LAB#:1

TOPIC: Matter

DATE: _______________________________

AIM: To demonstrate that particles have space between them

APPARATUS/ MATERIALS: TWO measuring cylinders, two beakers, 25cm³ of water,

25cm³ of alcohol

DIAGRAM SHOWING APPARATUS OF EXPERIMENT

METHOD:

1. Obtain two measuring cylinders

Two measuring cylinders were obtained

2. Use measuring cylinders to obtain 25cm³ of water and 25cm³ alcohol and pour in
separate beakers

25cm³ of water and 25cm³ alcohol was measured using measuring cylinders and was then
poured into separate beakers

3. Pour the 25cm³ water into measuring cylinder

25cm3 of water was poured into measuring cylinder

4. Pour the 25cm³ of alcohol into the measuring cylinder with the water.
25cm³ of alcohol was poured into a measuring cylinder with water

5. Observe the final reading of the liquid in the measuring cylinder and record
results in a table

After observing the final reading of the liquid in the measuring cylinder the results were
recorded in a table.

https://youtu.be/Dyw1OvYUKL0 (use this lab result)

https://youtu.be/84k206qaVRU (try this at home)

RESULTS:

TABLE SHOWING RESULTS OF MIXING ALCOHOL AND WATER

VOLUME OF VOLUME OF TOTAL VOLUME ACTUAL TOTAL

WATER (cm^3) ALCOHOL (cm^3) OF WATER AND VOLUME OF
ALCOHOL(cm^3) WATER AND
ALCOHOL (cm^3)

25 25 50 49

DISCUSSION: (Background on the topic, explanation and interpretation of the results

using data from the observation)

QUESTIONS:

1) What is matter?
2) What is matter made up of?

3) In the experiment, how much water and alcohol was used?

4) What was the result in the actual volume when water was mixed with alcohol?

5) What reason can be given as to why the result was not 50cm³? Explain your answer
fully.

(NB answer discussion questions in a sentence and in

paragraphs)

CONCLUSION: (Relate to the aim of the experiment)

LAB#:2

DATE: _______________________________

AIM: To observe changes of state of matter

APPARATUS : DRAW THE APPARATUS SEEN IN THE VIDEO

MATERIALS: Thermometer, ice cubes, bunsen burner, beaker,

watch glass, tripod stand, wire gauze, tripod stand

METHOD: 1. Place few cubes of ice in a beaker and record the

temperature.

2. Gently heat the beaker over bunsen burner and

record the temperature every two minutes until

the water comes to a boil.

3. Remove beaker from heat and place watch glass

on top of it for a few minutes.

4. Record data in a table and note all other

 Observations and include the phase of matter

5. Plot a graph of temperature against time for the

results from the table.

RESULTS/ Observations: TABLE

Time ( ) Temperature ( ) Phase of matter

DISCUSSION: (Background on the topic, explanation and interpretation of the results

using data from the observation).
 Questions: 1. What is matter? State the three states of matter?

2. What state of matter was observed at the

beginning of the experiment?

3. What changes occured as the temperature

rose? (use the data from the table and

graph)

4. Name the processes that took place at each

change of state.

5. Explain what process and result took place

on the watch glass.

CONCLUSION: (Relate to the aim of the experiment)

LAB#:3

DATE: _______________________________

AIM: To observe diffusion in a liquid

APPARATUS :

MATERIALS: Potassium Permanganate, water, beaker, glass rod.

METHOD: 1. A beaker was filled with water

2. A crystal of potassium permanganate was carefully placed in a crystal rod and

placed at the centre of the beaker water

3. What happened was observed.

4. The beaker was left undisturbed for an hour and what happened was described

5. The beaker was left undisturbed overnight and the appearance was described

6. Diagrams were used to illustrate observations.

7. Observations were explained

RESULTS/OBSERVATION:

DISCUSSION: (Background on the topic, explanation and interpretation of the results

using data from the observation)

QUESTIONS:

1. What is diffusion?
2. What does concentration gradient mean?
3. Explain fully what was observed using the principle of diffusion.

