreBRT
Pi
mpr
i-
Chi
nchwad(Pune)pl
annedI
TS
i
mpl
ementat
ionsf
orBRT

I
TSinparki
ng-APMS(Adv
ancedPar
kingManagementSy
stem)
inDel
hi:
Par
kingl
otatPal
li
kabazar–capacit
ytopar
k1050cars
and500twowheelers-El
ect
roni
cparki
nggui
dance
andVMSsmar tcar
ds
Aut
omatedmul
ti
-l
evel
par
kingi
nSar
oji
niNagar
Market
.

I
TSMast
erpl
anf
orHy
der
abad:
Implement
edi
nthr
eephasesspr
eadov
er10y
ear
satacostof1,
180
cror
e.
Automatict
raff
icCounter-
cum-classi
fi
ers(ATCC),CCTVs,Var
iabl
e
messagingsystem,tr
affi
csignal
s,Pedestr
iansi
gnals,
Flood
sensor
s,Weatherstati
ons,Poll
uti
onsensors.
 I
ssuesandchal
lengesofI
TSi
nIndi
a

 Someoft hemainissuesf aci

ngt hedeploy mentofITSin
developingcountr
iesl ikeIndi
a, r
eportedbyaWor l
dBank
studyare:anunder dev el
opedr oadnet work,sev
erebudget
restr
icti
ons,expl
osiv eurbanizati
onandgr owth,l
ackof
resourcesformaintenanceandoper ati
on, l
essdemandf or
automat on,l
ackofi nterestamonggov ernmentdecisi
on
maker s,andLackofuserawar eness.

 Whileanumberofsmal lscal eITSpr oj

ect shav ebeen
i
ntroducedi nv ari
ousciti
esi nIndiaincludingNewDel hi,Pune,
Bangalore,IndoreandChennai t
hesesy stemshav ef ocusedon
i
solateddepl oyment ssuchasofpar kingi nfor mati
on, ar ea-wi
de
si
gnal control,
adv ancedt ollcollect
ion,webbasedt raveller
i
nformat i
onet c.(E.g.Ref73) .Mostoft hesear esmal l
-scale
si
nglecitybasedpi l
otstudi es.Atpresent , t
her earenotmany
compr ehensive,full
ydevel opedI TSappl i
cationswi tht raffi
c
managementcent ersinIndi a.Thus,itcanbeseent hatt he
penetrati
on.ofI TSinIndianr oadscenar ioisr elat
ivelylessand
muchmor ei sneededt obedone.Tomaket hi sareal i
ty, t
herei
s
aneedf ormor esy stemat icappr oacht ot heI TS
i
mpl ement ati
on.

 Apartfrom t heappl icationst hatareal r

eadybei ng
developed/ i
mpl ement ed, therearemor eI TSconcept sthatwi l
l
beusef ulint heI ndi
anscenar i
osuchasemer gency
management , congest i
onmanagement ,advancedt raf
fic
managementsy stems, adv ancedtravell
erinformationsy stems,
commer ci
al v ehicl
eoper ations,advancedv ehiclecontrol
systems, etc.Ful luti
lizationofI T'
Scanbeachi ev edonlyby
i
mpl ement ationatanet wor klevelratherthaninsmal l
cor r
idor
s.
Overall,t
heexi sti
ngappl i
cat i
onsshowsani ni
tialpromiseand
potentialfort hedepl oymentofI TSi nIndiaandgi veani nit
ial
empi r
icalbasi sanddat aonI TS
 depl
oymenthi
ghli
ghtingt
hedata,met
hodol
ogi
cal
,pr
act
ical
andresear
chchal
lengesforI
ndi
ancondi
ti
ons.

Someofspeci
fi
cact
ionsr
equi
redt
omeett
hechal
l
engest
oITS
inI
ndi
aincl
ude:

 Evol
vi
nganati
onalI
TSstandar
dfordi
ffer
ent
I
T'Sappl
i
cat
ionsandthei
rcomponent
s.
 Set
ti
ngupanat i
onal I
TSclearinghousethatdocumentsal l
I
TSprojectswithdetail
sont hedesign,i
mpl ementat
ion,
l
essonslearned/bestpract
ices,andcost-benef
itdet
ails.
 Setti
ngupful
lyfunct
ionalTr
aff
icManagementCentr
es
forcoor
dinat
ingtheurbanandregi
onal
ITSacti
vi
ti
es.
 Devel
opi
ngandimpl
ementi
ngaut
omat
edt
raf
fi
cdat
a
col
l
ecti
onmethodol
ogi
es,
 Dev
elopi
nganat
ional
ITSdat
aar
chi
ve,
 Dev
elopi
ngmodelsandal
gor
it
hmssui
tabl
eforI
TS
i
mplementat
ions
 Foster
ingmor eint
eract
ionbet
weenacademia,
indust
ri
es
andgov er
nment al
generatemorei
nter
estandi
nturn
proj
ectsintheITSarea.

