Gas Laws

Boyle'sLaw The Pressure Pof agivenquantity of gasvaries inversely with its

volume u at constant temperature holdsforidealgases

P a Tv P PV n
I
I indicates initialPressureandvolumeof the system

pg pp 2 indicatesfinal Pressureandvolume ofthesystem

Process that takes place at constanttemperature is called Isothermal

Isothermal Graphs

P Pan pulp
am temp
higher

Highertemp a
U
Flowertemp
I
10Femp

vina VimZoopipa

Highertemp
pipa
i

lowertemp

3
Holm
 Question

85m Mercury

I
Mika
EFomm Gas
I 45mm Final
Initial

The AreaA of the tube is constant

Atmospheric Pressure Pressure
of thegas
Density of mercury 13600 kg m

Mercury pellet is at rest

Calculate Atmospheric Pressure

Solution

Rv P2V2 beingapplied on gas

A so 10 3 3600 a a 83 103 A usx 10 3

Pga Pga
Paton 1.02 X105

Charles Law Volume of a given directly proportional to

gas is
thermodynamic temperature at constant Pressure

V x T V LT K
I
 I indicates initial Temperature andVolume ofthesystem
2 indicates final Temperature and volume of thesystem

Procedures
occwing at constant Pressure are termed asisobaric

The term thermodynamic temperature refers to the temperature measured

on Kelvinscale

Conversion I 273.15 K

Celsius to Kelvin

Conversion F 327519 c

Fahrenheit to Celsius

vim vim

Absolute TIK 273.15 T E

Zero Thisgraphis directly not directly proportional

proportiona

TheKelvinscalehasthefollowing properties

It hasnofined point

Its lowerfinedpoint i e ok is the minimum possible temperature

theoreticallyattained Hence referred to as absolute zero temperature

 A Kelvin scale is a theoretical scale i e it is not based on
any
physical property
Change entemperature in Kelvin change in temperature in celsius

Gay Lussac's Law Also known as Pressure law

Pressure of a givengasisdirectly proportional to thermodynamic temperature

at constant volume

Px T P UT K
I
E

Process
that occurs at constant volume is called isochovic

Pipa

Universal law
PV PaV2 Boyle'slaw

Vik V42 haole's Law

Pig Paltz Pressure law

 Gaslaw
PI
Universal
BE
Ideal GasEquation
PV n RT

D Pressure
of theidealgas
V Volume oftheidealgas
n of moles of theidealgas
R universalgasconstant 8 31 Jk mob
T Thermodynamic temperature

follows the relationship

Anygaswhich
PV NRT
for all values of Pressure Volumeand Thermodynamic temperature
is an ideal
gas
 Gasa GasB
Initial Final Initial Find

P Pz P
T 3006 Tinson soon 7 3006

A o.o r canon Vi Act 2 V2 Act z u

Universal GasLaw Boyle's Law

11 11
I
P A 12 RCA 4.2 a

0 7
35

12 240 3004 432 360 u

288 3602 432

7202 144

n 0.2m
 Tap is opened
Given that final pressure is 4.24105Pa calculate the finaltemperature

cm 3 m3
ForA
PV NRT
3 a xios 2500 10 6 n 8.31 300

neo 391not

Final Presswe 4.2 x105Pa

Final Volume 2500cm 160cm 4100cm GlooxioGm

Final n o 391 to 8 1191mob

Final temperature
PV NRT
4.2 105 4100 10 6 1.191 8.31 T
T 174K
 kinetic Theory ofGases

It refers to a set of basic assumptions in relation with the behaviorand

the motion of ideal gas molecules
These assumptions are as follows
The
gas molecules are in continuous randommotion

There are no intermolecular forces between theidealgas

The Volume ofthegas is negligible as compared to volume ofthe container

vessel

The ideal As a result

gas moleculesperform perfectly elastic collisions they
event a force on the wallsof thecontainer Thisforce leads to pressure

The pressureexerted by an idealgasis given by the equation

P iz f L c2 collisionsbetween walls

P Pressure of the ideal ofthe containerand theideal

gas
f density of the idealgas gas molecules

Co2 meansquare speed of idealgas molecules in alldirections

Enample

gloom's 282 2027 1002 2502 1502 2002 2002

Qom's 175000
Okon'szoom
LC 27 35000 m2s
2
 Calculate the Pressure of the idealgas Given that the densityofthegas
is 2.56pm 3

Solution
p
lg g Lo

P 113 2 5 35,000
P 2.9 104 Pa

Calculate Cr m s root mean squarespeed

Crim s
Tooo
Crimes 187 mls

Question

A
PiosPa
01 300
Find v m s at 3006

4
D 13 222 f
gradient a
I
2 n

KII
Co2
t
 2 6.0 105mas z

Cr m s 774.6 mis
775m is

Find cr.ms at Oz

D 132 2
f
gradient a
I
Lc's
If
C2 1.5 105mas z

Cr m s 387 3 mis I 387m15

Find Oz

t
where
Pegg cc

MemassofGas

P as v VolumeofGas
g
PV ML C2 PU nRT

ART Mcc

T ca
constant
 T X L C2

Thermodynamic temperature isdirectly proportional to meansquarespeed

300 K 6.0 105 U K I 5 105

1.5 105
I g q o

U 75K

T L LE F d
er mis

Derivation of P 35 Co2
2 n

L
cube of length L

We will consider movement in 3 directions

only
Movement along u ans on
Movement Average speed in theirrespective
alongyams
Movement along a ans c direction
 momentumforthe
Change in gasmolecule
DP Pf Pi
me cu me c

