MY

E – PORTFOLIO

SYDNEY ROSE C. JOSE

DMD-STEM1-DENT1G
 1

While Task B……………………………………………………………………………….1

That struck me the most…………………………………………………………………….1

Study Shows Income Gap Between Rich and Poor Keeps Growing, With Deadly Effects……………1

Rich man, poor man: Developmental differences in attributions and perceptions……………………1

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………….2

Types of Poverty…………………………………………………………………………….3

Causes of Poverty……………………………………………………………………………4

Effects of Poverty…………………………………………………………………………….5

References…………………………………………………………………………………...6
 While Task B E-PORTFOLIO

That struck me the most

- The one that struck on me the most is the question about “Do you want to abolish the rich?”
He said “No, I want to abolish the poor.” Our responsibility is to let everyone have the chance
to realize their potential to the full.

Study Shows Income Gap Between Rich and Poor Keeps Growing,
With Deadly Effects
- An article “Study Shows Income Gap Between Rich and Poor Keeps Growing, With Deadly
Effects.” The accountability office found that demographic characteristics were also associated
with longevity. Women in the group tended to live longer than men: Almost 70 percent of
women were living in 2014, compared with almost 60 percent of men. This is in part because
people with a college education generally have higher incomes and wealth accumulation than
those who did not attend college. “We don’t want groups of people moving backward,” Ms.
Romig said, adding: “We don’t just want some people to be healthier and longer lived; we want
everyone to equally share in these gains.”

Rich man, poor man: Developmental differences in attributions and

perceptions
- An article entitled “Rich man, poor man: Developmental differences in attributions and
perceptions” by Sigelman (2012). First graders, like older children, perceived the rich man
as more competent than the poor man. However, they had difficulty in explaining wealth
and poverty, especially poverty, and their trait perceptions were associated primarily with
their attributions of wealth to job status, education, and luck. Fifth and ninth graders more
clearly attributed wealth and poverty to the equity factors of ability and effort and based
their trait perceptions on these attributions. Although the use of structured attribution
questions revealed more understanding among young children than previous studies have
suggested, the findings suggest a shift with age in the underlying bases for differential
evaluation of rich and poor people from a focus on good outcomes associated with wealth
(a good education and job) to a focus on personal qualities responsible for wealth (ability
and effort).
 INTRODUCTION
“Do you want to abolish the rich?” He said “No, I want to abolish the poor.” Our
responsibility is to let everyone have the chance to realize their potential to the full.
Poverty is defined as a lack of sufficient funds to cover basic requirements such as food,
clothing, and shelter. Poverty, on the other hand, is much more than a lack of resources.
"Poverty is hunger," according to the World Bank Organization. Poverty is
defined as a lack of shelter. Being sick and unable to see a doctor is a sign of poverty.
Poverty is defined as a lack of access to education and the inability to read. Poverty is
defined as not having a job, anxiety for the future, and living day by day. Poverty has
numerous faces, which change from place to place and across time, and is described in
a variety of ways. Poverty is frequently a circumstance from which individuals wish
to be free. So poverty is a call to action for everyone, rich and poor, to transform the
world so that many more people have enough to eat, a safe place to live, access to
education and healthcare, safety from violence, and a say in what happens in their
communities."
Poverty is defined by the inability to participate in recreational activities; the
inability to send children on a field trip with their classmates or to a birthday party; and
the inability to pay for medication for an illness. These are all the expenses that come
with being impoverished. Those who are barely able to pay for food and shelter are
unable to contemplate these additional costs. There are negative implications for society
when people are removed from society, when they are not properly educated, and when
they have a higher frequency of sickness. Poverty has an impact on all of us. Our
economy is impacted by the growing costs of the health-care system, the justice system,
and other systems that give assistance to those living in poverty.
While the World Bank Organization has made significant progress in measuring
and assessing poverty, it is still working to establish indicators for the other dimensions
of poverty. Identifying social indicators to measure education, health, access to services,
vulnerability, and social exclusion are all part of this endeavor.
Poverty can be classified into four categories: absolute, relative, situational, and
generational. Poverty has a variety of causes and consequences. Regardless of the
various classifications, one thing is certain: poverty is a multifaceted social problem.
Regardless of how poverty is defined, everyone can agree that it is a problem that needs
to be addressed. It is critical that all members of our society work together to ensure
that all of our members have the opportunity to fulfill their full potential. It makes it
easier for us to aid one another.
 TYPES OF POVERTY
A. Absolute Poverty
- A condition characterized by significant deprivation of essential human necessities, such as
food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education, and information, was
defined as absolute poverty. It is determined not only by income but also by the availability of
services. "Malnutrition, illiteracy, sickness, unclean surroundings, high infant mortality, and
short life expectancy limit it to the point of being under any conceivable measure of human
dignity."
1. Malnutrition
- Poverty increases the risk of the consequences of malnutrition. People who are poor are more
susceptible to various forms of malnutrition. Malnutrition also raises health-care expenses,
lowers productivity, and hinders economic growth, perpetuating a cycle of poverty and illness.
In the Philippines, hunger is one of the most severe consequences of poverty. Filipinos are
forced to exist on relatively restricted food supplies due to a lack of money to acquire it; even
when food supplies are stable, they are most accessible in other places where people have
enough money to buy it.

