REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

BOHOL ISLAND STATE UNIVERSITY

Main Campus
College of Engineering and Architecture
SY 2023-2024

Vision: A premier Science & Technology university for the formation of a world-
class and virtuous human resource for sustainable development in the
Bohol and country.

Mission: Committed to provide quality and innovative education in strategic

sectors for the development of Bohol and the country

Power Plant Design and Renewable Energy

PME 416
1st Semester, A.Y. 2023-2024

TECHNICAL REPORT 3
(COMBINED CYCLE (GAS-VAPOR) PLANT DESIGN)

Marc Lyndon Bordador

BSME 4A

ENGR. JUANITO M. ORIGINES JR.

INSTRUCTOR
I. INTRODUCTION:

A combined cycle power plant is an innovative approach that optimizes energy

generation by intertwining two distinct thermodynamic cycles: a gas turbine cycle and a
steam turbine cycle. In the gas turbine phase, fuel like natural gas is burned to power a
turbine, generating electricity. What sets this system apart is its ingenious utilization of
the waste heat produced during this process. Instead of discarding this excess heat, it's
redirected to a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG), where it's used to produce
steam. This steam then propels a steam turbine, generating additional electricity. This
integration of cycles allows the plant to squeeze more energy out of the same fuel input,
substantially boosting overall efficiency and reducing environmental impact.

By harnessing the waste heat that's typically lost in conventional power plants,
combined cycle systems achieve notably higher efficiency levels. The gas turbine's
leftover heat, captured and repurposed by the HRSG, drives the second turbine,
enabling the plant to generate more power from the same amount of fuel. This setup not
only amplifies efficiency but also contributes to environmental sustainability by reducing
fuel consumption and cutting down on emissions per unit of electricity produced. This
technological synergy has made combined cycle power plants a pivotal player in large-
scale electricity generation, offering a more eco-friendly and resource-efficient approach
to meet the world's increasing energy demands.

Through the combination of the gas and steam turbine cycles, combined cycle
power plants stand as a testament to efficiency and innovation in energy production.
They represent a smart and strategic advancement in the power generation landscape,
maximizing energy output while minimizing waste. This comprehensive utilization of
resources underscores a pivotal shift towards more sustainable and eco-conscious
methods of generating electricity, reflecting a profound commitment to both efficiency
and environmental responsibility in the realm of power generation.

Objectives:
This paper aims to provide energy analysis of a combined cycle power plant and its vital
components that would comply to the following objectives:

1) To perform a design calculation and energy analysis of a Combined Cycle Power

Plant that fulfills the condition load demand of Bohol in 2021, as determined by the
NGCP-Bohol.
2) To design and evaluate energy flow calculation per component, mass flow rate of
fuel, mass flow rate of cooling water, brake power, and combined power.
3) To identify environmental, health and safety, social and ethical concerns.
4) To serve as a future guideline in determining optimal solutions for Combined gas-
vapor cycle power plant problems – related circumstances.

Essential Components of Combined Cycle Power Plant

Figure 1 shows the schematic arrangement of a typical combined power station.
The primary components of this combined cycle power plant are the compressor,
combustor, turbine, alternator (generators), condenser, boiler feed pump, and the Heat
Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG).

Figure 1. Working principle of a combined cycle power plant (Legend: 1-Electric

generators, 2-Steam turbine, 3-Condenser, 4-Pump, 5-Boiler/heat exchanger, 6-Gas
turbine) [1]
1. Electric Generator: It is an electric generator coupled with the shaft of the turbine
and converts the mechanical energy of the turbine into electricity (alternating
current). The electricity produced here is A.C. and hence this type of electricity
generator is called as an alternator.

2. Steam Turbine: It is the most important part and has rotating blades. The burnt
gases from the combustion chamber strikes the blades of the turbine and it starts
rotating and produces electricity with the help of the generator coupled to its shaft.

3. Condenser: It is used to condense the hot exhaust steam to water.

4. Water/Boiler Feed Pump: It a type of centrifugal pump used to deliver water to the
boiler for the steam generation process.