Dp 2 men

Time in one collision timeintervalforgoingtowards thewallofthecontainer

andcomingback

speed
digit distance 2

time speed cu
egg
time
21
Force enerted on thewallofcontainer in one collision

mycent
F
DI 2zg

Pressure everted
usingone collision
Pressure
Egg Ifl Mff
P
mfs
AV AL
Not thevolumeofthecontainer
 Assuming that there are N number of molecules so we willhave
N components of velocity in u direction

Total Pressure
g M More than one molecule

that is whytake average

M Nm
Ms totalmass of the molecules
gas

TotalPressure Lai cuz

Nin My

P f c cuz where y My density ofgas in

the container

Assuming that the particles are travelling in the myand a directions

a Lch Lazy cc z

Assumingthat the speeds are almostidentical in the threeplanes

can cozy cc z

information in
substituting this
C2 L can t c can t can
C2 3 L can
Cc can
I
substitute in
 P f L c2

P f
ft J
Co2

P c e
gg

We candeducethat tooideal
gases of the gasis the onlyfactor
temperature

whichaffects the speedofthe

energy of
molecules Hence the kinetic an ideal

gas is onlydependent upon its temperature

Eupressions forCalculating TotalandAverage kineticEnergy of an IdealGas

Total kineticEnergy As we havemanymoleculesof theidealgas

M
Mu C2 M totalmassoftheideal gas
E EM
Consider

D iz f a f Ma
P 3
E
Lc

3PV ML C2
In orderforrighthandside give Total kineticEnergy divide bothsides two
by

Pv
IM
c

32PV 42ML C2
 Totalkineticenergy 32 PV

Totalkineticenergy RT
In

Average kinetic
energy
m n
where

M Totalmassof the
gas
N of moleculesofthegas
m massof onemoleculeofthegas

Aug RE z mu
AugUE a
km

Total kineticEnergy RT
In
MLC n RT
I 3
Nm a RT
I In
a Ma 6 02 10 particles
RT
Igm zy
Na
I
mich RT
Iz 3 g I E
 Mcc T k 1 38 10 23
Iz 3 By 1
34
m cc at
TheBoltzmann constant
I I

Ek Eu ang kineticenergy
3kt

Thefinal resultimplies thatfor an ideal temperature is the

only factor
gasmolecule
which determines the kinetic energy

all theinformation show that

Using youhave
pus NKT
TotalKE
3Pr

3PV
Mcc 27

PV
I
N a
I m
3
N Eu 32PV

N PV
32kt 3
PV N KT shown
Question

idealgas O2 calculate the masof Ozgas

v o 08ms Solution

P 9ouRa PEART
T 290k 90 103 ooo n CZ31 290

Mr of 0 16 n 2.987mot I 3mol
Mr of02 32 n
Ming

3 mass
32
mass
96g
Calculate cr.ms at 2906

Solution

P V3 Icca
P a
f
90 103 3 c
31146

C2 225 ooo mas

Cr m s 474 34 mis 2474 mis

calculate crimes at 580k

T 290k 2 2490 son

427 225ooomas z 227 26225,000

450 000m25 2
 Cv m s 670.82

Method I 670m15

Crm s a F
TM by 2 Cr m s M byT2

rms 580k 474 x 52 670mis

Statewhat happensto cr.ms if the pressure isdoubled at constanttemperature

Cr m s d F Noeffect

Theonlyfactor thataffects crimes is thermodynamic temperature

Density does
not stayconstantdueto change in
Pressure

P 43 Scc

Question

ME G ox to leg
MVesc G 47108m
RE
Earth'ssurface

Find the temperature at which Hrgas molecule will escape Earth's

Gravitational field

If j26bg
Vesa I
G.ox1o2

in zoom's

en
zur
 11200 1.38 10 23 T u 1.66 10 leg
Izu 3
2 2 08230 x 10 19 T
3 I 38 10 23

T l o x 104 k

It Hzgas is molecule is replaced

by Oz gasmolecule
Calculate the temperaturerequiredfor Oz
gas molecule toescape
solution
page will remainsame

Eu
L KT
C2 let
IM 3 I 16 Croxton

16 Tm y yp T l G x105 K

If many H2molecules are positioned would allescape at the same

value of temperature

Ideal gas molecules are continuous therefore they travel with

different speeds in differentdirections Hence thesemoleculesthathave

a kinetic Energy Coospeed higher than the average speed will escape
at a much lowertemperature whereas the ones that have a speed
lower thanthat of the will require a significantly higher
average
temperature to escape
Question
P 2.5 105 Pa
T 290k
V 4.5 x103cm3

diameter of atom 1.2 10 m

Deduce whether this can be considered to be behaving ideally

gas
Solution

PV NRT
0
12 5 105 4 5 103 10 N 8.31 290

N 0 4668mots

Total of particle nNa Co4668 6.02 1023

2.81 1023 molecules

3
volumeof one molecule co ox to
1
get
9.05 1031m3

Totalvolume ofgasmolecules 2.81 x 1023 9.05 1031

2 54 10 7m3

4 5 x 10 3 10 6 70 This shows Vgas isreally

Yggtained
2 su x to t
insignificant ascompared to
cont

Since volume of the gas is negligible therefore it behaves ideally