2. High Infant Mortality

- The unadjusted odds of term infant mortality increased with increasing poverty, with births
in medium poverty counties having 1.4 times (95 percent CI: 1.2, 1.7) the odds of infant
mortality, and births in high poverty counties having 1.8 times (95 percent CI: 1.6, 2.0) the
odds of infant mortality, compared to infants whose mothers live in low poverty counties. As
a result, high infant mortality is clearly a function of poverty, which creates conditions in which
babies who are not robust at birth die, such as a lack of clean water, poor sanitation,
malnutrition, endemic infections, poor or nonexistent primary health care services, and low
levels of health-care spending.

B. Relative Poverty
- Relative poverty refers to situations in which people are unable to actively engage in society
and profit from activities and experiences that most people take for granted. It's usually
calculated as 40, 50, or 60% of national median disposable income.
1. Income Inequality
- Given a country's growth, inequality, and poverty linkages, high and rising inequality can
delay or even halt progress toward poverty elimination. Rising inequality is a major cause of
domestic financial instability, which is often linked to negative effects on growth, poverty, and
distribution.

C. Situational Poverty
- It is a sort of poverty that oc curs as a result of an unfortunate event such as an environmental
disaster, job loss, or a serious health problem. People can help themselves with even tiny
amounts of support, as poverty is the result of an unpleasant situation. When an individual slips
below the poverty line as a result of an unforeseen incident.
1. Environmental Disaster
- Storms, floods, and droughts have devastating human and economic effects, with the poor
bearing the brunt of the damage. The research included data from the impact of Tropical Storm
Agatha in 2010, which resulted in a 5.5 percent drop in per capita consumption and a 14 percent
increase in poverty. In conclusion, poverty is a significant factor in people's vulnerability to
natural hazards and disasters. Poverty reduction and development, to the extent that they do
not introduce excessive new risk, make people less vulnerable and contribute to disaster risk
management and reduction.
2. Job Loss
- When people are unemployed, their chances of becoming long-term unemployed increase. It
has been discovered that the characteristics of poor communities generate a poverty trap since
families lack the necessary tools to find work. These results lower a person's chances of
regaining work.

4. GENERATIONAL POVERTY
- "Generational poverty" is described as being poor for two generations or more.
1. The lack of education
- It is the primary source of generational poverty and the reason it persists over generations,
according to Crow. "They don't pass it down if education isn't valued in the family," Crow said.
"Education is always the key to success in coming out of poverty."

CAUSES OF POVERTY
A. Government
- Ironically, government programs (particularly welfare) are designed to assist the poor yet end
up encouraging poverty. as a result
1. Corruption
- Instead, corruption has a direct impact on economic and governance issues, which operate as
mediators in the production of poverty. Economic growth and economic inequality are
significant since they are linked to poverty and corruption. According to studies, poverty rises
when there is no (or negative) economic growth. Corruption can have an impact on income
inequality and poverty through a variety of channels, including overall growth, biased tax
systems, and poor social program targeting, as well as its impact on asset ownership, human
capital formation, education inequalities, and factor accumulation uncertainty.
2. Inequality
- When income disparity is higher, relative income poverty rates likely to be higher, implying
that rising income inequality is linked to rising relative income poverty rates. Poverty is linked
to inequality, yet it is distinct from it (Haughton & Khandker, 2009). Inequality is concerned
with the complete distribution of well-being, whereas poverty is solely concerned with those
who fall below the poverty line (McKay, 2002).

