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SIST SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN 1537:2002
0{-julij-2002

lzvedba posebnih geotehnidnih del - Geotehni6na sidra

Execution of special geotechnical work - Ground anchors

Ausfuhrung von besonderen geotechnischen Arbeiten (Spezialtiefbau) - VerpreBanker

Ex6cution des travaux g6otechniques sp6ciaux - Tirant d'ancrage

Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 1537:1999

ICS:
93.020 Zemeljska dela. lzkopavanja Earthworks. Excavations
Gradnja temeljev. Dela pod Foundation construction.
zemljo Underground works

SIST EN 1537:2002 en

2003-01.Slovenski institut za standardizacijo. Razmno:evanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
EUROPEAN STAT{DARD EN 1537
NORMEEUROPEENNE
EUROPASCHENORM December 1999

tcs 93.020

English vBrsion

Execution of special geotechnical work - Ground anchors

Ex6culion des travaux g6ot€chniques spdciaux - Tirant Ausfohrung von besonderen geotechnischen Arbeiten
d'ancrage (Spoziahiebau) - VerpreRanker

This Europ€an Standard was appro{red by CEN on 20 February '1999.

CEN members are bound to comply with th€ CEI{/CENELEC lnlsmal Begulaligns which dipulate the conditions lor giving this Europoan
Standard the statls of a national standard witrrout sny alt€ration. U}todale lists and bibliographical refsronces conc€ming suqh national
standards rnay b6 obtainod on applicalion lo the Central S€cretarlat or to arry CEN member.

This Europe8n Standard exists in three olficial vBlsions (English, French, German). A ve6ior in any othsr language made by translation
under the responsitility of a CEN mgmber into its orrn language and notifi€d to lhe Cenlral Sec-retariat has lhe same stalus as the otlicial
v€rsions.

CEN members are the na ooal standards bodies o, Austda, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denrnark, Finland, France, Germany, Gresce,
lceland, lreland, ltaly, Lux6mbourg, NelhedaMs, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Swoden, Switsedand and United Kingdom.

aa

EUROPEAN COMMITIEE FOR STANDARDEATION

coMrrE EURoPEEN DE NoRMALISATIoN
EURoPAISCHES KOMITEE FOR NORMUNC

Central Sec,retariat rue de Stassart, 36 8'1050 Brussels

@ 199S CEN All rights of exploitaton in any lorm and by any means reseryed Bef. No. EN 1537:1999 E
worldwide for CEN natonal Memters.
 Page 2
EN 1537:1999

Contents

3
3.t
3.2
4
4.1
4.2
5
6
6.1 General 13
6.2 Tendon 13
6.3 Anchor head 13
6.4 14
6.5 Tendon bond lengrth 14
6.6 borehole..,
Spacer and other componenls in the ..................,.....,..14
6J Cement grout and admixtures...... ......................15
6.8
6.9 Corrosion protection ol sGd tendon and stressed steel components 'ts
6.10 Commonly used components and materials tor corrosion protection barriers 17
6.11 Application of conosion protoction............ ............,....,.,............,....20
6.12 Corrosion protection testing ,or pemanent anchors with syslom tesls....... ,.,..,.,,..22
7
8
8.1
s.2 Manutacturing, transport, handling and installation o, tendons........-. ,.................,..25
8.3
8.4
I Testing, supervision and monitorlns------.----.--. ,.....,....,.,......29
9.1
92 Measurement accuracy .,............... ,.....................30
9.3
9.4
9.5 lnvestigation test .31
9.6 .31
9.7
9.8
9.9
9.10
9.t1

Annex A (in ormative) Electrical testing of corrosion protection.,.......... ..........,......-.........'..'36

Annex B (intormative) lnvestigation testing ot conosion protection ..,......., .....'.'......".'......,40
Annex C (iniormative) Guidelines tor acceptance criteria for viscous corrosion protection compounds
and examples of standards for lhe testing of material properties 42

Annex D (informative) Design of ground anchors ..,,...,,...... 43

 Page 3
EN 1537:1999

Anngx E (informativs) ExamPles of anchor testing methods..........'...-........... 49

Annex F (informative) Examples of record sheets..... 60

Page 4
EN 1537:1999

Foreword
This Europ€an Standard has been prepared by Technical Committee CEl.l/TC 288 'Execution of special
geotechnical works', the secretariat of which is held by AFNoR.

This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either b), publication of an identical lsxt or
by sndorsement, at the latest by June 2000, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by
June 2000.

According to the CEN/CENELEC lnternal Begulations, th€ national standards organizations of lhe ,ollowing
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, lceland, lreland, ltaly, Luxembourg, Netherlands, N,)rway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland and the United Kingdom.

The romit of CEIVTC 288 is tho standardisation of ths execution procedures lor geotechnical works (including
testing and control methods) and of the required material properties. CENITC 288ryVG 2 has been charged w,th the
preparation of a Standard in the subject area of ground anchors, which includes ,rll anchors bonded to the ground
by grout and are tensioned.

Tha document has been prepared to stand alongside ENV1997-1-1 : Geot€chnical Dssign, General Bules.
Clause 7 "Design considerations" of this Standard deals only with those matlers which should be taken into
accounl during the execution stage ot ground anchor so lhat the design of the an:hor system may be fulfilled. The
Standard, however, provides full coverage of the construction and supervision rec uirements. An informative Annex
D provldes a detailed treatment of ground anchor design.

The Siandard has been drafted by a working group comprising delegates from '0 countries and is based on the
review of l0 national and intemational codes of practico.
 Page 5
EN 1537:1999

1 Scope

This standard is applicable to thg installation, testing and monitoring of permanent and temPorary ground anchors
*n"r" tt" load capicity is tested. An anchor consists of an anchor head, A free anchor lsngth and a fxed anchor
length which is Oondedio the ground by grout. The term "ground" is taken to encompass both soil and rock.

The planning and design of ground anchors calls for experience and knowledge in this specialised field and
atthough theie topics ai cove-red briefly in ENV 1997-1 Eurocode 7: Geotechnical Design, Part 1 : General Flules
a mord Oetailed treatment ol the design of ground anchors is included in an annex to this Standard.

The installation and testing phases require skilled and qualified labour and supervision. This sandard cannot
replace the knowledge of dpiciatist peGonnel and the expertise of experienced contractors required to apply the
Standard.

This Standard does not address altemative systems of anchoring such as tension piles, screw anchors' mechanical
anchors, soil nails, expander anchors or daadman anchors.

Th€ Standard establishes and defin€s principles with regard to anchor technology. Where anchor systems do not
comply with the principles defined in the text, flexibility in the use ol these systems is otfered by written acceptance
ol the Clienfs Tschnical Bepresentative.

2 Normative relerences
This European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions lrom oher publications. These
For
normitive'references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed hereafter'
dated references, subsequent amendments to or rgvisions of any ol thes€ publications apply 10 lfiis European
S6d;;it*#n incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undatod telel€nces lhe latest edition of tha
publication retened to aPplies.

Exceptionally the list ot normalive relerences contains European Prestandards which are at the drafl
slage. lf any
ol these documents becomes a European Standard the reference shall be checked'

EN 45014, General cnteda for declaration of conlomily.

ENV 206, Concrete - Pertormance, production, placing and compliance criteria'

ENV1991-1-1, Eurocode 1 : Besis ol design and actions on structures - Pan 1-1 : Basis ofDesign.

ENV 1gg2-1-1, Eurocode 2 : Design Ol Concate Struc'tures - Pad l-1 : aenaral rules - General rules and tubs ror
buildings.

ENV 1992-1-5, Eurocode 2: Design ol concrete structures - Part 1-5: Structures with unbonded and ertemal
prestessing tendons.
:

ENV 1993-1-1 , Eurocode 3 : Design Ol steel structures - Part 1-1 : General Rules and rules for buiditlgs.

ENV 1994-1-1, Eurocode 4 : Design Of COmpOSite Steel and concrete struclures' Pad 1'l i oeneral rules and
rules for buildings.

ENV '1997-1:1994, Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design - Paft 1 : General rules'

prEN 445, Grout for prestressing tendons ' Test methods.

prEN 446, Grout for prestressing tendons - Grouting procedures.

prEN 447, Grout for prestressing tendons.

prEN 10138, Design ol prestressing steel - Specification for common grout

 Page 6
EN 1537:1999

3 Terms, definitions and symbols

3.1 Terms and definitions

The main terms are used in common with all Eurocodes. For the purposes of thir; Standard the rollowing definitions
applv :

3.1.1
anchor
fr : tirant d'ancrage
de : Anker
an installation capable of transmitting an appli€d tensile load to a load bearing stratum

3.12
anchor head
tr : tlte d'ancrage
de : Ank€rkopt
the component of a ground anchor which transmits he tensile load from the tendon to bearing plate or skucture

3,1.3
acc€ptance test
tr r essal de r6ceptlon
de : Abnahmepriifung
a load t6st to confirm that each anchor conforms with the accepiance crileria

3.I.4
apparent tsndon ,ree lengith
h : longueur llbre Squlvalente
dB : Rechnerische freie Stahllenge
the.lengrth of tendon between the clnnection of the tendon to the stressing jar:k and a point along the tsndon,
deduced from load testing of an anchor

3.1.5
bleed
tr : ressuage
de : Absetzma
the separation ol water from grout paste

3.1.6
borehole diameter
lr : diamotr€ de torage
de : Bohrlochdurchmesser
the diameter of a borehole as defined by the drill bit or casing diameter, excluding any enlargements

3.1.7
characteristic internal anchor resistance
fr : r6slstance interne
caractdristique du tirant
de : Charakteristischer lnnerer
Anken iderstand
lhe characteristic load capacity of the anchor tendon

3.1.8
cllent's technlcal rcprcsentative
tr : repr6sentant tschnique du client
de : Technlscher Bauhermvertreter
represents the client and is fully acquainted with alt aspects of the works relatsd to the use of the anchorc,
including specialist knowledge of ground anchor lechnology
 Page 7
EN 1537:1999

3.1.9
clupler
lr : coupleur
de : Koppelelement
a device ior joining lengths of bar or strand which comprise an anchor lendon

3.1.10
creep llmit
lr : viles3e limlte de tluage
de : Grenzkriechmap
tho maximum creep displacement rate permiuad at a specific load level

3.1.11
crltical creep load
fr : traction crltique de fluage
de : Kritische Kriechkaft
rate
ine anchor toad conesponding io the end of the first linear part oi a plot oI anchor load against creep

3.1.12
datum load
fr : traction de r6ference
de : Vorbelastung
general, a
G'Ur"f & load rrom which ths anchor head displac€ment is measur6d during a stress lest. ln
"n"noi
value oJ I O % prool load is adoPted

3.1. t 3
encapsulation
lr : protection
de : Konoaionsschutrumhiillung
a conosion protociion applied at least to ths tendon bond length

3.1.14
external anchor resistance
tr : rEsistance externe du tilant
de : Herausziehwlderstand des Ankers
the load resistance of an anchor at the interface between ground and fixed anchor length

3.1.15
fixod anchot length
tr : longusur de sctllement du tlrant
ds : Kraft6intragungsHnge
th; j;"ig;a feigln-d an-anchor over which the load is lransmitted to the sunounding ground, through
a grout
body

3.1.16
troe anchor length
lr : longueur llbrc du tirant
de : Frsie Ankerlange
at the anchor head
the distance betweei the proximal end of the fixed anchor length and the tendon anchorage

3.1.17
grout
lr : coulls
de : Verprspm6rtel
and which may
."ttlng'1nat"a"r which transfers load irom the tendon to the ground over the fixed anchor length,
" the r;st ol the borehole and/or contribute to conosion protection
flll

3.1.18
investigalion test
tr : essai pr6alable
de : Untersuchungsprii'lung
at the grouvground irterface and to determine the
aload test to establisl fie ulimate load rosistance of an anchor
characteristics ol the anchor in the working load range
 Page 8
EN 1537:1999

3.'t.19
load loss limit
,r : pert de tension admis8ible
de : G renzkraftabfall
the permitted cumulative loss o, load at lhe end of a specified time period

3.120
lock-oft load
,r : tractlon de blocage
de : Festlegelraft
the load transferrgd to an anchor head immediately on completion of a stressing oltefation

3.1.21
permanent anchor
fr : tirant d'ancraEe permanent
de : Daueranker
an anchor with a design lile which is in excess of two years

3.1.22
proo, load
tr : tractlon d'6preuve
de : Priifkaft
the maximum test load to which an anchor is subjectad

3.123
sunabllity test
lr : Bssai de clrtr6le
de ; Elgnungspriifung
a load tost to confirm that a particular anchor design will be adequate in particular Stround conditions

3.124
syatem test
tr : e8sal de systdme
de : Systempriitung
a test which is canied oul on an anchor system to verify ils competence to p€rtorm as required

325
temporary anchor
tr : tlrant d'ancrage prcvlsolre
de : Kuzzeitanker
an anchor with a design life of less than two years

3.1.26
lendon
tr : amafure
de : Zugglied
lhe part of a ground anchor that is capable of transmitting the tensile load from the fixed anchor leng"lh to the
anchor head

3.1.27
tEndon bond length
tr : longueur de scellement de l'armaturc
de : Verankerungslenge des Zuggliedes
the length of lhe tendon that is bonded directly to the grout and capable ol transmitt ng the applied tensile load

3.'t.28
tendon ,ree length
tr : longueur libng de l'armature
de: F ele Stahllenge
the length of tendon between the anchor head and the proximal end of the tondon bond length

A typical anchor is shown in Figure 1.