Thesecanbeachi
evedt
hroughi
mpr
ovement
sint
hef
oll
owi
ng
areas:
Technol
ogyI
mpr
ovement
s:
Thepr essingneedt owardsdevelopingacomprehensi
v eITS
program forIndiarequir
esthedev el
opmentofcosteffecti
ve
detecti
ont echniquesforroad-
widedat acol
lect
ionr
atherthanlanc
-centr
iccollecti
onthataresuit
ableforamor eorder
lytraf
ficfl
ow.
Further,t
heI TSdataarenoteffectiv
elyuti
li
sedasofnow.Once
suchar eal ti
meaut omateddatacol l
ecti
onsyst
em isdeveloped
thedatagener atedcanbear chi
vedandcanbeusedf ormodel
development .
 I
nfr
ast
ruct
ure:

Apar tfr
om dat acol l
ectionandmanagement ,ther eisa
needt oimpr ov eroadandhi ghwayi nfrastructuret o
channel thebur geoningt raffi
cintolesscongest edr outes.
Maj ormet ropolit
ancitiesar econtinuallyaddr essi ngt hi
s
i
ssuebybui l
dingflyoversandsubway s, wideningr oads
anddesi gnatingone- wayr oadsduringpeakhour s.The
i
nf r
astructuregr owthis, howev er,r
estrictedbyspace
const r
aintsandcannotbyi t
selfsolvethepr obl emst hat
plaguet heIndianr oadst oday .
Anot
heri
mpor
tantappr
oach
toI TSi stoadvancepubli
ct r
anspor tat
ionasacompet i
ti
ve
alternativetopri
vat
et r
anspor t
.Indiaisthesecondl argest
producerofbuses, accountingfor16per centofwor l
d's
total busproducti
on.Improvingt hequalityofpubl
i
c
transpor tat
ionwil
lencouragemor eusageandt herefore
helpi nt r
ansport
ati
onmanagement .

Soci
alSchemes:

Car pool i
ngisbeingincreasi nglyconsi deredi nthedev eloped
count r
iestosolveissuesofpol lutionandt r
afficsnarlsduring
peakhour s.Afewar terialroadssuchast hebel t
wayar ound
Washi ngtonDCl evyfinesf ortrav ell
i
ngi ncar pool-
onlylanesas
singl eoccupants.Ther ehav ebeensomet r
ialsonthe
enf orcementofcar poolingi naf ewI ndi
anmet r
os.Forexampl e,
theMumbai Environment al Social Networ khaspr omot edaweb-
andSMS- basedpool i
ngsy st em.Bangal or eTr ansportInfor
mat i
on
Sy stem hasagr oup-SMSv ersi
on.Si ncei tisill
egalforapr i
v at
e
mot ori
sttochargef orli
f t
s,Kool pool
 withthehelpofHi ndustanPetrol
eum,hasdeviseda
schemewhi chpermitspick-
upsatit
spet r
olpumpsin
retur
nf orapetrolvoucherworthRs.25forgi
vi
ngal i
ft.
Suchschemescanbef inetunedtomakei tmore
profi
tableforthepubli
candusef ulf
orthecit
y'
st r
aff
ic.

Chennaii
nr ecenty ears,hasseent hei ncr
easeduseof
the"shareaut o",anautomobi lepoolingconvenience,
notinthescal eofbuses, butlessexpensivethanthe
common" aut orickshaw".Suchschemeshav ecaught
onwel landf urtherdevelopment salongsuchi deascan
provi
deamuchneededbr eatherforthetraf
fi
cj ams
thatcharacterisetheciti
es.

Someotherci
ti
esaroundt hewor l
dsuchasSi ngapore
andLondonhaveintr
oducedcongest i
onchanging
schemestoreducetraf
fic.Suchschemesensur e
opti
malusageofthosespeci f
icroads,prov
idefinanci
al
backupforr
oadinfr
astructur
emai ntenanceand
encour
agetheuseofpubl ictr
ansportati
on.
 8.
Concl
usi
on

Tochangetheroadusercul
ture,
iti
ncl
udesst
rongerl
evel
sto
tr
aff
icregul
ati
onandenforcement.

I
TSholdsagoodpoi
nti
npr
ovi
dingusagoodsaf
eandsecur
e
jour
ney.

I
nthef
inal
anal
ysisi
tcanbeconcl
udedt
hatI
TSi
sther
emedy
ofal
otofpr
oblem i
fnotal
loft
hem.

Butsi
nce,ther
earenotmanycompr ehensi
ve,ful
l
ydevelopedITS
appl
icati
onswithtraf
ficmanagementcentres,asyst
emat i
c
approachisnecessaryforov
ercomingthesechall
enges.