CONCLUSION: (Relate to the aim of the experiment)

LAB#: 4

DATE: _______________________________

TOPIC: Osmosis

AIM: To investigate osmosis in potato cups

APPARATUS :

DIAGRAM SHOWING APPARATUS OF OSMOSIS EXPERIMENT

MATERIALS: Whole potato, a scalpel, distilled water, two petri

dishes, sugar solution, pins

METHOD:1. Use the scalpel to peel the potato, cut it in half and

hollow out the middle of each half to make two cups.

2. Half fill one of the potato cups with sugar solution.

3. mark the water level inside the cup using a pin.

4. Place each cup in a separate dish with water and let it

Stand for an hour.

5. At the end of the hour, carefully examine the inside of

both cups.

6. Record the observations and explain the results.

RESULTS: State what is seen in both potato cups.

DISCUSSION: (Background on the topic, explanation and interpretation of the results
using data from the observation)

Questions

1. What is osmosis?
2. Was osmosis observed in the experiment? Explain your answer fully and be careful to
mention all of the elements of osmosis.
3. Why do you think a potato cup without sugar was used?

CONCLUSION: (Relate to the aim of the experiment)

Osmosis in potato cups was observed.

https://youtu.be/uixn83fA5_Q Video demonstration

LAB#: 5

DATE: _______________________________

TOPIC: Photosynthesis

AIM: To test a green leaf for starch

APPARATUS: (insert a drawing of the setup of the experiment. Must be two dimensional, no
shading. Title below the drawing)
MATERIALS: freshly picked leaf, iodine solution, ethanol, water, beaker, water, gauze, tripod
stand, white tile, Bunsen burner

METHOD: (remember to convert to past tense)

1. Dip a leaf in boiling water for about one minute.

2. Remove the flame then put the leaf in a test tube with enough alcohol to cover the leaf. Leave
the test tube in the hot water for about 10 minutes.

3. Remove the leaf from the ethanol and rinse it with cold water.

4. Spread the leaf on a white tile and place a few drops of iodine solution onto it.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0s_xZqvwm_s shows the method.

RESULTS/OBSERVATION: (state what is observed at each point of the experiment).

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BCJ-aQtl0fs for results

1. Texture of the leaf when removed from boiling water.

2. Change observed after leaf is removed from alcohol

3. Change observed after iodine solution has been added.

DISCUSSION:

What is photosynthesis? Include an equation for photosynthesis.

How do the raw materials get to the site for photosynthesis?

What does dipping the leaf in boiling water do to it?

What is the purpose of leaving the leaf in ethanol for ten minutes?

What is observed after placing drops of iodine solution on the leaf?

CONCLUSION:

LAB#: 6

DATE: _______________________________

AIM: To investigate if chlorophyll is necessary for photosynthesis

APPARATUS :
MATERIALS: freshly picked variegated leaf, iodine solution, ethanol, water, beaker, water,
gauze, tripod stand, white tile, Bunsen burner

METHOD:1. Dip a freshly picked variegated leaf in boiling water for about one minute.

2. Remove the flame then put the leaf in a test tube with enough alcohol to cover the leaf. Leave
the test tube in the hot water for about 10 minutes.

3. Remove the leaf from the ethanol and rinse it with cold water.

4. Spread the leaf on a white tile and place a few drops of iodine solution onto it.

5. Record observations

RESULTS: (Draw and label the leaf before and after the experiment,to show results of
iodine test)

DISCUSSION: (Background on the topic, explanation and interpretation of the results

using data from the observation)

Questions

1. What is photosynthesis
2. What is chlorophyll and what does it do in the process of photosynthesis?
3. Where on the leaf turned blue black?State a reason why it turned blue black and the other
part did not.

CONCLUSION: (Relate to the aim of the experiment)Is chlorophyll necessary for

photosynthesis to occur?

https://youtu.be/_bg32xXpfxQ Video demonstration

Lab 7

Date: _____________

Topic: Food and Nutrition

Aim: To determine what nutrient is present in various food samples.

FOOD SAMPLE TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

for a positive test

STARCH Mixture turned blue- Mixture contains

Three drops of black. starch
iodine were added to
2cm³ of crushed
food sample in a test
tube.
The content of the
tube was shaken and
then observed.
PROTEIN Mixture turned Mixture contains
1cm³ of each food purple or violet. protein
sample was placed
in a test tube. 1cm³
of sodium hydroxide
was added. Then a
few drops of copper
sulphate were added
and the mixture
shaken.
REDUCING Yellow to orange to Reducing sugar
SUGAR red precipitate present.
2cm³ of Benedict’s formed.
solution was added
to the food sample in
a test tube.
Mixture was shaken
then heated in a
water bath.
FAT A cloudy white Fat is present in food
2cm³ of ethanol was suspension was sample.
added to the food formed.
samples. The
mixture was then
shaken and 2cm³ of
water was added.
Lab 8
Date:_______________
Topic: Electricity and lightning
Aim: To determine the properties of series and parallel circuits
Apparatus: (draw and label a circuit)

Materials: 3 batteries, 3 lamps, a switch, connective wires

Method:
1. Set up the series circuit
 2. Remove a bulb and switch on the circuit
3. Make your observations
4. Set up the parallel circuit
5. Repeat steps 2 and 3
Results: (draw and label a series circuit and a parallel circuit. You should also compare both
circuits)

Discussion:
Questions
What is electricity?
What is a circuit?
What is the difference between a series and parallel circuit?
List three properties of a series circuit and three properties of a parallel circuit?
What happens in a series circuit when one bulb is removed?
What happens in a parallel circuit when one bulb is removed?
State what was done in the experiment.
Explain the results.
Conclusion:
Lab 9
Date:
Topic: Acids, bases and mixtures
Statement of the problem: To find out the best detergents to remove ink stain
Hypothesis – An intelligent guess about the possible outcome of an experiment with plausible
reason. This must be clearly stated and testable.

Aim – This is what will be investigated. It must be related to the hypothesis.

Materials and apparatus – What will be used to carry out the investigation.

Method – Step by step procedure how the experiment will be carried out. This must be done in
present tense.
- includes Manipulated or responding variable
Manipulated variable- What is changed in the experiment. This is the
independent variable.
Responding variable – The outcome or observation. This is the dependent
variable.
Controlled variable – Quantities/items that are kept the same or constant.

Expected Results – This is a reasonable outcome that is expected to be observed. This must be
linked with the method. This may be an explanation or a table/ graph that will be used.

Assumptions, precautions or possible sources of error- Any one of these must be stated.
Assumption- what you assume the results will mean
Precautions- what will be ensured in carrying out the experiment
Limitation - parts of an experiment that keep the scientist from producing fair and
reliable data
Lab 10
Date:_______________
Topic: Metals and non-metals
Aim:To investigate the reaction of metals with an acid
Apparatus: (draw and label)

Material: bunsen burner, test tubes and a rack, a 10ml measuring cylinder, dilute hydrochloric
acid, litmus paper, magnesium, aluminum, copper, tin, iron, zinc, beaker
Method:
1. Pour 5 ml of one acid into a tube. Add a piece of magnesium ribbon
2. Test the gas with a burning splint and with moist litmus paper
3. Repeat the above for each metal
4. If no reaction occurs, warm the acid carefully in a water bath
5. Use your results to draw up a reactivity series of your metals
6. What do you conclude from the tests

Results/Observations:
 Metal Description Reaction with Acids

Zinc

Copper

Aluminium

Magnesium Ribbon

Tin

Iron

Discussion:
Questions
1. What is an acid?
2. How does an acid behave when dissolved in water?
3. What are the properties of an acid?
4. What are metals?
5. How do metals react with acids?
6. Write an equation for each reaction.
7. Explain the results from the experiment.
Precaution:
Conclusion:
Lab 11
Date:
Topic: Acids Bases and Mixtures
Aim: To separate the colours of ink using chromatography
Apparatus: (USE FOR DRAWING ONLY LABELS ARE DIFFERENT)

Material: A strip of filter paper, black ink, beaker , alcohol , scissors, tape, stirring rod, ruler,
pencil
Method:
1. Obtain a strip of filter paper 2 cm wide and 8 cm long.
2. Draw a horizontal line 1.5 cm from the tip of the filter paper strip.
3. Place a dot of black ink in the center of the line.
4. Pour alcohol at the bottom of the beaker: ensure that the level does not touch our past the
line on the filter paper strip.
5. Tip the strip to a steering word and place inside the beaker.
6. leave the beaker undisturbed for an hour.
7. Remove the strip and mark the level to which the alcohol rose.
8. Make observations.
Result: (paste the strip from your experiment and label as the one below )
EXAMPLE

Discussion:
1. What is paper chromatography?
2. How does it work?
3. Why did the alcohol rise up on the paper strip?
4. What happened to the original single spot of colour as time went on?
5. Was the test material (ink) a solution of one colour or a mixture of colours?
6. How many different colours were in the original ink?
7. All the colours of ink are soluble in alcohol. Explain why they separate.

Conclusion:
Lab 12
Date:
Topic: Temperature control and ventilation
Aim: To investigate how heat travels through different a metal
Apparatus:

Materials: Bunsen burner, six metal pins, a metal rod, clamp and stamp, vaseline, stopwatch

Method:
1. Fix a metal rod in the clamp and stand high enough so that you can heat the end with the
bunsen burner
2. Use a little vaseline to fix the metal pins to the rod. Fix them at distances 3 cm, 6 cm, 9
cm, 12 cm, 15 cm and 18 cm from the end of the rod, Try to use the same amount of
vaseline for each.
3. Record the time and the heat at the end of the rod.
4. Time how long it takes for each drawing pin to fall off the rod
5. Plot a graph of the results
Results:

Pin number Distance from end of rod Time taken to fall off (seconds)

1 3 cm
 2 6 cm

3 9 cm

4 12 cm

5 15 cm

6 18 cm

Plot the graph - time against distance

Discussion:
Lab 13
Date:
Topic: The terrestrial environment
Aim: To compare the water holding and retention properties of clay and sandy soils
Apparatus:

Materials: sandy soil, clay soil, loam soil, filter paper, filter funnel, beaker, measuring cylinder,
water

Method:
1. Collect three filter funnels.
2. Fold and place filter paper into filter funnels
3. Obtain 30 cm3 of each soil sample
4. Put a soil sample into each filter funnel
5. rest the funnels in the necks of three measuring cylinders
6. Label each measuring cylinder
7. Gently pour 100cm3 of water into each sample of soil.
8. Record your observations
Results:

Soil type Water drainage (cm3) Water retention (cm3)

Sand

Loam
 Clay

Discussion:
What is water drainage?
What is water retention?
What is soil and what are the three main categories of soil type. Talk about the size of the
particles.
What soil has the greatest water drainage (least retention) ? What does this mean for plants living
in this type of soil?
Which soil has the greatest water retention? What does this mean for plants living in that soil?
What soil has an in between value of water drainage and water retention.
Conclusion:

Lab 14
date :
Topic: The water and aquatic environment
Aim: To find the density of water
Apparatus:graduated cylinder, water, balance, dropper
Method:
1. Find the mass of an empty graduated cylinder. Record the mass in grams in the chart on
the activity sheet.
2. Find the mass of an empty graduated cylinder. Try to be as accurate as possible by
checking that the meniscus is right at the 100 ml mark. Use a dropper to add or remove
small amounts of water.
3. Weigh the graduated cylinder with the water in it. Record the mass in grams
4. Find the mass of only the water by subtracting the mass of the empty graduated cylinder.
Record the mass of 100 ml of water in the chart.
5. Use the mass and volume of the water to calculate density. Record the density in g/cm3
in the chart.
6. Pour off water until you have 50 ml of water in the graduated cylinder.
7. Find the mass of 50 ml of water. Record the mass in the table. Calculate and record the
density
8. Next, pour off water until 25 ml of water in the graduated cylinder. Find the mass of 25
ml of water. Calculate and record the density .
Results:

Volume of water 100mL 50mL 25mL

Mass of graduated
cylinder + water (g)

Mass of empty
graduated cylinder (g)

Mass of water (g)

Density of water
(g/cm3)

Discussion:
Does the density of the different volumes of water seem to be about the same?
What do you think is the density of water in g/cm3?

Conclusion:

Lab 17

LAB#:

DATE: _______________________________

TOPIC: Respiration and air pollution

AIM: To compare the respiratory system and a model

APPARATUS :
MATERIALS: Drawing of the respiratory system and the model as shown above

METHOD: 1. Examine the apparatus above which represents a model of the respiratory
system when inhaling and exhaling.

2. Draw the model of the respiratory system in man.

3. Compare the model with the actual respiratory system.

RESULTS: Drawings showing comparisons

DISCUSSION: (Background on the topic, explanation and interpretation of the results

using data from the observation)

QUESTIONS: 1. When the handle is pulled down

(a) what happens to the balloons?

(b) what happens to the pressure in the bell jar?

(c) what is this movement equivalent to in breathing?

2. When the handle is pushed up

(a) what happens to the balloons?

(b) What happens to the pressure in the bell jar?

(c) What is the movement equivalent to in

breathing?

3. State some of the main ways in which the model

differs from the real parts in the thorax.

CONCLUSION: (Relate to the aim of the experiment)

LAB#:18

DATE: _______________________________
TOPIC: Transport in plants

AIM: To demonstrate the passage of water through a plant.

APPARATUS:
MATERIALS: Long cutting of a soft-stemmed plant, Beaker, water, dye
(food dye or ink), Razor blade/ scalpel, hand lens.

METHOD: 1. Place the cutting into the beaker of water containing the
dye and leave for 24 hours.
2. Using a razor or scalpel, cut sections across the stem in four different
places.
3. Examine the sections with a hand lens to make drawings of the
observations.
4. From the observations, determine how high the water has risen up the
stem in 24 hours.

RESULTS: Height of movement up the stem

Drawing of the stem showing the cut stem. Label the different
parts of the stem.
DISCUSSION: (Background on the topic, explanation, and
interpretation of the results using data from the observation)

CONCLUSION: (Relate to the aim of the experiment)

Lab 19

Date:

Topic: Transport system

Aim: To investigate the correct matching of blood groups during transfusion

Apparatus:

Material: Food colouring, beaker, testtube, water, dropper, test tube holder

Method:

1. The teacher will provide students with a stock of red coloured water, blue coloured water,
purple coloured water and pure water.
2. The red coloured water represents blood of group A, blue coloured water represents
blood of group B, the purple coloured water represents blood of group AB, while pure
water represents blood group O.
3. Place four test tubes in a test tube rack and label them 1-4.
 4. To test tube 1 add 1cm3 of type A blood. To test tube 2 add 1cm3 of type B blood. To
test tube 3 add 1cm3 of type AB blood. To test tube 4 add 1 cm3 of type O blood Each
test tube represents a recipient for a blood transfusion.
5. To each test tube add 1 cm3 of blood type A (the donor’s blood). Note all colour changes.
6. If there is a colour change it means clumping had occurred, therefore ‘not’ a match. If the
colour remains the same, ‘correct’ matching has occurred. Record your results in a table.
7. Repeat steps 3-4 and then add the blood type B to each tube and record all observations.
8. Repeat steps 3-4 and then add type AB to each tube.
9. Repeat steps 3-4 and then add type O and record all observations.

Results/Observations:

Recipients blood Donor’s blood type

type
A B AB O

A (red water)

B (blue water)

AB (purple
water)

O (pure water)

KEY

No change

X Change

Discussion:

Questions

1. What is a blood transfusion and why is it done?

2. How is a blood transfusion done?
3. What are the four major blood types?
4. Which blood group combinations had agglutination? Explain why.
5. Which blood groups had correct matching? Explain why.
6. Which blood type can donate blood to any other blood type. Explain your answer.
7. Which blood type can receive blood from any other blood type? Explain your answer.
Conclusion

LAB#: 20

DATE: _______________________________

TOPIC: Reproduction

AIM: To draw and annotate the bell flower.

APPARATUS :

MATERIALS: Flower, drawing materials

METHOD: 1. Select a bell flower (Hibiscus can be used as well)

2. Make a large drawing of the flower to clearly show the parts.

3. Cut the flower in two and draw and show the reproductive parts including, The filament,
anther, stigma, style, ovary and ovules.
RESULTS: Drawing of flower. Please follow drawing rules.

Lab 21

Implementation of plan and design

 2

Lab 22

Date: __________________

Topic: Reproduction and growth

Aim: To compare the growth of two different seeds

Apparatus:

Material:

Lab: 23

Date: _______________

Topic: Excretion

Aim: To draw and annotate a mammalian Kidney

Lab 25

Date :______________

Topic: Heath and Sanitation

Aim: To draw the life cycle of a mosquito