 Page 9
EN 1537:1999

3.2 Symbols
At Cross sectional area of anchor tendon

Design value ol the effect of an action

Design value of the effect ol destabilising action

Design value of th6 effect ol stabilising action

F Elastic modulus of anchor tendon

f Friction loss as a percent of Pp

Characteristic tBnsile strengith of a tendon

J,0.lt Characteristic tensile stress at which there is a permanent strain of 0,1%

Relative area of ribs o, ribbed or profiled wire or bar

t" Creep displacement rate

kl Load loss

Apparent tendon free length

L. Extemal length oJ tendon measured from the tendon anchorage in the anchor head to the
anchorage point in the stressing jack

t_ Fixed anchor length

4*, Free anchor lsngrth

L15 Tendon bond length

L. Tendon Jree length

P Anchor tendon load

Datum load

Critical creep load

Approximation to critical creep load

Anchor lock-off load

Proof load

P,t Characteristic load capacity ot tendon

Pro.t o Characteristic lensile load at which there is a permanent strain of 0,1 %

Extemal anchor resistance

R,k Characteristic extemal anchor rBsistance

Ril Characteristic intemal anchor resistance

Page l0
EN 1537:1999

Rd Design resislanco of an anchor

Rr Lower of characteristic ir*emal and extemal resistances

,' Anchor head displacement

Time from applkEtion of load increment or load lock-off

CI Slope of creep displacemenulog lime plot

AP Ditference betweon proof load and anchor datum load

As Measured extension of anchor tendon under load incroment l,P

fs Varialion ,actor for anohor load

lR Partial factor on anchor resistance

t,

l
5

2
I
6
1
8
9
10

Key
1 Anchorag8 point al jack during stressing 6 Soll/rock
2 Anchorage point al anchor head in service 7 Borehole
3 Bearing plate I Debonding sleeve
4 Lold transler black I Tendon
5 Structural elem€nl 10 Grout body

Figure 1 Sketch of a ground anchor - Details of anchor head and tead Protection omitted
-
4 Specific needs

4.1 General

Ground anchors can only be designed efficienlly on ihe basis of a sound knowle(lge of the conskuction project, of
the structural requirements of the anchor and ot the geotechnical properties of th.: ground. Anchor tesling and the
verification of design parameters are necessary elements in the construction proc:edure for economical installation
of effective ground anchors.
 Page 1 1

EN 1537:1999

The responsibilities o{ all parties involved in ths design, exacution, testing and maintenance of the ground anchors
shall be definad. Table 1 shows, as a guide, an appropriate separation of design and execution activities.

Table 1 Design and erecutlon activities

-
Overall design activities Specialist execution activities
1- Provision of site investigation data for construction of 1. Assessment of site investigation data with
ground anchors respect to design assumptions.
2. Decision to use ground anchors, required trials and 2. Selection ol ground anchor components and
testing and provision of a specification details.
3. Acquisition of legal aulhorisation and entitlement to 3. Determination of fixed anchor dimensions.
encroach on third party propsrty
4. Overall design of anchored structure, calculations of 4. Detailirig of the corrosion protection system for
anchor force required. Definition of safety factors to be the ground anchor.
employed.
5. Definition ol ground anchor life (permanenvtemporary) 5. Supply and installation of the ground anchor
and requirement for corrosion proteclion. system.
6. Specification of anchor spacing and oriontation, anchor 6. Supply and installation of the ground anchor
loads and overall stability requirements. monitoring system.
7. Specification oJ minimum distance lrom tho structure to 7. Ouality conlrol of works.
mid fixed length to ensure stability of the structure.
8. Specification of load transfer mechanism from the anchor 8. Execution and assessment ol anchor tests
to the structure.
9. Specification of any sequence ol arlchor loading requked 9. Evaluation ol on-site anchor tosts
of the structure and tho appropriate load levels.
10. Specification of systems for monitoring ground anchor 10. Maintenance of ground anchor as directed
behaviour and for interpretation of results.
11. SupeNision of the works
"12. Speciticaiion of maintenance Jor ground anchors.

13. lnstruction to all parties involved of key items in the

design philosophy to which special attention should b€
directed.

Sutficient information to assist in the design and installation o, ground anchors should be provided prior to, and
updated during, the execution ol the works.

NOTE The whole design or some parE ot lhe design may be pedormed by the dient, the rnain contractor, a specialist
conlractor or by a consultant.

4.2 Planning of anchor works

The lollowing shall be provided prior to the initial supply and installation ol the ground anchor system :

details of the ground anchor projecl and the construction soquence and Programme ;
-
a site investigation report incorporating a geotechnical classification and engineering properlies of the ground
- in which the ground anchors are to be located ;

information on all other boundary conditions, including underground ssrvices, existing foundations and
- requirements relevant to the location and Performance of the ground anchors ;

details of ownership of the ground into which the anchors are to be installed ;
-
details of any agreement required to gain access to ground into which the anchors are to be installed.
-
Page 12
EN 1537:1999

The arnount of investigative and design work depends upon the type and size of the projsct, the complexity of the
ground and the degree of risk involvod.

5 Site investigation
The ground is a vital element of the ground anchor system, therefore a good qLality geotechnical invesligation is
essential. A common cause of individual anchor failure at the acceptance test ng siage is the lack of accurate
information on lhe ground conditions local to the anchor.

Since inclined ground anchors are installed as commonly as vertical anchors, lateral variations in ground properties
should be investigated as thoroughly as the vertical variations.

All geotechnical investigation shall be undertaken in accordance with the requirlmenls and recommendations of
ENV 1997-1-1 Eurocode 7, Part 1.

Geotechnical investigation should be extended to site extremities so that the strata proiile may be interpolated
between the investigation locations ralher than extrapolated outside the area inveritigated. Where possible it should
be extended to include ground formations outside lhe actual site il stresses induced by anchors are extended
there.

Depths of geotechnical investigation should be adequate 1o ensure thal :

a) a known geological formation is proved;or

b) no undorlying stratum will affect design;and

c) groundwater conditions are woll defined.

ln addition to the lithology and siructure of the ground in accordance with EN\' 1997-1 Eurocode 7, Part 1 , the
following shall also be known, where applicable :

a) for soils :

soil description and classification (grading, moisture content, unit weight, relalive density, Atlerberg
- limits);

shear slrength, compressibility and radial stittness;

-
pormsability
- ;

ground water conditions

- ;

conosion potential of soil and ground water;

-
existence of stray electric currents;
-
b) ior rocks:

classification (geometry of discontinuities, unit weight, degree of weaiherhlg, index tests) ;

-
rock stratification
- ;

unconfined compression strength ol intact rock;

-
shear strenglh and deformability of rock mass ;
-
Permeability;
-
- ground water conditions ;

corrosion potential of rock and ground water;

-
 Page 13
EN 1537:1999

existence of stray electric currents.

-
From this intormation, it should b€ possible to determine the likelihood ol difticulties relating to :

potential obstructions to drilling ;

-
the process of borehole drilling (drillability) ;
-
borehole stability;
-
flow of ground water into the borehole;
-
Ioss of grout from the borehole.
-
5 Materials and products

6.1 General

Anchor systams shall be used for which successful experience with respect to psrformance and durability has been
documented.

All anchor systems shall have been subjectod to at least one system test to verify the comp€tance of the system.
The resuhs of all tests shall be documented in detail'

The documented system test shall be approved by the Clients Technical Representative in accordance with
principl€s stated in this Standard.

AII materials us6d shall be mutually compatible. This applies in particular to adjacent materials with a common
intertace. Matarial propertiBs shall not change during the dosign life of the ground anchor in such a way that the
anchor loses its serviceability.

Anchors involving the use of newly developed rnaterials or methods of oxecution are perm itted subiect to the
performance of tis anchor and durability of the materials used being proven by system tests and approved by the
blient,s Technical Representative to ensure that the serviceability of the anchor system is maintained for the design
life of the anchored structure.

6.2 Tendon

All steel tendons shall comply with the tollowing Europoan Standards :

Construction stsel -ENV199&1 : Eurocode 3: Design of stoel structures - Part |:Gencral rules:

Steel roinforcement - ENV 1992-1-1 : Eurocode 2 : Design of concrste structures - Part 1 : General
rules;

Prestressing steel - prEN 10138: Design of prestressing stoel ;

- prEtw 1992-1-5 : Eurocodo 2 Part 1- 5: The use of unbondad and extemal

Pr€stressing t€ndons.

Olher tendon matorials may only be used il their suitability as anchor components have been proven and they are
approved by th6 Client's Technical RePresentative

6.3 Anchor head

The anchor head shall allow the tendon to be stressgd, proof loaded and locked-off and, if required, released,
destressed and restressed. lt shall be able io carry the characteristic tensile load of the tendon ot 10o7" P4-
 Page 14
EN 1537:1999

The anchor head shall comply with ENV 1992-l : Eurocode 2 unless the require(l deviation is justified. The anchor
head shall be designed to tolerata angular doviations ot lhe tendon from the dir€,ction normal to the head, up to a
maximum ot 3" at 97 y" P/^ol lhe tendon.

The anchor head shall distribute the tendon load to the main structure or to the ground in accordance with the
overall design of the structure through designed or t€sted components.

The anchor head (i.e. the connection between the anchor lendon and the stnrcture) shall be able lo adjust to
deformations wtich may be expected during the design life of the structure.

6.4 Coupler
Couplers shall comply with ENV 1992-1-1 : Eurocode 2, and shall not compromisre the required tensile strength ol
the tendon.

The tendon should not be coupled inside the bond length.

The free extension of a steel tendon shall nol be compromised by reslraint of the (;oupler.

The corrosion protection of the coupler shall be compatible with the conosion prot{}ction provided to the tendon

6.5 Tendon bond length

ln order to anchor the tendon in the bond length, profiled or ribbed tendons, stran,ls or compression tubes shall be
used in this section.

As a guide the tollowing types ol slsel tendon may be anchored by bond action :

cold drawn wires profiled after drawing ;

quenched and tempered wires ribbed during hol rolling ;

ribbed bars;
-
seven wire strands

The relative area, /, of the ribs of ribbed or profiled wires and bars shall be i1 accordance with ENV 1992-1:
Eurocode 2.

Prestressing steels with a smooth surface wilh or without special provsn anchorin!) devices may only be used wilh
temporary anchors when approved by ihe Client's Technical Flepresentalive.

6.6 Spacer and other components in the bolehole

All installed tendons and encapsulations shall be provided wilh a minimum of 10 mm grout cover to the borehole
wall. This may be achieved by the use of spacers or cenlralizers.

Any component installed and remaining in the borEhole should be spaced and lo rated so that it does not reduce
the bond capacity of the anchor. To ensure conect positioning o, lhe tendon(lr, the tendon components, the
conosion protedion components and any other componefi in the borehole, spacers should be located such that
minimum grout cover requirements and complete filling ol open volume by grout arB provided.

Spacers and centralizers shall not impede grout flow.

When used outside an encapsulation in a permanent anchor spacers should be manufactured from corrosion
resistant materials.

The design of centralizers shall take into account the shape of the hole, e.g. the presence of undereamed bells,
the weighl of the tendon and the susceptibility of the ground to disturbance during irlsertion of the tendon.
 Page 15
EN 1537:1999

6.7 Cement grout and admixtures

Cement grouts used in the encapsulation and in contact with prestressing steel tendons shall contorm in general
with prEil .145, pr EN446 and prEN 447. Where there is conflict between the provisions of this Standard and
prEN 445, prEN 446 and prEN 447, the provisions of this Standard shall be adopted.

For cement grout used to encase a lendon within an encapsulation or to protect steel tubes, the properties should
be controlled-to prsvent bleed and shrinkage. Waler/cement ratios for anchor grouts outside the encapsulation but
within the borehote should be chosen aPproPriate to ths ground conditions

High sulphid€ content cements shall not be used in contact with prestressing steel.

When selecting the type of cement for grout placed in contact with the surrounding ground, account shall be taken
of the presenc-e of aggressive substances in the environment, e-9. carbonic acid and sulphates, ol the
permeability
of the ground and ;i the design life of the anchor. The aggressivity of the environment shall be defined in
accordance with ENV 206.

Admixtures may be used for improving workability or durability, for reducing bleed or shrinkage, or for increasing
rate of strength development. The us! of admixtures with prestressing steel shall be approved by the Client's
Technical Re-presentative. Admixtures shall be free trom any product liable to damage Prestrossing steel or the
grout itsetf. N; admixture that contains more than 0,1 % (by mass) of chlorides, sulphides or nitrates shall be used.

Where appropriate, inert fillers (i.e. sand) may be incorporated within the grout mix to reduce loakage away from
the borehole.

Laboratory and field tests should be undertaken to verify mixture, mixing etficiency, setting times and performance.
These teits should be undertaken in acc'ordance with prEN 445 where applicable.

6.E Resin grout

Resins and resin mortars may be used in ground anchor construction as an allemative to cement grout i, their
applicability has been proven by a system test appropriats to their application'

Laboratory and field tests should be undertaken to verity mixture, mixing Bfficiency, sefting times and performance-

6.9 Corrosion protection of steel tendon and stressed steel components

6,9.1 General

There is no csrtain way of identitying corrosive circumslance with sufficient Precision to pr€dict conosion rates of
rt""t in th" ground. Alisteel compoients which are stressed shall be protecled against conosion lor their design
lite. conosio-n protection elements shall be capable of transmitting tendon loads, where requirsd.

The standard of corrosion protection is classified by the anchor design life :

temporary ground anchors are defined as those which are required to be in service no longer than two years ;
-
permanent ground anchors are defined as those which are to have a design life oI more than two years.
-
 Page 16
EN 1537:'1999

Table 2 Examples of corroslon protection systems for tenrporary anchors

-
1. Tendon bond length
All installed tendons shall be provided with a minimum 10 mm cement grout c(,ver to the borehole wall. Where
aggressive ground conditions are known to exist, I may be appropriate to enhar ce the protection ior example by
the use of a single corrugated duct around the tondon(s).
2. Tendon tree length
The protection system shall have low trictional properties and allow movsment of the tendon within the borehole.
This may be achieved by tho provision of one of lhe following :
a) plastic sheath sunounding each individual tendon, end sealod against ingrer;s of water ;

b) plastic sheath surrounding each individual tendon, complstely tilled with conosion protection compound;
c) plastic or steel sheath or duct common to all lendons, end sealed against inuress of water ;

d) plastic or steel sheath or duct common to alltendons complelely filled wilh conosion protection compound ;

b) or d) is appropriate for extended temporary use or in aggressive conditions

3. Transition between anchor head and rrce length (inner anchor head)
The free lenglh sheath or duct may be sealed lo the bearing plate/anchor head, or a metal sleeve or plastic duct
may be sealed or welded to the bearing plate- lt shall overlap the lree length sheath or duct and for extended
temporary use be filled with corrosion protection compound, cemen'l or resin whk;h is contained at the lower end.
4. Anchor head
Wh6re the anchor head is accessible for inspection and possible rB-coating the following proteclion is
acc6ptabl6 :
a) a coating of non-fluid corrosion protection compound;or

b) a combination of corosion protection compound and tape wtlich is impreernated with conoslon protection
compound.