5. Boiler/ Heat Recovery Steam Generators (HRSG): It is used to recovers the heat
from the hot gases of the gas turbine to produce steam for the steam turbine in the
CCPP. As it generates steam by the heat recovers from the hot gases of gas turbine
it is called HRSG.

6. Compressor: It compresses the gases to high temperature so that oxygen in high

density is available in the combustion chamber for efficient burning of the fuel. As
we all know Oxygen helps in the burning of anything.
Known Combined Cycle Power Plant Abroad
1.) Surgutskaya GRES-2, Russia – 5,597MW
At 5,597MW installed capacity, Surgutskaya GRES-2 (Sugrut-2), a combined cycle
power plant located in the Russian city of Surgut, is the world’s biggest gas-fired
power station. The facility is owned and operated by E.ON Russia.

2.) Futtsu power station, Japan – 5,040MW

The 5,040MW Futtsu liquefied natural gas (LNG)-based thermal power station
located in Chiba, Japan, is currently the world’s seventh biggest thermal power plant.
Owned and operated by Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO), it consists of four
combined cycle power plants commissioned between 1985 and 2010.

3.) Kawagoe power station, Japan – 4,802MW

Chubu Electric Power Company’s Kawagoe thermal power station located in
Kawagoe, Mie, Japan, with 4,802 MW installed capacity, ranks as the world’s third
biggest gas-fired power station. The plant consists of four generating units all running
on LNG.

4.) Dah-Tarn (Tatan) power plant, Taiwan – 4,384MW

The 4,384MW Dah-Tarn (Tatan) power plant located in Guanyin, Taoyuan, in
Northern Taiwan is the world’s fourth biggest gas-fired power plant. The gas turbine
combined cycle power station is owned and operated by Taiwan Power Company
(Taipower).

5.) Chita thermal power station, Japan – 3,996MW

At 3,996MW installed capacity, the Chita thermal power station located in Chita,
Aichi, Japan, is the world’s fifth biggest natural gas power plant. The plant, which
began operations in 1968, is owned and operated by Chubu Electric Power
Company.

Known Combined Cycle Power Plant in the Philippines

The Philippines generates majority of its power from fossil fuels. As of November
2022, fossil fuel accounts for 70.8903% of total energy generation in the country.
43.8699% for coal, 13.8608% for oil-based fuel (8.7373% for Diesel, 2.2920% Oil
Thermal, and 2.8315% Gas Turbine [3]), and another 13.1596% came from natural gas.
The present percentage of renewable energies like geothermal, hydroelectric, biomass,
solar, and wind energy in the power generating mix is only at 29.1097% (Department of
Energy Philippines [DOE], November 2022). [4]
Table 1. List of Existing Combined Cycle Power Plants in Philippines, November 2022

Power Plant Capacity, MW Numb Location Date

Facility Subtype Install Dependa er of Municipality/Provin Commissio
Name ed ble units ce ned/
commercia
l operation
LUZON GRID
ILIJAN Combined 1,436. 0.0 6 Brgy. Ilijan, Batangas Jun-2002
Cycle Gas 5 City, Batangas
Turbine
(CCGT)
SANTA Combined 1,133. 1,107.6 4 Brgy. Sta. Rita, Unit 1&2 -
RITA Cycle Gas 9 Batangas City, Jun-2000
Turbine Batangas Unit 3&4 -
(CCGT) Oct-2001
SAN Combined 586.5 556.0 2 Brgy. Sta. Rita, Sep-2002
LORENZ Cycle Gas Batangas City,
O Turbine Batangas
(CCGT)
SAN Combined 442.9 420.0 1 Brgy. Sta. Rita, Jul-2016
GABRIEL Cycle Gas Batangas City,
Turbine Batangas
(CCGT)

The advantages and disadvantages of combined power plants are listed below:
Advantages:
1.) Low Capital: building a combined cycle unit you require half of the money than
that required for constructing the coal power plant.
2.) The abundance of fuel sources: For running the CCPP, you have large fuel
resources like natural gas. Nowadays, biogas is also in use for operating the
CCPP.
3.) Less emission: As compared to the traditional power plant, the CCPP emits less,
and it also burns the natural gas in a cleaner way. Thus, it is quite environment-
friendly, and it affects the environment to a very small extent.
4.) Brilliant efficiency: As previously stated, the combined cycle power plant is more
efficient than the traditional power plant and energy production methods. It
produces electricity with more than 50% efficiency than that of the conventional
resources.
5.) Large availability: The combined cycle units are available anywhere in the world.
They are very flexible if their transportation is considered.