B. Family/Parents
- There are a variety of reasons why poor parents may have a large number of children. High
child mortality rates, a lack of contraception knowledge, patriarchal value systems, forced
marriage, religious views, and the need to maintain the larger family are only a few of them.
1. Lack of family Planning
- There is a vicious loop that leads to high fertility rates and maternal fatalities due to high child
mortality and a lack of family planning. Lack of family planning is both a cause and a
consequence of high child mortality. Child mortality can be reduced and family planning can
be used to break the vicious cycle. Too many women, however, are unaware of and unable to
access options that are beneficial to them.
2. Conflict
- Violent conflict causes poverty in a variety of ways, including damage to infrastructure,
institutions, and production; asset destruction; community and social network disintegration;
forced displacement; and increased unemployment and inflation. In general, conflict theory
explains poverty and stratification as a result of discrimination and prejudice towards the poor,
women, and people of color. It echoes one of the early objections of the functionalist viewpoint
mentioned in the previous section in this regard.

C. Community
- Poverty is caused by "inequalities in income distribution and access to productive resources,
basic social services, and opportunities," according to the United Nations Social Policy and
Development Division. The most vulnerable are women, religious minorities, and racial
minorities.
1. Unemployment
- When people are unemployed, their chances of becoming long-term unemployed increase. It
has been discovered that the characteristics of poor communities generate a poverty trap since
families lack the necessary tools to find work. These results lower a person's chances of
regaining work.
2. Discrimination
- Discrimination contributes to global poverty by creating an environment of inequality that
restricts access to basic human rights. The poverty rate would have been 5.5 points lower, or
44 percent lower, if income growth had been evenly distributed, which in this case means that
all households' incomes would have grown at the same rate as the average.
 EFFECTS OF POVERTY
A. Individual
- Poverty has many causes and effects, including hunger, sickness, and poor sanitation. To put
it another way, not having food indicates you're poor, but being poor also means you can't buy
food or safe drinking water.
1. Teenage Pregnancy
- When it comes to teenage pregnancy, poverty has two faces. Many of the human and
environmental risk factors that are predictors of teenage pregnancy, especially in developing
countries, may be linked to experiences of poverty.
2. Malnutrition
- Poverty increases the risk of the consequences of malnutrition. People who are poor are more
susceptible to various forms of malnutrition. Malnutrition also raises health-care expenses,
lowers productivity, and hinders economic growth, perpetuating a cycle of poverty and illness.
Malnutrition and poverty have a two-way relationship, generating a vicious cycle in which one
fuels the other. Poverty is exacerbated by malnutrition because it reduces the population's
economic capacity, and malnutrition is exacerbated by poverty because it increases the chance
of food insecurity.

B. Society
1. Lack of Shelter
- Research shows that living conditions have a significant impact on physical and mental health.
Inadequate or filthy housing circumstances can also contribute to the spread of disease, which
raises health-care expenditures, stops people from working, and jeopardizes community
members' well-being. Poverty and homelessness are intricately intertwined. Housing, food,
childcare, health care, and education are frequently out of reach for the poor. Often, it is housing
that must be cut, as it swallows a large percentage of income.
2. Disease
- Poverty has an impact on people of all ages' health. It's linked to low birth weight, a shorter
life expectancy, and a higher chance of death in the first year of life in children. Children from
low-income families are more prone to develop chronic diseases and have dietary issues.
Poverty-related diseases such as tuberculosis, malaria, and HIV/AIDS, as well as the often co-
morbid and widespread malnutrition, wreak havoc on hapless populations in poor countries.
Poverty is defined not just by a lack of income, but also by a lack of capability and optimism.
 REFERENCES
Sigelman, C. (2012). Rich man, poor man: Developmental differences in attributions and
perceptions.
Retrieved from:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022096512001221

Fadulu, L. (2019). Study Shows Income Gap Between Rich and Poor Keeps Growing, With
Deadly Effects.
Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/10/us/politics/gao-income-gap-
rich-poor.html

Kumar, G. (2018). What is Poverty and its Type.

Retrieved from: https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/what-is-poverty-and-
its-types-1523453034-1

McKnight, A., et al. (20117). Higher Inequality in the UK linked to higher poverty.
Retrieved from: https://www.lse.ac.uk/News/Latest-news-from-LSE/2017/11-
November-2017/Higher-inequality-in-the-UK-linked-to-higher-poverty

Tanner, M. (2019). How Government Causes Poverty.

Retrieved from:
https://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/catosletter_spring2019.pdf

Shelton, S. (2016). Effects of Poverty in Society.

Retrieved from: https://borgenproject.org/how-poverty-effects-society-children-and-
violence/

Kim, S. (2016). Can Poverty be Defined by Shelters.

Retrieved from: https://blogs.worldbank.org/endpovertyinsouthasia/can-poverty-be-
defined-shelter