Where the anchor head is not accessible a metal or plastic cap shall be fittod and filled with corrosion protection
compound for sxtended use.
Where aggressive conditions are known to sxist, a metal or plastic cap shall b{r filled wilh conosion protsction
compound.

6.9.2 Temporary ground anchor

The steel components of a lemporary ground anchor shall be provided with proteclion v'/hich will inhibit or prevent
conosion over a minimum design life ol two years.

lf th6re is a possibility that the design lite ol a temporary ground anchor is to be ex:ended on a tomporary basis or if
the anchor is installed in ground conditions known to be corrosive then mearrures, approved by the Client's
Technical Representative, shall be taken to protect all parls of the anchor from conosion.

Examples of corrosion prolection which may be considered to satisfy the al)ove principles of protection to
temporary anchors are described in Table 2.

6,9.3 Permanent ground anchor

The minimum corosion protection surrounding the tendon(s) of the anchor shall be a single continuous layer of
corrosion preventive matarial which does not degrade during the design life o, the irnchor.

The tendon(s) of a permanant ground anchor shall be provided with eilher :

a) two protective baniers lo corrosion such thal if one barier is damaged during installation or anchor loading,
the second barrier remains intact ; or
 Page 17
EN 1537:1999

b) a single protective banier to corrosion, the integrity of which shall be Proven by lesting each anchor insitu (see
annex A) ;

c) a corrosion protection system provided by a steel duct tube-a-manchette type anchor (See 6-10-4 and 6. 1 0.9) ;

d) a corrosion protection system provided by a corrugated plastic duct tube-a-manchette type anchor (See 6'10.4
and 6. 10.9);

e) a corrosion protection system provided by a steel duct compression tube type anchor (See 6.10.4 and 6.10.6).

Examples oI conosion protection which may be considered to satisfy the above principles ol proteciion to
permanent anchors are described in Table 3.

6.10 Commonly used components and materials for corrosion protection barriers

6.10.1 Plastic sheaths and ducts

plastic sheaths and ducts shall conform with relevant European product slandards and in particular are required to
be continuous, impermeable io wat6r, resistant to age brittleness and resistant to ultra-violet radiation damage
during storage, transportation and installation. Joints between plastic components shall be fully sealed against
ingreis ot witer by direct contact or by sealants. Where used, PVC shall be resistanl to aging and shall not
produce free chlorides.

The minimum wallthickness of an extemal corrugated duct common to one or severaltendons shall be :

1,0 mm fbr internal diameter < 80 mm ;

1,5 mm ior intemal diameter > 80 mm but < 120 mm ;

-
2,0 mm for intsmal diameter > 120 mm'
-
The minimum wall thickness of an external srnooth common sheath or duct shall be 1mm greater than that
required tor the comJgated ducts or it shall be reinforced.
.l,O
The minimum wall thickness of an internal sheath shall be mm and an internal conugated duct shall be 0'8 mm.

NOIE Where two plastic baniers are provided some potection to the inner barier is provided duting installation by the
outer barrier.

Where used for load transfer, plastic ducts shall be deformed or corrugatod. The amplitude.and pitch of the
deformations or conugations sh;ll be related to the wall thickness and shall be abls to transter load in a manner
not susceptible to creep losses.
Page 18
EN 1537:1999

Table 3 Examples ol corrosion protection systems lor pennanent anchors

-
Veriflcatl,on ot proGc{ion orr€?€d
a) All conosion proteclion systems shall have been subiecled to tesl(s) lo vedfy the cornpelenc€ ol the system. The resutls of all lests
shall be well docurn€nied ;

b) the Clienfs Tecinbal Ropresontative will cany oul a technical assessrnefit of the resLits ot lhe conoaion protection syslem tesls in
order lo ve.ity lhat the prclec'tion ofiered by eact barier ln the s)rstem is aE'hlgved. lt shoul(l be noted that ln cenain systems lhe
integfty ot lhe lnner protec{v€ barier itsdt dep€nds on tie naintenarce o, the integrily ol lhe (ruter barigr ;

c) wh€,e only I single prot€ctlve barier is provided in lhe iendon bond lenglh the integrity ot lhis banier may be chec*ed by an insitu
tesl such as an oloclrical reEistivity lest

1. Tendon bord length Protective barders

OfteEd lnslru
The encapsulatjon may consist of one of lhe lollowing :
a) a single corrugated plastic duct containing lhe lendon(s) and cement grout : a) one plastic duct

b) two concentric conugated plastic duqts containing the,t€ndon(s), tully prEgrouled (wilh cement or b) two plaslic ducts
resin) within the co.e and lhe annulus b€tween the ducts prior lo installalion ;

c) a single corrugated plastic duct containing a bar tendon or tendons and pregroded with Cerent c) intemal cement grcut
grout. A minimum cover ol 5 mm is provided betwsen the duct and bar. The bar tendon(s) h€ ve a and sunounding plastic
continuous ribbed oulgr sudace. Ths cnrck widlh of thg cEment grout betwsen lhe duct and lh) bar duct:
does nol exceed 0,1 mm under seryice loading ;

d) a single steel or conugaled plastic tube-a-manchetle duct not less than 3 mm thicl! surround€d by d) interna, cement grout
a mlnimum of 20 mm grout cover injscted under a pressure ol not l€ss than 500 kPa at interyals and surrounding steel or
plasllc duct;
along lhe tube-a-mancheie no grsatsr than 1 m€re- A minlrnum (pver ot 5 mm is pro\ided
betweEn th6 duct aod the tendons. The crack width of this cemBnt grout does not e)(ceed 0,i mm
under service loading ;

e) a singlo corugated 6leel duct (comprersion tub€) clo6ely surouding a grEas€d slEel tEndon. Tho e) steel duct and
duct and daslic cap at the rgstraining nut are protected by the surounding cement grout having a sunounding cemenl
lhickness of nol less lhan 10mm, and where the cr&k widlhs do not exceed 0,1 mm undsr seMce groul
loading.

2, Tendon lree lcngth

The prolectlon system allor,t6 fiee movernent of lhe tsrdon within the boreiole. This may be achieveci by ooe of lh€ lollowing :

a) a phslic shealh to irdividual t6ndon(s) frtrod comdetsly v{ith ffenbb cotrosion proles-lion cqnpoud plus lhe indusion cf A, B, C or D
bdow;
b) a plasdc sheah to lndvidual tendon(s) f,fled compleEly yrith c6rn6d grout plus A or B below:

c) a comr$on plastic shealh fo. multiple teodot'r(s) fill€d compl€tely with cemert grout plus B.

a) Comfllon plastic shealh o. duc{ ff[ed nith f,6ible corr6im proiEclion cqrpourd ;

b) common plasdc shoath or dud sealed at tho ends agEinsl ingr€ss ofwsler;
c) common plasdc shoalh or duct f,lled wtth crm€nl grout :

O common stesl duct tlllod $,ith dense cement g[out.

A lubricart or bond lr€e conlacl is present within either the indMdual shealhs or lhe comnron sh ralh to ensure tree movement of the
tsndon(s) during stressing.
3, Transluon bstrrs€n anchor head and lree length
A coalod, grouted or cast-ln mEtal sleeve or fixed pl6stic duct is sealed or weldad to lhe anchor hea(I. ll is sealed to lhe free length shoath
or duct and lilled with corrosion cemenl or resin.
4. Anchor head
A coaled and/or galvanised melal cap wiih a minimum 3 mm wall thickness or a rigld plastic cap wth a minimum 5 mm wall thickness is
connected to the bearing plal6 and if romovable il is filled wjlh a flexible corrosion proteclion compound and sealed wilh a gasket- If non'
removable il be flllod wlth cement or resin.
 Page 19
EN 1537:1999

Where a corrugated duct, used tor grout injection under pressure, is considered as a protective balrisr thsn it
should be demonstrated that the grout ports do not allow the ingress of water atter grout iniection.

The duct shall be not less than 3 mm thick and the pitch and amplitudo of the conugations shall be suitable lor load
transJer, proven by a system test (see 6.12).

The integrity ot the protective barder should also be demonstrated in thB stressed state (see 6'12).

Where a single plastic duct lorms the sole protective barrier of a permanent anchor an insitu test shall be carried
out to verify ihe integrity of the plastic duct throughout lhe longth ol the anchor. Thls may be by electrical resistivity
test and cirried out after borehole grouting and aft6r strgssing to establish the complete isolation of the steel
tendon from th6 ground. Details of an acceptable testing melhod are given in annex A to lhis Standard.

6.10.2 Heat shrink sleeves

Heat shrink sleeves may be used to encapsulate conosion protection compounds which cover the surface of a
steel elemenl.

The heal shall be applied during shrinking in such a way that other elements of the corrosion protection system
remain within standard requirements, e.g. not detormed nor bumt by heat apPlication or otherwise damaged to the
impairment ol seMcsability.

The shrinkage ra{o shall be such as to prevent any gaps lrom opening in the long term. The wall thickness ol the
sleeve after shrinkage shall b€ not less than 1mm.

6.10.3 Seals

MechanicaljoinE are sealed with O-rings, gaskets or heat shrink slgeves'

The s6al or other equivalent device shall prevent any leak ol packing or any penetration ol water lrom oulside,
whatBver th6 subsequent relative movemenis botweon adiacent elemants being sealed

6.10,4 Cement grout

Cement grout iniected into boreholes is permitted as temporary protection provided that the cover to ihe tendon is
not less than 10 mm throughout itE length'

Dense cement grout iniected under lactory or equivalent controlled conditions is permitted as one of two permanent
protection Uarri;rs provided that the covir between the tendon and lhe outer banier is not less than 5 mm, and
;rovided that the crack width during servic€ability loading has b€3n proven not to exceed 0,1 mm (seg 6.12).

ln the case of tube-a-manchette type anchorc where the steel or plastic c$rrugated duct is at leasl 3 mm thick,
sunounded by a minimum ot 20 mm grout cover iniected under a pressure of not less than 500 kPa then crack
widths in the grout between the tendon and the duct shall be proven to be less than 0,2 mm wide under the
serviceability loading condition.

The distribution of cracks and their widths may, in certain conditions, be controll€d by the distribution of ribs on a
bar tendon.

Ouality control and volume checks should be made during encapsulation grouting

6.10.5 Fesins

Resin grouts injected or placed in a controlled manner with a minimum cover to the tendon ot smm are psrmitted
as one permanent banier providing they are contained, are unstressed and do not crack-
Page 20
EN 1537:1 999

6.10.6 Corrosion prctection compounds

Corrosion protection compounds based on petroleum waxes and greases are cornmonly used.

Guidelines for the acceptance crlteria for viscous corosion protection compounds and examples of test methods to
measurs proporties of viscous corrosion proteclion compounds are given in annex c.

The properties of conosion protectjon compounds should include stability against oxygen and resistance to
bactorial and microbiological attack.

Conosion proteclion compounds used for permanent corrosion barriers shall be contained within a robust moisture.
proof sheath, duc't or cap which itsetf shall be resistant to conosion- ln ihese cir:umstancBs such compounds also
act as lubricants and vokl fillers which are able to exclude gas and water.

Non-contained conosion protection compounds may be used as tempoEry conosion baniers when applied
eff€ctively as a coating. Tape impregnated with conosion protection compoundri may only be used as lemporary
proteclion since thgre is a tendoncy lor it to deteriorate whilst exposed to air or watBr.

6.10.7 Sacrlficial metallic coating

Sacrificial metallic coatings shall not be applied to tendons.

Sacriflclal metallic coatings may be usod on olher sleel components such as bearing plates, caps and sleeves.

6.10.8 Other coatings on steel parts

Tar€poxy, tar-polyurethane and fusion bonded €poxy coatings may be applied to steel surlaces which are sand
blasted and free from any deleterious matter. They may be used as conosion prol€ction to tendons of temporary
anchors if th6y are factory applied.

They are acceptable as a conosion protsction banier for the tendon on a perman'rnt anchor if the hyer is applied in
the factory and the thickness is not less than 0,3 mm and if application fault; like pin holes are excluded by
approprial€ fabrication control.

Coatings are only permitted in the bond length if the bond and the integrity ot the conosion protection are verified
by lesting (see 6.12).

6.10.9 Steel tubes and caps

Steel parts may provide permanent conosion protection baniers where lhey are themselves extemally protected.
Such protection may be provided by dense cement grout or concrele, by hot dip galvanising or by multiple
application of coating materials approved by lh€ Clients Tectnical Represenlativ(r.

Slesl parts with coatings which become stressed during anchor loading ars only permitted if lhe bond and integrity
of the conosion protection are verified by testing (see 6.12).
:

Where a duct us6d for grout iniection is considered as a protective banier then il should bo demonsfated that the
grout ports do not allow the ingress of wator atter grout iniection.

The duct shall be not less than 3 mm thick, surrounded by a minimum of 20 mm tlrout cover and the bond capacity
and integrity ot the corrosion prolection verified by a system test (see 6.12).

Any potential degradation ol the steel or coating shall be considered in the desigl ol the anchor in the selection ol
alement thickness and sizes.

6.11 Applicatlon of corrosion protection

6.11.1 General

The principles of protection are the same for all parts of the anchor but different detailed treatments are necessary
for lhe tendon bond length, the tendon free length and the anchor head.
 Page 21
EN 1537:1999

The protective system shall not restrict any stressing or destressing oporation nor be damaged by it. A lubricant or
bond free contact shall be present within oither the individual sheaths or the common sheath io ensure free
movement of the tendon(s) during stressing.

Particular care shall be taken to seal transiiion points from one protection component to another and at end points.

The ground anchor or any part of it shall be handled in such a way that the corrosion protection syslem is not
damaged.

6.11.2 Tendon tree and bond lengths

Tendons shall be rreg of corrosion, in particular pifting conosion, when they are encapsulated by a conosion
protection system. Slight surface rust is permissible, providing il can be wiped off, and the surface is subsequently
covered by cement grout.

Tendon protection to the free length of a temporary anchor may be applied in-shu, on site, or prjor to delivery.

Tendon protection to ths bond length of a temporary anchor is generally applied in situ.