Disadvantages:
1.) Building this power plant is quite complex. That means that it has to be
designed and test properly. A single mistake can ruin the entire area around
those power plants.
2.) High Maintenance cost: Maintaining such complex systems is another
challenging part. Care should be taken of every part regularly.
3.) It uses natural gas and biogas. Therefore, it can be constructed in places where
these gases are present. So, it is an area bound power plant.
II. Combined Cycle Power Plant Design and Energy Analysis
MS6001B as backup for emergency
Meeting the Load Based on the 2021 annual load curve of Bohol

Annual Load (2021)

Months Ave. Load in Peak Load in

MW MW
January 60.15053763 86
February 60.90922619 85
March 65.15725806 90
April 66.92916667 96
May 69.85215054 96
June 67.94861111 92
July 69.27419355 113
August 68.89247312 99
September 65.7375 97
October 67.54973118 103
November 69.91805556 117
December 34.5766129 114

Figure1. The average annual load curve in year 2021 (months vs. load).

Annual Load Curve (2021)

Hours Ave. Load in peak
MW load
1 54.96561605 69
2 52.6991404 66
3 50.76504298 69
4 49.65329513 70
5 50.41547278 61
6 55.33524355 65
7 54.95988539 62
8 60.28653295 73
9 69.24641834 100
10 74.57020057 107
11 80.01719198 97
12 77.06017192 113
13 75.69054441 114
14 78.8252149 103
15 78.20057307 112
16 75.71346705 99
17 72.05444126 104
18 76.7765043 117
19 77.63323782 104
20 74.85959885 87
 21 72.52148997 100
22 67.61604585 83
23 62.18051576 78
24 58.07449857 72
Figure 2. the average annual load curve in the year 2021 (Hours vs. Load)

Yearly Average Load: 63.9079597MW

Based on the presented data above, the maximum load demand of the year 2021 is
117MW of electricity. Basically, a powerplant was designed to have a reserve capacity
enable to sustain the any possible rise of future load demand. Therefore, in this case, it
is expected that the powerplant to be designed must have an installed capacity which is
greater than its maximum load demand. According to Mehta, V.K. & Mehta, R. by their
book Principles of Power System that the capacity of the plant should be made 15% to
20% more than the maximum demand to meet the future load requirements.

Thus,
Plant capacity = Reserve capacity + Max.demand
Plant capacity = Max.demand + 20%(Max.demand)
Plant capacity = 117MW + 117MW(20%) = 𝟏𝟒𝟎. 𝟒𝐌𝐖

Assume that the plant Capacity is exactly 140MW.

For the load factor:

𝐴𝑣𝑒. 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 63.9079597 𝑀𝑊
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = = 0.5462218779
𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 117 𝑀𝑊

𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 = 𝟎.𝟓𝟒𝟔

The base load will be supplied by Mitsubishi H-100 gas turbine, which has a
power output of 105.7 MW. The steam turbine Siemens SST-300 50 MW (together with
the gas turbine) will supply the peak demand, increasing the plant's power output to 155.7
MW. The spare generating unit will be a GE MS6001B gas turbine for potential increase
in load demand.

