San Beda University

Legal Management
College of Arts and Sciences

Constitutional Law 2
Atty. Robert Dominic C. Echiverri

Class Rules, Guide, and Policy

1. Students shall be graded based on recitation, quizzes, midterms, and the final exams.

2. Synchronous sessions shall be face-to-face on the first class day of the week, and by Zoom on the
second class day of the week.

3. Communications such as questions of the class shall be made by email through the beadle;
however, individual questions shall be accommodated by email or text message.

4. The instructor may add readings not listed in the current Syllabus.

5. The primary material to be used in class shall be Constitutional Law by J. Isagani Cruz. The
student is encouraged to get the latest possible edition.

6. Gadgets shall be allowed and conduct in class with respect to use of gadgets shall be strictly
regulated by the professor.

7. Cases and provisions in bold only denote their importance or centrality to the topic, and does
not mean cases, provisions, or readings not in bold shall not be read.

8. A student who shall seek permission or excuse to be absent shall be made to the professor at
least a day before class, and each request shall be adjudged on a case-to-case basis, except for
circumstances which are clearly matters permissible under University and College rules, matters
of life-and-death, or matters of other extreme analogous circumstances.

I. Fundamental Principles

1. Right-Holders and Duty-Holders under the Bill of Rights

- People v. Chan Fook, GR No. L-16968, October 6, 1921.
- People v. Marti, G.R. No. 81561, January 18, 1991, Third Division.

2. Hierarchy of Rights; Doctrine of Preferred Freedoms

- Philippine Blooming Mills Employment Organization v. Philippine Blooming Mills Co.,
Inc. G.R. No. L-31195, June 5, 1973, En Banc.
- Ermita-Malate Hotel and Motel Operators v. City Mayor of Manila, G.R. No. L-24693,
July 31, 1967, En Banc, 20 SCRA 849.

3. Relationship to Human Rights Law

- Republic v. Sandiganbayan, Ramas, and Dimaano, G.R. No. 104768, July 21, 2003. Majority
and Separate Opinions.

II. DUE PROCESS OF LAW

Const. (1987), Article III, Section 1.
A. Concept of Due Process Protection
- Rubi vs. Provincial Board Mindoro, G.R. No. L-14078, March 7, 1919.
- Imbong v. Ochoa, G.R. No. 204819, April 8, 2014, En Banc.
- Civil Code, arts. 31-47.
- Pres. Dec. No. 603, article 5.

B. Application of Due Process

1. Procedural Due Process

- El Banco Español-Filipino v. Palanca, G.R. No. L-11390, March 26, 1918, En Banc.
- Ang Tibay v. Court of Industrial Relations, G.R. No. L-46496, February 27, 1940, En Banc.
- Philippine Communications Satellite Corporation v. Alcuaz, G.R. No. 84818, December 18,
1989, En Banc.
- Secretary of Justice v. Lantion, G.R. No. 139465, October 17, 2000, En Banc.

- Office of the Ombudsman v. Conti, G.R. No. 221296, February 22, 2017, Second Division.

2. Substantive Due Process; Levels of Scrutiny

- Ichong v. Hernandez, G.R. No. L-7995, May 31, 1957, 101 Phil. 1155, En Banc.
- Ermita-Malate Hotel and Motel Operators v. City Mayor of Manila, G.R. No. L-24693,
July 31, 1967, En Banc, 20 SCRA 849.
- Ynot v. Intermediate Appellate Court, GR No. 74457, 20 March 1987, En
Banc.
- City of Manila v. Laguio, G.R. No. 118127, April 12, 2005, En Banc.
- White Light Corporation v. City of Manila, G.R. No. 122846, January 20, 2009, En Banc.

3. Publication and Clarity of Laws

- Tanada v. Tuvera, G.R. No. L-63915, April 24, 1985, En Banc; and Tanada v. Tuvera,
G.R. No. L-63915, December 29, 1986, En Banc.
- Estrada v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 148560, November 19, 2001.
- Genuino vs. De Lima, G.R. Nos. 197930, 17 April 2018.

III. EQUAL PROTECTION OF LAW

- CONST. (1987), Article III, Section 1, 2nd clause.
- Rubi vs. Provincial Board Mindoro, G.R. No. L-14078, March 7, 1919.
- Ichong v. Hernandez, G.R. No. L-7995, May 31, 1957, 101 Phil. 1155, En Banc.
- Ormoc Sugar Company, Inc. v. Treasurer of Ormoc City, G.R. No. L-23794, February
17, 1968, En Banc.
- Samahan ng mga Progresibong Kabataan (SPARK) v. Quezon City, G.R. No. 225442,
August 08, 2017, En Banc.
- CONST. (1987), Article II, Section 14.

IV. ARRESTS
- Const. (1987), Article III, Section 2.
- Civil Code, Article 32 (4, 9).
- Revised Penal Code, Articles 124-126.
- Rules of Court, Rule 113, Sections 1-2
A. Arrests under Warrant
- Rule 112, Section 6(a).
- Rule 113, Section 7.
- Soliven v. Makasiar, G.R. No. 82585, November 14, 1988, En Banc.
- Salazar v. Achacoso, G.R. No. 81510, March 14, 1990, En Banc.
- Webb v. De Leon, G.R. No. 121234, August 23, 1995, Second Division.
- People v. Castillo, G.R. No. 171188, June 19, 2009, Second Division.

B. Warrantless Arrests
- Rule 113, Section 5, 13.
- Rule 113, Section 8-9
- Umil v. Ramos, G.R. No. 81567, July 9, 1990, En Banc, 187 SCRA 311; and Umil v. Ramos,
G.R. No. 81567, October 3, 1991, En Banc.
- People v. Tudtud, G.R. No. 144037, September 26, 2003, Second
Division.
- Sapi v. People, G.R. No. 200370, June 7, 2017, Second Division.
- Pastor v. People, G.R. No. 226014, January 22, 2020, 3rd Division.

V. PRIVACY IN GENERAL
Constitution, Article III, Section 2-3.
Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 US 479 (1965).
Morfe v. Mutuc, G.R. No. L-20387, January 31, 1968, En Banc.
Ople v. Torres, 293 SCRA 141
Gamboa v. Chan, G.R. No. 193636, July 24, 2012, En Banc.
Disini v. Secretary of Justice, GR No. 203335, February 18, 2014.
Vivares v. St. Theresa's College, G.R. No. 202666, September 29, 2014, Third Division.

VI. SEARCHES
- Const. (1987), Article III, Section 2.
- Const. (1987), Article III, Section 3(2).
- Civil Code, Article 32 (9).
- Revised Penal Code, 128.

A. Searches under Warrant

- Revised Penal Code, 128-130.
- Rule 126, Sections 1, 3-5, 8, 11.
- Stonehill v. Diokno, G.R. No. L-19550, June 19, 1967, En Banc, 20 SCRA 383.
- Burgos v. Chief of Staff, G.R. No. L-64261, December 26, 1984, En Banc, 133 SCRA 800.
- Nolasco v. Pano, G.R. No. L-69803 October 8, 1985, En Banc, 139 SCRA 152.
- Roan v. Gonzales, G.R. No. 71410, November 25, 1986, En Banc, 145 SCRA 687.
- People v. Huang Zhen Hua, G.R. No. 139301, September 29, 2004, Second
Division.
- People v. Pastrana, G.R. No. 196045, February 21, 2018, 3rd Division.
- People v. Policarpio, GR No. 227868, January 20, 2021, Special 2nd Division.
- Kyllo v. United States, 533 U.S. 27 (2001).

B. Warrantless Searches
1. Search Incidental to a Lawful Arrest
-Rule 126, Section 13.
-People v. Nuevas, G.R. No. 170233, February 22, 2007, Second Division.
- People v. Tudtud, G.R. No. 144037, September 26, 2003, Second
Division.

2. Plain View
- Padilla v. CA and People, G.R. No. 121917, March 12, 1997, Third
Division. - People v. Nuevas, G.R. No. 170233, February 22, 2007, Second
Division.

3. Search of a Moving Vehicle

- People v. Manago, G.R. No. 212340, August 17, 2016, First Division.
- People of the Philippines v. Sapla, G.R. No. 244045, June 16, 2020, En
Banc.

4. Consented Warrantless Search

- People v. Aruta, G.R. No. 120915, April 3, 1998, Third Division.
- People v. Tudtud, G.R. No. 144037, September 26, 2003, Second
Division.

5. Customs search
- Papa v. Mago, G.R. No. L-27360, February 28, 1968, En Banc.

6. Stop and Frisk

- Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968).
- Manalili v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 113447, October 7, 1997.
- Sammy Malacat v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 123595, December 12, 1997, En
Banc.

7. Exigent and Emergency Circumstances

- People v. De Gracia, G. R. Nos. 102009-10, July 6, 1994, Second Division.

8. Other Warrantless Searches

a. Search by Private Person
- People v. Marti, G.R. No. 81561, January 18, 1991, Third Division.

b. Administrative Search
- People v. O'Cochlain, G.R. No. 229071, December 10, 2018, Third Division.

c. Substance Testing
- Skinner v. Railway Lab. Execs. Ass'n, 489 U.S. 602 (1989).
- Social Justice Society (SJS) v. Dangerous Drugs Board, G.R. No. 157870, November
3, 2008, En Banc.

VII. COMMUNICATION AND CORRESPONDENCE

CONST. (1987), Article III, Section 3.
Recommended reading: ICCPR, Article 17.
Civil Code, Article 32 (11).
Zulueta v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 107383, February 20, 1996, Second Division.
Sabio v. Gordon, G.R. No. 174340, October 17, 2006.
Alejano v. Cabuay, G.R. No. 160792, August 25, 2005.
Disini v. Secretary of Justice, GR No. 203335, February 18, 2014.
VIII. FREEDOM OF SPEECH, OF EXPRESSION, OF THE PRESS, AND THE RIGHT OF THE PEOPLE PEACEABLY TO
ASSEMBLE
Const. (1987), Article III, Section 4.

A. Freedom of Speech and Expression

Civil Code, Article 32(2)
Schenk v. US, 249 US 47 (1919).
Dennis v. United States, 341 US 494 (1951)
Brandenburg v. Ohio, 395 US 444 (1969).
US v. O'Brien, 391 US 367 (1968)
Gonzalez vs. Katigbak, G.R. No. L-69500, July 22, 1985, En Banc.
David vs. Arroyo, G.R. No. 171396, May 3, 2006, 489 SCRA 160.
Soriano v. Laguardia, G.R. No. 164785, April 29, 2009, En Banc; and Soriano v. Laguardia,
G.R. No. 164785, March 15, 2010, En Banc.
Disini v. Secretary of Justice, GR No. 203335, February 18, 2014.
Madrilejos v. Gatdula, G.R. No. 184389, September 24, 2019, En Banc.

B. Freedom of the Press

Civil Code, Article 32(3).
New York Times Co. v. United States, 403 US 713 (1971).
United States v Bustos, G.R. No. L-12592, March 8, 1918, En Banc, 37 Phil. 741.
Eastern Broadcasting v. Dans, G.R. No. L-59329 July 19, 1985, En Banc, 137 SCRA 628.
Ayer Productions v Capulong, G.R. No. 82380 April 29, 1988.
In Re: Jurado, A.M. No. 93-2-037 SC, April 6, 1995, En Banc.
Vasquez v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 118971, September 15, 1999, 314 SCRA 460.
Philippine Journalists, Inc. (People’s Journal) v. Thoenen, G.R. No. 143372, December 13,
2005, Second Division.
Chavez vs. Gonzalez, G.R. No. 168338, February 15, 2008, En Banc.
Tulfo v. People, G.R. No. 161032, September 16, 2008, Second
Division.

C. Freedom of Assembly
Civil Code, Article 32(13)
Revised Penal Code, Article 131.
Batas Pambansa Blg. 880, Section 3-4, 6-13, 15 (1985)
Philippine Blooming Mills Employment Organization v. Philippine Blooming Mills Co., Inc.
G.R. No. L-31195, June 5, 1973, En Banc.
Reyes vs. Bagatsing, G.R. No. L-65366, November 9, 1983, En Banc, 125 SCRA 553
Bayan vs. Ermita, G.R. No. 169838, April 25, 2006, En Banc.
Integrated Bar of the Philippines v. Atienza, G.R. No. 175241, February 24, 2010,
First Division.

D. Freedom of Speech, Press & Assembly; and Regulation of Elections

Gonzales v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. L-27833, April 18, 1969, En Banc, 27 SCRA
835.
National Press Club vs. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 102653, March 5, 1992, En
Banc.
Adiong vs Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 103956, March 31, 1992, En Banc.
Social Weather Stations, Incorporated v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 147571, May
5, 2001, Second Division.
Diocese of Bacolod vs. Commission on Elections, GR No. 205728, January 21, 2015.
IX. RELIGION CLAUSES
Const. (1987), Article III, Section 5.

A. Non-Establishment Clause
Pamil v. Teleron, G.R. No. L-34854, November 20, 1978, En Banc, 36 SCRA 413.
Garces v. Estenzo, G.R. No. L-53487, May 25, 1981, En Banc, 104 SCRA 510.
In Re: Letter of Tony Q Valenciano on the Holding of Religious Rituals at the Hall of Justice
Building in Quezon City, A.M. No. 10-4-19-SC, 7 March 2017.
Peralta v. Philippine Postal Corporation, G.R. No. 223395, December 04, 2018, En
Banc.

B. Free Exercise Clause

Ebralinag v. Division Superintendent of City Schools, G.R. No. 95770, March 1, 1993, En
Banc; and Ebralinag v. Division Superintendent of City Schools, G.R. No. 95770,
December 29, 1995, En Banc.
Islamic Dawah Council vs. Executive Secretary, G. R. No. 153888, July 9, 2003, En Banc,
405 SCRA 497.
Request of Muslim Employees in the Different Courts in Iligan City (Re: Office Hours) A.M.
No. 02-2-10-SC, 14 December 2005, En Banc.
Estrada v. Escritor, AM No. P-02-1651, June 22, 2006, En Banc.
Soriano v. Laguardia, G.R. No. 164785, April 29, 2009, En Banc; and Soriano v. Laguardia,
G.R. No. 164785, March 15, 2010, En Banc.
Imbong v. Ochoa, G.R. No. 204819, April 8, 2014, En Banc.
Diocese of Bacolod vs. Commission on Elections, GR No. 205728, January 21, 2015.
Valmores v. Achacoso, G.R. No. 217453, July 19, 2017, First Division.
Amari v. Villaflor, G.R. No. 224521, February 17, 2020, Third Division.

C. No Religious or Political Test

Recommended Reading: Torcaso v. Watkins, 367 U.S. 488 (1961).

X. FREEDOM OF ASSOCIATION
Const. (1987), Article III, Section 8.
Gonzales v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. L-27833, April 18, 1969, En Banc, 27 SCRA
835.
Manila Public School Teachers Association v. Laguio, G.R. No. 95445, August 6, 1991, En
Banc. 200 SCRA 323
Bayan v. Ermita, GR 169838, April 29, 2006, En Banc.
Social Security System Employees Association v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 85279 July 28,
1989, Third Division, 175 SCRA 686.
Ang Ladlad vs. Comelec, G.R. No. 190582, April 7, 2010
United Pepsi Cola Supervisory Union vs. Laguesma, G.R. No. 122226 March 25, 1998, En
Banc, 288 SCRA 15

XI. LIBERTY OF ABODE AND RIGHT TO TRAVEL

Const. (1987), Article III, Section 6.
Villavicencio v. Lukban, G.R. No. L-14639, March 25, 1919, En Banc, 39 Phil. 778.
Marcos v. Manglapus, G.R. No. 88211. September 15, 1989, En Banc, 177 SCRA 668.
Manotoc v. CA, G.R. No. L-62100, May 30, 1986, En Banc, 142 SCRA 149.
Yap v. CA, G.R. No. 141529, June 6, 2001, Third Division, 358 SCRA 564.
Samahan ng mga Progresibong Kabataan (SPARK) v. Quezon City, G.R. No. 225442, August
08, 2017, En Banc.
Genuino vs. De Lima, G.R. Nos. 197930, 17 April 2018
Zabal vs Duterte, G.R. No. 238467, February 12, 2019

XII. RIGHT TO BAIL

Const. (1987), Article III, Section 13.
Recommended readings:
Rules of Court, Rule 114, Sections 1, 4-7, 9, 24, 26.
DOJ Department Circular 13, s. 2018, Bail Bond Guide
Mejoff v. Director of Prisons, G.R. No. L-4254, September 26, 1951, En Banc.
People v. Donato, G.R. No. 79269, June 5, 1991, En Banc, 198 SCRA 130.
Yap v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 141529, June 6, 2001, Third Division, 358 SCRA 564.
Enrile v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 213847, August 18, 2015. En Banc.
People v. Escobar, G.R. No. 214300, July 26, 2017, Second Division.
Padua v. People, G.R. No. 220913, February 04, 2019, Third Division.

XIII. PRIVILEGE OF THE WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS

Const. (1987), Article III, Section 15.
Const. (1987), Article III, Section 13
Const. (1987), Article VII, Section 18
Const. (1987), Article VIII, Section 5(1).
Rules of Court, Rule 102, Section 1, 4, 6, 8.
Nava v. Gatmaitan, G.R. No. L-4855, October 11, 1951, En Banc (including separate
opinions).
Lansang v. Garcia, G.R. L-33964, December 11, 1971.
Secretary of National Defense v. Manalo, G.R. No. 180906, October 7, 2008, En Banc,
563 SCRA 1.
Roxas v. Macapagal-Arroyo, G.R. No. 189155, September 7, 2010.

XIV. FREE ACCESS TO COURTS, QUASI-JUDICIAL BODIES, ADEQUATE LEGAL ASSISTANCE

Const. (1987), Article III, Section 11.
Rules of Court, Rule 141, Section 18.
Re: Request of National Committee on Legal Aid to Exempt Legal Aid Clients from Paying
Filing, Docket and Other Fees, A.M. No. 08-11-7-SC, August 28, 2009, En Banc.

XV. PRIVILEGE AGAINST SELF-INCRIMINATION

CONST. (1987), Article III, Section 17.
United States v. Tan Teng, G.R. No. 7081, September 7, 1912, First Division.
Beltran v. Samson, G.R. No. 32025, September 23, 1929, En Banc.
Pascual v. Board of Medical Examiners, G.R. No. L-25018, May 26, 1969, En Banc.
Galman v. Pamaran, G.R. Nos. 71208-09 August 30, 1985, En Banc.
People v. Ayson, G.R. No. 85215, July 7, 1989, First Division.
Senate v. Ermita, G.R. No. 169777, April 20, 2006, En Banc.
Dela Cruz v People, G.R. No. 200748, July 23, 2014, First Division.

XVI. RIGHTS UNDER CUSTODIAL INVESTIGATION

Const. (1987), Article III, Section 12.
Rep. Act No. 7438, Section 2 (1992).
Rep. Act No. 9745, Sections 3-8, 12 (2009).
Recommended Reading: Revised Philippine National Police Operational Procedures
(December 2013), Rule 20, §20.1
Miranda v. Arizona, 384 US 436 (1966).
Gamboa v. Cruz, G.R. No. 56291, June 27, 1988, 162 SCRA 642
People v. Mahinay, G.R. No. 122485. February 1, 1999, En Banc.
People v. Tan, G.R. No. 117321 February 11, 1998, Third Division.
People v. Lara, G.R. No. 199877, August 13, 2012, Second Division.

XVII. RIGHTS OF THE ACCUSED

Const. (1987), Article III, Section 14.
Rules of Court, Rule 115, Section 1.
People v. Mingoa, G.R. No. L-5371, March 26, 1953, En Banc.
Dumlao v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. L-52245, January 22, 1980, En Banc.
People of the Philippines v. Rio, G.R. No. 90294, September 24, 1991, Second Division.
People v. Pagal, G.R. No. 241257, September 29, 2020, En Banc.
Villarba v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 227777, June 15, 2020, Third Division.
Conde v. Rivera, G.R. No. L-21741, January 25, 1924, En Banc, 45 Phil 650.
Tan v. People, G.R. No. 173637, April 21, 2009, Third Division.
Mateo v. Villaluz, G.R. No. Nos. L-34756-59, March 31, 1973, En Banc.

XVIII.SPEEDY DISPOSITION OF CASES

Const. (1987), Article III, Section 16.
Inocentes v. People, July 7, 2016, G.R. No. 205963-64, Second Division.
Cagang v. Sandiganbayan, July 31, 2018, G.R. No. 206438, En Banc.
People v. Pagal, G.R. No. 241257, September 29, 2020, En Banc.
Office of the Court Administrator v. Atienza-Turla, A.M. No. RTJ-21-005. December 9, 2020,
En Banc.

XIX. DOUBLE JEOPARDY

CONST. (1987), Article III, Section 21.
Rules of Court, Rule 117, Section 7.
Rules of Court, Rule 120, Section 5.
Carmelo v. People of the Philippines, G.R. No. L-3580, March 22, 1950, En Banc.
People v. Obsania, G.R. No. L-24447, June 29, 1968, En Banc.
People v. Vergara, G.R. Nos. 101557-58. April 28, 1993, First Division.
Chiok v. People, G.R. No. 179814, December 07, 2015, Third Division.
People v. Quijada, G.R. Nos. 115008-09, July 24, 1996, En Banc.

XX. EXCESSIVE FINES; CRUEL, DEGRADING OR INHUMAN PUNISHMENT; DEATH PENALTY

Const. (1987), Article III, Section 19.
Recommended Reading: Rep. Act No. 9346, Sections 1-2 (2006).
People v. De La Cruz, G.R. No. L-5790, April 17, 1953, En Banc.
People v. Echegaray, G.R. No. 117472, February 7, 1997, En Banc.
Republic of the Philippines v. N. Dela Merced & Sons, G.R. No. 201501, January 22, 2018,
En Banc.
Recommended reading: Paey v. State, 943 So. 2d 919 (Court of Appeal of Florida, Second
District, December 6, 2006), Lead Op. and Dissenting Op.

XXI. PROHIBITION AGAINST DETENTION FOR POLITICAL BELIEFS AND INVOLUNTARY SERVITUDE
A. Non-Detention for Political Beliefs
CONST. (1987), Article III, Section 18(1).

B. Prohibition of Involuntary Servitude

CONST. (1987), Article III, Section 18(2).

Rep. Act No. 9208 as amended by Rep. Act No. 10364, Section 3(a).
U.S. v. Pompeya, G.R. No. L-10255, August 6, 1915, En Banc, 31 Phil. 245. In the Matter of
the Petition for Habeas Corpus.
Aclaracion v. Gatmaitan, G.R. No. L-39115, May 26, 1975, En Banc, 64 SCRA 131.
XXII. PROHIBITION OF IMPRISONMENT FOR DEBT AND NON-PAYMENT OF POLL TAX
Const. (1987), Article III, Section 20.
People v Linsangan, G.R. No. L-43290, December 21, 1935, En Banc.
Villanueva v. City of Iloilo, G.R. No. L-26521, December 28, 1968, En Banc
Lozano v. Martinez, G.R. No. L-63419, December 18, 1986, En Banc.

XXIII.PROHIBITION OF EX POST FACTO LAWS AND BILLS OF ATTAINDER

Const. (1987), Article III, Section 22.
In re Kay Villegas Kami, G.R. No. L-32485, October 22, 1970, En Banc.
People v. Ferrer, G.R. No. Nos. L-32613-14, December 27, 1972, En Banc, 48 SCRA 382
Wright v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 113213, August 15, 1994, First Division, 235 SCRA
341.

XXIV. No Unjust Taking of Private Property

CONST. (1987), Article III, Section 9.
Republic of the Philippines v. Castellvi, G.R. No. L-20620 August 15, 1974, En Banc, 58
SCRA 336.
Didipio Earth-Savers’ Multi-Purpose Association, Incorporated (DESAMA) v. Gozun, G.R.
No. 157882, March 30, 2006, First Division, 485 SCRA 586.
De Knecht v. Bautista, G.R. No. L-51078, October 30, 1980, First Division, 100 SCRA 660.
Tiongson and Manotoc v. National Housing Authority, G.R. No. L-55166, May 21, 1987,
Second Division, 150 SCRA 89.
Sumulong v. Guerrero, G.R. No. L-48685, September 30, 1987, En Banc, 154 SCRA 461.
Export Processing Zone Authority v. Dulay, G.R. No. L-59603, April 29, 1987 En Banc, 149
SCRA 305
Association of Small Landowners in the Philippines, INC. v. Secretary of Agrarian Reform,
G.R. No. 78742, July 14, 1989, En Banc.
City of Manila v. Laguio, G.R. No. 118127, April 12, 2005, En Banc.
Hacienda Luisita, Incorporated v. Presidential Agrarian Reform Council, GR No. 171101,
April 24, 2012, En Banc.

XXV. NON-IMPAIRMENT OF CONTRACTS

CONST. (1987), Article III, Section 10.
Rutter v. Esteban, G.R. No. L-3708, May 18, 1953, 93 Phil. 68.
Philippine American Life Insurance Company v. Auditor General, G.R. No. L-19255, January
18, 1968, En Banc.
Oposa vs Factoran G.R. No. 101083, July 30, 1993, 224 SCRA 792.
Republic of the Philippines vs. Rosemoor Mining and Development Corporation, G.R.
No. 149927, March 30, 2004, First Division, 426 SCRA 517.
City of Manila v. Laguio, G.R. No. 118127, April 12, 2005, En Banc.
Goldenway v. Equitable, GR No. 195540, March 13, 2013.
Provincial Bus Operators Association of the Philippines (PBOAP) v. Department of Labor
and Employment, G.R. No. 202275, July 17, 2018, En Banc.
XXVI. Right to Information
Const. (1987), Article III, Section 7.
Recommended Reading: Exec. Ord. No. 2, Section 4 (2016).
Legaspi vs. Civil Service Commission, G. R. No. 72119, May 29, 1987, En Banc.
Valmonte vs. Belmonte, G.R. No. 74930, February 13, 1989, En Banc.
Gonzales vs. Narvasa, G.R. No. 140835. August 14, 2000, En Banc.
Chavez vs. Presidential Commission on Good Government, G.R. No. 130716, December 09,
1998, First Division.
Chavez v. Public Estates Authority, G.R. No. 133250, July 9, 2002, En Banc, 384 SCRA 152.
Antolin v. Domondon, GR No. 165036, July 5, 2010, First Division.
Rappler, Inc. vs. Bautista, G.R. No. 222702, 5 April 2016, En Banc.
.
XXVII. Judicial Review
Const. (1987), Article VIII, Section 1.
Const. (1987), Article VIII, Section 5(2)(a).

A. Requisites for Judicial Review

Francisco v. House of Representatives, G.R. No. 160261, November 10, 2003, En Banc.
La Bugal-B'laan Tribal Association, Inc. v. Ramos, G.R. No. 127882, January 27, 2004, En
Banc.

1. Actual Case or Controversy

Peralta v. Philippine Postal Corporation, G.R. No. 223395, December 04, 2018, En Banc.

2. Standing
Kilosbayan v. Guingona, G.R. No. 113375, May 5, 1994, En Banc.
Sanlakas v. Reyes, G.R. No. 159085, February 3, 2004, En Banc.
Mamba v. Lara, G.R. No. 165109, December 14, 2009, Second Division.
Resident Marine Mammals of the Protected Seascape Tañon Strait v. Reyes, G.R. No.
180771, April 21, 2015.

3. Constitutional Issue was Raised at Earliest Opportunity

Umali v. Guingona, G.R. No. 131124, March 29, 1999, Third Division.

4. Constitutional Issue is Lis Mota of the Case

Cruz v. Youngberg, G.R. No. L-34674, October 26, 1931, En Banc.
People v. Vera, G.R. No. L-45685, November 16, 1937, En Banc.

B. Other Doctrines on Judicial Review

1. Hierarchy of Courts
Aala v. Uy, G.R. No. 202781, January 10, 2017

2. Political Question Doctrine (Under the 1987 Constitution)

Const. (1987), article VIII, section 1.
Francisco v. House of Representatives, G.R. No. 160261, November 10, 2003, En Banc.
Garcia v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 157584, April 2, 2009, En Banc.

3. Presumption in Favor of Constitutionality

Estrada v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 148560, November 19, 2001, En Banc.
Ople v. Torres, G.R. No. 127685, July 23, 1998, En Banc.
4. Effect of Unconstitutionality
Lidasan v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. L-28089, October 25, 1967, En Banc.
De Agbayani v. Philippine National Bank, G.R. No. L-23127, April 29, 1971, En Banc.
Tan v. Barrios, G.R. No. 85481-82, October 18, 1990, En Banc.
Araullo v. Aquino, G.R. No. 209287, July 1, 2014, En Banc.