Where corrosion protection of permanent anchors is applied by means of plastic sheaths and ducls, permanent
tendon sheaths, resin or cement grouts and corrosion preventivs compounds prior to the installation of the tendon
in the borehole, this should be done either under factory conditions or on site within sPecially constructed work
areas where dry air and clean conditions can be assured. The environmental conditions shall be such that the
application ot corrosion protection may be underlaken in accordance with this Standard.

Where corrosion protection ol permanent anchors is applied in situ by means of plastic sheaths and ducts,
permanent tendon sheaths, metal ducts, resin or cement grouts and corrosion preventive compounds, care should
be taken to ensure that the tendon and metal duct are kept clean and free of corrosive matetials during this
operation.

Grouting of the encapsulation of permangnt anchors shall be undertaken from ths lower end of the sheath and shall
be continuous until completed.

The tendon shall not be exposed to deleterious stray curents.

6.11,3 Anchor head

Where the environment is aggressive, early protection of the anchor head shall be applied to both temporary and
permanent anchors.

The purpose of the inner head protection is to provide an etfoctive ovedap with the free length protection, to protect
the short exposed length of tendon below and passing through the bearing plate.

Where iniection techniques are employed, a lower injection pipe and upper vent pipe should be used to ensure
complete filling of the void. Where no access for injection of lhe inner head is provided, a prepacked conosion
protection compound may be used.

Where restressability or load checking is not required, resins, grouts and other setting sealants may be used wilhin
the anchor cap. Where restressability or load checking is required the outer head protectlon including the anchor
head cap and its conients shall be removable. lt shall be possible to refill the cap with conosion protection
compound.

A suitable seal and mechanical coupling shall be provided between the cap and the bearing Plate.

Where applied to permanent anchors the bearing plate and the other exposed steel components al the anchor
head stralibe protected in accordance with the relevant EN lorthe coating of steel structures Prior to b€ing brought
onto site.

Steel caps for permanent anchors shall have a minimum wallthickness of 3 mm.

Reinforced plastic caps having a minimum wall thickness ot 5 mm may be used, where approved by the Clients
Technical Representative.
Page22
EN 1537:1999

The protection system applied lo the inner and outer anchor head shall be subjected to a system test (see 6.12).

6.12 Corrosion protection testing lor pernanent anchors with systern lests
All corrosion protection systems shall have been subjected to at least one systern test to verify the competence of
the system. The results oi all tests shall be documented.

The type of system test canied out for each anchor system shall be approved, in accordance with the principles
stated herein, by the Client's Technical Rapresentative who shall assess the documented results ol the corrosion
protection system tests in order to verify that the prolection offered by each barrier in the system has been
achieved.

The loading sequence shall comply with one of the three types of suitability lests n clause 9.

The confinement conditions in the test bond length shall simulate those encourrtered in the ground, be it rock or
soil.

NOTE Either insitu tests or simulated laboratory tests are parformed. Laboratory t€sts may include unfform stressing of
encapsulated tendons as well as simulating the load transler in the bond length.

Where an insitu test is undertaken the installation procedure shall simulate th(r procedure used with production
anchors.

After loading the test anchors shall be uncovered with care in order to observe lhe effect of the stressod condition
on the corrosion protection system.

The lollowing properties of the corrosion protection system shall be assesse(l by inspection or measurement,
whsre appropriate :

wall thickness and integrity ot plastic ducts ;

-
integrity of joints and seals ;

grout cover and performance of spacers and centralizers ;

location and spacing of cracks in the cement grout where it serves as a conosion protection banier ;

degree of lilling of grout, resin and corrosion protection compound in ducts and volumes of containment ;

damage to coatings ;

degree of bond or debonding along inierfaces;

-
dislocation of components during installation and loading.
-
It should be noted that in certain systems the integrity of the inner protective barri{}r depends on the maintenance of
the integrity of the ouler barrier.

Where plastic duct(s) are used as a protection barrier in the bond length ot a permanent anchor the system test
should dernonstrate the integrity of the pregrouted encapsulation. The test should simulate the loading condition by
preloading in an environment which approximates the ground condiiions. The nspection of the plastic after the
ioading should prove that protection has not been impaired. A single documente(l test for a tendon arrangement in
each particular duct size is sutficient in the simulated load condition (An example ,)f a test is described in annex B).

Where a single plasiic duct protection is supplemented by a crack controlled g(,ut a system test should establish
the crack spacing (in terms o, cracks per metre) within the encapsulation. From the elastic properties of the iendon
and the observed spacing of the cracks it should be shown thal the crack width does not exceed 0,1 mm under
service loading in the lest undertaken. The inspection of the plastic after the loE ding should prove that protection
has not been impaked. A single documented tesi lor a tendon arrangement in errch particular duct size should be
sufficient in the simulated load condition (an example of such a tesl is described itt annex B).
 Page 23
EN 1537:1999

Where a single 3 mm thick steel or corrugaled plastic tube-a-manchette ducl is supplemenled by a crack controlled
grout and i'inirum external grout cover ol 20 mm, a system test should establish the crack spacing (in tsrms of
;racks per"metre) within the ancapsulation. From the elastic properties o, the tendon and the observed spacing of
the cracks it should be shown that the crack width does not exceed 0,2 mm under service loading in the test
undertaken. A single documented test jor a tendon anangement in each particular duct size should be sufficient in
the simulated load condition.

7 Deslgn considerdions
This clauss deals with those mattors which should be taken into account in ths execution stage of a ground anchor
so that the design of the anchor system may be fulfilled.

For the detail8d design of a ground anchor relerence should be made to Annex D of this Standard. For the dssign
of the structure as Jrnhole ielerence should be made to ENV 1991-1-1 : Eurocode 1 Part l-1 and ENV 1997-1 :
Eurocode 7- Part 1.

Anchored struciuros can consist of the ,ollowing types of structures :

retaining structures ;
-
embankmont and slope stabilizing structures;
-
underground op€nings
- ;

underground structures and basements subigcted to uplift forces due to ground water ;
-
structures transl€ning tensile loads generated by the superstructure or by actions on the superstructure, to tho
- ground.

The following should be clearly shown on construction drawings, where appropriate :

minimum cross-sectional dimensions and material characteristics of all elements within the anchor q/stem ;

-
dimensions of tixed and free anchor longfihs ;
-
angle of inclination of boreholes to accommodate the anchors ;
-
tolsrances on ancrhor dim€nsions, inclinations and anchor localions.
-
The design of the anctor system is bas6d on soil parameters and the geometry.ol the anchor anangBment. Wh€re
chingesin the anchor locations, spacings or incli;ations are proposed, appropriate studies or proving t€sts should
be undertaken to demonstrate the suitability of such an anangement.

The design of th€ anctor should address the lollowing :

loads and conslraints of loading imposed by the anchors on the overall structure as an assistance to lhe
- overall structural designer ;

the way in which the loads will be applied to tho anchor during its design lifo i.e. static or dynamic ;
-
the load distribution of the anchor arrangement on the structure during stressing and during the design lifa of
- th6 structure ;

the interface between the anchor and the structure to ensure structural stability at all times ;
-
the consequence ot anchor lailur€ during stressing and thereafter, and the possibility of lhe allocation
of
- reserve locations lor replacement anchors, if required.
Page 24
EN 1537:1999

8 Execution

8.1 Drilling ot hol€s

8.1.1 General

Holes for anchors shall be drilled to the tolerances specified.

NOTE 1 ln lhe case of unroreseen conditions oo site, design moditications or exec Jtion altematives may be introduced.
During execution the borehole diameler may be increased due to the nec€ssary use of casing etc:. Compliance with the
positioning tol8rance is important it the design ol the ancfiored struclure is lo rcmain valid. ln general horizontal boreholes are
avoided because ot problems in tilling lhe borehole completely with grout.

The hole diameter shall provide for the specified grout cover to the tendons along the fixed anchor length.

Allowance for extra drilling d6pth should be added to the specified depth when d€,ffius cannot be removed from the
bottom of the hole.

Unless otherwise specified the choice and ths sefup of the drilling equipnient should satisfy the following
conditions:

the borehole collar axis at lhe anchor head should be positioned within a rad al tolerance of 75 mm ;

the initial alignment when setting up the drilling rig should not deviate by m(re lhan 2' from the specified axis
ot the borehole.

The deviation should be checked aft6r the borehole has been advanced 2 m.

During drilling the overall borehole deviation lolerance should be limited to 1/30 ,)t the anchor length. On occasion
ground conditions may dictate the need for a relaxation of lhis tolerance.

NOTE 2 The drilling rig assembly and any working platform must be rigid it the desired borehole alignment is to b€ achieved.
In case ot doubt the positioning should be rechecked during drilling.Oompliance r ith ihe angular tolerance is imponanl in
relation to the inleractlon between lhe fixed anchor l€nglhs. Longer anchors may require smaller angular tolerances, if fixed
anchor interference ,s to be avoided.

NOTE 3 Compliance with lhe deviation toleranc€ is important if difficult homing, undesired lriction during stressing and
interaction between fixed anchors are lo be avoided. Measurem€nt ol borehole deviation is not common practlce but in special
cases inclinometer devices can be applied. Borehole deviation can be minimised by using igid and large diameter drill rods and
associatad casing. Deviation of rigid systems usually results rrom obstruc't'rons. or inclin€d bedding planes. Other means and
procedures, not detailed here, ara available lo check and control misalignment

8,1.2 Drllllng methods

The drilling msthod shall be chosen with due rogard to lhe ground conditions so as lo cause €ither minimum
ground modification or the modificetion most beneficial b the anchor capacity and to allow the design ancfior
resistanc€ (R7) to be mobilised.

NOTE 1 The reasons br minimum ground modificadon are :

lo prevEnt collapss of lhg bor€hols wall during ddllirig and tendon installation (whErE nEcess3ry a casing should
- be utilisad) i

to minimiss loosgning ot lhe surrounding ground in cohesionless solls ;

-
to mlnimlss change of ground walor lovels ;
-
to minimisa sottenlng of ths surface of the borehole wall in cohesive soils ard dogradable rocks.
-
 Page 25
EN 1537:1999

Ths modification to lhe ground shall bs limited in such a way as to reduce lhe negative etfects e'9. splitting,
preconsolidation, postconsolidation, associated with each operalion. The drilling fluid and possible addilives shall
no adverse efiect on the tendon, tendon protection, the grout or on the borehole walls especially in the tendon
i"rave
bond length.

NOTE 2 The relationship betweon ar€a of inlet of the drilling ffuid, the annular area of flush rstum, the particle size and
density of the dritl spoil and the density oI the drilling lluid are critical to the erriciency of the drilling system. The use of air flush
witn wit cohesive spoil may cause blockage and resuh in unnecBssary disturbance of adjacant ground. Clays, marls and marly
rock may bs liable to swelling or softoning ff €posed to water llush for unnecessaily lengthy periods.

Special care should be taken when drilling through ground under artesian water pressure.

NOTE 3 Sands may be loosened and destabilised by adversa hydraulic gradients in the soil surrounding the borehole.

Techniques to counteract the water pressure and lo provent any blow-out, hole collapse and erosion during drilling,
installation and grouting operations shall be identified in advance and implemented as and when required. ln high
water table situations it may be appropriate to use haavy drilling fluids.

NOTE 4 Possible preventative measures include :

lhe use of special auxiliary drilling equipm€nl such as seals or packers ;

-
lhe lowering ot th6 water table, after the risks of general settlemsnt of th€ ground have been essessed :
-
pre-grouting of the ground.
-
Drilling operations should be conducted in such a way that any maior variation in ground characteristics, trom those
on wh;ch the ground anchor design has been based, may be dotected immediataly'

An indicative drilling log should be established using simple praciical identification data (e.9. class of ground, colour
of flushing retums or lols d drilling fluid downhole), which can be easily recognised by the operator.

Any major deviation lrom lhe indicative log shall bo reported immediately to the design€r'

8.2 Manutacturing, transport, handling and inslallation of tendons

82.1 Manulacture

During manufacture and storage, the tendons and their components shall b€ kept clean and free from conosion'
mectanical damag€ and weld splash.

The tendons shall not b6 coiled to radii less than any minimum specified by tha manufacturer.

Where tendons comprise pr+coated greased strand or wire, exposed elements in the tendon bond length shall be
clsaned and degreased thoroughly using sleam or solvents.

When solvents are us6d care to degrease the tendons shall be taken to ensure that th6y are not aggressive to any
ol the anchor components and thai aft6r applicalion the lendory'grout bond is able to transfer the design tensile
loads without creeping.

Centralizers capable of ensuring the required cover to the tendon should be firmly attached to the tendon.

NOTE The spacing oI certralizErs will primarily depend on lhe stiffness and weight p€r unit length ol lhe teodon.

8.2,2 Transport, handllng and installation

During loading, transporting and installation oi the lendon, care shall be taken not to kink the tendon or cause
damage to its compongnts and corrosion protection elements.
Page 26
EN 1537:1999

Prior to tendon installation, the borehole should be chacked Ior obstructions an(l cleanliness in addition to length.
Tendon installation should be caried out in a controlled manner wilh care being taken to avoid relative
displacement of the components- ln upward inclined ground anchors the installed tendon should be securely lixed
to prevent movemenl during grouting.

The time intervals between the ditferent operations required ior the construction ot an anchor should be relaled to
the properties of the ground. They should, however, be kept as short as possible.

NOTE Where lhere is a risk of ground swelling or softening, installation and grouting ol the tendon should follow
immediately after the drilling of the borehole. As a ganeral rule, tendon installation and ,Jrouting should be carried out on the
same day as drilling of the fixad anchor length. ll a delay cannot be avoided, each hole slould be plugged to prevent the entry
ol deleterious material.

8.3 Groutlng

8.3.1 General

Grouting meets one or more of the following functions :

a) to form the fixed anchor length in order that the applied load may be tronsiened from ihe tendon to the
sunounding ground ;

b) to protecl the tendon against conosion;

c) to strength€n the ground immediately adiacent to the fixed anchor in crder to enhance ground anchor
capacity ;

d) to seal the ground immediately adiacent lo the fixed anchor length in order to limit the loss of grout.