Operating Schedule
Time Units in operation
For 24-hour 105.7 MW Mitsubishi H-100 gas turbine for base load
period
From 9AM to Steam Turbine Siemens SST-300 50 MW
10PM
1 unit for standby GE MS6001B for backup/emergency
situation
Plant Use Factor
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑀𝑊𝐻
𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑋 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑈𝑠𝑒

63.9079597𝑀𝑊 × 24 ℎ𝑟𝑠
𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
(105.7𝑀𝑊 × 24ℎ𝑟𝑠) + (50𝑀𝑊 × 13ℎ𝑟𝑠)
𝑷𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒖𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟖𝟏𝟐𝟗𝟓𝟎𝟑𝟗𝟖
𝑷𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒖𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 = 𝟒𝟖. 𝟏𝟑%
Energy Generated Per Year

𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
= 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 × 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑚
𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
= 63.9079597 𝑀𝑊 × 8760 ℎ𝑟𝑠
𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑚
𝑼𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔 𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅
= 𝟓𝟓𝟔, 𝟖𝟑𝟑. 𝟕𝟐𝟕𝑴𝑾𝒉𝒓/𝒚𝒓
𝒂𝒏𝒏𝒖𝒎

Combined Gas-Vapor Power Cycle:

The figure depicts the Combined gas-vapor power cycle that works in two working
fluids and undergoes Brayton cycle (gas power plant) and Rankine cycle (steam power
plant). Combined gas-vapor power cycle consists of the following nine processes:
 Combined gas-steam power plant

5-6 Isentropic compression (in a compressor)

6-7 Constant-pressure heat addition (in a combustion chamber)
7-8 Isentropic expansion (in a turbine)
8-9 Constant-pressure heat rejection (low-quality combustion gases are exhausted to the
atmosphere)

The rejected energy (low-quality combustion gases) of gas cycle will be the input
energy for the steam power plant through heat exchanger as shown in Figure 4. The
HRSG (Heat-Recovery Steam Generator), a heat exchanger which is the key
component of a combined cycle power plant. Its role is to capture exhaust heat from the
gas turbine that would otherwise escape through the exhaust stack. The HRSG creates
steam from the gas turbine exhaust heat and delivers it to the steam turbine

1-2 Isentropic compression (in a pump)

2-3 Constant pressure heat addition (in a boiler)
3-4 Isentropic expansion (in a steam turbine)
4-1 Constant pressure heat rejection (in a condenser)
Design Considerations:
Air Properties
Ave. ambient air temperature in Bohol [7], T5 25oC (298K)
Ave. Ambient air pressure, P5 1000mb (100kPa)
Ambient air density 1.204 kg/m3

Power Cycle Data

Simple Cycle Net Plant Output 105.7 MW
Combined Cycle Net Plant Output 150 MW
Heat Rate 9,421 kJ/kWh (Simple cycle)
Pressure Ratio, rp 12.7:1
Mass Flow 294 kg/s
Exhaust Gas Turbine Temperature T8 = 534oC (809.15K) before HRSG
T9 = 176.85oC (450K) after HRSG
Combustion/Firing Temperature 1020oC
Condensate Water Temperature T1 = 60oC (333.15 K)
Steam Pressure in Boiler P3 = 10 MPa
Superheated Steam Temperature T3 = 500oC

Mass Flow Rate of Fuel

For simple cycle,
1𝑘𝑊ℎ 3600𝑠
η𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 = × × 100% = 38.21%
9,421𝑘𝐽 1ℎ𝑟
For combined cycle,
η𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 55.1%
The heat needed for combined gas-vapor cycle power plant,
𝑃𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐 155.7𝑀𝑊
Q𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 = = = 282.58𝑀𝑊
η𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 0.551
Where HV=50,000kJ/kg based on the heating value of natural gas
Q𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 282, 580 𝐾𝑊 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
ṁ fuel = = = 5.65016 = 20,340.576
HV 50, 000𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 𝑠 ℎ𝑟
Energy Flow Analysis and Calculations
Reference: Cengel, Y. A., & Boles, M. A. (2015). Thermodynamics An Engineering Approach Eight Edition
State Temperature, K Pressure, kPa Specific Volume, m3/kg Enthalpy, kJ/kg Entropy, kJ/kg.K
1 333.15 19.947 0.001017 251.18 0.8313
2 333.5768411 10000 261.3297139 0.8313
3 773.15 10000 - 3375.1 6.5995
4 333.15 19.947 - 2172.806891 6.5995
5 298 100 - 298.18 -
6 616.0114091 1270 - 623.8660252 -
7 1672.636348 1270 - 1846.464799 -
8 809.15 100 - 832.028725 -
9 450 100 - 451.8 -