NOTE It a grout volume injected is in excess of three times the borehole volur,le at pressures not gxce€ding total
overburden pressure, then general void filling is indicated which is beyond Ioutine ancho'construction. In such cases general
void lilling may be necessary belore grouting the anchor. For runctions c) and d) above on y nominal grout consumptions should
be expected.

ln ord6r to form the fixed anchor length without an uncontrolled loss of grorn over this lengrth, the iollowing
operations may be considered :

borehole testing ;

pregrouting ;

anchor grouting.
-
8.3.2 Borehole testing
On completion of the borehole or during the grouting of the anchor measures shall be taken lo ensure that the flxed
langth is tully grouted after the grout has set. This may be done,for example, by water testing, talling head grout
tests or by pressure grouting.

NOTE 1 Water Testing. - The likelihood of cement grout loss can be assessed in rock trom an analysis ol a waler inieciion
test. Routinely a lalling head test is applied to the boEhole or the lb€d anctor lenglh vi. a packer. Pregrouting is not usually
required if leakage or water loss in the hole or fixsd anchor length is less than 5 ymin al an excess head ol 0,1 MPa measured
overa period ot 10 min.

NOTE 2 Falling Head crout Test. - When pressure groutlng ot the fixed ancfior lenglh iri not carrisd out as part of the routine
anchor construction, the borBhole may be prsjillsd with grout and the grout level observeC unlil il becomes steady. lf the level
continues to fall it should be topped up and atter sutficient stifiening of the grout, the borehole should be redrilled and retested.
The test may be applied to th€ entire borehole or restricted to the anchor length by t'acksr or casing over the free anchor
length. 'ixed
 Page 27
EN 1537:1999

NOTE 3 Pressure Grouting. - For anchor types where grouting of the tixed anchor length is done under pressure, this activity
is generally isolated during controlled withdrawal ol the lining tube or by the use ot a packer or tube a manchette system. During
injection a controlled flow rate at a msasured pressure indicates a satisfactory grouting operation- On completion of grouting of
the fixed anchor length the etficiency ol this phase can be checked by monitoring the response of the ground to further grout
injection \,vhen the back pressure should be quickly restored.

8.3,3 Pregrouting
Pregrouting should be carried out by filling the borehole with cement based grout. Sand/cement groul is commonly
emptoyed in rock and very stiff io hard cohesive deposits with partially filled or open fissures and in permsable
cohesionless soils to reduce grout consumption.

On completion of pregrouting the borehole should be retested and ii necessary, the grouting process should be
repeated after redrilling.

8.3.4 Pregrouting of rock

ln soft rocks, the time of redrilling in relation to grout strength gain is critical to avoid problems ol drilling alignment.

Chemical grouting should not be necessary in normal practice but, if employed, it should be established lhat the
chemical iill hate no deleterious etfeci on the anchor or on the environment (i.e. contamination of soil and
groundwater).

Where a waler test indicales an hydraulic connection to an adjacent unskessed anchor, then stressing of that
anchor should not be carried out before the grout has set.

8.3,5 Pregrouting of soil

Wh6re borehole testing has identified that the soil is highly permeable or that the groul may be injected at a high
flow rate without generating back pressure, pregrouting may be required. This may not be a routine procedure but
a prudent precautionary measure if the above soil conditions are suspected to prevail.

ln exceptional circumstances it may be necessary to carry out general void filling for overall ground strengthening.
ln this case such work should not be considered Part of routine ground anchor construction'

8.3.6 Anchor groutlng

Placement of grout should be carried out as soon as possible after completion ol drilling-

When grouting by the tremie method, the end ot the tremie pipe shall remain submerged in grout within the {ixed
anchor-lengttiand grouting shall continue until the consistency of the grout emerging is the same as that ot the
injected grout.

The grouting process should always start at lhe lower end of the section to be grouted. For horizontal and upward
inclin-ed hol6s, a seal or packer is iequired to prevent loss of grout from either the fixed anchor length or the entire
hole.

Air and water shall be able to escape to permit complete grout filling.

When installing nearly horizontal anchors, special measures, such as multi-stage pressure grouting should be used
to prevent any-voids ieing left in the section to be grouted. When multi-sequence grouting along the lixed anchor
length or regrouting is eniisaged, a sleeve pipe (tube e manchette) syslem should be incorporated in the anchor
assembly.

ln certain ground conditions where the groul column is adequately confined in thB free .length some load can be
transferred'from the fixed length into the free length and onto the back of the structure. Where aPPropriate, one or
more of the following actions may be taken :

flush the grout out Jrom behind the structure ;

replace the free length grout with a non'load translerring material ;

 Page 28
EN 1537:1999

locate a packer at the proxlmal end ot the fix6d lengrth.

High pressure multFstage grouting may be used to increase anchor resistance b f introducing further grout into the
ground and raislng the normal stressas at the ground/grout interface. This miry be canied out before or after
tendon installation.

Artesian water gain within a borehole should be counteracted by an excess h6ad of grout or by pregrouting
irrespective of the rate ol the water gain.

8.4 Stressing

8.4.1 Ganeral

Stressing is required to fulfil the lollowing two tunctions :

to ascertain and record the load carrying behaviour ol lhe anchor ;

to tension the tendon and to anchor it at its lock-otf load.

Stressing and recording shall be carrisd out by experienced personnel under the control of a suitably qualified
supervisor, provided preferably by a specialist anchor contractor or stressing equil)ment supplier.

8.4.2 Equlpment

Stressing aquipment and load cells in regular use shall be calibrated at intervals not exceeding six months and the
calibration certiticate shall be mad€ available for inspection on site at all limes.

Stressing equipment for bat and strand tendon should tension the complete t€,ndon as a single unit. Stressing
equipment which tensions individual strands not simultaneously should be provided with or bs supplemented by
measuring devices which establish the total load in lhe multiple strands at any time during testing. Altematively
accurate lift-off checks should be undertaken.

NOTE The equipment should b€ capable ol safely tensioning the lendon to the stpecified proof load wilhin the rated
pressure capacity of the pumping unit

8.4.3 Stressingprocedure
lf the loading on the structure is required to controltha sequence or the phase loajing of the anchors then this shall
be specified at thB design stage.

The anchored structure should be designed to provide reaction to allow load :osting oi the ground anchors in
accordance with clause 9.

The mothods of stressing and load recording to be used in each testing or slres iing operation should be detailed
prior to any tensioning wo*.

The equipment should be used strictly in accordance with the manufacture/s op6rating instructions.

Stressing or testing should not be carriod out until sufficient hardening ol the g-out in th6 iixed length has been
achieved, which normally requires seven days.

ln sensitive cohesive soils it may be appropriate to stipulate a minimum tinre period for soil recovery after
completion of the ground anchor installation and prior to stressing.

During the tssting or stressing of production anchors no indents resulting rrom lerdon gripping should be formed in
the tendon below the anchor head and no damage should be allowed to the conor;ion protection.
 Page 29
EN 1537:1999

9 Testing, supervision and monitoring

9.1 General

ENV 1gg7-1 r€cognises 2 classes of anchor testing, namely assessment tests and accePtance tests, ln this
Slandard thr€e classitications ol on'site load test will be considered separately.

Thes6 are :

investigation test;
-
suitability test
- ;

acceptance test.
-
The first two classes can be clnsidered subdivisions of the general category of Assessment tests.

lnvesligation tests establish in advance ol lhe installation of the working anchors :

a) the rosastanca i" of the anchor at the grouuground interrace;

b) the critlcal creop load of the anchor system ; or

c) the creep characteristics of the anchor system at loads up to failure ; or

d) the load loss ctaracteristics of the anc-hor system at the seMceability limit stale Po;

6) an apparenl tendon free longth l,pp.

Suitability tEsts contirm, tor a particular design situation :

a) the ability to sustain a proof load Pp ;

b) the cre€p or load loss characteristics ot the ancior syst6m up to proof load ;

c) an apparent tBndon free length, rr.

Acceptance tests confirm, ,or aach individual anchor :

a) fie ability o, the anstDr io sustain a proof load ;

b) the crcep or load loss charac,teristics at the seMceability limit slale, when necessary ;

c) the apparent tandon free lengrth r ,r'

:

The supervision and assessment ol all anchor tests shall be undeltaken by a comP€tent Person experienc€d in
permanent
ancnor'tecfrnotogy. The test methods prescribed for each test class shall apply to both tomporary and
anchors.

On each proiect where encapsulailons are grouted in the borehole a test involving the complelg filling of
the
encapsrtatiori with a quality grout in accordaice with subclause 6.7 shall be undertaken by simulated oPerations
,nO"i geometrical prjor to production anchor grouting. The test is canied.out.at the start of the
"mif",
works. Other slystem tests exist to veify the c6mpetence of the conosion protectlon Provided by the anchor system.
"on'Oitions
These tests are described in clause 6.
 Page 30
EN 1537:1999

9.2 Measurementaccuracy

During hold periods where creep is measured in any t€st, the accuracy ol displlrcsment measurement shall be to
0,05 mm. Where no creep is to be measured, the accuracy oi displacement measurement required is to 0,5 mm.
The measuring equipment shall be able to resolve displacement of 0,01 mm when creep is being measured.

The measurement oJ loads in anchors shall be by hydraulic, electrical or mechan cal load measuring device able to
maasure to an accuracy of better than 2"/" ot lhe maximum applied load durirg each test. Any load measuring
device used lor load loss tests shall be able to resolvs loads to 0,5 % of the proof load.

9.3 Datum Load

The datum load & adopled from which measurement commences, is normally ablut 10 % oi the proof load

Higher datum loads are permitted in cyclic loading tests after load cycles where unusually high tendon extensions
occur, see Figure 2.

2
1

a) With load cycling

1 2

l
1

b) Without load cycling

Key
'I Anchor load
2 Optional highBr datum load
3 Datum load Pa
4 Anchor displacement

Flgure 2 Loading proc€durEs with inctrased datuln load

-
 Page 31
EN 1537:1999

9.4 Test methods

The Cli6nt,s Technical Representalive shall approve the test method and the associated intsrpretation system
which shall be used in each test class. For each test class the ground anchor shall be loaded in stages in
accordance with any procedure required for that test class.

Thrge examples of test methods applicable to each lest class are given in annex E - these are :

a) test Method 1 : The anchor is loaded incremenlally in one or more cycles from a datum load to a proof load.
Displacgment ol the anchor head is measured over a time period at the maximum load in each cycle ;

b) test Method 2 : The anchor is loaded incremBntally in cycles trom a datum load to a proof load or to failure.
The loss of load at the anchor head is measured over a period of time at the maximum load in each cycls ;

c) test Method 3 : The anchor is loaded in incremental steps from a datum load to a maximum load. The
displacement of the anchor head is measured under maintained load at each loading step'

During all testing the load shall be applied and releasod smoothly so that the anchor is not subjocted to any shocll
or dynamic loads.

9.5 lnvestigation test

lnvestigation tesls may be required to establish for the designer, in advance of the installation of the working
ground-anchors, the uliimate load resistance in relation to the ground conditions and materials used, to provs the
;ompetence of the contractor and/or to prove a new type ol ground anchor by inducing a tailure at the grouuground
intsrface-

lnvestigation tests should be canigd out lvhere anchors are used in ground conditions not yet tested by previous
investiiation tests or with higher v.,orking loads than those already adoptsd in similar ground conditions.

Anchors used ,or investigation tests ar6 loaded more rigorously than anchors in acceptance tests so it may b€
necessary to increase thE size ot the tendon to accommodato this. Anchors subiocted to investigation lests shall
not be used in the permanent works ii they have been loaded to failure'

The diameter of the borehole and dimensions of other components, aparl from the tendon, should be kept the
same as the working anchor.

Where an increase in capacity ol lhe tendon is not possible then a shorter fixed length may be tested in order to
induc6 a grout/ground failure.

Where lailure of a test anchor with a reduced fix6d anchor lenglh is attained an increase in load resistance directly
proportional to the increase in fixed length should not be expected lor anchors of longer fixed lengths.

lf the diameter of the borehole is increased the behaviour ol an anchor in an investigation test may not be
compared directly to the behaviour of working anchors.

The anchor shall be toaded to failure (&) or to a proot load (Pp) which shall be limited to 0,80 Prk or 0,95 P,s.11

whichever is the lower.

9.6 Sultability test

prior to the sxscution of suitability tests full consideration of the benBfits of investigation tests should bs made and
the results from any such tests should be assessed.

The objectives ot the suitability test are as follows :

a)
' where investigaiion tests have been canied out suitability tests confirm eilher the acceptable creep or load loss
characteristici at proof and lock-off load levels for iuture acceplance tests, or a criiical creep load ;
Page 32
EN 1537:1999

b) where no investigation tesis have been canied out and if no results of invesl:igation tests on similar anchors in
similar ground condilions are available, suitabilily lests demonslrate lhe characteristics as in a) above, and
provide acceptance creep or load loss criteria at proof load level of acceptance lests, or provlde the critical
creep load ;

c) to determine the apparent tendon free length-

Al lsast three suitability tests shall be canied out on anchoB constructed und,rr identical conditions to working
anchors-

Where investigation tests have not been carried out the suitability test anchors may contain a tendon with a
capacity higher than that of a working anchor.

9.7 Acc€ptanc€ test

Each working anchor shall be subiecied to an acceptance lest.

The obiec'tives of the acceptance tesl are as follows :

a) to d€monstrate that a proof bad, which will dep€nd on the test meliod, can be sustained by the anchor ;

b) lo determin€ the apparent tEndon ttee longth ;

c) to en8urB that lhe lock-off load is at ths designed load lev€|, Excluding triction ;
O th6 creep or load loss characteristics atth6 seMcoability limit state, when necessary.

9.8 llaxlmum lock-off load

lf a creop or load los8 limit is not exc€eded, the maximum lock-off load (Po) shall be limited to 0,60 P*.

lf, in the case of either a sultability test or ari acceptance test, the creep or load l,)ss limit is exceeded, the lock-off
load shall be reduced to a level where the creep or load loss criterion is satisfied.

9.9 Evaluation ol the apparent tendon free length

The apparent tendon free length, L-"r, is calculaled {rom the measurement of tre tendon extension A.r lrom the
point of fixing the tendon to the iack or from a reference point coupled lo the tendc,n. This measurement defines the
location ot a fictitious lixed anchor which is compared with the end ol the tendor Iree length and the start of the
tendon bond lengrth.

NOTE The lo0ordng aquallon ls gsnerally us€d to calculate the apparent tEndon frBe l3ngth :

Lqry= (A$ASYAP

where

Lopp is th6 apparent tendon free lenglh ;

is lhs cross-section of tendon :

El is the elastic modulus of the anchor lendon ;

AJ is the alastic extension of the tendon ;

AP is th€ prmf load minus datum load.

 Page 33
EN 1537:1999

Limits within which I.r, shall fall are :

upper Iimlt L*o< L1+ L, + 0,51.5;

lq? 31,10lrr+ L i

whichever is tha larger ;

lower limit Lu,>O,BOLt+ lz.

-
Where there is significant friction in the free length the method shown in Figure 3 may be used, by considering lhe
hysteresis loop b6tween a load and an unload cuNe, to estimate the magnitude of apparent elastic stiffness of lhe
tree length (APlAr).

NOTE ll iriclion excesG 5 % Pp thsn this may be taken inlo account in determining the minimum proof bad or lock-o|
load. ll necessary the prool load may be reduced.

Where the apparent tendon tree length lies outside the limits the anchor may be subiected to repeat€d load c),cles
O fo. tt tne'ancnor demonstrates r6peatabitity of load/extension behaviour the anchor may be accepled by the
designer.

,p
7

o.1PP

I, 5

Key
1 Anchor load (P) 4 Friction
2 Friction 5 DisPlacement (5)
3 Slope ot load vs displacement curve aPl^r
Figure 3 Estimate ot elastic stilfness where there is significant lrlction
-
9.10 Supervision ol construction and testing
The installation and testing of all anchors shall be supervised and records shall be mada at the sits (soe
clause 10).

lf inspection reveals uncertainties with respect to the quality of installed anchors, additional investigations shall be
canied out to determine the as'built conditions of the anchors'

9.11 Monitoring
Ground anchors can be installed with a monitoring facility. Where a structure is sensitive to changes in load or
ground movement use can be made of this tacility to monitor the behaviour throughout its design Iife.
Page 34
EN 1537:1999

The number of anchors to be monitored and the intervals between measurements shall be specified

NOTE lo cerlain cases due to struciural movament, it may be nec€ssary to Estress the anchors periodically to keep the
residual anchor torce above the minimum required level.

The conosion protection of lhe accessible parts of the anchor heads shall be inspected periodically and renewed, if
necessary.

10 Records
An anchor installation plan shall be prepared and shall be available on site containing the technical specification
related to the anchor system to be used.

NOTE An anchor installation plan may contain the tollowing intormatjon, as appropri€le :

the anchor type with designation ;

-
number of anchors ;
-
the localion and oriantation ot each anchor and tolerances in position ;
-
free anchor lsngth and tixed anchor length ;
-
requirad anchor load carrying capacity and lock-olf load ;
-
installation technique (drilling, placing, grouting and stressing) ;
-
known obstruclions i
-
any other constraints on anchoring actiMties.
-
Records of anchor construction shall be compiled in accordance with ENV 1992-l-1, for luture reference. These
shall cover :

the sequence of deliveries of all cementitious materials, resins and hardenen;, cement and resin grouts ;
-
site investigation
- ;

drilling technique
- ;

installation and geometry of anchor elements

- ;

date and time of installation ol each anchor;

-
for grouted anchors : - material, pressure, grouted volume, grouting length, grouling time
- ;

installation ol the chosen corrosion protection

- ;

grouting;
-
stressing;
-
anchor testing.
-
A signed record shall be kept for each anchor installation. This record shall include any special features of
construction. All instaltation and testing records shall be kept after the completior of the works- As-built plans shall
be compiled alter completion of lhe anchors and kept with the construction reclrds. Any acceptance certificatss
issued by regulatory authorities for materials used in the anchor installation stall be held with the construction
records.
 Page 35
EN 1537:1999

Copies ot all records described in this clause should be deposited such that they may be consulted by interested
parties in the future.

Examples ot suitable record sheelg are given in annex F.

11 Special requirements
When executing anchor works all national standards, specifications or statutory requirements regarding :

security of the site ;

-
safety of the working procedures ; and
-
operational salety of drilling and auxiliary equipment and tools should be complied wilh.
-
particular attsntion shall be drawn to all processes requiring personnel operating alongside heavy equiPment and
heavy tools.

Nuisance and/or environmental damage that can be caused by the anchor work shall be kept to a minimum.

Such nuisance ancyor environmental damage can be caused by :

noise
- ;

ground vibration ;
-
ground pollution
- ;

surface water pollution;

-
ground',Yater pollution ;
-
air pollution.
-
During stressing safety precautions are essential.

Operatives and observers should stand to one side ol the tensioning equipment and never pass behind when it is
under load.

Notices should be displayed stating 'DANGER ' Tensioning in Progress'or something similar.
Page36
EN 1537:1999

Annex A
(informative)

Electrical testing of corrosion protection

A.1 General
This Annex describes the measurement of electrical resistance between an anchor and sunounding soil or
structure to determine the effectiveness of the applied conosion protection systenl.

Two tests are described;- the first measures the isolation ol the anchor from the soil and structure and the second
measures the isolation of the head of the anchor from the structure alone.

A.2 Electrical resistance measurement I (ERM l)

For the method of execution of ERM I (lsolation of anchor from soil/structure) see Figures A.1a) and A.1b).

The following equipment specification is adopted :

- measurement voltage 500V d.c ;

measuring range > 10 ko (0,01 Mo).

-
During measurement the anchor shall be connected to the positive pole with th€ earth connection at lhe negative
pole of lhe measuring circuit. Generally, the moist soil of the site is used as the eeLrth.

Lengths of reiniorcing steel in reinforced concrete construction in contact with th3 soil, metallic pipes buried in the
soil, or soil or rock nails may also be used as the earth connection.

During measurement the points of contact are kept clean.

The ERM I may be executed in two separate phases :

Phase a

This tests the integrity of a plastic sheath on the free anchor length and the trond length after the subsequent
stages of the installation ol the anchor i-e.before lock-off of the anchor :

This includes :

after setting the anchor into the borehole ;

-
after the primary grouting
- ;

after a possible secondary grouting ;

-
after the acceptance test.
-
The execution of the measurement in these stages is shown in Figure A.1a).

A measured electrical resistance between tendon and ground > 0,1 MO demonstrales an acceplable level of plastic
sheath integrity.

NOTE 1 A taultless watertight plastic sheath gives values of Rr > 100 Mo.
 Page 37
EN 1537:1999

NOTE A lt is recommended that thsse measuremenb ar6 used to observe the etfecG of the difler6nt actions during the
installation o, the anchor on the integrity of the plastic sheath.

Phase b

This tests the overall electrical isolation ol the anchor Jrom ground and structure:

This includes :

atter lock-otf of the anchor ;

-
aft6rthe anchor head injection ;
-
at any time during the working life of the anchor.
-
A resistance n/ between anchor and ground/structure > 0,1 MO demonstrates overall electrical isolation of the
anchor from the ground and structure.

The exocution of the measurement on the ,inished anchor is shown in Figure A.1b)'

L
5

Key
1 Ohmm€ter
2 Struc'ture (concrete)
3 Ground
4 PE-sheath
5 Tendon

Figure A"1a) ERM I belore lock'off of the anchor

- :
Ir between tendon and ground 0,1 Mo
 E

Page 38
EN 1537:1999

9 6

I
1
I
5

Key
1 Ohmmeter 6 PE-trumpet
2 Structure 7 Bearing plate
3 Ground I Anchor head
4 PE-sheath I lsolatjng plate
5 Tendon
NOTE The top ol lh6 PE Sheat shall be clean and dry

Figure A1b) EHM ll atter lock off of the anchor &

-
between anchor head and ground/structure Z 0,1 Ma

Key
1 Ohmmeter
NOTE ERM ll is only executed ff Rr atter lock orf is lower lhan 0,1 MO.

Figure A.2 ERM ll atter lock-off of the anchor

-
R,r between the anchor head and the bearing plate::o.1Mo
 Page 39
EN 1537:1999

A,3 Electrlcal reslstance moasurement ll (ERM ll)

This measurement is only executed if Rr after lock-otf of the anchor is lower than 0,1 MQ in order to prove that, at
least, there is no direct contact b€tween anchor head and reinforcing steel of the anchored structure.

ERM ll is exocuted on the stressed anchor. For the method of execution see Figure A.2.

The lollowing equipment specitication is adopted :

measur€mort vollag6 circa 40V a.c ;

-
measuring range G200 kO (&0,2 Mo).
-
Generally, the bearing plate is used as the earlh connection.

Ths steel in the anchored structure may be used il the bearing plate is coated by an electrically isolating material.

During measurement the anchor h6ad and in particular the isolating plate between anchor head and bearing plate
is kept dry. Th€ alectrical contacts are kept clean and the metal bare. In order to ensure good contacts either
clamps or strong magnets are used. Pins are not used for this type ot measurement.

Measurement ERM ll is sensitive to climatic influences such as air humidity in the area of the anchor haad and also
possibly to stray currents in the ground.

lf several measuremenls are carried out on an anchor then, given the conect execution of the measuremant, the
grealest resistance measuremsnl should be adopted.

A resistance n l between anchor head and bearing plaie or reinlorcing steel of the structure > 100 O demonsirates
no direct contact between anchor hoad and reinforcing stesl of the anchored structure.
Page40
EN 1537:1999

Annex B
(informative)

lnvestigation testing of corrosion protection

This Annex describ€s investigation melhods for establishing the inlegrity of the corrosion protection o, a
prefabricated anchor encapsulation in a loaded or post-loaded condition. These tests ars undertaken in a test
frame. Figure 8.1 shows the genoral anangement of the lest apparatus.

TEST A

This method involves the loading of an encapsulated tendbn with the encapsulaticn unconfined.

The tendon, the encapsulation grout and the sunounding plastic duct(s) are subiected to loading conditions
identical to lhos€ on a service anchor,

The anchor is loaded to the maximum load it will bs subjected to during testing insitu.

The flexibllity and crack rBsistance of the duct is observed oxtemally during lhe loading of the anchor.

The tendon is subsequently unloaded to zero load.

A section o, the outer plastic covering is removed and the tendon reloaded to th? lock-off load in order to inspsct
the condition of the inner duct and to check the crack distribution and crack widths in the encapsulation grout.

TEST B

This method involvos the loading of an encapsulatod tendon in a confined and br)nded state within a grouted split
gunbanel.

The loading condition simulates thal applied to a service anchor.

The anchor is loaded lo the maximum load it will be subiected to during testing insitu.

The tendon is unloaded to zero load.

The gunbarrel is split open and the gunbarrel grout removed from the outer plastic duct. The integrity of the outer
plastic duct is then pmved by inspoc-tion.

On removal of lhe outer ducl either the inner duct is inspected or, in the absence c'l an inner duct, the distribution of
the cracks in the encapsulated grout is measursd.

The iendon elrtension under the appliad service load divided by the number of cracks obserued is an indication of
th6 average width of crack in the grout undor seMce loading condition.
 Page 41
EN 1537:1999

r+

Key
1 lnspection of inner duct or grout crack distribution/carck width observed/measured in a loaded Cfest 'A") or unloadsd Cfest
'B') condition at various locations
2 Test lrame
3 Anchor encapsulation
4 Bar or mulli-strand syslem
5 Split gunbarrel
6 Grout
A Tast "A" Unconfined condltion
B Test "B" Confined condition

Figure B' l lnvestigatlon testlng ol corrosion protection

-
Page 42
EN 1537:1999

Annex C
(informative)

Guidelines for acceptance criteria for viscous corrosion protection

compounds and examples of standards for the testing of material properties

Table C.1 Acceptance criteria for viscous corrosion protection compounds

-
Property Un its Acceptance
values
Content of free sulphur, sulphat€s and sulphides ppm <50
Content of ionic chlorides, nitrites, nitrates, rhodanites ppm s50
Spec. resistivity Q*cm > 1oe
Water absorption o,1N KOH, after 30 days <2
Saponif ication (acidity) mg KOH/grn <5
Daoiling on filter paper at 50 'C, 24 h : dia. of oilspot. dia. mm

Penetration depth in deoiling tesl on hardened cement grout smm mm <2

thick at 50 "C after 7 days
Thermal stability, 24 h No oil droplot at sieve for temperature .C >40
increase of 10 'C every 2 h. Occurrence of
oil dropletsi

Drop point "C >60

Protection against rust - Marine log: 5 o/. NaCl - 168 h at 35 "C visual Zero corrosion

Bleeding at 40 'C <5

Examples of standards for the testing o, materials are :

DIN 51759 Prtifung von tlossigen Mineraloleeeugnissen; Prifung der h onosionswirkung auf Kupfer;
Kupferstreifen pnlfung. (Testlng of liquid mineral oil produclsi; testing of conosion related to
copper; copper strip method.

DtN 51576 Prtfung von Mineralol-Kohlenwasserstoffeni Bestimmung dos Salzgehaltes. Oesting of

mineral oil hydrocarbons: determination of salt content).

DIN 53483 Priitung von lsolierstotfeni Bestimmung der eleKrlschen Eigenschaften: Teil 1,2, 3. (Testing
of insulating materials: determination of the di-electrical prot'erties: part 1, 2, 3).

DIN 53495 Pnilung von Kunssttotfen: Bestimmung der Wasserautnahne. (Testing of plastics;
determination of lhe water absorption).

DtN 53401 Bestimmung der Verseifungszahl. Cfest method for the deteminalion of the saponiflcation
number).

DIN 51801 Bestimmung des Tropfpunktes: Ubb€lohde-Verfahren f0r bitiminose Bindemittel. (Test
method for the determinalion of the drop point: Ubbelohde nrethod for bitumen).

ASTM D.130-88 Method for detection of copper conosion trom petroleum prcducts by the copper striP tarnish
test.

ASTM D.94.89 Test method for saponification no. of petroleum products

ASTM D.512.89 Test methods for chloride ion in water

 Page 43
EN 1537:1999

Annex D
(informative)

Design of ground anchors

D.1 General
The recommandations of this annex apply to struclures wtrich are supported by gmund anchors, delined in
clause 1 , transmitting a tensile forca lo a load-bearing formation of soil or rock

Anchored structures can consist of the following typ€s of structures :

retaining structuras ;
-
embankment and slope stabilizing structures ;
-
underground op€nings ;
-
underground structures and bas€ments subjected to uplift forces due to ground water ;
-
structures transterring tensile loads generated by the superstruclure or by actions on the superstructure, to the
- ground.