Brayton Cycle
 transferring it to the steam in a heat e changer that serves as the boiler. n
general, more than one gas turbine is needed to supply sufficient heat to the
steam. Also, the steam cycle may involve regeneration as well as reheating.
Energy for the reheating process can be supplied by burning some addi
tional fuel in the o ygen rich e haust gases.
evelopments in gas turbine technology have made the combined gas
steam cycle economically very attractive. The combined cycle increases the
efficiency without increasing the initial cost greatly. Conse uently, many new
power
*Ideal-gas properties of air forplants
Gasoperate
Cycleon combined
can cycles,
be found in and
Tablemany moreCengel,
A-17, e isting steam
Y. A.,or& Boles, M. A. (2015).
Thermodynamics An Engineering Approach Eight Edition
in

Combustion
Process 5-6: Isentropic compression (in a compressor)
chamber
as
P6 turbine
rp = = 12.7 as cycle
P5
Compressor

P6 = 12.7(P5 ) = 12.7(100kPa) = 1270 kPa as

Air eat e changer . cycle
8 in
in
E haust
(k−1) gases
(k−1) 8
T6 P6 k P7 k T7
=( ) =( ) =
T5 P5 P8 T8 Steam
2 Steam turbine
cycle Steam
(k−1) cycle
P6 k 2
T6 = T5 ( )
P5 Pump 4
.
out
(1.4−1)Condenser out 4
1270 1.4
T6 = 298K ( ) = 616.01K
100
Combined gas steam power plant.

Process 6-7: Constant-pressure heat addition (in a combustion chamber)

Q in = ṁair (h7 − h6 )
Q in 282, 580 𝐾𝑊 𝐤𝐠
ṁair = = = 𝟐𝟑𝟏. 𝟏𝟑
h7 − h6 (1846.46 − 623.87) kJ 𝐬
kg
kg kJ
Wcomp,in,@ 5−6 = ṁair (h6 − h5 ) = 231.13 (623.87 − 298.18)
s kg

𝐖𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩,𝐢𝐧,@ 𝟓−𝟔 = 𝟕𝟓, 𝟐𝟕𝟔. 𝟕𝟐𝟗𝟕 𝐤𝐖 = 𝟕𝟓. 𝟐𝟑 𝐌𝐖

Process 7-8: Isentropic expansion (in a turbine)

P7 = P6 = 1270 kPa

(k−1)
P7 k
T7 = T8 ( )
P8

(1.4−1)
1270 1.4
T7 = 809.15K ( )
100

T7 = 1672.64K

kg kJ
Wgas turb,out,@ 7−8 = ṁair (h7 − h8 ) = 231.13 (1846.46 − 832.03)
s kg

𝐖𝐠𝐚𝐬 𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐛,𝐨𝐮𝐭,@ 𝟕−𝟖 = 𝟐𝟑𝟒, 𝟒𝟔𝟓. 𝟐𝟎𝟓𝟗 𝐤𝐖 = 𝟐𝟑𝟒. 𝟒𝟕 𝐌𝐖

Process 8-5: Constant-pressure heat rejection (Exhaust, without HRSG)

Q out, without HRSG = ṁair (h8 − h5 )
 kg kJ
Q out, without HRSG = 231.13 (832.03 − 298.18)
s kg
𝐐𝐨𝐮𝐭, 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐭 𝐇𝐑𝐒𝐆 = 𝟏𝟐𝟑, 𝟑𝟖𝟖. 𝟕𝟓𝟎𝟓𝐤𝐖 = 𝟏𝟐𝟑. 𝟑𝟗 𝐌𝐖

Process 8-9: Constant-pressure heat rejection (Heat exchange in HRSG)

Q out,HRSG = ṁair (h8 − h9 )
kg kJ
Q out,HRSG = 231.13 (832.03 − 451.8)
s kg
𝐐𝐨𝐮𝐭,𝐇𝐑𝐒𝐆 = 𝟖𝟕, 𝟖𝟖𝟐. 𝟓𝟓𝟗𝟗 𝐤𝐖 = 𝟖𝟕. 𝟖𝟖 𝐌𝐖

Process 9-5: Constant-pressure heat rejection (Exhaust, with HRSG)

Q out, with HRSG = ṁair (h9 − h5 )

kg kJ
Q out, with HRSG = 231.13 (451.8 − 298.18)
s kg
𝐐𝐨𝐮𝐭, 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐇𝐑𝐒𝐆 = 𝟑𝟓, 𝟓𝟎𝟔. 𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟔 𝐤𝐖 = 𝟑𝟓. 𝟓𝟏 𝐌𝐖

Net Work of Brayton Cylcle

𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑔𝑎𝑠 = 𝑊𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏,𝑜𝑢𝑡,@7−8 − 𝑊𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝,𝑖𝑛,@5−6

𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑔𝑎𝑠 = 234.47 MW − 75.23 MW

𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕,𝒈𝒂𝒔 = 𝟏𝟓𝟗. 𝟐𝟒 𝐌𝐖

Process 1-2: Isentropic compression (in a pump)

wpump,in @1−2 = h2 − h1 = v1 (P2 − P1 )
h2 = v1 (P2 − P1 ) + h1
kJ
h2 = 261.33
kg
T2 = T kJ = 60.43℃ = 333.58K
@P=10MPa,h2 =261.33
kg

Process 2-3: Constant pressure heat addition (Superheating steam using HRSG)

Qin,HRSG = ṁsteam (h3 − h2 )

Qin,HRSG 87, 882.5599 kW
ṁsteam = =
h3 − h2 (3375.1 − 261.33) kJ
kg
𝐤𝐠
𝐦̇𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐚𝐦 = 𝟐𝟖. 𝟐𝟐
𝐬

kg kJ
Wpump,in @1−2 = ṁsteam (h2 − h1 ) = 28.22 (261.33 − 251.18)
s kg
𝐖𝐩𝐮𝐦𝐩,𝐢𝐧 @𝟏−𝟐 = 𝟐𝟖𝟔. 𝟒𝟑𝟑 𝐤𝐖 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟖𝟔 𝐌𝐖
Process 3-4: Isentropic expansion (in a steam turbine)
kJ
s3 = s4 = 6.5995
kg − K

s4 = sf + x4 sfg

s3 − sf
x4 = = 0.81507067
sfg

kJ
h4 = hf + x4 hfg = 2172.81
kg

kg kJ
Wsteam turbine,out@3−4 = ṁsteam (h3 − h4 ) = 28.22 (3375.1 − 2172.81)
s kg

Wsteam turbine,out@3−4 = 𝟑𝟑, 𝟗𝟐𝟖. 𝟔𝟐𝟑𝟖 𝐤𝐖 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟗𝟑 𝐌𝐖

Process 4-1: Constant pressure heat rejection (in a condenser)

kg kJ
Qout = ṁsteam (h4 − h1 ) = 28.22 (2172.81 − 251.18)
s kg

𝐐𝐨𝐮𝐭 = 𝟓𝟒, 𝟐𝟐𝟖. 𝟑𝟗𝟖𝟔 𝐤𝐖 = 𝟓𝟒. 𝟐𝟑 𝐌𝐖

Net Work of Rankine Cycle

Wnet,steam = Wsteam turbine,out@3−4 − Wpump,in @1−2

Wnet,steam = 33.93 MW − 0.286 MW

𝐖𝐧𝐞𝐭,𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐚𝐦 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟔𝟔𝟒 𝐌𝐖

Mass Flow Rate of Cooling Water

Qout = ṁcooling water cp (T2 − T1 )

Qout
ṁcooling water =
cp (T2 − T1 )

Where isobaric specific heat of water at 60.43oC is 4.19 kJ/kg.K

Tcold water out = 32℃ = 305.15 K in the cooling tower,

54, 228.3986 kW
ṁcooling water =
kJ kJ
4.19 (333.58 − 305.15 )
kg − K kg
𝐦̇𝐜𝐨𝐨𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫 = 𝟒𝟓𝟓. 𝟐𝟒 𝐤𝐠/𝐬

Ideal Combined Power

 Wnet = Wnet,gas + Wnet,steam
Wnet = (159.24 + 33.664)MW = 𝟏𝟗𝟐. 𝟗𝟎𝟒 𝐌𝐖

Thermal Efficiency
Brayton Cycle
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑛𝑒𝑡
η𝑡ℎ,𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑦𝑡𝑜𝑛 =
𝑄 𝑖𝑛
159.24𝑀𝑊
η𝑡ℎ,𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑦𝑡𝑜𝑛 =
282.58𝑀𝑊
𝛈𝒕𝒉,𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒚𝒕𝒐𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟔𝟑𝟓𝟐𝟏 = 𝟓𝟔. 𝟑𝟓%

Rankine Cycle
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑛𝑒𝑡
η𝑡ℎ,𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒 =
𝑄 𝑖𝑛
33.664𝑀𝑊
η𝑡ℎ,𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒 =
87.88𝑀𝑊
𝛈𝒕𝒉,𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟖𝟑𝟎𝟔 = 𝟑𝟖. 𝟑𝟏%
Combined Thermal Efficiency

η𝑡ℎ = η𝑡ℎ,𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑦𝑡𝑜𝑛 + η𝑡ℎ,𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒 − η𝑡ℎ,𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑦𝑡𝑜𝑛 η𝑡ℎ,𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒

η𝑡ℎ = 0.563521 + 0.38306 − (0.563521 × 0.38306)

𝛈𝒕𝒉 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟔𝟔𝟏𝟐 = 𝟕𝟔. 𝟔𝟏%
Summary of Combined Cycle Calculations
Power Plant
Electrical Power Output 150 MW (Combined Cycle)
105.7 MW (Simple Cycle)

Ideal Power Output 159.24 MW (Gas Cycle)

33.664 MW (Steam Cycle)
192.904 (Combined Cycle)

Gas Cycle Constituents

Work input (compressor) 75.23 MW
Work output (gas turbine) 234.47 MW
Heat input (combustion 282.58 MW
chamber)
HRSG – heat transfer 87.88 MW

Steam Cycle Constituents

Work input (pump) 0.286 MW
Work output (steam turbine) 33.93 MW
Heat rejected (condenser) 54.23 MW

Resources
Mass flowrate of fuel 5.65016 kg/s
 Mass flowrate of air 231.13 kg/s
Mass flowrate of steam 28.22 kg/s
Mass flow rate of cooling water 455.24 kg/s

Thermal Efficiencies
Brayton Cycle 56.35%
Rankine Cycle 38.31%
Combined Cycle 76.61%

III. Environmental, Health and safety, Social and Ethical concerns

Human Health:
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) pollution is produced by burning fossil fuels with coal and oil-
fired power plants. At the combined cycle power plant (CCPP), the state electricity
company has the largest role in SO2 production. In addition, SO2 can cause respiratory
tract dysfunction, decreased lung function, eye irritation, throat irritation, and coughing at
certain concentrations. [8]

Impacts on Natural Environment:

Combined-cycle technology generates electricity using both a gas turbine and a
steam turbine while using natural gas, a fuel with a lesser environmental effect than other
fossil fuels. The gas turbine exhaust heat is utilized to produce steam, generating power
twice and reducing waste.
(i) Habitats of endangered/ precious species may be lost for construction of a power
plant.
(ii) Reclamation, if required, for construction of a power plant/port would have
impacts on aquatic organisms.
(iii) Intake of substantial amounts of cooling water may have impacts on the
reproduction of aquatic organisms.
(iv) Thermal effluents may have impacts on aquatic organisms.

Impacts on Social Environment:

(i) Involuntary resettlements may be required to obtain a land for a power plant.
(ii) Cultural heritages/ landscape for tourism may be impacted.
(iii) Intake of substantial amounts of cooling water may have impacts on fishery (ex.
entrainment of eggs & larvae, screen impingements).
(iv) Substantial amounts of thermal effluents may have impacts on the reproduction of
commercial fish.

Other Concerns:
(i) Noise & vibration and air & water pollution during construction may have impacts
on surrounding environment.
(ii) NOx in the flue gas may cause air pollution.
(iii) Noise & vibration from operation may have impacts on local people.