This annex deals with the design ot ground anchors associated with structures taking Into accounl the behaviour
anO ttre requiremsnts of the stiucturJs. For the design of the structure as a whole reference should be
mado to
ENv 1991-i-1 : Eurocode 1: pafi ln and ENV 1997'1: Eurocode 7' Part 1-1.

D.2 Limit states

A list of limit states which are to be consider€d should be compiled'

The minimum nLrnber ol limit states to be considered for the design of an anchored structure is given in Eurocodes
1,2,7.
ln addition the lollowing limit stratos should be considered for anchored structures :

failure of the ground anchor by tension ;

-
structural failure of the ground anchor due to shoar forces, distortion at the anchor head or corosion ;
-
loss of anchor load due to excessive displacements of the anchor h€ad or by creep and relaxation ;
-
lailure or excessive d6formation of parts oi lh€ structure due to the applied anchor {orce.
-
For all types of anchored structurEs consideration should be given to combinations ot tho limit statos above as
these apply to the entire structure itself.

D.3 Actions, ground propertles, geometrical data and design situations

ln the selection of actions for the calculation o, limit states, consideration should be given to the actions listed
according to clause 2.4.2 ol ENV 1997-1:1994.

NOTE 1 An analysis o, the interaction batwo€n th€ structure, anchor and ground may be required in order lo determine
ground
the
actions irom the structure to be adopted in tho dssign of the anchor'
 Page 44
EN 1537:1999

Anchor loads are usually considered as actions

NOTE 2 Anchor loads usually act in a favourable manner. The anctor load is, in this case, taken as a lower value, i.e. less
than that which is calculated to ocr'ur bassd on lhe analysis undertaken in accordance vlith D.4. Where, however, the anchor
load is unravourable, an uppar valu6 is adopted in the design.

Appropriate design situations should be selected in accordance with the rrrinciples staled in clause 2.2
of.ENV 1997-1:1994

The design situations should consider the environmental conditions in ac,cordar ce with clause 2.3.01 ENV 1997-
I :1994

Transient design situations associated with the construction should be considered.

NOTE 3 When selecting lhe design situations ,or anchored slruclures it is important to assess the level of the groundwater
table and the water pressures in confined aquiters.

Design values for ground properties and geometrical data should be derived ir ac-cordance with lhe principlss
stated in clauses 2.4.3 and 2.4.5 .ol ENV 1997-1:1994.

D.4 Design methodg

The design of anchored stuctures should be und€rtaken in accordanc€ with the roquirements of Eurocodes 1, 2, 4,
7 d€pending of the typa of structuro under consideration. Design verincations which take inlo account the ettect ot
anchor loads on the structure should be undertaken in accordance with this Anne)..

For the design oi an individual anchor the following venTications and design calculirtions are necessary :

verffication ot th€ intemal anchor resistanc€

- ;

verificalion of the extemal anchor resistance;

-
verificalion of the serviceability and durability of the anchor
- ;

calculation oI the n€cessary tree anchor lenglh;

-
determination of the anchor lock-off load.
-
Steel strands and bars used for ground anchors should be designed accordirrg to the principles contained in
ENV 1992-1-1.

The external anchor resistance should be determined on the basis ot the results )f investigation or suitability tests
(see clause 9), th6 resutts of sile investigation or from experience in similar grouncl conditions.

The minimum free anchor length and the anchor lock-off load are derived fr.rm the design of the anchored
slructure-

The determination of the anchor lock-off load P0 should be such that the anchor lcad P during the design life of the
structure remains below the limil :

P < 0,65 P,t

whsre

Prt, is ihe characteristic load capacity of ths tondon.

The anchor lock-otf load should be :

Po < 0,60 P,k

 Page 45
EN 1537:1999

D.5 Ultimate limit state design

D.5.1 Principles and requirements

Each anchored structure should be checked at the ultimate limit state using the design actions and design
situations appropriate to that stale, as specified in clause D.3. All ultimate limit states which apply to lhe anchored
structure should be considered.

When considering a limit state o, static equilibrium or gross displacements of the structure as a rigid body (overall
stability), it should be verified that:

Ea.a"1 ! E4.n6

where

Ea.a,, is the design value o, the etfect of destabilising actions;

Ea.,o is the design value ot the etfect ol stabilising actions.

When considering a limit stat6 of rupture or excessive deformation oi a section, anchor or connection, it should
be
verilied that :

Ea3 Ra

where

Ed is the design value of the etlect ot actions, such as anchor lorce ;

R7 is the corresponding design resistance, associating all structural properties with the respective
design
values.

The design value ot the eftect of stabilising actions Ed"b ar'd the design resistance of the anchored struGture
R"'

snould be calculated using the design strengths ,or the ground as specified in clause ?.J:? oJ-ENV'1997-1:1994,
1993-1-1.
fogether with design stren6ths for stri.rctural materials as sPeclfied in ENV 1992'1-1 and ENV

The assessment of design strengths of differ€nt materials should take into account the compalibility of their stress-
strain behaviour when they are considered togelher in a design.

Upper or lower design values should be used for the strength of the ground, whichever is more advarse.

in the limit
The design resistance Ro, of the anchor depends on the manner in which the anchor is being stressed
mode under consideration.

lf the anchor is stressed only by tension :

Ra= Rlvn

where

Rtisthelowervalueofthecharacteristicintemalorextemalanchorresistance;

yp is the partial factor for anchor resistance.

The partial factor for anchor resigtance YR takes into account :

the variations of ground properties within a distinct ground area i

-
the variations of dimensions and properties of the components ol the anchors :
-
the variations in the execution ol the anchor works.
-
Page46
EN 1537:1999

lf lhe anchor is not only subjected to tension, but also to shear and bending :

Ra = 'yq Po

where

\q is the variation factor for the anchor load.

The variation factor for anchor load Tq considers the changes oi the anchor load Curing the time between the initial
lock-otf of the anchor and the occurrence of lhe considered limit mode due to :

relaxation ol the tendon

- ;

creep of fixed anchor length

- ;

displacements of the structure at the anchor head

- ;

displacements of th6 structure as a rigid body in the limit mode considered.

-
The factor ior anchor load yq usually varies between the lollowing limits :

0,8<yq<1,1

but can take higher values.

For all anchors the partial factor yi should be :

Ya > 1,35

NOTE Typical examples of limit modes where anchors are not directly pulled out are shown in Figures D.1a) and D.1b).
Considering the limit mode shown in Figure D.1a), the design resistanoe of the anchor cajrnot be higher than the actual anchor
force, because pullout failure of the anchor occurs only arter a gross displacement o, the slructure.

D,5.2 Characteristic lnternal anchor resistance

The characteristic intemal anchor resistance, Rft is the characteristic load capaclty of the tendon :

Ri1= P,p= 1,f,,

where

At is the cross sectionalarea ol tendon ;

f,t is the characteristic tensile strength of tendon.

The design, construction and execution of anchors should ensure that lhe tailure resistance of the anchor head and
the failure resistance of bond at intemal interfaces (tendon-grout and, where rr)levant, grout-encapsulation) are
equal to or higher than P,k (see 6.3)

D.5.3 Characteristic external anchor resistance

The external anchor resistance & is the failure resistance ol the anchor at lhe grout-ground interface. R, is equal to
the load at which there is continuous displacement ol the fixed anchor length, and at which after a period of time
pull-out ot the fixed anchor length will occur.

The characteristic external anchor resistance Far is derived from values of R, which should be evaluated from the
results of load tesls (see clause 9).

NOTE 1 For practical purposes the external anchor resistance Ra is defined as the load causing a creep displacemant rate
,(., d, or load loss lt, (See annexe E).
 Page 47
EN 1537:1999

Wh6n deriving the charactoristic anchor resBtance Ror trom values of & measured in the lnvestigation Tests, Ror
should be not greater than the lowest value of Ro.

NOTE 2 lf a value of Ra1 is adopted which is greater than the lowest measured value of Ro, then this shall be justified. lt may
be necessary to provide lurther evidence by undertaking additional lnvesligatjon Tesls'

The characteristic extemal anchor resistance is normally taken is be equal lo or higher than the characteristic
inlemal anchor resistance :

Rak2 Rik

D.6 Serviceability limit state design

Design and verification oI anchored structures at serviceability limit state should be executed by checking the
apprdpriate design situations, as specified in D.3, using characteristic values of actions, ground
properties and
g!6.Etri""l o"t"l Li.iting uaiu"" oi the allowable displicement and deformalion of the structure and the ground
Idiacent to anchored stiuctures should b€ established in accordance with clause 2.4.6 .of ENV1997-1:1994'
taiing into account the tolerance of supported structures to displacement and distortion.
structures and
Estimales of the distortion and displacement of tha anchored structure and the effects on supported
the effects ol
servttj snoufO be made on the basis of comparable experience. These estimates should include do not exceed the
construction ol the anchored structure. lt shouid be verified that the estimated displacements
limiting values.

ll the estimated displacements exceed lhe limiting values, the design should be iustiiied by a more detailed
investigation including displacement calculations.

lf the estimated displacements exceed 50 % of the limiting values, a more detailed investigation including
displacement calculaiions should be undertaken in the following situations :

where nearby structures and services are unusually sensitive to displacement ;

-
where the anchored structure is supported by soft clay within its height or beneath its base ;

-
where comparable experience is not well established.
-
Displacement calculations should take account of the siifiness of the ground, the anchors and other
structural
elements and the sequence of construc{ion.

The material bghaviour assumed in the calculation of slruc'tural disphcBments should be calibrated against
known
NOTE
diiplacement models. Appropriate Arr"l -O gound stiffnesses.-should be adoPted ror the magnitude ot deformation
"rn should be taken into account if necessary'
aniicpateo. Non-linear ground b€haviour

considered as an
For the verification of a structure at serviceability limit state the etfect ol an anchor should be
action or as a prestressed elastic spring.
force oc'cun'ng
When considering the effect of the anchor as an action, either lhe minimum or the maximum anchor
during the lifetim; of the structure, whichever is the more adverse, should be used'

Th6eflecloltheProofloadonthestructu'eduringanchortesting,shouldbeconsidered.
or the
when considering the anchor as a prestressed elastic spring, the worst combination of the minimum
maximum anchor-stiftness and minimum or maximum prestress should be considered.
of the structure'
Account should be taken of lhe effect of the imposed anchor prestress force on the deformations
on the anchor exceeds
The relevance ot the anchor head displacements increases when lhe tensile iorce exerted
the anchor load.
Page 48
EN 1537:1999

For anchored structures transierring tensile loads generated by a superstructure or by actions on lhe
superstructure, to the ground the anchor load should always be higher than th€ effect of the tensile load on the
anchor. This applies also to uplift anchors.

a) b)

Figuis D.1 Examples of llmll modes for tailure by pull-out of anchoE

-
 Page 49
EN 1537:1999

Annex E
(informative)

Examples of anchor testing methods

E.1 General
ln clause 9 reference was made to the three classes of test commonly adopted in connection with anchors. These
are :

a) test Method 1 : The anchor is loaded in incremental cycles from a datum load to a maximum test load-
Displacement of the anchor head is measured over a tima period at the maximum load in each incremental
cycle ;

b) test Method 2 : The anchor is loaded in incremental cycles from a datum load to a maximum test load or to
failure. The loss of load at the anchor head is measured over a period ol time at the lock'otf load and at the
maximum load in each incremental cycle ;

c) test Method 3 : The anchor is loaded in incremental steps lrom a datum load to a maximum test load. The
displacement of the anchor head is measured under maintained load at each loading step.

The essential loading procedures for T€st Methods 1 , 2 and 3 are shown in Figures E. l, E.2 and E.3.

E.2 Test Method 1

E.2.1 lnvestigatlon Test. Loading Ptocedure

The anchor should be loaded to failure (&) or to a proof load (Pr) which should be limitod to 0,80 Pl or 0,95 Po,ft
whichever is the lower.

The anchor should be loaded to ths maximum tesl load in a minimum of six cycles, seB Figure E.1.

The load cycles and minimum periods of observation are given in Table E.l .

Wher6 creep displacoments are monitored the maximum load in 6ach cycle should be held for a minimum of
tS min tor toaOs t'""" than pp and 60 min at Pp in notuclhesive soils or 180 min in cohesive soils. This time should
be extended until the creep displacement rata at that load is approximately constant'

E.2.2 Suitability Test - Loading ProceduE

The prooi load required for the working anchor should be :

Pp>1,25POot Pp> Rd

whichever is greater.

The load in the tendon should not excesd 0,95 P,o.rr.

The load cycles and minimum periods ol obsorvation are given in Table E.1.

The anchor may be loadod to the maximum tsst load in a minimum of five load cycles by the omission of the first
cycle in Table E.1.
Page 5O
EN 1537:1999

The maximum creep displacement rate,,t, at proof load should be no greater thal 1 mm, where Investigation Tests
have been carried oul. Where failure (defined as t, = 2 mm) has not been confirned by lnvestigation Tests then the
value of f, at proof load should not exceed 0,8 mm.

E.2.3 Acceptance Test - Loading Procedure

The anchor should be loaded to proof load (Pr) by a minimum of three equal increments. The anchor should then
be unloaded to a datum load P, and again reloaded to lock-off load (Pd. The proof load should be a minimum of
1,25 Po but should be no greater than 0,9 P,o. .

NOTE The load-extension curves may provide additional intormation about the Uround and behaviour oI the anchor
components in the ground.

The monitoring period should be nol less than 5 min at proof load.

The following limit should apply :

the creep displacement rale &, should not exceed 0,8 mm at proof load and 0 5 mm at lock-off load.

Higher values of ,t, (up to 1 mm at proot load) are recommanded if they have been proven to be acceptable by
previous lnvestigation Tests.

E.2.4 Measurement of Creep Characteristics

The increment of anchor head displacement relative to a fixod point should be rneasured at the end of specified
time intervals for load increments indicated in Table E.1. The creep rate shoukl be determined atter a constant
creep displacement rate, &r, is measursd over two time Intervals.

t, is defined as follows :

t, = (s2-s1/log (r2ir1)

where

s1 is the head displac€ment at time 4 ;

52 is the head displacement al time ,2 ;

, is th€ time after application ot load increment.

The creep rate limit is the maximum displacoment cre€p rate permitted at the specified load lsvel (soe E.2.2 and
E.2.3).

Measurements of anchor head displacement should be made, at the times indi:atod below whilo maintaining a
constant load.

The successive monitoring times (in minutes) at ths maximum cycle load levell; as shown in Tabla E.l are as
follows :

1-2-*3 +5---+10---+ 15
- 20 * 30 ---+ 45 ---+ 60.

Where periods of observation are shorter than 60 min the soquence is curtailed as indicated in the Table El.
 Page 51
EN 1537:1999

t00

E()

60

t0

20

Key
1 Applied load in "h P t,

2 Datum load P,
3 Anchor OisPlacemgnt

Flgure 8,1 Loadlng procedur€ lor Teat liethod 1

-

E.3 Test Method 2

E.3.1 lnvestigation Test - Loading Procedure

The anchor should be toaded to failure (R.) or to a prool load (Pr) which should be limited to 0,80 Pr or 0,95 P,o.rt

whichever is the lower.

The anchor should be loaded to the maximum test load in a minimum of six cycles, see Figure E2.

The load cycles and P€riods of observation are given in Tablas E.1 and E'2'

lt the cumutative load loss, at the proposed lock-olf load, after Ttime periods (3 days) d9T not exceed lhe
allowable and the load loss per time intarval is not increasing then the test may terminate and the load c)'cling
of
to to tailure. Should the allowable loss oi load be exceeded and/or lhe load loss per
tne ancnor Ue continued 4 or,
time interval be increasing the observation period may be etended to the eighth period (10 days). or longer until
i" achieved. lf sta6ility is not achieved the appiied load is too high for a serviceability condition but the test
"t"Uifity
should be continued to determine the failure load.

E.3.2 Suitability Test - Loading Procedure

The proof load required {or the working anchor should be :

Pp> 1,25Po ot Pp> Rd

whichever is greater.

The load in lhe tendon should not exceed 0,95 P/o.rr.

 Page 52
EN 1537:1999

The anchor may be loaded to the maximum test load in two load cyclos of aptlroximatoly 10 y"Pt, - 25 o/"Pp
-50
ToPn - 75 7"Po- 1OO Y"Po - 75 o/oPo - 50 loPo - 10 7"P, and then to the lock-off ft)ad Po.

Periods of observation for are givBn in Table E.2.

The load loss (t, at the lock-off load P0 should not exceed lhe limiE specifi€d in 'lable E.2 over seven time periods
(3 days).

E.3.3 Acceptance Test - Loading Procedure

The anchor should be load€d to proof load (Pr) by a minimum of thre€ equal incroments. The anchor should th€n
ba unloaded to a datum load P" and again reloaded to lock-otf load (Po). The proof load should be a minimum of
1,25 P0 but should be no greater than 0,9 P,o.rr.

NOTE The load-exlension curves may provide additional intormalion about the llround and behaviour of the anchor
components in the ground.

Behaviour under lock-off load should be observed over 3 time periods (50 min) ar d the load loss should not exceed
the curnulative figure shown in Table E.2. lf the loss is greater than the limit :he test should be extended until
stability is achieved and an acceptable load loss is measured.

ll the monitoring system accuracy does not comply with 9.2 in terms of load loss tests but does comply with clause
9.2 using litt-oft tests then accoptance may be established by lift-off aft6r 6 time p3riods (1 day) showing cumulative
load loss kl less than 6 %.

The following limit should apply at the lock-off load :

a) the load loss tr/should not exceed 3 o/" Po in 50 min ; or

b) the load loss kl should not exceed 6'l. Po in 24 h.

E.3.4 Measurement of Load Loss Characterlstlcs

At lock-off load the anchor head displacemenl relative to the structure should be hsld constant and the load should
be monilored. The anchor head should be fixed against a load cell or an inactiv€l iack and the load loss should be
monitored at the end of each time interval for up to ten days to determine ,tl, the Fercantage load loss.

The load loss limit is the maximum cumulative load loss recommended at the srecified load l€vel at the end ol a
number of time periods.

Measurement of load loss as required in E.3.4 should be made at times shown in Table E.2. The minimum duration
ol observation is as lollows :

invesligation Test - 7 periods (3 days) ;

suitability Test - 7 periods (3 days) ;

acceptance Test - 3 periods (50 min).

-
Load loss characterlstics are representative of true load loss as applied to lhe structure via the anchor head. If
used to interpret actual creep displacement of the fix6d anchor lhen allowance rnust be made ,or lhe influence of
the anchor free length, i.e. the longer the troe length the smaller lhe load loss ef ect from the same absolute cfeep
displacement of the fixed anchor.
 Page 53
EN 1537:1999

100

80

60

/.0

20

Key
1 Applied load in ',6P?
2 Datum load P,
3 Anchor displacemert

Figure E.2 Loadlng procedure tor Tesl Method 2

-

E.4 Test Method 3

E.4.1 lnvestigation Test - Loading Procedure

The anchor should be loaded to failure (&) or to a proof load (Pp) which should be limited to 0,80 P,r or 0,90 Po.ll
whichever is the lower.

The anchor should be loaded to the maximum lest load by a minimum of six load sleps, see Figure E.3.a

The load steps and minimum periods of obsorvation are given in Table E.3.

The minimum periods of observation can be reduced to 30 min if no significant creep occurs.

E.4.2 Suitability Test - Loading Procedure

The proof load required tor the working anchor should be :

PP> 1'25 Poot Pe> Rd

whichever is greater-

The load in the tendon should not exceed 0,90 Pd.r*.

The anchor may be loaded to the maximum test load in a minimum of five steps by the omission of the tirst step in
Figure E.3b).

The load steps and minimum periods of observation are given in Table E.4.
Page 54
EN 1537:1S99

The maximum creep displacement (a) at the proof load level ot Suitability Testr; should be less than 0,8 mm per
log. cycle oi time (see Figure E.4) where lnvestigation Tests have not been carried out. Where Tests have been
carried out then c. at the proof load level of the Suitability Test should be less tharr :

1,2 mm/log time ,or a temporary anchor ;

-
1,0 mm/log time for a permanont anchor.
-
ln any cas6 lh€ proof load level ot the Suitability Test for tho project anchors shol ld bs not greater than P..

E,4.3 Acceptance Test - Loading Procedurc

The anchor should be loaded from the datum load & to proof load Pp of 1,25 Pa or R/ in a minimum of four
increments. Th6n the proof load is maintained constant for at lsast 15 min.

After the proof load has been maintained for the desired period the contractc r can carry out a partlal or total
unloading{oading cycle, see Figure E.3c).

NOTE The load-etension curves may provide additional intormalion about lhe 0round and behaviour of the anchor
compononts in the ground.

Where Test Method 3 is used in accordance with 9.4, the apparent tendon free length may be calculated from the
datum load to the proof load curve using the method shown in Figure E.3c). Whe€ there is significant friction in the
froe length a partial cycle may be performed and the apparent lendon free lenglh calculated trom the established
no-friction curve to determine AP and Ar.

The displacement due to creep at proot load should be measured between the 3E and l5'h min

Th€ conesponding ct should b6 less than :

1,2 mm for permanent or temporary anchors wilhout Investigalion Tests ;

-
1,smm for permanent anchors with lnvestigation Tests ;
-
1,8 mm lor temporary anchors with lnvestigalion Tesis.
-
E.4.4 Measurement of Creep and Characterlstic Load

Creep and characterisiic loads should be measured and evaluated as tollows :

the increment of anchor head displacement relative to a fixed point should be measured at each step of
loading at different times ;

the creep displacement o should be determined at each step ot loading as indicated in Figure E.4. The creep
- displacement a is defined as the slope of the anchor head displacoment versus log. time curve at the end ot
each loading step ;

the anchor resistance no is the load corresponding to the vertical asymptote o, the a versus load curve. lf the
- asymptote cannot be determined, it is consid€red that R, is the load corr€,sponding to an (l value aqual to
5 mm, s€e Figure E.5 ;

the critical creep load P" should be determined as indicaled on Figure E.5. fhe critical creep load is the load
- corresponding to lhe end of the first linear part of the CI versus load curve. lvhere it is difficult to determine P"
accurately an altemative resistance P" is determined as indicated in Figure E.5 and P" is delined by:

P. = 0,9 P.'
 Page 55
1537:1999

Measuremgnt of croep displacement should be made at the times indicatad bglow, after oach in load. The
periods of observation for each step are :

investigation test - 30 min or 60 min ;

-
suitability test - 30 min or 60 min :
-
acceptanco Test - not less than 15 min at proof load.
-
The successivo monitoring times (in minutes) at each step are as follows :

1 --,2 -13 ---+ 4 4 5 -7 - 10 "'r 15 ".l 20 "'+ 30

- 45
- 60
Page 56
EN 1537:1999

Pt 0.1, .,|

P
90 100 1
80
't0

.l60
3
50
(0
30
A t:10-60 rin
20 at= -60 mii

l0 t0

2 5

a) lnvestigation test b) Suitability test

Key
1 Applied load in % ol P,o.

2 Anchor disdacement
3 Applied load in % ol Pe
4 Proof load
5 Anchor displacement

2
As
I
Ag 1
1

3 9
T
/t"
10
l.

5 11

Pe Pa

6 't')

c) Acceptance test

Key
1 Applied Load 7 Applied load
2 Creep I Creep
3 Proor load I Proor load
4 Friction f as propotlion h Pt 10 Friction , as propotlion tu Pt,
5 Withorrt cycle
'l 1 With partial cycle

6 Anchor displacement 12 Anchordlsplacem(lnt

Lorr=A,-E,.As I LP (1 -f)

Figure E.3 Loadlng procedures for Test Method 3

-
 Page 57
EN 1537:1999

1
t--.,.- v i-l
'-z
I 5

1 2 3 r.5
ilITIl
10 15 20 30 15 50 100

Key
1 Creep displacsmenl

Figure E.4 CreeP displacement vs log time and slope s,t for Tsst l ethod 3
-
,1

lRal

Key
1 Slope
2 Applied Load

Figure E.5 Creep vs applied load tor Test Method 3

-
Page 58
EN 1537:1999

E.5 General tables ror loadlng procedure, Test methods 1,2, and 3

Table E.1 Load cycles and minimum periods ot observation tor lnvestisEtion and Suitability tests on
- anchors, Test Methods 1 and 2

Load levels ToPe Minlmum period ol

3bservation in minutes
(Test Method 1 only)
cycle I cycle 2 cycle 3 cwle4 cycle 5 cycle 6
10 10 10 10 't0 10 1

25 40 55 70 85 1

25 40 55 70 85 100- 15 (60 or 1801))

25 40 55 70 85 1

10 10 10 10 10 10 1

1) ln Test Method 2, where lh6 peak load is the lock-off load P0 the pedod ol observation is extended - see Table E2.

Table E,2 and p€riods ol observation and acc€ptance criteria lor load loss, Test Method 2
-Times
Tim€ ol Observation in minutes Time period Permissible cumulative loss of load &i
number (% Applied Load)

5 '| 1

15 2 2
50 ., 3
150 4 4
500 5 5
1 500 (appiox 1 day) o 6
5 000 (approx 3 days) 7 7
15 0m (approx 10 da),s) I I
Table E.3 Load steps and mlnimum periods of observation tor lnvestigation Tests on anchors, Test
- Method 3

Load increments o/oP 1) 2) 3)

t*
Datum Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Step 7 Step 8 Step number
load
't0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 7o Pn1t

0 60 60 bU 60 60 60 60 60 Period of
observation
(30) (30) (30) (30) (30) (30) (30) i30) (minutes)
1) Commence at Datum Load Pa= o,1Pn.k

2) P,,* < o,gP,o.t*.

3) Example givsn ior I steps.
 Page 59
1537:1999

Table E.4 Load steps and minimum perlods of obsorvation for Suitability Tests on
- Test Method 3
1) 2)
Load increments ToPo lor working anchors

Datum Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Step n nber

Load
10 25 40 55 70 85 100 "h ol

0 60 60 60 60 60 60 Perioc ot
observ€ rtion
(30) (30) (30) (30) (30) (30)
(minut 2s)

1) Commence al Datum Load pa = 0,1Pp

2) Example given for 6 stePs
Page 60
EN 1537:1999

Annex F
(informative)

Examples of record sheets

BECORD SHEET FOR ANCHOBS Doc

01) Contract
Location
Anchor Li
04) Anchor No.
Drilling 101 Entry position )VY m
'102) Entry Level Z m
103) Direction N/E
104) lnclination (Horiz)
105) Drill meihod
106) Hole diameter mm
107) Overall lenqth m
'108) Cased frorn/to m
109) Flushinq medium
1 10) Ground water level m
1 1 1) Ground characteristics
1 12) Pregrouting (ff any)

1 13) Testino
1 14)
15) Drill date
1

Tendon 201) Tendon types

202) No./D /mm
203) Tendon area A, mm'
204) Steel strength ,,r N/mm2
205) Elastic Modulus E/ N/mm2
206) Fixed length ln .r m
2o7l Frce lengtn Lh* m
208) Jackinq over length m
209) Overall lenglh a m
210) Protection a/i,..,
21 1)Protection l,/*.
212) Spacers Lpa
213) Spacers L,*
214) Grouting ducts
215)
216)
Grouting 301) Cement typa
302) Admixtures
303) W/C
I
304) Cement consumption - ko
305 Grouti sure MPa
NOTES :

( rato rs
 Page 61
EN 1537:1999

STRESSING RECORD FOB ANCHOR Doc

01) Contract: Construction DBtails - Sheet:...

r---T--t
4. STRESSING EOUIPMENT 5. STRESSINGREFEBENCES
401) Head type DWG 501) Test type: INVESTIGATION/
SU ITABI LIry/ACCEPTANCE
402) Jack capaci kN/mm 502) Test specification
403) Jack ref: 503) Ultimate tensile load P* KN

404) Load cell type No. 504) Design resistance Rd KN

405) Pressure gauge No. 505) Proof load Pe KN

406) Displacement measuring system 506) Working load P KN

407) 507) Lock-oft load P" KN

408) 508) Datum load Pa KN

409) s09)
410) Stressinq Date s10)
6. STBESSING DATA
Cycle Pressure Load PiBd Displacsrnent at Hesd Conected llme Bemarks
No. p P 0 mln I min Displacsment Dlsplacement h.mln
MPe KN mm mm mm mm

II

NOTES

eaators: