SYBA मराठ्यांचा इतिहास-2

àH$aU 4 : N>ÌnVtMr àemgZì¶dñWm 89
4.0 àñVmdZm 89
4.1 C{Ôï>o 90
4.2 {df¶ {ddoMZ 90
4.3 gmam§e 101
4.4 ‘hÎdmMo eãX 102
4.5 gamdmgmR>r àíZ 103
4.6 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$ 104
àH$aU 5 : N>ÌnVr g§^mOramOm§Mr H$m‘{Jar 107

5.0 àñVmdZm 107
5.1 C{Ôï>o 107
5.2 {df¶ {ddoMZ 108
5.3 gmam§e 118
àH$aU 6 : ‘amR>çm§Mo ñdmV§Í¶¶wÕ 123

6.0 àñVmdZm 123
6.1 C{Ôï>o 124
6.2 {df¶ {ddoMZ 124
6.3 gmam§e 131
àH$aU 7 : ‘amR>m gÎmoMr nwZñWm©nZm d {dñVma 135

7.0 àñVmdZm 135
7.1 C{Ôï>o 135
7.2 {df¶ {ddoMZ 136
7.3 gmam§e 148
àH$aU 8 : ~mimOr ~mOramd noedo Am{U nm{ZnVMm aUg§J«m‘ 153
8.0 àñVmdZm 153
8.1 C{Ôï>o 154
8.2 {df¶ {ddoMZ 154
8.3 gmam§e 167
àH$aU 9 : ‘amR>m gÎmoMr nwZñWm©nZm 171

9.0 àñVmdZm 171
9.1 C{Ôï>o 171
9.2 {df¶ {ddoMZ 172
9.3 gmam§e 182
àH$aU 10 : Xþgao ~mOramd noedo Am{U ‘amR>m gÎmoMm AñV 187

10.0 àñVmdZm 187
10.1 C{Ôï>o 188
10.3 gmam§e 201
àH$aU 11 : noedoH$mbrZ àemgZì¶dñWm 205

11.0 àñVmdZm 205
11.1 C{Ôï>>o 206
11.2 {df¶ {ddoMZ 206
11.3 gmam§e 217
àH$aU 12 : noedoH$mbrZ g‘mOOrdZ 221
12.0 àñVmdZm 221
12.1 C{Ôï>o 221
12.3 gmam§e 246
‘amR>m gÎmoMr nwZñWm©nZm d
{dñVma
àH$aU 7 : ‘amR>m gÎmoMr nwZñWm©nZm d {dñVma ‘amR>m gÎmoMr nwZñW-
m©nZm d {dñVma
NOTES
aMZm
7.0 àñVmdZm
9.1 C{Ôï>o
7.2 {df¶ {ddoMZ
7.2.1 N>ÌnVr emhÿ§Mr gwQ>H$m Am{U ‘hmamUr Vmam~mBªer g§Kf©
7.2.2 ~miOr {dídZmW noedo ¶m§Mm CX¶: Mm¡WB© - gaXoe‘wIr
7.2.1 ~mOramd noedo Am{U ‘amR>rgÎmoMm CÎma d X{jUoVrb gÎm{dñVma
7.3 gmam§e
7.4 ‘hÎdmMo eãX
7.5 gamdmgmR>r àíZ
7.6 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$
7.0 àñVmdZm
"‘amR>m gÎmoMr nwZñWm©nZm d {dñVma' ¶m àH$aUm‘Ü¶o ‘wKb~mXemh Am¡a§JOo~mÀ¶m
{ZYZmZ§Va ‘wKb d ‘amR>m amOdQ>r‘Ü¶o gwê$ Pmbobo gÎmm§Va. àm‘w»¶mZo ‘wKbm§À¶m
H¡$XoVyZ emhÿamOm§Mr Pmbobr gwQ>H$m Am{U gwê$ Pmbobm gÎmmg§Kf©, emhÿamOm§Mo gÎmmJ«hU
Am{U ~mimOr {dídZmWm§Mm CX¶ d Ë¶m§Mr H$m‘{Jar, ~mimOr {dídZmWm§À¶m ‘¥Ë¶yZ§Va
~mOramdm§Mm noedo åhUyZ Pmbobm CX¶ Am{U ‘amR>mgÎmoMm CÎma d X{jUoV Pmbobm
{dñVma ¶m à‘wI ‘wÚm§À¶m AmYmao {ddoMZ H$ê$Z ‘amR>mgÎmoÀ¶m {dñVmamMm AmT>md KoVbm
Amho.
7.1 C{Ôï>o
Am¡a§JOo~ ~mXemhÀ¶m ‘¥Ë¶yZ§VaÀ¶m amOH$s¶ KS>m‘moS>tMm AmT>mdm KoUo. emhÿamOm§À¶m
gwQ>Ho$Z§Va ‘amR>çm§À¶m gÎmmg§KfmªMm ‘mJmodm KoUo. emhÿamOm§Mm {dO¶ Am{U gÎmmJ«hUmMr
dmQ>Mmb g‘OyZ KoUo. ‘amR>mamÁ¶mÀ¶m nwZñWm©nZoÀ¶m à{H«$¶oVrb ~mimOr {dídZmWm§Mo
¶moJXmZ d noedmB©À¶m CX¶mMr nmíd©^y‘r OmUyZ KoUo. n{hbo ~mOramd noedo Am{U
‘amR>mgÎmoÀ¶m {dñVmamMr ^y{‘H$m, YmoaUo d ‘mo{h‘m ¶m amOH$s¶ KS>m‘moS>tda àH$me
Q>mH$Uo,
Self-Instructional
Material 135
‘amR>m gÎmoMr nwZñWm©nZm
d {dñVma 7.2 {df¶ {ddoMZ
NOTES
7.2.1 N>ÌnVr emhÿ§Mr gwQ>H$m Am{U ‘hmamUr Vmam~mBªer g§Kf©
emhÿamOm§Mr ‘wKbm§À¶m H¡$XoVyZ gwQ>H$m
gZ 1689 ‘Ü¶o ‘amR>çm§Mr amOYmZr am¶JS> ‘wKbm§À¶m Vmã¶mV Joë¶mnmgyZ ¶ogy~mB©,
{edmOr (g§^mOrnwÌ) d N>ÌnVtÀ¶m Hw$Qw>§~mVrb AZoH$ ì¶³Vr ‘wKbm§À¶m H¡$XoV hmoË¶m,
20 ’o$~«wdmar, 1507 amoOr Ah‘XZJa ¶oWo Am¡a§JOo~mMm ‘¥Ë¶y Pmbm. ¶m KQ>Zo‘wio XmoZ
‘hÎdmÀ¶m KQ>Zm KS>ë¶m.
1. ‘wKb Am{U ‘amR>o ¶m§À¶mV gwê$ Agbobm g§Kf© Wm§~bm.
2. {XëbrMr JmXr {‘i{dÊ¶mgR>r Am¡a§JOo~mÀ¶m dmagm§‘Ü¶o g§Kf© gwê$ Pmbm.
(emhZmXm ‘h§‘X AmÁO‘ - AmO‘emh ¶mZo Ah‘XZJa ¶oWo ¶oD$Z 14 ‘mM©,
1707 amoOr ñdV:bm ~mXemh åhUyZ Kmo{fV Ho$bo.) Amnbr gÎmm {ZYm}H$ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r
AmO‘emh {XëbrÀ¶m amoImZo {ZKmbm AgVmZm H¡$XoV Agboë¶m emh§ÿMo H$m¶ H$am¶Mo
Agm àíZ AmOemhbm nS>bm. AmO‘emhMr N>mdUr Zo‘mS> àm§VmV ^monmiOdirb
Xmoamhm ¶m {R>H$mUr AgVmZm Pwpë’$H$maImZmÀ¶m AmJ«hmdê$Z AmO‘emhZo 8 ‘o, 1707
amoOr emhÿamOm§Zm H¡$XoVyZ ‘w³V$ Ho$bo. emhÿ§À¶m gwQ>Ho$~m~V Im’$sImZ Ago {b{hVmo H$s,
"{edmOr§Mm ZmVy amOm emhÿ ¶mO~amo~a Ppë’$H$maImZmMo Img Am{U K{Zð> g§~§Y hmoVo.
nydunmgyZM Vmo emhÿ§À¶m gd© H$ma^mamH$S>o AmñWmnyd©H$ bj XoV Ago. Pwpë’$H$maImZmZo
AmO‘emhbm {dZ§Vr H$ê$Z, emhÿ Am{U Ë¶mMo H$mhr gmo~Vr ¶m§Zm ‘w³V$ H$a{dbo.
emhÿamOm§À¶m gwQ>Ho$À¶m àg§Jr emhÿ Am{U AmO‘emhm ¶m§À¶mV EH$ H$ama Pmbm. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o,
emhÿ§Zm ‘wKbm§À¶m X{jUoH$S>rb gwä¶m§À¶m dgwbrMo A{YH$ma {Xbo Jobo. Ë¶mgmR>r, 1-
~mXemhr Vmã¶mV amhÿZ X{jUoV amÁ¶ H$amdo. àg§J nS>ob Voìhm ~mXemhMr ‘XV H$amdr.
‘wKbm§À¶m X{jUoH$S>rb ~wèhmUnya, ImZXoe, {dX^©, Jm|S>dZ, h¡Xam~mX d H$Zm©Q>H$ ¶m
ghm gwä¶m§V Mm¡WmB©, gaXoe‘wIr dgyb H$amdr. ¶ogy~mB© d BVa ‘§S>itZm ~mXemhH$S>o
Amobrg R>odmdo. ¶m H$amamÀ¶m gZXm ‘mJmdyZ nmR>{dÊ¶mV ¶oVrb. BË¶mXr VaVwXtMm
g‘mdoe hmoVm. B.g.1707 ‘Ü¶o emhÿ Am{U AmO‘emhm ¶m§À¶mV Pmbobm H$ama hm EH$m
AWm©Zo ‘amR>m amÁ¶mÀ¶m {dñVma à{H«$¶oMr Zm§Xr hmoVr, Ago åhQ>ë¶mg J¡a hmoUma Zmhr.
emhÿ Am{U Vmam~mB© g§Kf© :
g§^mOrnwÌ {edmOr (emhÿ) ¶mMr ‘wKbm§À¶m H¡$XoVyZ Pmbobr gwQ>H$m ho ‘amR>m
amÁ¶mVrb g§Kfm©Mo H$maU ~Zbo. ‘amR>çm§À¶m amOH$maUmV emhÿ Am{U Vma~mB© Ago
nañna{damoYr {hVg§~§Y Agbobo XmoZ nj CX¶mbm Ambo. emh§ÿMo ‘hmaï´>mV AmJ‘Z hmoVmM
AZoH$ ‘amR>m gaXmam§Zr Ë¶m§Mo ñdmJV Ho$bo. ‘wKbm§{déÕ ~§S> H$aUmam ‘mohZqgJ amdi hm
Self-Instructional gd©àW‘ {~OJS> ¶oWo emh§yZm ¶oD$Z {‘imbm. emhÿ VmnrÀ¶m H$mR>r gwbVmZnya ¶oWo Ambo
Material 136 AgVmZm bm‘H$mZr ¶oWrb gwOZqgh amdi, A‘¥Vamd H$X‘~m§S>o, ~moH$sb, nwa§Xao, A~y
nm§S>o BË¶mXr gaXma emhÿbm ¶oD$Z {‘imbo. Owb¡ 1707 n¶ªV emhÿ ImZXoemVM hmoVo. ‘amR>m gÎmoMr nwZñW-
¶m H$mbmdYrV nagmoOr ^mogbo, Zo‘mOr qeXo, h¡~Vamd qZ~miH$a, éñVw‘amd OmYd, m©nZm d {dñVma
{M‘UmOr Xm‘moXa BË¶mXr ~bmT>ç gaXma emhÿamOm§g ¶oD$Z {‘imbo. Am°JñQ> 1707 ‘Ü¶o
emhÿ Ah‘XZJa ¶oWo Ambo. Ë¶mZ§Va emhÿ§Zr, "AmnUM ‘amR>m amÁ¶mMo dmag AmhmoV.' NOTES
Ago Ë¶m§Zr Kmo{fV Ho$bo. ¶m gw‘mamg gmVmam ho ‘amR>çm§Mo amOYmZr hmoVr. VoWyZM
‘hmamUr Vmam~mB© amÁ¶H$ma^ma nmhmV AgV. emhÿ§Zr ‘amR>mamÁ¶mÀ¶m dmagm~m~VMr
KmofUm Ho$ë¶m‘wio Ë¶m§Zr emhÿ§Zm {damoY H$aÊ¶mMo R>a{dbo. emhÿ ho g§^mOramOm§Mo ‘wbJm
ZgyZ Vmo VmoV¶m Amho, Ago Vmam~mBªZr Omhra Ho$bo. ‘amR>çm§À¶m JmXrda Amnbm ‘wbJm
{edmOr (amOmam‘nwÌ) ¶mMmM h³H$ Amho. Agm Vmam~mBªMm Xmdm hmoVm. Ë¶m§À¶m ‘Vo
{edmOramOm§Zr ñWmnZ Ho$bobo ‘amR>m ñdamÁ¶ g§^mOr§À¶m ‘¥Ë¶y~amo~a d amOYmZr am¶JS>
‘wKbm§Zr KoVë¶mZ§Va g§nwï>mV Ambo. amOmam‘m§Zr ñdnamH«$‘mZo ZdrZ amÁ¶ g§nmXZ Ho$bo.
Ë¶m‘wio ‘amR>mamÁ¶mda g§^mOr§Mm ‘wbJm emhÿ ¶mÀ¶mnojm amOam‘mMm ‘wbJm {edmOr
¶mMmM h³H$ Amho. ¶mdoir Vmam~mBªÀ¶m njmV naewam‘n§V à{V{ZYr, am‘M§Ðn§V A‘mË¶
d YZmOr OmYd ¶m§gmaIr ‘mVã~a ‘§S>ir hmoVr. Vmam~mBªZr YZmOr OmYd ¶mÀ¶mH$S>o
goZmn[VnX {Xbo hmoVo. Vmam~mBªZr ‘amR>çm§À¶m ñdmV§Í¶¶wÕmV ‘wKb gÎmo{déÕ Omo g§Kf©
Ho$bm hmoVm. Vo nmhVm ‘amR>m amÁ¶mdarb Amnë¶m ‘wbmMm h³H$ gmoS>Ê¶mg Ë¶m V¶ma
ZìhË¶m. Ë¶m‘wio Ë¶m§Zr emh§ÿMm amOJmXrdarb h³H$ A‘mÝ¶ Ho$bm Am{U Ë¶m§Zm {damoY
H$aÊ¶mMo YmoaU ñdrH$mabo.
IoS>Mr bT>mB© :
(12 Am°ŠQ>m|~a, 1707) Am°ŠQ>mo§~a 1707 ‘Ü¶o emhÿ ZJabm AgVmZmM Vmam~mBªMo
g¡Ý¶ Amnë¶mda Mmb H$ê$Z ¶oV Amho ¶mMr ‘m{hVr Ë¶m§Zm {‘imbr. Ë¶m‘wio emhÿ§Zr
nwÊ¶mÀ¶m X{jUog IoS> ¶m Jmdr OmD$Z Amnbm Vi R>moH$bm. emhÿ IoS> ¶oWo AgVmZm
Vma~mBªZr goZmnVr YZmOr OmYd ¶mg ’$m¡O KoD$Z emhÿ§da MmbyZ OmÊ¶mMr Amkm
Ho$br. YZmOr~amo~a naewam‘ qÌ~H$hr ‘mo{h‘oV gm‘rb Pmbm. ¶m gaXmam§Zr IoS>n¶ªV
emh§ÿMm nmR>bmJ Ho$bm. IoS> ¶m {R>H$mUr àË¶j ¶wÕ H$aÊ¶mEodOr emhÿ§Zr Vmam~mBªMm
goZmnVr YZmOr OmYd ¶mbmM Amnë¶m njmV gm‘rb H$ê$Z KoVbo. Ë¶mZ§Va naewam‘
qÌ~H$mZo ñdV:À¶m {h‘Vrda H$mhr H$mi bT>m {Xbm. na§Vw Ë¶mMm {Q>H$md Z bmJë¶mZo
naewam‘n§Vm§Zm nam^d nËH$ê$Z niyZ Omdo bmJbo. dmagm g§Kfm©Vrb n{hë¶mM bT>mB©V
emhÿ§Zm {dO¶ {‘imbm. IoS>À¶m ¶m bT>mB©V {‘imboë¶m {dO¶mV namH«$‘mnojm ‘wËgÔo{Jar
‘hÎdmMr R>abr. IoS>À¶m bT>mB©V Vmam~mBªÀ¶m g¡Ý¶mbm nam^d nËH$amdm bmJbm. Va ¶m
{dO¶m‘wio emh§ÿMm AmË‘{dedmg dmT>bm.
emhÿ§Zr ñdamÁ¶mVrb ‘hÎdmMo {H$ëbo qOHy$Z KoVbo :
YZmOr OmYdm§gmaIm Pw§Oma goZmnVr emhÿ§À¶m JQ>mV gm‘rb Pmbm. Ë¶mÀ¶m ~amo~aM
I§S>mo ~ëbmi d ~mimOr {dídZmW ^Q> hohr emh§ÿH$S>o Ambo. emhÿamOm§Zr YZmOrg
goZmnVr nX {Xbo Va I§S>mo ~ëbmi ¶mg {MQ>[Ugr {Xbr. Ë¶mZ§Va emh§ÿZr AmH«$‘H$ YmoaU
ñdrH$mê$Z ñdamÁ¶mVrb ‘hÎdmMo {H$ëbo qOHy$Z KoÊ¶mMo R>a{dbo.
emh§ÿZr gd©àW‘ amo{hS>m {H$ëbm Vmã¶mV KoVbm. ¶mdoir e§H$amOr Zmam¶U g{Md ho
amo{hS>çmda hmoVo. emhÿ Am{U Vam~mB© ¶m§À¶mVrb dmagmg§Kfm©‘wio g{Mdmbm Y³H$m ~gbm Self-Instructional
Material 137
‘amR>m gÎmoMr nwZñWm©nZm d Ë¶mZo AmË‘hË¶m Ho$br. Ë¶mZ§Va emhÿ§Zr Ë¶mÀ¶m Hw$Qw>§~mMo gm§ËdZ H$ê$Z e§H$amOrMm
d {dñVma VmÝhm ‘wbJm - Zmamo e§H$a ¶mg g{MdnX {Xbo. amo{hS>çmÀ¶m àmßVrZ§Va emh§ÿZr VmaoUm,
amOJS>, am¶JS>,M§XZ-d§XZ ho {H$ëbo {O§Hy$Z KoVbo. Ë¶mZ§Va emh§ÿZr Amnbo bj amOYmZr
NOTES gmVmè¶mH$S>o di{dbo. Xaå¶mZÀ¶m H$mimV Vmam~mBªZr gmVmè¶mÀ¶m ajUmMr O~m~Xmar
naewam‘n§Vm§da gmon{dbr Am{U ñdV: nÝhmim {H$ëë¶mMm Aml¶ KoVbm. Aem n[apñWVrV
emh§ÿZr gmVmam {H$ëë¶mbm doT>m KmbÊ¶mMr V¶mar Ho$br na§Vw gmVmè¶mMm {H$ëboXma eoI
{‘am ¶mZo emhÿ§À¶m Y‘H$sg Km~ê$Z ñdV: {H$ëbm emh§ÿÀ¶m Vmã¶mV {Xbm. emhyamOm§Zr
naewam‘n§V à{V{ZYr ¶mg H¡$X Ho$bo.
emh§ÿMm amÁ¶m{^foH$ :
emh§ÿZr gmVmaMm {H$ëbm qOHy$Z KoVbm. Ë¶mZ§Va Ë¶m§Zr 12 OmZodar, 1708 amoOr
ñdV:g amÁ¶m{^foH$ H$adyZ KoVbm. AmnU ‘amR>m amÁ¶mMo N>ÌnVr Pmë¶mMo g‘ma§^nyd©H$
Omhra Ho$bo Amnbo Aï>àYmZ ‘§S>i Omhra Ho$bo. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o, ~{hamon§V qnJio (‘moamon§V
qnJio ¶m§Mo nwÌ) - noedo, YZmOr OmYd - goZmnVr, Zmamo e§H$a - g{Md, am‘M§Ð nw§S>o
- ‘§Ìr, ‘hmXOr JXmYa- gw‘§V, A§~wamd hU‘§Vo - A‘mË¶, hmoZmOr AZ§V- Ý¶m¶mYre,
‘wÒb ^Q> - n§{S>Vamd ¶m§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVm. nwT>o h¡~Vamd qZ~miH$amg gabîH$a åhUyZ
Zo‘bo.
emhÿamOm§Mm amÁ¶m{^foH$ Pmbm Agbm Var J¥hH$bh Q>mibm nm{hOo ¶m ^y{‘Ho$VyZ
emhÿ§Zr Vmam~mBªMr g‘OyV KmbÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ Ho$bm. Ë¶m§À¶m g‘mYmZmgmR>r dmaUm ZXrÀ¶m
X{jUog Agbobm àXoe - Ë¶mVrb {H$ëë¶m§gh Vmam~mBªMm ‘wbJm {edmOr Xþgam ¶m§À¶m
A{YnË¶mImbr amhrb Ago AídmgZ {Xbo. na§Vw Vma~mBªZr emhÿamOm§Mr ¶moOZm ’o$Q>miyZ
bmdbr. Ë¶m‘wio emhÿ§Zr dmagmàíZ eñÌ~imda gmoS>{dÊ¶mMm {ZU©¶ KoVbm. ’o$~«wdmar
1708 ‘Ü¶o emhÿ§Zr nÝhmiçmbm doT>m KmVbm. na§Vw VËnyduM Vmam~mB© am§JUm {H$ëë¶mÀ¶m
Aml¶mbm {ZKyZ Joë¶m. Ë¶m‘wio emh§ÿZr nÝhmim, nmdZJS> d {demiJS> ho {H$ëbo
Vmã¶mV KoD$Z ‘mM© 1708 ‘Ü¶o am§JÊ¶mbm doT>m KmVbm. na§Vw emhÿ am§JÊ¶mH$S>o ¶oV
AgVmZmM am‘M§Ðn§V A‘mË¶m§À¶m gëë¶mZwgma Vma~mBªZr ‘mbdUH$S>o à¶mU Ho$bo.
Vmam~mBªMm goZmnVr {namOr KmoanS>o ¶mZo Zmamon§Vm§À¶m ‘XVrZo am§JÊ¶mMm {H$ëbm bT>dbm.
nmdgm‘wio emh§ÿZm doT>m CR>dmdm bmJbm. ¶mM H$mimV 27 OyZ, 1708 amoOr dmaUoÀ¶m
H$mR>r dS>Jmd ¶oWo YZmOr OmYdmMm ‘¥Ë¶y Pmbm, hr ~mV‘r g‘Obr. Ë¶mZ§Va emhÿ§Zr
am§JÊ¶mÀ¶m ‘mo{h‘oMr gyÌo nagmoOr ^mogbo ¶mÀ¶mH$S>o gmondyZ Vmo gmVmè¶mbm naV Ambm.
~hmXÿaemhg‘moa ‘amR>mamÁ¶mÀ¶m dmaemMr H¡${’$¶V :
Am¡a§JOo~Mm ‘wbJm emhAmb‘ ¶mZo {XëbrÀ¶m dmagm ¶wÕmV {dO¶ {‘idyZ ñdV:bm
"~hmXÿaemh' hm {H$Vm~ KoD$Z Vmo ‘wKb gm‘«mÁ¶mMm A{YnVr Pmbm. (Am¡a§JOo~
~mXemhÀ¶m ‘wË¶yZ§Va AmO‘emh ¶mZo ñdV:bm ‘wKb ~mXemh åhUyZ Kmo{fV Ho$bo Agbo
Var Ë¶mbm CÎmaoV Joë¶mZ§Va dmagm ¶wÕmbm gm‘moao Omdo bmJbo. Ë¶mV OyZ 1707
‘Ü¶o AmO‘emh Am{U emhbm‘ ¶m§À¶mV bT>mB© hmoD$ Ë¶mV AmO‘emh ‘mabm Jobm.
¶m {dO¶mZ§Va emhAmb‘Zo ~hmXÿaemh hm {H$Vm~ YmaU H$ê$Z ‘wKb gm‘«mÁ¶mMr gyÌo
Amnë¶m hmVr KoVbr. X{jUoV ¶oD$Z ~hmXÿaemhZo H$m‘~j (Am¡a§JOo~mMm {Vgam ‘wbJm)
Self-Instructional ¶mMm h¡Xam~mXOdi nam^d H$ê$Z Ë¶mg R>ma Ho$bo. ¶m g§Kfm©V emh§ÿZr ~mXemhÀ¶m ~mOyZo
Material 138 bT>Ê¶mgmR>r Zo‘mOr qeXo ¶mg nmR>{dbo hmoVo.
B.g.1709 ‘Ü¶o ~hmXÿaemh Ah‘XZJa ¶oWo Ambm AgVmZm emhÿ§Mo à{V{ZYr JXmYa ‘amR>m gÎmoMr nwZñW-
àëhmX Am{U am¶^mZOr ¶m§Zr ~mXemhMr ôQ> KoVbr Am{U X{jUoÀ¶m ghm gwä¶m§À¶m m©nZm d {dñVma
Mm¡WmB© Am{U gaXoe‘wIrÀ¶m gZXoMr ‘mJUr Ho$br. ¶mM doir Vma~mBªMm dH$sb ZJabm
~mXemhH$S>o ¶oD$Z Ë¶mZohr Vmam~mBªÀ¶mdVrZo gZXoMr ‘mJUr Ho$br. ¶mdoir Zì¶mZo dOra NOTES
Pmboë¶m ‘wZr‘ImZmZo Vmam~mBªMm nj ¶mo½¶ ‘mZbm. Ë¶mZwgma ~mXemhZo {ZU©¶ {Xbm. ¶m
{ZU©¶m‘wio ‘amR>çm§À¶m dmagm ¶wÕmbm A{YH$ ~i {‘imbo.
7.2.2 ~miOr {dídZmW noedo ¶m§Mm CX¶ : Mm¡WB© gaXoe‘wIrÀ¶m

gZXm§Mr àmVr : (B.g. 1719)
~mimOr {dídZmWmMo nydm©¶wî¶ :
H$moH$UmVrb amOmnya gwä¶mVrb lrdY©Z ho ~mimOrMo ‘yi Jmd. ¶oWrb ^Q> CnZm‘
Agboë¶m ~«m÷U KamÊ¶mV Ë¶m§Mm OÝ‘ Pmbm. ~mimOr {dídZmWm§Mo nU Oo ‘hmXOrn§V
^Q> ho B.g. 1575 ‘Ü¶o lrdY©ZÀ¶m Xoe‘wIrMm H$ma^ma nmhmV hmoVo. ‘hmXOrn§Vm§Mo
nwÌ naewam‘n§V ho {edmOr ‘hmamOm§H$S>o MmH$argmR>r ¶oUmao ¶m KamÊ¶mVrb n{hbo J¥hñW.
Ë¶m§À¶mH$S>o gaXmaH$s hmoVr. Ë¶m§Mo nwÌ {dgmOrn§V D$’©$ {dídmgamd XoIrb gaXma hmoVo.
~mimOr hm {dgmOrn§Vm§Mm Mm¡Ï¶m Z§~aMm ‘wbJm.
gZ 1680 Z§Va ‘hmamï´>mV amOH$s¶ ApñWaVm AgVmZm ~mimOrn§V lrdY©Z gmoSy>Z
{MniyUbm amhmV hmoVo. nwT>o {MniyUhÿZ doimg ¶m Jmdr ^mZy ¶m n[admamH$S>o Ambo.
^mZy§gh gd© ‘§S>ir Xoemda gmgdS>bm A§~mOrn§V nwa§Xè¶m§H$S>o d VoWyZ nwa§Xè¶m§gh
gmVmè¶mbm Ambr. emhÿamOm§À¶m gwQ>Ho$À¶m d gÎmmg§H«$‘U d J«hUmÀ¶m H$mir ~mimOrZo
‘hÎdmMr H$m‘{Jar ~Omdbr. emhÿamOm hoM ‘amR>mamÁ¶mMm Iam dmag AmhoV, hr ~m~
‘amR>ogaXmam§Zm nQ>dyZ XoÊ¶mV d Ë¶m§Zm emhÿ§À¶m JmoQ>mV ¶oÊ¶mg àd¥Îm H$aÊ¶mMo H$m‘
~mimOrZo Ho$bo. emhÿamOm§Mr gwQ>H$m Pmbr Ë¶mdoir ~mimOr YZmOr OmYd ¶m§À¶m godoV
hmoVm. Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1707 ‘Ü¶o IoS> ¶oWo emhÿ Am{U Vmam~mB© ¶m§À¶mV Pmboë¶m bT>mB©V
Vmam~mBªMm goZmnVr YZmOr OmYdmg emhÿ§À¶m ~mOybm AmUÊ¶mV ~mimOrMr ^y{‘H$m
‘hÎdmMr hmoVr. Ë¶m‘wioM YZmOr OmYd Amnë¶m g¡Ý¶mgh emhÿ§H$S>o Ambm Am{U dmagm
¶wÕmV emhÿamOm§Zm n{hbm {dO¶ {‘imbm. ~mimOrMo H$V¥©Ëd nmhÿZ emhÿ§Zr gZ 1711
gmbr Ë¶mbm "goZmH$Vo©' hm {H$Vm~ {Xbm. nwT>o emh§ÿMo noedo ôadn§V qnJio ¶m§Zm Hw$bm~H$a
Am§J«o ¶m§Zr H¡$X Ho$ë¶mZ§Va emh§ÿZr 1513 gmbr ~mimOrg "nooedo nX' {Xbo. ~mimOrZo
Amnë¶m H$V¥©ËdmÀ¶m, ‘wËgÔo{Jar d namH«$‘mÀ¶m Omoamda noedo nXmbm ‘hÎd àmßV H$ê$Z
{Xbo.
H$moëhmnya H«$m§Vr :
B.g. 1714 ‘Ü¶o Pmbobr H$moëhmnya H$mVr hr ‘amR>çm§À¶m dagm ¶wÕmVrb ‘hÎdmMr
KQ>Zm ‘mZbr OmVo. amOmam‘m§À¶m XmoZ amÊ¶m Vmam~mB© d amOg~mB© ¶m§n¡H$s Vmam~mBªZr
Amnë¶m ‘wbmÀ¶m ZmdmZo amÁ¶m{^foH$ H$ê$Z Ë¶mÀ¶mdVrZo ‘amR>çm§À¶m ñdmV§Í¶mMm bT>m
bT>{dbm Va 1714 gmbr amOg~mBªZr Amnbm nwÌ g§^mOr ¶mg H$moëhmnyaÀ¶m JmXrda
~g{dbo. Am{U Vam~mB© d Ë¶m§Mm nwÌ {edmOr ¶mg H¡$XoV Q>mH$bo. ¶m KQ>ZoZ§Va Vmam~mB©g Self-Instructional
Amnbo Cd©[aV Am¶wî¶ H¡$XoVM H$mT>mdo bmJbo. Va amOg~mB© d g§^mOr ¶m§Zr emh§ÿZm Material 139
‘amR>m gÎmoMr nwZñWm©nZm {damoY H$aUMo YmoaU nwT>o Mmby R>odbo. na§Vw amOg~mB© ¶m {deof H$V©¥ËddmZ Zgë¶mZo
d {dñVma AZoH$ gaXma emhÿ§À¶m njmg ¶oD$Z {‘imbo. Ë¶m‘wio AënmdYrVM emhÿ§Mm nj ~bembr
~Zbm. hr KQ>Zm ~mimOrÀ¶m noedonXmÀ¶m H$ma{H$Xr©V KS>br.
NOTES ~mimOrÀ¶m namH«$‘m‘wioM Aï>àYmZ ‘§S>imVrb BVa àYmZ à^mdhrZ Pmbo Am{U
noedo nXmMo ‘hÎd dmTy>Z "noedmB©' ¶m ZmdmZo ‘amR>çm§À¶m amOH$maUmV gÎmoMo Zdo H|$Ð
{Z‘m©U Pmbo. B.g.1713 Vo 1818 ¶m H$mimV ‘amR>çm§À¶m amOH$maUmV noedo nXmbm
‘hÎd hmoVo. ~mimOr {dídZmWmZo Vma~mBªÀ¶m njmVrb AZoH$ H$V©~Jma gaXmam§Zm emh§ÿÀ¶m
JmoQ>mV gm‘rb H$ê$Z KoVbo. Ë¶mV YZmOr OmYdmg emh§ÿH$S>o AmUyZ Ë¶mbm goZmnVr
nXmda Zo‘UyH$ {‘idyZ {Xbr. Hw$bmã¶mMo H$mÝhmoOr Am§J«o ¶m§Zm emh§ÿÀ¶m njmV gm‘rb
H$ê$Z KoVbo d Ë¶mg Ama‘mamMm à‘wI A{YH$mar nXmda Zo‘yZ "goaIob' hm {H$Vm~
{‘idyZ {Xbm. emh§ÿZm {damoY H$aUmè¶m X‘mOr WmoamV, H¥$îUamd IQ>mdH$a, CXmOr
MìhmU, a§^mOr qZ~miH$a ¶m§gma»¶m ~§S>Imoa ‘amR>m gaXmam§Mo nm[anË¶ Ho$bo ~mimOr
{dídZmW noedo ¶m§Mr ‘amR>mamÁ¶mÀ¶m {dñVa à{H«$¶oVrb ‘hÎdmMr H$m‘{Jar åhUOo
1719 ‘Ü¶o ~mimOrZo {Xëbrbm OmdyZ emhyamOm§gmR>r ñdamÁ¶, Mm¡WmB© d gaXoe‘wIrMr
gZX AmUbr. ‘amR>m gaXmam§À¶m H$V¥©Ëd, em¡¶© d namH«$‘ ¶m§Zm dmQ> ‘moH$ir H$ê$Z
XoÊ¶mgmR>r d ‘amR>m amÁ¶mÀ¶m {dñVmamgmR>r ~mimOrZo "‘amR>m ‘§S>i' hr H$ënZm ‘m§S>br
d à^mdrnUo H$m¶©pÝdV Ho$br. emhÿamOm§Mo AmgZ pñWa H$aÊ¶mgmR>r noedo ~mimOr
{dídZmW ¶mZo ‘wËgÔo{JarÀ¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ Ho$bobo H$m‘ ho noedonXmMr ‘hVr dmT>{dUmao
hmoVo.
‘amR>m - ‘§S>imMr ñWmnZm :
"‘amR>m - ‘§S>i' qH$dm "‘amR>m g§KamÁ¶' hr g§H$ënZm ‘amR>m amOdQ>rÀ¶m
{Za{Zamiçm H$mbI§S>mV CËH«$m§V Pmbobr AmT>iVo. {edmOr ‘hmamOm§À¶m ‘¥Ë¶yZ§Va
‘amR>mamÁ¶mbm gd©g‘mdoeH$ d H$m¶©j‘ ZoV¥Ëd Z {‘imë¶mZo {Z‘m©U Pmboë¶m n[apñWVrV
‘amR>m‘§S>imÀ¶m CX¶mMr à{H«$¶m gwê$ Pmbr. N>ÌnVr amOmam‘m§À¶m H$mimV ‘amR>o gaXmam§Zm
‘wKbm§À¶m àXoemVyZ Mm¡WmB© -gaXoe‘wIr dgyb H$aÊ¶mÀ¶m gZXm {Xë¶m Joë¶m. Ë¶m‘wio
ñdV§Ìd¥ÎmrMo AZoH$ ‘amR>mgaXma CX¶mbm Ambo. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o nagmoOr ^mogbo, qZ~miH$a,
Xm^mS>o, qeXo, KmoanS>o BË¶mXtMm g‘mdoe hmoVm. emhÿamOm§Mr ‘wKbm§À¶m H¡$XoVyZ gwQ>H$m
Pmë¶mZ§Va ‘amR>mamÁ¶mÀ¶m dmagm¶wÕmV ‘amR>m gaXmam§‘Ü¶o ’y$Q> nS>br. H$mhr ‘amR>m gaXma
Vmam~mBªH$S>o, H$mhr emhÿ§H$S>o, H$mhr H$moëhmnyaÀ¶m g§^mOr§H$S>o Va H$mhr gaXma (M§ÐgoZ
OmYd, h¡~Vamd qZ~miH$a, Zo‘mOr qeXo BË¶mXr.) h¡Xam~mXMm {ZOm‘ ¶m ‘amR>çm§À¶m
eÌybm OmD$ {‘imbo. hr ~m~ ‘amR>m gaXmam§Mo ñdV§Ì ApñVËdmMo {ZXoe H$aUmar hmoVr.
‘amR>m gaXmam§Zm ñdamÁ¶mÀ¶m H$m‘r bmdÊ¶mgmR>r Ë¶m§Zm àXoe dmQy>Z XoUo, Amdí¶H$
’$m¡Om C^maÊ¶mgmR>r Ohm{Jar XoUo, hr Cnm¶¶moOZm emhy§Mo noedo ~mimOr {dídZmW ¶m§Zr
gwM{dbr. ñdmWr© CÔoemH$[aVm EH$‘oH$m§er gVV bT>V AgUmè¶m {Za{Zamiçm ‘amR>m
gaXmam§Zm ‘mV¥^y‘rÀ¶m ajUmgmR>r ào[aV Ho$bo. Ë¶m§À¶m‘Ü¶o {dOoË¶mMr ^mdZm {Z‘m©U
H$ê$Z ~{bð> gaXmam§Zm ‘amR>m ‘§S>imV EH$Ì AmUbo. ‘amR>m gaXmam§Mo {hVg§~§Y d ‘amR>m
gm‘«mÁ¶mMo {hVg§~§Y EH$M AmhoV ho Ë¶m gaXmam§Zm nQ>dyZ {Xbo. ‘amR>m ‘§S>im‘Ü¶o
H$mhr gaXmam§H$S>o nydr© Agbobo àm§V VgoM R>odÊ¶mV Ambo. Va ZdrZ gaXmam§Zm ZdrZ
Self-Instructional àm§V XoÊ¶mMr ì¶dñWm Ho$br Jobr. Ë¶mZwgma nagmoOr ^mogbo - ImZXoe d dèhmS>mVrb
Material 140 àXoe; CXmOr ndma - ‘midm; ’$ÎmoqgJ ^mogbo - A³H$bH$moQ>Mr Ohm{Jar; qhXÿamd
KmoanS>o d Ë¶m§Mo ~Yy - JwÎmr d gm§Sy>a; Aer ì¶dñWm Ho$br. H$mhr gaXmam§Zm Zm {H$Vm~ ‘amR>m gÎmoMr nwZñW-
XoD$Z gÝ‘m[ZV Ho$bo. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o H$mÝhmoOr Am§J«o ¶m§Zm Zm¡Xbmdarb ‘w»¶ goZmnVr hm m©nZm d {dñVma
{H$Vm~, VgoM Ë¶m§À¶mH$S>o Agbobo H$moH$UmVrb {H$ëbo d àXoe Ë¶m§À¶mH$S>o H$m¶‘
R>odbo. I§S>oamd Xm^mS>o - goZmnVr; nagmoOr ^mogbo - goZmgmho~ gw^m; d JmoqdXamd NOTES
{MQ>Urg ¶m§g bîH$ar hþÚm XoÊ¶mV Ambm. ‘amR>m ‘§S>im‘wio gaXmam§À¶m‘Ü¶o g§K^mdZoMo
Zdo ~§Y {Z‘m©U Pmbo. Ë¶m§Mr e³Vr d namH«$‘ ¶m§Zm Zdr {j[VOo {‘imbr.
Mm¡WmB© -gaXoe‘wIrÀ¶m gZXm§Mr àmßVr :
(1719) ~mimOr {dídZmW noedo ¶m§À¶m H$m¶m©Vrb d ‘amR>m amÁ¶mÀ¶m {dñVma
à{H«$¶oVrb ‘hÎdmMr KQ>Zm åhUyZ Ë¶mZo {Xëbrbm OmD$Z N>ÌnVr emhÿamOm§gmR>r
AmUboë¶m gZXm§Mm CëboI H$amdm bmJVmo. ~mimOrZo AmUboë¶m g§ZXm§Mo ‘hÎd g‘OyZ
KoVmZm H$mhr ‘wÔo {dMmamV ¿¶mdo bmJVmV.
1. Mm¡WmB© -gaXoe‘wIr Am{U AmO‘emhZo emh§ÿMr H¡$XoVyZ gwQ>H$m H$aVmZm gZ
1707 ‘Ü¶o emhÿ§~amo~a Ho$bobm H$ama.
2. {XëbrÀ¶m JmXrda AmO‘emhg R>ma H$ê$Z ~hmXÿaemh gÎmoda Ambm. Ë¶mZo emhÿ
Am{U Vmam~mB© ¶m§Zr Mm¡WmB©-gaXoe‘wIrÀ¶m h³H$mMr Ho$boë¶m ‘mJUr Ho$br
hmoVr Ë¶mV, Vmam~mBªÀ¶m ~mOyZo {ZU©¶ {Xbm hmoVm. Ë¶m‘wio gZXm§gmR>r nwÝhm
{ÛYmpñWVr {Z‘m©U Pmbr.
3. ‘amR>m amÁ¶mgmR>r Úmd¶mÀ¶m gZXm Am{U {XëbrÀ¶m ~mXemhrda Agbobm ~mXemh
Am{U Ë¶mMm nmR>ramIm ¶m§Mm K{Zð> g§~§Y Agë¶mMo AmT>iVo. {XëbrVrb
~XbË¶m amOH$s¶ n[apñWVrV 17 ’o$~«wdmar, 1712 amoOr ~hmXÿaemhMm ‘¥Ë¶y
Pmbm.
Ë¶mZ§Va Ë¶mMm ‘moR>m ‘wbJm Ohm§Xaemh Pwpë’$H$maImZÀ¶m ‘XVrZo g‘«mQ> Pmbm. ¶m
gw‘mamg {Xëbr Xa~mamV g¡æ¶X AãXþëbm d g¡æ¶X hþgoZAbr ¶m ~§YyMo dM©ñd {Z‘m©U
Pmbo. Ë¶m§Zr Ohm§Xaemh d Pwpë’$H$maImZ ¶m§Zm R>ma H$ê$Z ’$ép»g¶ma ¶mbm OmZodmar
1713 ‘Ü¶o JmXrda ~g{dbo. ¶mM H$mimV {Xëbr Xa~mamV {MZ{H$brOImZ D$’©$ {ZOm‘
- Cë‘wëH$ hm ‘hÎdmH$m§jr ì¶³Vr hmoVm. g¡æ¶X ~§Yy§Zr {ZOm‘mMr admZJr X{jUoÀ¶m
gwä¶mda Ho$br. Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1713 ‘Ü¶o {ZOm‘mZo X{jUoH$S>rb gwä¶mÀ¶m H$ma^mamMr gyÌo
hmVr KoVbr. {XëbrÀ¶m amOH$maUmV emhÿ d ~mimOr {dídZmW ¶m§Zr g¡æ¶X ~§Yy§Zm ‘XV
Ho$br.) e§H$amOr ‘ëhma ZaJw§XH$a ¶m§À¶m ‘Ü¶ñVrZo hþgoZ AbrZo 1718 ‘Ü¶o emh§ÿ~amo~a
Vh Ho$bm. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o nwT>rb AQ>r§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVm.
1. {edmOramOm§Mo amÁ¶ Ë¶mVrb {H$ëë¶m§gh emhÿ§Zm {‘imdo.
2. ~wèhmUnya, ImZXoe, {dX^©, Jm|S>dZ, h¡Xam~mX Am{U H$Zm©Q>H$ ¶m ^mJm§Vrb
‘amR>çm§Zr Zì¶mZo qOH$bobm àXoe Ë¶m§À¶mH$S>o amhmdm.
3. X{jUoVrb ghm ‘wKb gwä¶mVrb Mm¡WmB© d gaXoe‘wIr dgyb H$aÊ¶mMm A{YH$ma
‘amR>çm§Zm Agmdm. Mm¡WmB©À¶m ‘mo~Xë¶mV ‘amR>çm§Zr ~mXemhÀ¶m ajUmgmR>r
15000 n§Yam hOma ’$m¡O {X‘Vrg R>odmdr. Va gaXoe‘wIrÀ¶m ‘mo~Xë¶mV ‘wKb
gwä¶mVrb XamoS>oImoam§Mm Am{U AÝ¶ g‘mOH§$Q>H$m§Mm ‘amR>çm§Zr ~§Xmo~gV H$amdm. Self-Instructional
Material 141
‘amR>m gÎmoMr nwZñWm©nZm 4. H$moëhmnyaÀ¶m g§^mOr§Zm Ìmg XoD$ Z¶o.
d {dñVma
5. ‘amR>çm§Zr Xagmb Xhm bmI én¶o ~mXemhbm I§S>Ur Úmdr.
NOTES 6. ~mXemhZo emhÿ§Mr AmB© ¶ogy~mB©, Ë¶m§Mr nËZr Am{U BVa ZmVodmB©H$ ¶m§Mr ‘w³VVm
H$amdr. ¶m AQ>rMm g‘mdoe hmoVm. ~mXemhH$Sy>Z ¶m VhmVrb AQ>r ‘mÝ¶ Ho$ë¶m
OmVrb Ago AídmgZ g¡æ¶X AbrZo {Xbo. na§Vw hm H$ama ~mXemh ’$éI{g¶a
¶mbm AmdS>bm Zmhr. Ë¶mZo g¡æ¶X ~§Yy {déÕ ¶wÕmMr V¶mar gwê$ Ho$br.
~mimOrMo {XëbrH$S>o à¶mU :
B.g. 1718 ‘Ü¶o g¡æ¶X ~§Y§yer Pmboë¶m VhmZwgma ~mimOrZo 15 hOma ’$m¡O ~amo~a
KoD$Z VhmVrb AQ>rZwgma ‘mJÊ¶m {‘i{dÊ¶mgmR>r d g¡æ¶X ~§Yy§Zm gmhmæ¶ H$aÊ¶mgR>r Owb¡
1718 À¶m gw‘mamg goZmnVr I§S>oamd Xm^mS>o, ¶mXdamd nagUrg, AmZ§X VwH$moOr ndma,
{nbmOr d gQ>dmOr OmYd, ~mOr H$X‘, eoI {‘am, {M‘UmOr Xm‘moXa, ~mimOr ‘hmXod
^mZy, e§H$amOrn§V, BË¶mXr AZoH$ gaXmam§g‘mdoV {XëbrÀ¶m {XeoZo Hy$M Ho$bo ’o$~«wdmar
1719 À¶m ‘Ü¶mg ~mimOrZo ’$m¡Oogh {XëbrV àdoe Ho$bm. Ë¶mdoir ’$éI{g¶a hm
~mXemh hmoVm. g¡æ¶X ~§Yy§Zr ~mXemhbm nH$Sy>Z H¡$XoV Q>mH$bo. Ë¶mZ§Va g¡æ¶X ~§Yy§Zr
EH$m nmR>monmR> EH$ Ago XmoZ amOnwÌ a{’$CX²OrV d a{’$CXm¡bm ¶m§Zm {XëbrÀ¶m V»Vmda
~g{dbo. {X. 15 ‘mM©, 1719 amoOr a{’$CX²OrV ¶m ~mXemhÀ¶m ghrZo ‘amR>çm§er
Ho$boë¶m VhmMr nyV©Vm H$adyZ KoVbr. ‘mM© 1719 À¶m AIoarg ~mimOrZo {Xëbr gmoSy>Z
X{jUoMm ‘mJ© Yabm. 4 Owb¡, 1719 amoOr ~mimOr {dídZmWmZo gmVmam Xa~mamV emhÿ
‘hmamOm§Mr ôQ> KoVbr. ~mimOrZo emhÿamOm§gmR>r ‘wKb ~mXemhH$Sy>Z ñdamÁ¶, Mm¡WmB©,
gaXoe‘wIrÀ¶m gZXm AmUë¶m. VgoM ~mXemhÀ¶m H¡$XoV Agbobo ‘XZqgJ, emh§ÿMr AmB©
¶ogy~mB© d BVam§Mrhr gwQ>H$m Ho$br.
ñdamÁ¶ :
ñdamÁ¶mÀ¶m gZXoZwgma ‘wKb ~mXemhZo {edmOramOm§À¶m ñdamÁ¶mMm dmagXma
åhUyZ emhÿamOm§g ‘mÝ¶Vm {Xbr. Ë¶m‘wio emhÿamOm§À¶m ñdamÁ¶mdarb h³H$mg H$m¶Xoera
‘mÝ¶Vm {‘imbr.
Mm¡WmB© :
Mm¡WmB© åhUOo ‘wKbm§À¶m X{jUoH$S>rb ghm gwä¶mVyZ Mm¡WmB© dgyb H$aÊ¶mMm h³H$$
{‘imbm. Mm¡WmB© åhUOo ñdamÁ¶m~mhoarb àXoemVrb dgyb Pmboë¶m ‘hgwbmÀ¶m EHy$U
CËnÝZmMm EH$MVwWªe ^mJ hmo¶. Vmo KoÊ¶mMm h³H$ ‘amR>çm§Zm {‘imbm.
gaXoe‘wIr :
‘amR>m amÁ¶mVrb gd© Xoe‘wIm§Mm à‘wI åhUyZ N>ÌnVr emhÿ§g X{jUoH$S>rb ghm
gwä¶mVyZ EHy$U ‘hgyb dgwbmÀ¶m 10 Q³Ho$$ ‘hgyb gaXoe‘wIrMo CËnÝZ åhUyZ dgyb
H$aÊ¶mMm h³H$ {‘imbm. ¶m gZXo~amo~aM ~mimOrZo 1689 nmgyZ ~mXemhÀ¶m H¡$XoV
Agbobo ‘XZqgJ, emhÿ§Mr AmB© ¶ogy~mB© d BVam§Mrhr gwQ>H$m H$ê$Z Ë¶m§Zm X{jUoV
Self-Instructional AmUbo.
Material 142
gZXm§Mo ‘yë¶‘mnZ : ‘amR>m gÎmoMr nwZñW-
~mimOrZo AmUboë¶m gZXm§n¡H$s EH$ gZX ñdamÁ¶mMr hmoVr. ñdamÁ¶mÀ¶m gZXo‘wio m©nZm d {dñVma
{edmOr§Zr ñWmnZ Ho$boë¶m ñdamÁ¶mMm gZXera h³H$ emh§ÿZm àmßV Pmbm. ‘wKbm§À¶m
X{jUoVrb ghm gwä¶mV Mm¡WB© d gaXoe‘wIr dgyb H$aÊ¶mMo A{YH$ma ‘amR>çm§Zm {‘imbo. NOTES
¶m gZXm§‘wio emhÿ ‘wKbm§Mm ‘m§S>{bH$ ~Zbo.
7.2.3 n{hbo ~mOramd noedo Am{U ‘amR>mgÎmoMm CÎma d X{jUoVrb

{dñVma
n{hbo ~mOramd noedo :
(1720- 1740) ~mimOr {dídZmWmMr nËZr amYm~mB© hr Zodao ¶oWrb ~d}
KamÊ¶mVrb hmoVr. {Vbm ~mOramd, {^D$~mB©, {M‘mOr d AZw~mB© Aer Mma AnË¶o Pmbr
hmoVr.
~mOramdm§Mm OÝ‘ 18 Am°JñQ>, 1700 amoOr Pmbm. 2 E{àb, 1720 amoOr ~mimOr§Mm
gmgdS> ¶oWo ‘¥Ë¶y Pmbm. Ë¶mZ§Va {X. 17 E{àb, 1720 amoOr d¶mÀ¶m Ad¿¶m 19-20
ì¶m dfu ~mOramdmg H$èhmS>Odirb ‘gya ¶m {R>H$mUr N>ÌnVr emh§ÿZr noedo nXmMr dñÌo
~hmb Ho$br. ~mOramdm§Zr 1720 Vo 1740 n¶ªV noedonXmda H$m‘ Ho$bo. amdoaIoS>r ¶m
{R>H$mUr ‘mo{h‘oda AgVmZmM 1740 ‘Ü¶o Ë¶m§Mo {ZYZ Pmbo.
noedo ~mimOr {dídZmWm§Mr H$m‘{Jar, emh§ÿÀ¶m ‘ZmV Agbobo ~mimOr§Mo ñWmZ
¶m‘wio emhÿamOm§Zr H$moUË¶mhr ~m~tZm ‘hÎd Z XoVm ~mOramdm§g noedonX ~hmb Ho$bo. hr
~m~ {dMmaV ¿¶mdr bmJVo. AWm©V Ë¶m‘mJo ~mOramdm§Mo H$V¥©Ëdhr {VVHo$M ‘hÎdmMo hmoVo.
~mOramdm§Zm bhmZ d¶mVM Amnë¶m {nË¶mH$Sy>Z amOZrVr d ¶wÕZrVrMo YS>o {‘imbo.
~mOramdm§À¶m A§Jr Agbobo gmhg, em¡¶©, H$amarnUm ¶m JwUm§Mm Ë¶m§Zm amÁ¶H$ma^ma
H$aVmZm Cn¶moJ Pmbm hmoVm. ~mimOr {dídZmWmÀ¶m {Xëbr ‘mo{h‘oV Vmo CÎmaoV Jobm
hmoVm. Ë¶m‘wio Ë¶mbm CÎmaoVrb n[apñWVrÀ¶m {d{dYm§Jm§Mm n[aM¶ Pmbm hmoVm. Vmo
‘hÎdmH$m§jr Agë¶mZo ‘amR>m amÁ¶mMm {dñVma ho Ë¶m§Zr Amnbo Yoæ¶YmoaU R>a{dbo.
Ë¶m‘wioM Ë¶mÀ¶m drg dfmªÀ¶m AënH$mimV Ë¶mZo AZoH$ bT>m¶m d ‘mo{h‘m Ho$ë¶m.
‘amR>çm§Mo A§VJ©V amOH$maU, OwÝ¶m ‘amR>m gaXmam§Zm Z Ow‘mZVm ~mOramdm§Zr Amnbo
YmoaU nwT>o Mmb{dbo d nyU©Ëdmg Zobo. ‘wKbm§Mm X{jUoVrb gwôXma {ZOm‘ Cë‘wëH$
¶mÀ¶mer g§Kf© H$amdm bmJbm. nmoV©wJrO, {gÔr ¶m nma§n[aH$ eÌy§Zr S>moHo$ da H$mT>Ê¶mMo
à¶ËZ Ho$bo. ‘amR>mamÁ¶mVrb OwZr gaXma ‘§S>iter Amnbo OwiUma Zmhr ho bjmV KoD$Z
~mOramdm§Zr C‘Úm VéU gaXmam§Mr Zdr ’$ir C^mabr. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o hmoiH$a, qeXo, qhJUo,
nwa§Xao, BË¶mXtMm g‘mdoe hmoVm.
CÎmaoVrb aOnwVm§er g»¶ OmoSy>Z qhXÿnXnmXemhr ñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mMr Ë¶mMr ‘hÎdmH$m§j
hmoVr. A§VJ©V H$bhmZo J«mgboë¶m ‘wKb ~mXemhrÀ¶m ‘wimda Kmd KmbyZ {VMm Zme
H$amdm d VoWo qhXÿnXnmXemhr ñWmnZ H$amdr, hr ~mOramdm§Mr AmH«$‘H$ ^y{‘H$m hmoVr.
Ë¶m‘wio ~mOramdm§Zr CÎmaoV d X{jUoV ‘mo{h‘m H$mTy>Z ‘amR>m amÁ¶mMm {dñVma Ho$bm.
VËH$mbrZ qhXwñWmZmV ‘amR>mamÁ¶mMm R>gm C‘Q>{dÊ¶mMo H$m‘ ~mOramdm§Zr Ho$bo.
Self-Instructional
Material 143
‘amR>m gÎmoMr nwZñWm©nZm ~mOramdm§Mr H$m‘{Jar :
d {dñVma
noedo ~mimOr {dídZmWmZ§Va emhÿamOm§Zr ~mOramdm§g noedo nX {Xbo. ~mOramdm§Zr
NOTES Amnë¶m namH«$‘mÀ¶m, ‘wËgÔo{JarÀ¶m d H$V¥©ËdmÀ¶m Omoamda ‘amR>m amÁ¶mV gwì¶dñWm
{Z‘m©U H$aÊ¶mMm VgoM ‘amR>mgÎmoMm CÎma Am{U X{jUoV {dñVma H$aÊ¶mMo à¶ËZ Ho$bo.
BVHo$M Zìho Va OrU Pmboë¶m d H$Q>H$mañWmZm§Mo joÌ ~Zboë¶m ‘wKb ~mXemhrÀ¶m
‘wimda Kmd KbyZ qhXÿnXnmVemhrMr ñWmnZm H$amdr Aer ‘hÎdmH$m§jm ~miJbr hmoVr.
~mOramdm§À¶m ¶m ^y{‘Ho$‘wio d AmH«$‘H$ YmoaUm‘wio ~mOram§dmg AZoH$ eÌy§Mm gm‘Zm
H$amdm bmJbm. Ë¶mV ~mhç eÌy§à‘mUoM A§VJ©V eÌy§Mmhr g‘mdoe hmoVm. ~mOramdm§À¶m
H$m‘{JarMm ‘mJmodm KoVmZm ho gd© ‘wÔo {dMmamV ¿¶mdo bmJVmV.
AVJ©V eÌy§er gm‘mZm :
emhÿ ‘hmamOm§À¶m gwQ>Ho$Z§Va ‘amR>çm§À¶m amOH$maUmV gwê$ Pmboë¶m dmagmg§Kfm©V
~mOramdm§À¶m H$ma{H$Xr©V H$moëhmnyaÀ¶m g§^mOramOm§Mm àíZ, Ë¶mMo {ZOm‘mer g§JZ‘V d
emhÿ§{damoYr H$madm¶m; ~mOramdm§g noedonX {Xë¶m‘wio {Z‘m©U Pmbobr ‘amR>m gaXmam§Mr
ZmamOr Am{U ~mOram§dmg Pmbobm {damoY, ‘amR>m ‘§S>i amÁ¶ì¶dñWo‘wio gaXmam§Mr
dmT>bobr ‘hÎdmH$m§jm d ñdV§Ìd¥Îmr ¶m‘wio {Z‘m©U Pmbobo àíZ d ~mOramdm§Zm Ë¶m§À¶mer
H$amdm bmJbobm g§Kf©, Am{U emhÿamOm§Mr ZmamOr BË¶mXr ‘wÚm§Mm g‘mdoe H$amdm
bmJVmo.
emhÿ Am{U g§^mOr g§Kf© :
‘amR>amÁ¶mÀ¶m dmagm àíZmVrb N>ÌnVr emhÿ Am{U N>ÌnVr g§^mOr ¶m§À¶mVrb
g§Kf© d g‘Ýd¶mMr KQ>Zm ~mOramdmÀ¶m H$ma{H$Xr©V B.g. 1729 Vo 1731 ¶m H$mbI§S>mV
KS>br. H$moëhmnyaMo g§^mOramOo dmagm àíZmg§X^m©V gm‘monMmamÀ¶m ^y{‘Ho$g AZwHy$b
Zgë¶mZo Ë¶mÀ¶mer ¶wÕ H$aÊ¶mMm {ZU©¶ emhÿamOm§Zr KoVbm. Ë¶mZwgma gZ 1729
‘Ü¶o {gYmoOr WmoamV, amUmoOr KmoanS>o d XmdbrOr gmo‘d§er ¶m§Zm CXmOr MìhmUm{déÕ
nmR>{dbo. CXmOr MìhmUmMm nam^d Pmë¶m‘wio H$moëhmnyaÀ¶m g§^mOramOm§Mm ‘moR>m AmYma
VwQ>bm. Vmam~mB©, amOg~mB© d g§^mOramOm§Mm nap»dma ¶m§Zm emh§ÿÀ¶m gaXmam§Zr H¡$X Ho$bo.
N>ÌnVr emh§ÿZm g‘moa eaUmJVr ñdrH$maÊ¶m{edm¶ g§^mOr§g‘moa Xþgam Cnm¶ am{hbm Zmhr.
g§^mOrZo N>ÌnVr emh§ÿMr àË¶j ôQ> KoD$Z eaUmJVr nËH$abr. XmoZ ^mdm§‘Ü¶o 13 E{àb,
1731 amoOr dmaUoMm Vh hmoD$Z g§Kf© g§nwï>mV Ambm. dmaUoÀ¶m VhmVrb à‘wI H$b‘o
nwT>rbà‘mUo hmoVr.
1. dmaZm ZXrÀ¶m X{jUoH$S>rb Vw§J^Ðon¶ªVMm àXoe Ë¶mVrb JS>H$moQ>m§gh g§^mOrÀ¶m
A{YnË¶mImbr amhrb.
2. Vw§J^ÐoÀ¶m nbrH$S>rb am‘oídamn¶ªVMm àXoe g§^mOr d emhÿ ¶m§À¶m‘Ü¶o g‘mB©H$
h³H$mMm amhrb.
3. H$moßnbMm {H$ëbm g§^mOrg {‘imdm d Ë¶m ‘mo~Xë¶mV g§^mOr§Zr aËZm{Jar
emh§ÿZm Úmdr.
Self-Instructional
Material 144
4. {‘aO, AWUr, VmgJmd Am{U {dOmnya ¶m àm§Vm§Mr R>mUr g§^mOramOm§Zr emh§ÿg ‘amR>m gÎmoMr nwZñW-
ÚmdrV. m©nZm d {dñVma
5. XmoKm§Zrhr EH$‘oH$m§Mo MmH$a nañnam§À¶m nXar R>ody Z¶oV.
NOTES
6. XmoKm§Zrhr ¶wÕàg§Jr EH$‘oH$m§g gmhmæ¶ H$amdo.
¶m H$b‘m§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVm. ‘amR>çm§À¶m B{Vhmgm‘Ü¶o dmaUoÀ¶m Vhmbm {deof ‘hÎd
Amho.
~mOramd Am{U Xm^mS>o g§Kf© :
~mOramd noedo Am{U goZmnVr qÌ~H$amd Xm^mS>o ¶m§À¶mVrb g§Kfm©Mr KQ>Zm hr
{edmoÎma H$mbI§S>mVrb ‘amR>çm§À¶m amOH$maUmVrb ‘hÎdmMr KQ>Zm ‘mZdr bmJVo. ¶m
KQ>Zo‘wio ~mimOr {dídZmWmZo N>ÌnVr emhÿamOm§À¶m H$ma{H$Xr©V, H$m¶m©pÝdV Ho$boë¶m
‘amR>m ‘§S>i ¶m amOH$s¶ g§H$ënZo~m~VÀ¶m n[aUm‘m§da àH$me Q>mH$Vm ¶oVmo. ‘amR>m
‘§S>imÀ¶m aMZoV emhÿamOm§Zr goZmnVr I§S>oamd Xm^mS>o ¶m§À¶mH$S>o JwOamVMm àXoe {Xbm
hmoVm.
8 OmZodmar, 1729 amoOr I§S>oamd Xm^mS>çm§Mm ‘¥Ë¶y Pmbm. Ë¶m‘wio JwOamVMr d
goZmnVrnXmMr gyÌo Ë¶m§Mm ‘wbJm qÌ~H$amd Xm^mS>o ¶mÀ¶mH$S>o XoÊ¶mV Ambr. noedo
~mOramd Am{U qÌ~H$amd Xm^mS>o ¶m§À¶mV {Za{Zamiçm H$maUm§Zr ~o~Zmd Pmbm. {nbmOr
Jm¶H$dmS>, H$X‘~m§S>o, H$mÝhmoOr ^mogbo BË¶mXr gaXmam§Zm hmVmer Kê$Z qÌ~H$amdmZo
noeì¶m{déÕ ~§S> nwH$maÊ¶mMo R>a{dbo. Ë¶mVyZM ~mOramdm§Zr 1 E{àb, 1731 amoOr
JwOamV‘Ü¶o ¶oD$Z S>^B© ¶oWo qÌ~H$amd Xm^mS>çm§À¶m N>mdUrda AMmZH$ hëbm Ho$bm.
Ë¶mV qÌ~H$Or (goZmnVr) ‘mabm Jobm.
{ZOm‘mer g§Kf© :
B.g. 1720 ‘Ü¶o åhUOoM ~mOramdm§À¶m noedonXmÀ¶m gwédmVrÀ¶m H$mimVM
{ZOm‘mMm X{jUoÀ¶m amOH$maUmV CX¶ Pmbm hmoVm. {ZOm‘mZo ‘amR>çm§À¶m Mm¡WB©,
gaXoe‘wIrÀ¶m dgwbm~m~V àíZ {Z‘m©U Ho$bo. ‘amR>çm§À¶m A§VJ©V amOH$maUmV
hñVjon H$ê$Z H$moëhmnyaÀ¶m g§^mOramOmg Amnë¶m ~mOyg H$ê$Z KoVbo. emhÿamOm§g
{damoY H$aUmao, ZmamO Agbobo, ~mOramdm§g noedonX {‘imë¶mZo XþImdbo Jobobo Aem
{Za{Zamiçm H$maUm§Zr XþImdë¶m Joboë¶m ‘amR>m gaXmam§À¶m ‘XVrZo {ZOm‘mZo AZoH$
H$mañWmZo Ho$br. VgoM CÎmaoVrb d {XëbrÀ¶m amOH$maUmVrb ‘amR>çm§Mm dmT>Vm à^md
amoIÊ¶mÀ¶m {Z{‘ÎmmZo ‘amR>o Am{U {ZOm‘ ¶m§À¶mV g§Kf© Pmbm.
~mOramdm§Zr 27 Am°JñQ,> 1727 amoOr {ZOm‘m{déÕ ‘mohr‘ hmVr KoD$Z Am¡a§Jm~mX
Vo OmbZm ¶m àXoemV bwQ>mbyQ> Ho$br. 25 ’o$~«wdmar, 1728 amoOr nmbIoS> ¶oWo Agboë¶m
{ZOm‘mÀ¶m N>mdUrda ~mOramdm§Zr hëbm H$ê$Z {ZOm‘mMr gd© ~mOyZo H$m|S>r Ho$br.
Ë¶m‘wio {ZOm‘mZo eaUmJVr ñdrH$mê$Z ~mOramdm§er Vh Ho$bm. 6 ‘mM©, 1728 amoOr
Pmboë¶m ¶m Vhmg ‘w§Jr-eodJmdMm Vh Ago åhUVmV.
{gÔr d nmoVw©JrO ¶m§À¶mer g§Kf© :
H$moH$UmVrb qhXÿ àOoda {gÔr Am{U nmoV©wJrO ¶m§À¶mH$Sy>Z AË¶mMma hmoV hmoVo. Self-Instructional
Material 145
‘amR>m gÎmoMr nwZñWm©nZm Ë¶m~m~VÀ¶m AZoH$ VH«$mar noedo d emhÿ ¶m§À¶mH$S>o Amë¶m hmoË¶m. Ë¶mV {gÔtZr
d {dñVma {MniyU ¶oWrb naewam‘mMo ‘§{Xa bwQ>bo. ¶m VmËH$m{bH$ H$maUm‘wio emhÿ§Zm H$moH$UmVrb
‘mohr‘ hmVr ¿¶mdr bmJbr. 1732 ‘Ü¶o ~mOramdm§Zr gImoOr Am§J«o ¶m§Mr ôQ> KoD$Z
NOTES ‘mo{h‘oMr AmIUr Ho$br. H$moH$UmVrb ¶m ‘m{h‘oV ’$ÎmoqgJ ^mogbo d ~mOramd ¶m§Mr
^y{‘H$m ‘hÎdmMr hmoVr. ¶m ‘mo{h‘oV ‘amR>çm§Zr amOmnya, Imonar, Vio, Kmogio, {~admS>r,
‘§S>UJS>, ~mUH$moQ> hr {R>H$mUo qOHy$Z KoVbr hmoVr. lr{Zdmg à{V{ZYr, gabîH$a
AmZ§Xamd gmo‘d§er, H¥$îUmOr Xm^mS>o hohr ¶m ‘mo{h‘oV gh^mJr hmoVo. à{VZrYtZr am¶JS>
qOH$bm. 1737 gmbr {M‘mOrAßnmZo nmoVw©{JOm§H$Sy>Z R>mUo qOHy$Z KoVbo d dgB© qOHy$Z
KoÊ¶mgmR>r à¶ËZ Ho$bo. OmZodmar 1739 ‘Ü¶o {M‘mOrAßnmZo ‘mohr‘ qOHy$Z KoVbo.
Vmamnya, Ymamdr qOH$br d dgB© {OHy$Z KoÊ¶mgmR>r à¶ËZ Ho$bo. ì¶§H$Q>amd KmoanS>o ¶m§Zm
Jmodm qOHy$Z KoÊ¶mgmR>r nmR>{dbo.
~mOramdm§À¶m H$mimVrb CÎmaoÀ¶m ‘mo{h‘m :
‘amR>mgÎmoÀ¶m gÎmm{dñVmamV ~mOramdm§À¶m CÎmaoVrb ‘mo{h‘m AZoH$ A§Jm§Zr ‘hÎdmÀ¶m
R>aë¶m. ~mOramd noedo nXmda ¶oÊ¶mnydr© ‘amR>çm§Zr CÎmaoV AZoH$ ñdmè¶m H$ê$Z I§S>Ê¶m
dgyb Ho$ë¶m hmoË¶m.
‘miì¶mdarb ñdmè¶m :
~mOramdm§g noedonX {‘imë¶mZ§Va CÎmaoV à^md {Z‘m©U H$aÊ¶mÀ¶m hoVyZo ’o$~«wdmar
1723 d ‘o 1724 ‘Ü¶o Aem bmJmonmR> XmoZ dfu ‘miì¶mV {eê$Z Mm¡WmB© dgyb Ho$br.
gZ 1728 ‘Ü¶o ~mOramdm§Zr {M‘mOrAßnmÀ¶m ZoV¥ËdmImbr ‘miì¶mMr ‘mohr‘ Ho$br.
¶m ‘mo{h‘oV AßnmZo A‘Poam ¶m {R>H$mUr ‘miì¶mMm gwôXma {JarYa~hmXÿa ¶mMm nam^d
Ho$bm. B.g. 1732 gmbr Owb¡ ‘{hÝ¶mV noeì¶mZo Amnë¶m dVrZo qeXo, hmoiH$a d ndma
¶m§Zm Mm¡WmB© dgyb H$aÊ¶mÀ¶m H$m‘mda Zo‘bo d ‘miì¶mÀ¶m CËnÝZmV dmQ>Ur Ho$br.
‘h§‘XImZ ~§JemMm nmS>md :
gZ 1728 ‘Ü¶o ~mOamdm§Zr ~w§XobI§S>mMm amOm N>Ìgmb ¶mÀ¶m ‘XVrg OmD$Z
3 ‘mM© amoOr ‘wKb gwôXma ‘h§‘XImZ ~§Jembm nidyZ bmdbo. 30 E{àb, 1728
amoOr ‘amR>çm§Zr O¡VmnyaMm {H$ëbm KoVbm. ¶m ‘mo{h‘oV hmoiH$a, {nbmOr OmYd, {dÇ>b
{edXod, XmdbOr gmo‘d§er BË¶mXr gaXmam§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVm. OyZ 1729 n¶ªV ~mOramd
~w§XobI§S>mV hmoVm. ~mOramd noeì¶mZo Ho$boë¶m ‘XVr~Ôb N>ÌgmbmZo ~mOramdm§g EH$
{H$ëbm d VrZ bmIm§Mm ‘wbyI Ohm{Jar åhUyZ {Xbm. Ë¶m‘wio H$mënr, Pmer, gmJa,
Hw§$M, haXoZJa hm ~w§XobI§S>mVrb àXoe ~mOramdm§À¶m ‘mbH$sMm Pmbm. ¶mM àg§Jr
N>ÌgmbmZo ~mOramdm§g EH$ ê$ndVr ñÌr ZOa Ho$br Ago ‘mZbo OmVo. ¶m àXoemMr
ì¶dñWm amIÊ¶mH$[aVm ~mOramdm§Zr JmoqdXn§V Ioa (JmoqdXn§V ~w§Xob) ¶m§Mr Zo‘UyH$ Ho$br.
B.g. 1735 gmbr ‘amR>m ’$m¡Om§Zr CXonya, ZmJmoa, AO‘oa, ê$nZJa BË¶mXr {R>H$mUr hëbo
H$ê$Z I§S>Ur Jmoim Ho$br. {M‘mOrAßnm d {nbmOr OmYd ¶m§Zr ¶‘wZm CVê$Z BQ>mdm d
H$mZnya hr {R>H$mUo bwQ>br.
Self-Instructional
Material 146
~mOramdm§Mr ‘miì¶mMr ‘mJUr : ‘amR>m gÎmoMr nwZñW-
m©nZm d {dñVma
5 ‘mM©, 1736 amoOr ~mOramd Am{U O¶qgJ ¶m§Mr ôQ> Pmbr. ¶mM dfr©
¶mXJmaImZmZo ~mOramdm§Mr ôQ> KoVbr. Ë¶mÀ¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ ~mOramdm§Zr ~mXemhH$S>o gd© NOTES
‘miì¶mMr Ohm[Jar {‘imdr, nÝZmg bmI én¶o IMm©g ÚmdoV. H$mer, à¶mJ, ‘Wwam
BË¶mXr VrW©ñWmZo Am‘À¶m ñdmYrZ H$amdrV d X{jUoÀ¶m ghm gwä¶m§da gaXoenm§S>o åhUyZ
XmoZ Q>³Ho$$ Zdm H$a Amåhmg Úmdm Aem ‘mJÊ¶m Ho$ë¶m. (~mOramdm§Zr ~mXemhH$S>o
Ho$boë¶m ¶m ‘mJÊ¶m ~mOramdm§À¶m ‘hÎdmH$m§joda àH$me Q>mH$VmV.)
~mOramdm§Mr {Xëbrda ñdmar :
Zmoìh|~a 1736 ‘Ü¶o ~mOramd CÎmaoÀ¶m ñdmarda {ZKmbm. Ë¶mZo 80 hOmam§Mr ’$m¡O
Amnë¶m~amo~a KoVbr. ôbgm ¶oWo qeXo d hmoiH$a ~mOramdm§Zm ¶oD$Z {‘imbo. Ë¶m§Zm
~amo~a KoD$Z ~mOramdm§Zr ¶‘wZoÀ¶m ~mOyZo ~mXemhr ‘wbImV àdoe Ho$bm. ‘wKb ’$m¡Oobm
EH$[ÌV ¶oÊ¶mnyduM Ë¶m§Mm nañna g‘mMma KoVbm. ’$Îmonya {eH«$s ¶oWrb ‘wKb ’$m¡Oobm
MwH$dyZ ~mOramd WoQ> {Xëbrbm Ambo. {XëbrVrb ‘wKb goZoer ~mOramdm§Mr Prb
Vbmdmda bT>mB© Pmbr. Ë¶mV ‘amR>m goZoZo ‘wKbm§Zm nam^yV Ho$bo.
{Xëbr dmM{dÊ¶mgmR>r :
Zm{Xaemh ¶m VwH$s© ~mXemhZo {Xëbr qOHy$Z KoÊ¶mgR>r ñdmar Ho$br. 13 ’o$~«wdmar,
17539 amoOr ‘wKb goZoZo Ë¶mÀ¶mda H$Zm©içmÀ¶m Vimdê$Z hëbm Ho$bm. na§Vw Ë¶mV
‘wKbm§MrM hmZr Pmbr. Zm{XaemhZo ~mXemh ‘h‘yXemh, {ZOm‘, gmXVImZ ¶m gdmªZmM
H¡$X H$ê$Z {Xëbrda ñdmar Ho$br. 7 ‘mM©, 1739 amoOr Ë¶mZo {Xëbr {O§Hy$Z ^¶§H$a
ñdê$nmMo AË¶mMma Ho$bo. 100 H$moQ>tMr byQ> Ho$br d Vmo BamUbm naV Jobm. Zm{XaemhÀ¶m
ñdmarMr ~mV‘r emhÿamOm§Zm g‘Oë¶m‘wio nmVemhr dmM{dÊ¶mgmR>r ~mOramdm§g VmVS>rZo
{XëbrH$S>o admZm Ho$bo. na§Vw ~mOramd ~wèhmUnyaOdi Ambm AgVmZmM Zm{Xaemh naV
Joë¶mMr ~mV‘r Ë¶m§Za {‘imbr.
X{jUoVrb ‘mo{h‘m
H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb gÎmm {dñVma :
Am¡a§JOo~À¶m ‘¥Ë¶yZ§Va H$Zm©Q>H$mV gmXþëbm ImZ hm ‘wKb A{YH$mar gÎmm JmOdrV
hmoVm. VgoM H$Zm©Q>H$mV ga’$moOr ^mogbo, JwÎmrH$a ^mogbo d BVa qhXÿ amÁ¶H$V} Ago
XmoZ JQ> hmoVo. gmXþëbmImZ H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb Zdm~m§À¶m ‘XVrZo qhX§ÿZm N>iV hmoVm. Aem
n[apñWVrV {ZOm‘ X{jUoV ¶oV Amho, Aer dmVm© emhÿamOm§Zm g‘OVmM emhÿamOm§Zr
H$Zm©Q>H$ ‘mo{h‘oMo Am¶moOZ Ho$bo. gZ 1725-26 d 1726-27 Aem XmoZ ‘mo{h‘m
H$mT>ë¶m. N>ÌnVr {edmOramOm§Zr qOH$bobm àXoe {‘i{dUo, V§OmdaÀ¶m ga’$moOramOm§g
gmhmæ¶ H$aUo, nw§S> nmioJma d gmXþëbmImZ ¶m§Mm ~§Xmo~ñV H$aUo BË¶mXr CÔoe R>odyZ
H$Zm©Q>H$ ‘mo{h‘oMo Am¶moOZ Ho$bo Jobo. noedo ~mOramd d ’$ÎmoqgJ ^mogbo ¶m§Mr ‘mo{h‘ogmR>r
Zo‘UyH$ Ho$br. ¶m ‘mo{h‘oV à{V{ZYr, qÌ~H$amd Xm^mS>o, gwbVmZOr qZ~miH$a gaXmam§Mm Self-Instructional
Material 147
‘amR>m gÎmoMr nwZñWm©nZm g‘mdoe hmoVm. ~amo~a 50,000 nÝZmg hOmam§Mr ’$m¡O hmoVr. gZ 1725- 26 ‘Ü¶o
d {dñVma ~mOramdm§Zr {MViXþJm©Mr ‘mohr‘ nyU© Ho$br. ¶m ‘mo{h‘oV ~mOramdm§Zr WH$boë¶m I§S>Ê¶m
dgyb Ho$ë¶m. gm|YoH$am§Zr emhÿamOm§Mo dM©ñd ‘mÝ¶ H$ê$Z I§S>Ur XoÊ¶mMo ‘mÝ¶ Ho$bo.
NOTES Ë¶m~Xë¶mV ‘amR>çm§Zr Ë¶m§Mo ajÊ¶mMo ‘mÝ¶ Ho$bo. gZ 1726- 27 ‘Ü¶o lra§JnÅ>UMr
ñdmar hmVr KoVbr. ¶mdoir ~mOramd gm|Xo, bú‘oída ¶m ‘mJm©Zo ~oXZya ¶oWo nmohMbo. ¶m
‘mo{h‘oV ~mOramdm§Zr JwÎmr, gyanya, H$ZH$Xþ>J©, {MViXwJ©, JXJbú‘oída, ¶oWrb à‘wIm§Zr
~mOramdm§Mr ôQ> KoD$Z ‘amR>mamÁ¶mg I§S>Ur XoÊ¶mMo ‘mÝ¶ Ho$bo. VgoM ~mOramdm§Zr
¶m ‘mo{h‘oV 21 bmIm§Mr I§S>Ur Jmoim Ho$br. Ë¶mMdoir {ZOm‘mZo H$moëhmnyaÀ¶m
g§^mOramOmÀ¶m ‘XVrZo nwÊ¶mda ñdmar Ho$br. Ë¶m‘wio ~mOramdm§Zm naV ¶mdo bmJbo.
~mOramdm§À¶m H$m‘{JarMo ‘yë¶‘mnZ :
‘amR>mamÁ¶mMm noedo ¶m ZmË¶mZo ~mOramdm§Zr gZ 1720-1740 ¶m H$mbmdYrV
gVV drg df} A{dlm§V n[al‘ H$ê$Z AZoH$ ‘mo{h‘m H$mTy>Z ‘amR>m gm‘«mÁ¶mMm {dñVma
Ho$bm. {ZOm‘mgma»¶m ‘wËgÔr d YyV© eÌybm Ë¶mZo Zm‘moha‘ Ho$bo. nmoVw©JrO Am{U {gÔr
¶m§À¶m CnX²ì¶mnm§Zm H$m¶‘Mm Amim KmVbm. {Xëbrn¶ªV YS>H$ ‘mê$Z CÎmaoV XheV
{Z‘m©U Ho$br. aOnwVm§er ñZoh àñWm{nV H$ê$Z Amnë¶m amOH$maUmV Ë¶m§Mo ghH$m¶©
KoÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ Ho$bm.
7.3 gmam§e
‘amR>m amÁ¶mMr nwZñWm©nZm d {dñVma ¶m àH$aUm‘Ü¶o emhÿamOm§Mr ‘wKbm§À¶m H¡$XoVyZ
Pmbobr gwQ>H$m Am{U ‘amR>m amÁ¶mV gwê$ Pmbobo dmagm ¶wÕ ¶m§Mm ‘mJmodm KoVbobm
Amho. N>ÌnVr emhÿamOm§À¶m nwZñWm©nZoV d ‘amR>mamÁ¶mÀ¶m {dñVmamMr ¶moOZm ¶mVrb
noedo ~mimOr {dídZmWmMm gh^mJ ñnï> Ho$bobm Amho. ~mOramdm§À¶m H$ma{H$Xr©Vrb
‘amR>mgÎmoÀ¶m {dñVmamMo AmH«$‘H$ YmoaU Am{U ‘amR>mgÎmoÀ¶m {dñVmamMm ‘mJmodm KoVbm
Amho. noedo ¶m ZmË¶mZo ~mOramdm§Zr Ho$bobr H$m‘[Jar, Ë¶mZo A§VJ©V d ~mhç eÌy§er
Ho$bobm g§Kf© d ~mOramdm§À¶m H$m‘{JarMo ‘yë¶‘mnZ Ho$bobo Amho.
7.4 ‘hÎdmMo eãX

N>ÌnVr emh§ÿMo Aï>àYmZ ‘§S>i : emhÿamOm§Zr gZ 1708 ‘Ü¶o amÁ¶m{^foH$
H$ê$Z Amnbo Aï>àYmZ ‘§S>i Omhra Ho$bo. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o, ~{hamon§V qnJio (‘moamon§V
qnJio ¶m§Mo nwÌ) - noedo, YZmOr OmYd -goZmnVr, Zmamo e§H$a - g{Md,
am‘M§Ð nw§S>o - ‘§Ìr, ‘hmXOr JXmYa- gw‘§V, A§~wamd hU‘§Vo - A‘mË¶, hmoZmOr
AZ§V- Ý¶m¶mYre, ‘wÒb ^Q> - n§{S>Vamd, nwT>o h¡~Vamd qZ~miH$amg gabîH$a
åhUyZ Zo‘bo.
H$moëhmnya H«$m§Vr : B.g. 1714 ‘Ü¶o H$moëhmnya H«$m§Vr hr ‘amR>çm§À¶m dmagm
Self-Instructional ¶wÕmVrb ‘hÎdmMr KQ>Zm ‘mZbr OmVo. amOmam‘m§À¶m XmoZ amÊ¶m Vmam~mB© d
Material 148
amOg~mB© ¶m§n¡H$s Vmam~mBªZr Amnë¶m ‘wbmÀ¶m ZmdmZo amÁ¶m{^foH$ H$ê$Z ‘amR>m gÎmoMr nwZñW-
Ë¶mÀ¶mdVrZo ‘amR>çm§À¶m ñdmV§Í¶mMm bT>m bT>{dbm Va 1714 gmbr amOg~mB©Zo m©nZm d {dñVma
Amnbm nwÌ g§^mOr ¶mg H$moëhmnyaÀ¶m JmXrda ~g{dbo Am{U Vam~mB© d {VMm
nwÌ {edmOr ¶mg H¡$XoV Q>mH$bo. ¶m KQ>ZoZoVa Vmam~mBªZm Amnbo Cd©[aV Am¶wî¶ NOTES
H¡$XoVM H$mT>mdo bmJbo. Va amOg~mB© d g§^mOr ¶m§Zr emhÿ§Zm {damoY H$maUmMo
YmoaU nwT>o Mmby R>odbo.
‘amR>m - ‘§S>imMr ñWmnZm : "‘amR>m - ‘§S>i' qH$dm "‘amR>m g§KamÁ¶' hr
‘amR>m amOdQ>rÀ¶m {Za{Zamiçm H$mbI§S>mV CËH«$m§V Pmbobr g§H$ënZm Amho.
emhÿamOm§À¶m H$mimV ~mimOr {dídZmW noedo ¶m§Zr hr g§H$ëZm à^mdrnUo
H$m¶©pÝdV Ho$br. Ë¶m‘wio ‘amR>m gaXmam§Mo em¡¶© d namH«$‘ ¶mg joÌ {‘imbo.
Ë¶mVyZ AZoH$ ñdV§Ìd¥ÎmrMo AZoH$ gaXma CX¶mbm Ambo. Ë¶m§Zr ‘amR>mgÎmoÀ¶m
{dñVmamV ‘hÎdmMr ^y{‘H$m ~Omdbr. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o nagmoOr ^mogbo, qZ~miH$a,
Xm^mS>o, qeXo, KmoanS>o BË¶mXtMm g‘mdoe hmoVm.
ñdamÁ¶ : ñdamÁ¶mÀ¶m gZXoZwgma ‘wKb ~mXemhZo {edmOramOm§À¶m ñdamÁ¶mMm
dmag åhUyZ emhÿamOm§g ‘mÝ¶Vm {Xbr. ñdamÁ¶mdarb emhÿamOm§À¶m h³H$mg
H$m¶Xoera ‘mÝ¶Vm {‘imbr.
Mm¡WmB© : "Mm¡WmB©' hr ‘amR>çm§Zm ‘wKbm§H$Sy>Z {‘imbobr EH$ gZX hmo¶. Mm¡WmB©
åhUOo ñdamÁ¶m~mhoarb àXoemVrb dgyb Pmboë¶m ‘hgwbmÀ¶m EHy$U CËnÝZmMm
EH$MVwWªe ^mJ hmo¶. ¶m gZXoZwgma ‘amR>çm§Zm ‘wKbm§À¶m X{jUoH$S>rb ghm
gwä¶m§VyZ Mm¡WmB© dgyb H$aÊ¶mMm h³H$ {‘imbm.
gaXoe‘wIr : ‘amR>m amÁ¶mVrb gd© Xoe‘wImMm à‘wI åhUyZ N>ÌnVr emh§ÿg
‘wKbm§À¶m X{jUoH$S>rb ghm gwä¶mVyZ EHy$U ‘hgyb dgwbrÀ¶m 10 Q>³Ho$$
‘hgyb gaXoe‘wImMo CËnÝZ åhUyZ dgyb H$aÊ¶mMm h³H$ emhÿamOm§g {‘imbm.
dmaUoMm Vh : N>ÌnVr emhÿamOo Am{U H$moëhmnyaMo N>ÌnVr g§^mOramOo ¶m§À¶m‘Ü¶o
dmagmgmR>r Omo g§Kf© Pmbm. Ë¶mVyZ ¶m XmoKm§‘Ü¶o ‘amR>mamÁ¶mMr àmXo{eH$
{d^mJUr d BVa ~m~tgmR>r 13 E{àb, 1731 amoOr Pmbobm Vh. ¶m XmoÝhr
N>ÌnVtÀ¶m àmXo{eH$ {d^mJUr hr dmaUm ZXr‘Ü¶o R>odyZ Pmbr. dmaUoÀ¶m CÎmaobm
emhÿ Am{U X{jUog H$moëhmnyaMo g§^mOramOo.

A. Imbrb àíZm§Mr WmoS>Š¶mV CÎmao {bhm.
1. emhÿ Am{U AmO‘emh ¶m§À¶mVrb H$amamMo ‘hÎd ñnï> H$am.
2. ‘amR>çm§À¶m gÎmmg§Kfm©Vrb Vmam~mBªMr ^y{‘H$m ñnï> H$am.
3. ‘amR>m ‘§S>im{df¶r ‘m{hVr {bhm.
4. dmaUoÀ¶m VhmMo ‘hÎd ñnï> H$am.
5. ~mOramd Am{U {ZOm‘ ¶m§À¶mVrb g§~§Y ñnï> H$am.
Self-Instructional
Material 149
‘amR>m gÎmoMr nwZñWm©nZm 6. gZ 1731 À¶m S>^B©À¶m bT>mB©{df¶r ‘m{hVr {bhm.
d {dñVma
~. Imbrb àíZm§Mr g{dñVa CÎmao {bhm.
NOTES
1. emhÿ Am{U Vmam~mB© ¶m§À¶mVrb gÎmmg§KfmªMr g{dñVa ‘m{hVr {bhm.
2. noedo ~mimOr {dídZmWm§À¶m H$m‘{JarMm AmT>mdm ¿¶m.
3. Wmoabo ~mOramd noedo ¶m§À¶m gÎmm{dñVmamMo YmoaU ñnï> H$am.

1. AmoH$ à. J., noedo KamÊ¶mMm B{Vhmg, H$m°pÝQ>ZoÝQ>b àH$meZ nwUo, Xþgar Amd¥Îmr,
1991
2. Hw$bH$Ur© -Iao, ‘amR>çm§Mm B{Vhmg, I§S> 2
3. ‘ëhma am‘amd {MQ>Urg {da{MV, hoadmS>H$a (g§nm.) Wmoabo emhÿ ‘hmamOm§Mo M[aÌ
4. ~mimOr {dídZmW noedo
5. ndma O. ^m., ‘hmamUr Vmam~mB©,
6. ~ohao Zm. Ho$., Wmoabo ~mOramd M[aÌ,
7. gaXogmB© Jmo. g., ‘amR>r [a¶mgV, CÎma {d^mJ, ‘w§~B©, 1942 -1945
Self-Instructional
Material 150
~mimOr ~mOramd noedo Am{U
nm{ZnVMm aUg§J«m‘
~mimOr ~mOramd
àH$aU 8 : ~mimOr ~mOramd noedo Am{U noedo Am{U...
nm{ZnVMm aUg§J«m‘ NOTES
aMZm
8.0 àñVmdZm
8.1 C{Ôï>o
8.2 {df¶ {ddoMZ
8.2.1 ~mimOr ~mOramd D$’©$ ZmZmgmho~ noedo
8.2.2 nm{ZnVMo {Vgao ¶wÕ : H$maUo Am{U n[aUm‘
8.2.3 ‘amR>çm§À¶m nam^dmMr H$maUo
8.3 gmam§e
8.4 ‘hÎdmMo eãX
8.0 àñVmdZm
‘amR>m amÁ¶mÀ¶m A{YH$mam~m~V {dMma Ho$bm Va Ago {ZXe©Zmg ¶oVo H$s, emhÿamOm§À¶m
gÎmmJ«hUmZ§Va emhÿamOm§Zr Aï>àYmZ ‘§S>i ñWmnZ Ho$bo. na§Vw ^¡adn§V qnJio ¶m§Zm
Hw$bm~H$a Am§J«o ¶m§Zr H¡$X Ho$ë¶mZ§Va emh§ÿZr ~mimOrMo H$V©¥Ëd, gÎmmJ«hUmÀ¶m H$mimVrb
Ë¶mMo ¶moJXmZ {dMmamV KoD$Z gZ 1713 ‘Ü¶o ~mimOrbm noedonX {Xbo. ~mimOrÀ¶m
‘¥Ë¶yZ§Va Vo nX Ë¶mMm namH«$‘r d ‘wËgÔr nwÌ ~mOramd ~miOr ¶mg {Xbo. ~mOramdm§Zr
‘amR>m gÎmoMm Ho$bobm {dñVma Am{U Ë¶mZo A§VJ©V d ~mhç eÌy§Mm ~§Xmo~ñV Ho$bm hmoVm.
¶m gd© ~m~r {dMmamV KoD$Z N>ÌnVr emhÿamOm§Zr {X. 25 OyZ, 1740 amoOr ~mimOr
~mOramd D$’©$$ ZmZmgmho~ ¶m§Zm noedonX {Xbo Jobo.
~mOramdm§À¶m à^mdmZo ‘amR>mamÁ¶mbm noedmB©Mo ñdê$n àmßV Pmbo hmoVo. nwUo ho ‘amR>m
amÁ¶H$ma^mamMo H|$Ð ~Zbo hmoVo. ZmZmgmho~m§Zr noedo nXmMm ñdrH$ma Ho$bm. Ë¶mdoir
noeì¶m§À¶m O~m~Xmè¶m dmT>ë¶m hmoË¶m. ‘Ü¶ ‘hmamï´> Am{U CÎma H$moH$U hm ^mJ
noeì¶m§À¶m àË¶j dM©ñdmImbr ‘moS>V hmoVm. ImZXoe, ‘midm, ~w§XobI§S> ¶m àm§VmVyZ
Mm¡WmB© dgyb H$aÊ¶mMm A{YH$ma noeì¶m§ZmM {‘imbm hmoVm. ‘amR>m ‘§S>im‘Ü¶o gdmªnojm
A{YH$ g¡Ý¶ noeì¶m§Odi hmoVo. Ë¶m§Mo Am{W©H$ A{YH$mahr ‘moR>o hmoVo. N>ÌnVr emh§ÿÀ¶m
dVrZo eÌwnjmer ¶wÕ dm Vh H$aÊ¶mMm A{YH$ma noeì¶m§H$S>oM hmoVm. EH$m AWm©Zo
noedonmXmg d¡^d d gm‘Ï¶© àmßV Pmbo hmoVo.
‘amR>m gÎmoMo gm‘Ï¶o ¶m àH$aUm‘Ü¶o ZmZmgmho~ noedo ¶m§Mo A§Jr Agbobo JwU, Self-Instructional
Ë¶m§Mr {dMmagaUr ¶mMm {dMma H$amd¶mMm Amho. noedo nXmg àmßV Pmbobo ‘hÎd, Material 153
~mimOr ~mOramd noeì¶m§Mo gm‘Ï¶©, g¡Ý¶ d AW© gm‘Ï¶©, n{hë¶m ~mOramdm§Mm Xamam ¶m nmíd©^y‘rda
noedo Am{U... ZmZmgmho~m§Zr ñdrH$mabobo gÎmm{dñVmamMo YmoaU, CÎma d X{jUoV Ho$boë¶m ‘mo{h‘m,
{ZOm‘, {gÔr, nmoVw©JrO ¶m§À¶mdarb ‘mo{h‘m ¶m§Mr ‘m{hVr ¿¶mdm¶Mr Amho. ‘amR>çm§Mo
NOTES A§VJ©V amOH$maU, Ë¶mVrb noedm Am{U ‘amR>m ‘§S>imVrb gaXma ¶m§À¶mVrb g§~§Y,
hr ~m~hr noedmB©Mm B{Vhmg nmhVmZm {dMmamV KoVbr Amho. ZmZmgmho~ noedo ¶m§À¶m
H$ma{H$Xr©V KS>bobr Am{U ‘amR>çm§À¶m amOH$maUmda XÿaJm‘r n[aUm‘ H$aUmar KQ>Zm
åhUOo 1761 Mo nm{ZnVMo ¶wÕ hr hmo¶. Ë¶m~m~VMr ‘m{hVr àñVwV àH$aUmV ¿¶mdm¶Mr
Amho.
8.1 C{Ôï>o
emhÿamOm§À¶m H$mimVrb amOnX, Aï>àYmZ ‘§S>i d noedonX ¶m§Mo ñdê$n g‘OyZ KoUo,
ZmZmgmho~ noedo ¶m§À¶mH$mimVrb ‘amR>m ‘§S>imMr pñWVr Am{U gaXmam§Mo AmngmVrb
g§~§Ym§da àH$me Q>mH$Uo. ZmZmgmho~m§Zr CÎma d X{jUoV H$mT>boë¶m ‘mo{h‘m, Ë¶m§Mo ñdê$n
d ¶emn¶e ¶m§Mm ‘mJmodm KoUo. ‘amR>çm§À¶mM A§VJ©V eÌy d Ë¶m§Mm ~§Xmo~ñV H$aVmZm
ñdrH$mabobo YmoaU g‘OyZ KoUo. ‘amR>çm§Mo {ZOm‘, {gÔr, nmoVw©JrO ¶m naH$s¶ gÎmm§er
Agboë¶m g§~§Ym§da àH$me Q>mH$Uo. nm{ZnVÀ¶m ¶wÕmMm Eo{Vhm{gH$ Ñï>rZo ‘mJmodm KoUo.
8.2 {df¶ {ddoMZ
8.2.1 ~mimOr ~mOramd D$’©$ ZmZmgmho~ noedo

n{hbo ~mOramd noedo ¶m§Zm H$mer~mB© ¶m nËZrnmgyZ ~mOr D$’©$ ZmZmgmho~, am‘M§Ð,
aKwZmW d OZmX©Z hr AnË¶o Pmbr. ~mimOr ~mOramd ^Q> ¶m§Mm OÝ‘ 8 {S>g|~a, 1721
amoOr ZmUo ‘mdimVrb gmVo ¶m {R>H$mUr Pmbm. ZmZmgho~m§Mo dU©Z B{VhmgmV H$b‘~hmXya
Ago Ho$bo OmVo. noedonX {‘iÊ¶mnydr© ZmZmgmho~ noeì¶m§Mm à{V{ZYr åhUyZ ~amM H$mi
gmVmam Xa~mamV N>ÌnVr emhy§g‘doV am[hbm hmoVm. Ë¶m‘wio gmVmam Xa~mamVrb amOH$maU,
emhÿ Am{U Ë¶m§À¶m ^modVmbMr ‘mUgo, A§VJ©V H$Q>H$mañWmZo ¶mMr OmUrd Pmbr hmoVr.
{M‘mOr Aßnm~amo~a Ë¶mZo AZoH$ ‘mo{h‘m§V gh^mJ KoVë¶mZo Ë¶mbm ¶ÕH$bm d ¶wÕZrVr
¶m§Mo {ejU {‘imbo hmoVo. EH$m ‘mo{h‘oV Vmo N>ÌnVr emhÿ§~amo~ahr gh^mJr Pmbm hmoVm.
~mOramd, {M‘mOr Aßnm d IwÔ emhÿamOo ¶m§À¶m ‘mo{h‘m§Vrb gh^mJm‘wio ZmZmgmho~mg
‘wbyI{JarÀ¶m CÚmoJmÀ¶m {Xemhr Mm§Jë¶m arVrZo g‘Oë¶m hmoË¶m. ~mOramdm§Mm X~X~m,
Ë¶mMo g¡Ý¶, àXoe, g§nÎmr d Ë¶mMo ghH$mar gaXma ¶m§Mm d¡^dembr dmagm ZmZmgmho~m§Zm
{‘imbm hmoVm. hr ~m~ bjmV KoUo Amdí¶H$ Amho.
ZmZmgmho~ noedo ¶m§À¶m g‘moarb AmìhmZo
Self-Instructional ~mimOr ~mOramdm§Zm noedonX XoÊ¶mg Xm^mS>o, à{V{ZYr, ’$ÎmoqgJ ^mogbo, ZmJnyaH$a
Material 154
^mogbo BË¶mXr ‘mVã~a gaXmam§Mm {damoY hmoVm. nmVemhr ajyZ gd© qhXwñWmZ Amnbo ~mimOr ~mOramd
H$amdo, AQ>Ho$nma KmoS>o MmbdmdoV Aer Amkm emhÿamOm§Zr Ho$br hmoVr. Wmoabo ~mOramd noedo Am{U...
noedo ¶m§À¶mda ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV åhUOo gw‘mao Mm¡Xm bmIm§Mo H$O© hmoVo. ‘amR>m ‘§S>imVrb
gaXmam§Mr ñdmWr©d¥Îmr ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV dmT>br hmoVr. ¶m gaXmam§da Amnbo dM©ñd NOTES
R>odÊ¶mgmR>r ZmZmgmho~m§g {Za{Zamiçm ‘mJmªMm Adb§~ H$amdm bmJbm. ‘wKb~mXemh
‘amR>çm§Zm dada ‘mZ XoV Agbm Var AmVyZ ‘amR>çm§À¶m {damoYmV H$mañWmZo H$arV
hmoVm. Ë¶m amOH$maUmMm n[aUm‘ ‘amR>o gaXmam§‘Ü¶o Amngm§V VgoM noedo Am{U gaXma
¶m§À¶m‘Ü¶o g§e¶ {Z‘m©U hmoD$Z g§Kf© hmoV hmoVm. ¶m VËH$mbrZ n[apñWVrÀ¶m nmíd©^y‘rda
ZmZmgmho~ noedo ¶m§Zm H$ma^ma H$amdm bmJbm. A§VJ©V d ~mhç eÌy§Mm gm‘Zm H$amdm
bmJbm.
ZmZmgmho~m§Mm CÎmaoVrb gÎmm{dñVma :
~mimOr ~mOramd D$’©$ ZmZmgmho~ ¶m§Zr noedonXmMr gyÌo hmVr KoVmM àm‘w»¶mZo
Mm¡WmB© d I§S>Ur dgwbrgmR>r CÎmaoÀ¶m ‘mo{h‘m hmVr KoVë¶m. B.g. 1741, 1742,
1744 d 1748 ¶m Mma dfmªV CÎmaoÀ¶m ‘mo{h‘m H$mT>ë¶m.
CÎmaoVrb n{hbr ‘mohr‘:- ‘o 1741 ‘Ü¶o ZmZmgmho~ noeì¶m§Zr Mm¡WmB© dgwbrgmR>r
CÎmaoV n{hbr ñdmar H$mT>br. 12 ‘o amoOr Vmo T>mobnya ¶oWo gdmB© O¶qgJ ¶mg ôQ>bm.
noeì¶m§Zr O¶qgJmdamo~a Vh Ho$bm Ë¶m‘Ü¶o, O¶qgJmZo n§Yam bmI én¶o IMm©gmR>r
noeì¶m§Zm XoÊ¶mMo ‘mÝ¶ Ho$bo. VgoM noeì¶m§gmR>r ~mXemhH$Sy>Z ‘miì¶mMr gwôXmar
{‘idyZ XoÊ¶mMo AídmgZ {Xbo. Ë¶m ~Xë¶mV Z‘©XonbrH$S>o BVa gaXmam§Zm ‘wbyI[Jar
H$aÊ¶mg à{V~§Y H$aÊ¶mMo noeì¶m§Zr ‘mÝ¶ Ho$bo. VgoM ~mXemhr godogmR>r 4000 Mma
hOmam§Mr ’$m¡O nmR>{dÊ¶mMo H$~yb Ho$bo. ‘amR>çm§Mo d noeì¶m§Mo dOZ dmT>Ê¶mÀ¶m Ñï>rZo
hr ‘mohr‘ Cn¶w³V R>abr.
CÎmaoMr Xþgar ‘mohr‘ :
ZmZmgmho~m§Zr ‘midm àm§VmMr gwôXmar {‘imë¶mZ§Va Mm¡WmB©gmR>r d CÎmaoH$S>rb
~mXemhr ‘wbyI Amnë¶m à^mdmImbr AmUÊ¶mgmR>r B.g. 1742 ‘Ü¶o ‘mohr‘ hmVr
KoVbr. ~w§XobI§S>mn¶ªV ‘Ob ‘mê$Z Ë¶mZo AmJ«m, Abmhm~mX, nmQ>Um Am{U ~§Jmb ¶m
àm§Vm§Vrb Mm¡WmB©À¶m dgwbrMo A{YH$ma {Xëbr Xa~mamH$S>o ‘m{JVbo. ¶mdoir Xa~mar
‘wËgÔçm§Zr noeì¶m§Zr àW‘ ~§Jmb‘Yrb aKwOr ^mogbo ¶m§Mm ~§Xmo~ñV H$amdm Z§Va
noeì¶m§À¶m ‘mJÊ¶m§Mm {dMma H$aVm ¶oB©b Aer ^y{‘H$m KoVbr.
noeì¶m§Mr CÎmaoMr {Vgar ‘mohr‘ :
ZmZmgmho~m§Zr gZ 1744 ‘Ü¶o CÎmaoV {‘imbobo Mm¡WB© dgwbrMo A{YH$ma
gwa{jV H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ‘mohr‘ hmVr KoVbr. ¶mdoir noeì¶m§À¶m Mm¡WmB© dgwbrMo A{YH$ma
~§wXobI§S>mVrb à‘wIm§Zm ‘mÝ¶ ZìhVo. gZ 1742 ‘Ü¶o Ë¶m§Zr noeì¶m§À¶m EH$m dgwbr
A{YH$mè¶mg R>ma ‘mabo hmoVo. Ë¶m‘wio ¶m ^mJmÀ¶m gwajogmR>r ZmZmgmho~m§Zr Pmer
d gmJa ¶m {R>H$mUr H$m¶m‘ ñdê$nmMo bîH$ar Vi C^mabo. VgoM ‘mM© 1745 ‘Ü¶o
^monmiÀ¶m Zdm~mH$Sy>Z {^bgm ho R>mUo hñVJV Ho$bo. ~w§Xoë¶m§À¶m ~§S>Imoarbm Amim
KmbÊ¶mgmR>r gZ 1746 ‘Ü¶o O¶nyada hëbm Ho$bm hmoVm. Self-Instructional
Material 155
~mimOr ~mOramd CÎmaoMr Mm¡Wr ‘mohr‘ :
noedo Am{U...
¶mM H$mimV A’$JmUMm ~mXemh Ah‘Xemh AãXmbr ¶mZo ‘wKb ~mXemhbm
NOTES Y‘H$mdÊ¶mg gwédmV Ho$br hmoVr. Ë¶m‘wio emh§ÿÀ¶m AmXoemZwgma ~mXemhÀ¶m g§ajUmÀ¶m
{Z{‘ÎmmZo noeì¶m§Zr CÎmaoMr ‘mohr‘ hmVr KoVbr hmoVr. na§Vw ZmZmgmho~ {XëbrV
nmohMÊ¶mnydr©M emhOmXm Ah‘Xemh ¶mZo ‘ZynyaÀ¶m bT>mB©V AãXmbrMm nam^d H$ê$Z
Ë¶mg nidyZ bmdbo. Ë¶m‘wio ZmZmgmho~m§Zr ‘wKb ~mXemhMr ôQ> KoD$Z O¶nyaÀ¶m {XeoZo
{ZKmbo.
Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1743 ‘Ü¶o O¶nyaMm amOm gdmB© O¶qgJ ¶m§Mm ‘¥Ë¶y Pmë¶mZ§Va B©ídaqgJ
d ‘mYdqgJ ¶m Ë¶m§À¶m XmoZ ‘wbm§‘Ü¶o gÎmogmR>r g§Kf© Pmbm. Ë¶mV nañna{damoYr XmoZ
njm§V XmoZ ‘amR>m gaXmam§Zr gh^mJ KoVbm. O¶mßnm qeXoZo B©ídaqgJmg Va ‘ëhmaamd
hmoiH$amZo ‘mYdqgJmg ‘XV H$aÊ¶mMo R>a{dbo. ¶m àH$aUVyZ qeXo Am{U hmoiH$a ¶m
‘amR>o gaXmam§‘Ü¶o {dVwï> {Z‘m©U Pmbo. VgoM ‘amR>çm§{df¶r aOnwVm§À¶m ‘ZmV {VañH$ma
{Z‘m©U Pmbm. hm noM gmoS>{dÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ noeì¶m§Zr ¶m ‘mo{h‘oV Ho$bm. BídaqgJ Am{U
‘mYdqgJ ¶m§À¶mV g‘PmoVm H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ‘o 1748 ‘Ü¶o Ë¶m§Zr Vh KS>dyZ AmUbm. ¶m
‘m{h‘odê$Z naV ¶oVmZm ZmZmgmho~m§Zr Ymabm ‘w³H$m‘ Ho$bm. Am{U ¶ed§Vamd ndma ¶m§g
‘m§S>dJS>, gmoZJS> ho {H$ëbo XoD$Z YmaMm H$ma^ma gm§^miÊ¶mg gm§{JVbo.
ZmZmgmho~ noedo Am{U A§VJ©V g§Kf© :
ZmZmgmho~ noeì¶m§À¶m H$ma{H$Xr©V ‘amR>çm§À¶m A§VJ©V g§~§Ym§V Oo àíZ {Z‘m©U Pmbo
hmoVo Vo gmoS>{dÊ¶mgmR>r ZmZmgmho~m§Zr à¶ËZ Ho$bo. Ë¶mV àm‘w»¶mZo gmVmam Am{U H$moëhmnya
¶m XmoÝhr gÎmmÀ¶m EoŠ¶mgmR>r à¶ËZ Ho$bo. noedo Am{U ‘amR>o gaXma ¶m§À¶mVrb g§~§Y
gwYmaUo, ¶m§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVmo.
gmVmam Am{U H$moëhmnya ¶m XmoZ JmXçm§Mo EoŠ¶ :
‘amR>çm§À¶m dmagm¶wÕmMm n[aUm‘ åhUyZ N>ÌnVr g§^mOr Am{U N>ÌnVr amOmam‘
¶m§À¶m dmagm§‘Ü¶o gÎmogmR>r g§Kf© gwê$ Pmbm. gmVmam ¶oWo emhÿ Va H$moëhmnya ¶oWo amOmam‘
d amOg~mB© ¶m§Mm nwÌ g§^mOr ¶m§À¶m ZoV¥ËdmImbr XmoZ JmXçm àñWm[nV Pmë¶m. Ë¶mMm
n[aUm‘ ‘amR>çm§À¶m amOH$s¶ g§~§Ym§da Pmbo. gÎmmg§Kf© {‘Q>{dÊ¶gmR>r N>ÌnVr emhÿ‘hmamO,
noedo ~mimOr {dídZmW, noedo ~mOramd ~mimOr ¶m§Zr à¶ËZ Ho$bo. Ë¶mVyZM dmaUoMm
Vh Pmbm. na§Vw gÎmmg§Kf© {‘Qy> eH$bm Zmhr. ~mimOr ~mOramd D$’©$ ZmZmgmho~ noedo
¶m§Zrhr ‘amR>çm§À¶m ¶m XmoÝhr JmXçm EH$ ìhmì¶mV ¶mgmR>r à¶ËZ Ho$bo. VgoM H$mimÀ¶m
AmoKmV Á¶m KS>m‘moS>r Pmë¶m Ë¶mV gZ 1749 ‘Ü¶o emhÿamOm§Mo {Znw[ÌH$ {ZYZ Pmbo.
Ë¶mZ§Va gmVmè¶mÀ¶m JmXrg§~§Yr dmagmg§Kf© gwê$ Pmbm. dmñV{dH$ emh§ÿÀ¶m {ZYZmZ§Va
H$moëhmnyaÀ¶m g§^mOr§Zm gmVmaMr JmXr {‘imdr Aer ZmZmgmho~m§Mr àma§^r BÀN>m hmoVr.
na§Vw Amnë¶mZ§Va g§^mOr§Zm JmXr {‘iy Z¶o Ago emhÿamOm§Zr Amnë¶m ‘¥Ë¶wnÌmV Z‘yX
Ho$bo hmoVo. VgoM g§^mOrhr {Znw[ÌH$ Agë¶mZo Ë¶mbm nm{R>§~m XoUo ZmZmgmho~m§Zr Q>mibo.
18 {S>g|~a 1760 amoOr H$moëhmnyaÀ¶m g§^mOr§Mo {ZYZ Pmbo. Ë¶mZ§Va ZmZmgmho~m§Zr
H$moëhmnyaMr JmXr Zï> H$aÊ¶mÀ¶m BamXçmZo ’$m¡O nmR>{dbr. noeì¶m§À¶m ¶m AmH«$‘UmMm
Self-Instructional g§Ôr§Mr nËZr {OOm~mB© {hZo {h‘VrZo gm‘Zm Ho$bm. amOg~mB©nwÌ g§^mOr ¶m§À¶m XmoZ
Material 156
amÊ¶m; {OOm~mB© d Hw$gm~mB© ¶m§n¡H$s Hw$gm~mB©g H$Ý¶maËZ Pmbo. Ë¶m‘wio H$moëhmnyaÀ¶m ~mimOr ~mOramd
JmXrMm dagm àíZ VgmM A{ZUr©V am[hbm. nwT>o gßQ>|~a 1769 ‘Ü¶o XÎmH$ KoD$Z noedo Am{U...
{OOm~mBªZr dmagmMm àíZ gmoS>{dbm. dmagm àíZmV {Z‘m©U Pmboë¶m ¶m XmoÝhr JmÚm
ñdV§Ì am{hë¶m. na§Vw H$mimÀ¶m AmoKmV noeì¶m§Mo dM©ñd dmT>ë¶mZo amÁ¶H$ma^mamMr NOTES
gd©M gyÌo noeì¶mÀ¶m hmVr Jobr. Ë¶m‘wio ‘amR>çm§À¶m ¶m XmoZhr JmÚm§Mo N>ÌnVr Zm‘Ymar
am{hbo.
ZmZmgmho~ noedo Am{U ‘amR>m gaXma ¶m§À¶mVrb g§~§Y :
‘amR>m ‘§S>i hr g§H$ënZm ‘amR>mgÎmoÀ¶m {dñVma à{H$¶oV Oer Cn¶w³V R>abr VgoM
{VMo H$mhr Xþîn[aUm‘hr ‘amR>m amÁ¶mbm ^moJmdo bmJbo. ‘amR>m gaXmam§‘Ü¶o ñdV§Ìd¥Îmr
{Z‘m©U Pmbr, Ë¶m‘wio N>ÌnVr d noedo ¶m§À¶m~ÔbMm AmXa H$‘r hmoD$Z ~oXaH$mad¥Îmr
dmT>rg bmJbr. Ë¶m‘wio ~mOramdm§À¶m VgoM ZmZmgmho~m§À¶m H$mimV gaXma Am{U noedo
¶m§À¶mVrb g§~§Ym§V {Za{Zamiçm H$maUm§ê$Z g§Kfm©Mo àg§J {Z‘m©U Pmbo. ‘amR>m gÎmoÀ¶m
EoŠ¶mÀ¶m Ñï>rZo Vo hm{ZH$maH$ R>abo. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o emhÿamOm§À¶m {ZYZmZ§Va ‘amR>m amOgÎmm
Xþ~©b Pmbr d Ë¶mÀ¶m ajUmMr O~m~Xmar noeì¶mda Ambr. emhÿZ§Va gÎmoda Ambobm
N>ÌnVr am‘amOm ho H$V¥©ËdhrZ Agë¶mZo Vmo noeì¶mÀ¶m V§ÌmZo dmJy bmJbo. Amnbm hoVy
gmÜ¶ hmoV Zmhr Ago nmhÿZ Vma~mBªZr noeì¶m§{déÕ X‘mOr Jm¶H$dmS>, ~m~yOr ZgB©H$
~mam‘VrH$a, C‘m~mB© Xm^mS>o, à{V{ZYr d Ë¶m§Mm ‘wVm{bH$ ¶‘mOr {edXod ¶m gaXmam§Zm
{MWmdUr {Xbr. Ë¶m§Mm ~§Xmo~ñV H$aÊ¶mgmR>r noeì¶m§Zr AmH«$‘H$ ‘mohr‘ hmVr KoVbr.
6 Owb¡, 1750 amoOr Vmam~mBªMo ‘w»¶ H|$Ð Agbobm qghJS> qOHy$Z KoVbm. ¶mM gmbr
¶‘mOr {edXodmMo ‘w»¶ H|$Ð Agboë¶m gm§Jmoë¶mda dM©ñd àñWm{nV Ho$bo. 30 E{àb,
1750 amoOr X‘mOr Jm¶H$dmS>mÀ¶m Vimda hëbm H$ê$Z noeì¶m§Zr Ë¶mMm nam^d Ho$bm.
noedo Am{U Xm^mS>o g§~§Y :
~mimOr ~mOramdm§g noedonX XoÊ¶mg Xm^mS>çm§Mm {damoY hmoVm. ZmZmgmho~mÀ¶m
H$mimV JwOamWda goZmnVr ¶ed§Vamd Xm^mS>o ¶m§Mo dM©ñd hmoVo. Vmo ì¶gZr Agë¶mZo
JwOamVMr gÎmm X‘mOr Jm¶H$dmS> ¶mÀ¶m hmVr Jobr hmoVr. Ë¶mZo noeì¶m§À¶m ‘XVrZo
¶ed§Vamdmg gÎmodê$Z Imbr IoMÊ¶mgmR>r à¶ËZ Ho$bo. ¶m H$m‘mMm ‘mo~Xbm åhUyZ AYm©
JwOamV Amnë¶m Vmã¶mV XoUma Agmb Va ‘XV H$aVmo hr ^y{‘H$m ZmZmgmho~ noeì¶m§Zr
KoVbr. gZ 1751 ‘Ü¶o ZmZmgmho~m§Zr JwOamV‘Ü¶o dgwbrgmR>r Amnbo A{YH$mar nmR>{dbo.
Ë¶mdoir X‘mOr J¶H$dmS>mZo ImZXoemV byQ> H$ê$Z nwÊ¶mÀ¶m {XeoZo Mmb Ho$br. Ë¶mdoir
noR>o, nQ>dY©Z ¶m noeì¶m§À¶m gaXmam§Zr X‘mOrg H$m|S>rV nH$S>bo. Ë¶mdoir noeì¶mZo
X‘mOrH$S>o n§Mdrg bmI én¶o Am{U {Zå‘m JwOamV ‘m{JVbm. ‘o 1751 ‘Ü¶o noeì¶m§Zr
Xm^mS>o d Jm¶H$dmS> ¶m§Zm H¡$XoV R>odbo Am{U aKwZmWamdmg JwOamVMm H$ma^ma H$aÊ¶mg
admZm Ho$bo. gZ 1752 À¶m àma§^r X‘mOr Jm¶H$dmS> Am{U noedo ¶m§À¶mV H$ama Pmbm.
Ë¶mV JwOamV‘Yrb ‘hmb noedo Am{U Jm¶H$dmS> ¶m§Zr {Zå‘o-{Zå‘o ¿¶mdoV. H¡$XoVyZ
gwQ>H$m H$ê$Z KoÊ¶mgmR>r X‘mOrZo noeì¶m§Zm n§Yam bmI én¶o ÚmdoV. noedo ~mobmdVrb
Ë¶mdoir Xhm hOma ’$m¡OZrer ‘XVrbm ¶mdo, Xm^mS>çm§Zm gìdmnmM bmI én¶o dm{f©H$
VZIm XoV Omdm. ¶m AQ>r X‘mOrZo ‘mÝ¶ Ho$ë¶m.
Self-Instructional
Material 157
~mimOr ~mOramd noedo Am{U ZmJnyaH$a ^mogbo g§~§Y :
noedo Am{U...
ZmZmgmho~mÀ¶m H$mimV ZmJnyada aKwOr ^mogbo ¶m§Mr gÎmm hmoVr. gZ 1741 ‘Ü¶o
NOTES ^mogë¶m§Zr ~§Jmbda ‘moR>r ‘mohr‘ H$mT>br. ¶m àH$aUmdê$Z ^mogë¶m§da gZ 1742 ‘Ü¶o
noeì¶m§da ñdmar Ho$br. noedo Am{U ^mogbo ¶m§À¶mV g§Kf© Pmbm. nU Ë¶mV ^mogë¶m§Mm
{Z^md bmJbm Zmhr. N>ÌnVr emhÿ ¶m§Zr noedo d ^mogbo ¶m XmoKm§Zmhr ~mobmdyZ KoVbo
Am{U Ë¶m§À¶mV g‘oQ> KS>dyZ AmUbm. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o, ^mogbo Am{U noedo ¶m§Mo ‘wbyI{JarMo
joÌ ñnï> R>adyZ {Xbo. gZ 1755 ‘Ü¶o aKwOr ^mogbo ¶m§Mm nmQ>XþIr‘wio ‘¥Ë¶y Pmbm.
Ë¶mZ§Va aKwOrMr ‘wbo OmZmoOr d ‘wYmoOr ¶m§À¶mV gÎmogmR>r g§Kf© gwê$ Pmbm. ¶m g§Kfm©V
ZmZmgmho~m§Zr OmZmoOrH$Sy>Z AS>rM bmI én¶o KoD$Z Ë¶mg goZmgmho~ gw^m ho nX {Xbo.
OmZmoOr Am{U ‘wYmoOr ¶m§À¶mVrb g§Kf© gVV H$gm Mmby amhrb ¶mH$S>o noeì¶mZo bj
{Xbo.
noedo Am{U Hw$bm~H$a Am§J«o g§~§Y :
B.g. 1741 ‘Ü¶o Hw$bmã¶mMo gÎmmYre g§^mOr Am§J«o ¶m§Mm ‘¥Ë¶y Pmbm. Ë¶mZ§Va
Ë¶mMr ‘wbo ‘mZmOr d VwimOr ¶m§À¶mV dmagm g§Kf© gwê$ Pmbm. ¶m g§Kfm©V noeì¶m§Zr
‘mZmOr Am§J«o ¶mMm nj KoVbm. Am§½è¶m§Mr gÎmm Vmã¶mV KoÊ¶mgmR>r noeì¶m§Zr 1755 ‘Ü¶o
‘mZmOr Am{U VwimOr ¶m§À¶mVrb bT>mB©V VwimOrÀ¶m {damoYmV ‘mZmOrg ‘XV H$ê$Z
B§J«OmZr VwimOrMm Zm¶ZmQ> Ho$bm. ho g§~§Y noeì¶m§À¶m amÁ¶H$ma^ma{df¶H$ ^y{‘Ho$da
àH$me Q>mH$VmV.
noeì¶m§À¶m H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb ‘mo{h‘m :
ZmZmgmho~m§À¶m H$mimVrb H$Zm©Q>H$mV {R>H${R>H$mUr nmioJma qH$dm XogmB© åhUyZ
AmoiIbo OmUmao AZoH$ bhmZ bhmZ gÎmmYre hmoVo. Vo ~wYm AmngmV bT>V AgV.
‘wKbm§À¶m X{jU gwä¶m§n¡H$s h¡Xam~mX d {dOmnya ho XmoZ gwô H$Zm©Q>H$mV hmoVo. ¶m gwä¶m§Mm
H$ma^ma nmhÊ¶mgmR>r Oo A{YH$mar R>odbobo hmoVo VoM A{YH$mar nwT>o {eaOmoa ~ZyZ ñdV§Ì
Zdm~ åhUyZ dmdê$ bmJbo hmoVo. åh¡gya ,{~XZya, {MÌXwJ©, hanZhiir, AZmJm|Xr,
AH$m©Q>, H$S>no, H$Zw©b, gmdZya ¶oWrb ‘wñbr‘ Zdm~ Am{U V§OmdaMo ^mogbo, JwÎmrMo
KmoanS>o, ho ‘aR>o gÎmmYre, ‘Ðmg ¶oWo B§J«O, nm°S>oMoarg ’|«$M Amnbr ~ñVmZo ‘m§Sy>Z hmoVr.
Aem amOH$s¶ n[apñWVrV ZmZmgmho~m§Zr H$Zm©Q>H$mV AZoH$ ‘mo{h‘m H$mT>ë¶m.
gZ. 1746, 1753, 1756 d 1757 ¶m dfr H$Zm©Q>H$mÀ¶m ‘mo{h‘m hmVr KoVë¶m.
Ë¶mVrb H$mhr ñdmè¶m§‘Ü¶o ñdV: ZmZmgmho~ gh^mJr Pmbo hmoVo Va H$mhr gaXmam§Zr hmVr
KoVboë¶m hmoË¶m. gZ 1743 ‘Ü¶o ~m~yOr ZmB©H$ ~mam‘VrH$a ¶mZo emh§ÿÀ¶m Amkodê$Z
H$Zm©Q>H$mMr ‘mohr‘ hmVr KoVbr. na§Vw Ë¶mbm ¶m ‘m{h‘oV ¶e Ambo Zmhr. Ë¶m‘wio emh§ÿZr
H$Zm©Q>H$mÀ¶m amOH$maUmH$S>o bj di{dbo. gZ 1753 Vo 1757 n¶ªV ZmZmgmho~m§Zr
ñdV:M AZoH$ ‘mo{h‘m§Mo ZoV¥Ëd Ho$bo. Ë¶mZ§VaÀ¶m 1760 n¶ªVÀ¶m ñdmè¶m ‘oh|Xio,
nQ>dY©Z, amñVo BË¶mXr noeì¶m§À¶m gaXmam§Zr Ho$ë¶m. B.g.1753 À¶m n{hë¶m ñdmarV
noedo WoQ> lra§JnÅ>Un¶ªV Jobm. lra§JnÅ>UÀ¶m amOmZo ‘moR>r I§S>Ur XoD$Z Amnbr gwQ>H$m
H$ê$Z KoVbr. gXm{edamd^mD$À¶m ZoV¥ËdmImbrb ’$m¡OoZo YmadmS>Mm {H$ëbm qOH$bm.
Self-Instructional VgoM H$moëhmnyaÀ¶m g§^mOramOmH$Sy>Z AZoH$ dmXJ«ñV R>mUr Vmã¶mV KoVbr. 1756
Material 158
À¶m OmZodmarV ânya V¶mar H$ê$Z gmdZyada Mmb Ho$br. gmdZyaMo AY©amÁ¶ d AH$am ~mimOr ~mOramd
bmI I§S>Ur XoÊ¶mMo VoWrb Z~m~mZo ‘mÝ¶ Ho$bo ~§H$mnyaMm {H$ëbm I§S>UrÀ¶m aH$‘ogmR>r noedo Am{U...
noeì¶m§H$S>o JhmU R>odbm. ~oXZya, hanZhùir, am¶XwJ©, {MÌXwJ© BË¶mXr {R>H$mUÀ¶m
g§ñWm{ZH$m§Zr I§S>Ê¶m {Xë¶m. ‘wamaamd KmoanS>çmZo noeì¶m§er g‘PmoVm Ho$bm, gZ 1757 NOTES
À¶m àma§^r noedo gXm{edamdm§g ~amo~a KoD$Z gmR> hOma ’$m¡Oo{Zer H$Z©Q>H$mH$S>o {ZKmbm.
EH$ ‘{hZm lra§JnÅ>Ubm doT>m {Xbm. VoWrb amOmZo doT>m CR>{dÊ¶mgmR>r ‘amR>çm§Zm ~Îmrg
bmI én¶o XoD$ Ho$bo nmM bmI én¶o amoI XoD$Z ~mH$s aH$‘oH$[aVm Mm¡Xm ‘hmb JhmU
{Xbo. {eao, ~oiJmd noeì¶m§À¶m Vmã¶mV Ambo. H$Zw©b, H$S>mßnm ¶oWrb Z~m~mÀ¶m Xm¡bVr
noeì¶m§À¶m Vmã¶mV Amë¶m.
noedo Am{U {ZOm‘ g§~§Y :
{ZOm‘Cë‘wëH$ hm X{jUoÀ¶m amOH$maUmVrb ‘amR>çm§Mm EH$ à^mdr eÌy hmoVm.
Vmo ‘wKbm§Mm H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb gwôXma Agbm Var {XëbrÀ¶m amOH$maUmV Ë¶mbm {deof
‘hÎd hmoVo. N>ÌnVr emhÿ d ‘amR>çm§Mo gd©M amÁ¶H$V} ¶m§Zm {ZOm‘mÀ¶m H$madm¶m§Mm
gm‘Zm H$amdm bmJbm hmoVm. ZmZmgmho~ noeì¶m§À¶m H$mimV {ZOm‘ Am{U noedo ¶m§À¶mV
{Za{Zamiçm H$maUm§Zr g§~§Y Ambm. {ZOm‘wë‘wëH$mMm ‘wbJm Zm{gaO§J ¶mZo X{jUoV
{ZOm‘{déÕ ~§S> Ho$bo hmoVo. Ë¶mdoir ‘wKb ~mXemhH$Sy>Z ‘miì¶mMr gZX ¿¶md¶mMr
Agë¶mZo ZmZmgmho~m§Zr {ZOm‘mg nmqR>~m {Xbm. gZ 1748 ‘Ü¶o {ZOm‘mMm ‘¥Ë¶y
Pmë¶mZ§Va Zm{gaO§J hm Ag’$Omhr JmXrMm dmag åhUyZ X{jUoÀ¶m amOH$maUmV CX¶mbm
Ambm. Zm{gaO§Jmbm {ZOm‘mMo nX {‘imë¶mZ§Va {ZOm‘mÀ¶m ‘wbrMm ‘wbJm ‘wOâ’$aO§J
¶mZo H$madm¶m gwê$ Ho$ë¶m. ’o$~«wdmar 1751 ‘Ü¶o nR>mUm§Zr ~§S> H$ê$Z ‘wOâ’$aO§Jbm
R>ma ‘mabo. Aem n[apñWVrV ’|«$Mm§Zr Zm{gaO§JMm YmH$Q>m ^mD$ gbm~VO§J ¶mbm
{ZOm‘ åhUyZ Kmo{fV Ho$bo Zì¶m {ZOm‘mbm eh XoÊ¶mgmR>r noeì¶mZo {ZOm‘mMm ‘moR>m
‘wbJm Jm{OCÔrZ ¶mbm qeXo -hmoiH$am§À¶m ‘XVrZo X{jUoV ~mobmdbo. gbm~VO§Jm{déÕ
noeì¶mÀ¶m H$madm¶m gwê$ AgVmZm 1752 ‘Ü¶o Ë¶mZo Hw$H$S>r ZXrÀ¶m n[agamV ZmZmgmoh~
noeì¶mda hëbm Ho$bm. Voìhm nmoeì¶m§Zr {ZOm‘mÀ¶m g¡Ý¶mMr H$m§oS>r H$ê$Z Ë¶mg
Ah‘XZJaOdirb qeJdo ¶oWo Vh H$aÊ¶mg ^mJ nmS>bo. OmZodar 1752 ‘Ü¶o Pmboë¶m
¶m VhmZwgma gbm~VO§JmZo 4 Mma bmIm§Mm ‘wbyI noeì¶mg {Xbm. ¶mM dfr© noeì¶m§Zr
Am¡a§Jm~mXOdirb ^mbH$s ¶oWo {ZOm‘mÀ¶m g¡Ý¶mMr H$mo§S>r Ho$br. Ë¶m‘wio H«y$a goZmZr
~wgr ¶mÀ¶m gëë¶mZwgma {ZOm‘mZo 3 Zmoìho§~a, 1752 amoOr noeì¶m§er Vh Ho$bm. nwT>rb
nmM df} noeì¶m§Zr H$Zm©Q>H$mV ñdmè¶m H$ê$Z Amnbm Xamam {Z‘m©U Ho$bm. gbm~VO§JmÀ¶m
^mdm§n¡H$s {ZOm‘Abr hm A{Ve¶ ‘hÎdmH$m§jr hmoVm. Ë¶mZo noeì¶m§{déÕ H$madm¶m gwê$
Ho$ë¶m. Voìhm ‘amR>çm§Zr qeXIoS>À¶m bT>mB©V {ZOm‘ AbrMm na^d H$ê$Z Ë¶mÀ¶mH$Sy>Z
{S>g|~a 1752 ‘Ü¶o 25 bmIm§Mm ‘wbyI KoVbm.
{ZOm‘ Abrbm ’|«$M goZmnVr ~wgr ¶mMo dM©ñd ZH$mo hmoVo, H$maU gbm~VO§Jmg
~mOybm gmê$Z Ë¶mbm {ZOm‘ nX {‘idm¶Mo hmoVo. Vr g§Yr {ZOm‘ Abrbm ~wgr h¡Xam~mX
gmoSy>Z Joë¶mZ§Va {‘imbr. Ë¶mZo h¡Xam~mX Xa~mamV Amnbo dM©ñd àñWm{nV Ho$bo.
Ë¶mZ§Va Ë¶mZo noeì¶m{déÕ nwÝhm H$madm¶m gwê$ Ho$ë¶m. Ë¶m‘wio {ZOm‘Abrbm AÔb
KS>{dÊ¶mgmR>r ZmZmgmho~ noeì¶m§Zr gXm{edamd^mD$ ¶mÀ¶m ZoV¥ËdmImbr 40,000
hOma ’$m¡O d B~«m{h‘ImZ JmaXr ¶mMm Vmo’$ImZm ~amo~a XoD$Z nmR>{dbo. noeì¶m§À¶m Self-Instructional
Material 159
~mimOr ~mOramd g¡Ý¶mZo {ZOm‘Abrg CX²Jra ¶oWo JmR>bo. 3 ’o$~«wdmar, 1560 amoOr noeì¶mÀ¶m g¡Ý¶mZo
noedo Am{U... {ZOm‘AbrMm ‘moR>m nam^d Ho$bm. hr KQ>Zm ZmZmgmho~ noedo Am{U h¡Xam~mXMm {ZOm‘
¶m§À¶m g§~§YmoVrb ‘hÎdmMr KQ>Zm ‘mZmdr bmJVo.
NOTES
8.2.2 nm{ZnVMo {Vgao ¶wÕ :

H$maUo Am{U n[aUm‘ :
OmZodmar 1761 ‘Ü¶o Pmbobo nm{ZnVMo ¶wÕ ZmZmgmho~ noeì¶m§À¶m H$ma{H$Xr©Vrb
‘hÎdmMr KQ>Zm R>abr. hr KQ>Zm ‘amR>çm§Mo CÎmaoVrb amOH$maU d ^maVr¶ B{VhmgmVrb
amOH$s¶ KS>m‘moS>r ¶m§À¶m Ñï>rZo ‘hÎdmMo ‘mZbr OmVo. ¶m ¶wÕm‘wio ‘amR>o Am{U ‘wKb,
‘amR>o Am{U VËH$mbrZ BVa gÎmm ¶m§Mo nañnam§Vrb g§~§Y, ‘amR>m gaXma, noedo d N>ÌnVr
¶m§À¶mVrb A§V:g§~§Y OmUyZ KoÊ¶mg Cn¶w³V R>aob. nm{ZVMo ¶wÕ Am{U Ah‘Xemh
AãXmbr ¶m§Mo g§~§Y, {XëbrVrb amOH$maU, ‘amR>o Am{U ~mXemhr amOH$maU BË¶mXr
AZoH$ ‘wÚm§da àH$me Q>mH$Vm ¶oVmo.
Ah‘Xemh AãXmbrZo ^maVmda Ho$boë¶m ñdmè¶m :
^maVmVrb ApñWa amOH$maU, {XëbrMr Xþ~©b ~mXemhr, ‘wKb amOdQ>rVrb
H$Q>H$mañWmZo ¶m§Mm {dMma H$ê$Z A’$JmUMm ~mXemh Ah‘Xemh AãXmbr ¶mZo
{Za{Zamiçm doir d {Za{Zamiçm H$maUm§gmR>r ^maVmda ñdmè¶m Ho$ë¶m. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o 1748,
1749, 1751, 1756, d 1759 ¶m gmbm§V Ho$boë¶m ñdmè¶m§Mm g‘mdoe H$aVm ¶oVmo.
17148 Mr n{hbr ñdmar :
n§Om‘Ü¶o ¶mh¶mImZ Am{U emhZdmOImZ ¶m§À¶m‘Yrb gÎmmg§Kfm©V
emhZdmOImZm§À¶m {Z‘§ÌUmdê$Z AãXmbr n§Om~‘Ü¶o Ambm. ¶m ñdmarV Ë¶mZo bmhmoa
qOHy$Z KoVbo.
1749 Mr Xþgar ñdmar :
AãXmbrZo n§Om~da Ho$boë¶m Xþgè¶m ñdmarV n§Om~Mm gwôXma {‘a‘ÝZy ¶mZo AãXmbrer
g§Kf© Ho$bm. na§Vw Ë¶mbm {Xëbr Xa~maH$Sy>Z ‘XV Z {‘imë¶mZo Ë¶mZo AãXmbrer Vh
Ho$bm. Ë¶mV AãXmbrbm CÎmaoH$S>rb Mma {Oëho d Xhm hOma én¶o XoÊ¶mMo ‘mÝ¶ Ho$bo.
1751 Mr {Vgar ñdmar :
{Vgè¶m ñdmarÀ¶m doir ‘wKb ~mXemhZoM Amnë¶m à{V{ZYr‘m’©$V AãXmbrer Vh
Ho$bm. Ë¶mV n§Om~ àm§V AãXmbrg XoÊ¶mg ~mXemhZo ‘mÝ¶Vm {Xbr.
1756 Mr Mm¡Wr ñdmar :
n§Om~Mm gwôXma {‘a‘ÝZy ¶m§À¶m ‘¥Ë¶yZ§Va ‘wKbm§Zr ~oJ‘ Am{U dOra JmPrCÔrZ
¶m§À¶mV gÎmm g§Kf© gwê$ Pmbm Ë¶mV ‘wKbm§Zr ~oJ‘ d ~mXemhÀ¶m OZmZImÝ¶mVrb
Self-Instructional ‘{bH$m O‘mZr ¶m§À¶m {Z‘§ÌUmdê$Z AãXmbrZo ^maVmda ñdmar Ho$br. Ë¶mM~amo~a
Material 160
XþAm~mVrb amo{hë¶m§Zr ‘amR>çm§À¶m CÎmaoVrb dM©ñdmbm nm¶~§X KmbÊ¶mgmR>r AãXmbrer ~mimOr ~mOramd
g§YmZ ~m§Ybo. Ë¶m‘wio AãXmbrZo Zmìh|~a 1756 ‘Ü¶o ñdmar Ho$br. Ë¶mV Am{XZm~oMm noedo Am{U...
nam^d H$ê$Z {Xëbr qOHy$Z KoVbr. H$mer, d¥§XmdZ, ‘Wwam hr qhXÿ§Mr VrW© CX²ÜdñV
Ho$br. AãXmbrZo H$moQ>çmdYr én¶m§Mr byQ> Ho$br. naV Amnë¶m XoemV OmVmZm Km~aboë¶m NOTES
~mXemhMr nwÝhm {Xëbrda ñWmnZm Ho$br.
1759 Mr nmMdr ñdmar :
amo{hbI§S>mVrb ZOr~ImZ amo{hbm ¶mZo {Xboë¶m {Z‘§ÌUmdê$Z ^maVmda ñdmar
Ho$br. ¶mM H$mimV {Xëbr‘Ü¶o dOramZo ~mXemh Amb‘Jra Xþgam ¶mbm 29 Zmoìh|~a,
1759 amoOr R>ma H$ê$Z AbrJm¡ha ¶mbm ~mXemh Ho$bo. ¶m gÎmm~XbmMm ’$m¶Xm KoD$Z
AãXmbr ZOr~ImZmg ¶oD$Z {‘imbm. AãXmbrÀ¶m nmMì¶m ñdmarV AãXmbr ¶‘wZm
Amobm§[SV AgVmZm ‘amR>o Am{U AãXmbr ¶m§À¶mV g§Kf© Pmbm. Ë¶mV ~wamS>r KmQ>mOdi
‘amR>m gaXma XÎmmOr qeXo ‘mabm Jobm. hr KQ>Zm ‘amR>o Am{U AãXmbr ¶m§À¶mVrb
g§Kfm©Mo VËH$mbrZ H$maU ~Zbo.
AãXmbrZo Ho$boë¶m ¶m {d{dY ñdmè¶m§À¶m H$maUm§Mm ‘mJmodm KoVm EH$ gyÌ AmT>iyZ
¶oVo. Vo åhUOo ~hþVoH$ ñdmarÀ¶mdoir ^maVmVrb gÎmmg§Kfm©V EH$m njmZo Amnë¶m
‘XVrgmR>r AãXmbrbm ñdmargmR>r {Z‘§[ÌV Ho$ë¶mMo AmT>iyZ ¶oVo.
nm{ZnVÀ¶m ¶wÕmMr H$maUo :-OmZodmar 1761 ‘Ü¶o nm{ZnVÀ¶m Eo{Vhm{gH$ aU^y‘rda
Ah‘Xemh AãXmbr Am{U ‘amR>o ¶m§À¶m‘Ü¶o Pmbobo ¶wÕ ho ^maVr¶ B{VhgmÀ¶m Ñï>rZo
{d{dYm§JmZo ‘hÎdmMo R>abo. nm{ZnVMo ¶wÕ KSy>Z ¶oÊ¶mg Or n[apñWVr H$maUr^yV R>abr
{VMm ‘mJmodm KoVmZm nwT>rb ‘wÔo g‘moa ¶oVmV.
1. {XëbrVrb Xþ~©b ‘wKbgÎmm
2. CÎmaoVrb ApñWa amOH$maU
3. CÎmaoÀ¶m amOH$maUmVrb ‘amR>çm§Mm dmT>Vm à^md
4. ~w§XobI§S>mVrb A’$JmU amo{hë¶m§Mm à^md Am{U Ë¶m§Mo ‘amR>çm§er Agbobo g§~§Y
5. ‘wKb ~mXemhr dmM{dUo hr ‘amR>çm§Zr ñdrH$mabobr O~m~Xmar
6. ZOr~ImZ amo{hbm ¶mMr YyV©ZrVr BË¶mXtMm g‘mdoe H$aVm ¶oVmo.
1. {XëbrVrb Xþ~©b ‘wKbgÎmm :
‘wKb ~mXemh Am¡a§JOo~ ¶m§À¶m ‘¥Ë¶yZ§Va {XëbrVrb ‘wKb ~mXemhr H$‘Hw$dV
Pmbr hmoVr. Omo à^mdr Agob Ë¶mÀ¶mdVrZo ~mXemh gÎmoda ¶oV Ago. ¶m Xþï>MH«$m‘wio
{XëbrV Zoh‘rM H$Q>H$mañWmZo gwê$ Agë¶mMo AmT>iyZ ¶oVo. Ë¶m‘wio amOgÎmm ApñWa
~Zbr hmoVr. ¶m ApñWa amOH$s¶ n[apñWVrMm ’$m¶Xm AãXmbrZo KoVbm.
2. CÎmaoVrb ApñWa amOH$maU :
AãXmbrZo ^maVmda ñdmar H$aÊ¶mg ^maVmVrb ApñWa amOH$s¶ n[apñWVr ho EH$
‘hÎdmMo H$maU hmoVo. nm{ZnV ¶wÕ Pmbo Ë¶mH$mimV CÎmaoÀ¶m amOH$maUmV; {XëbrMr
‘wKb ~mXemhr Xþ~©b Pmë¶m‘wio Ë¶m§À¶m A§VJ©V d ~mhç amOH$maUmV AZoH$ ñdmWu
gÎmm§Zr W¡‘mZ KmVbo hmoVo. naH$s¶ AmH«$‘H$ Ah‘Xemh AãXmbr hm A’$JmUrñVmZ
gma»¶m S>m|Jami d AmogmS> àXoem§Vrb Agë¶mZo gn§ÝZ Aem ^maVr¶ àXoemMr byQ> Self-Instructional
Material 161
~mimOr ~mOramd H$ê$Z g§nÎmr {‘i{dUo ¶mgmR>r Vmo à¶ËZerb hmoVm. CÎmaoÀ¶m amOH$maUmV ‘amR>çm§Mm
noedo Am{U... dmT>bobm à^md Am{U Ë¶m§Zr Ho$boë¶m AZoH$ MwH$m§‘wio Ë¶mMo {hVg§~§Y {~KS>bobo hmoVo.
CÎmaoVrb {ZOm‘, OmQ>, aOnyV, amo{hbo BË¶mXter ‘amR>çm§Mo Agbobo g§~§Y ho ‘amR>o Am{U
NOTES AãXmbr ¶m§À¶mVrb ¶wÕmMo EH$ H$maU ~Zbo. amo{hbI§S>mVrb amo{hbo nR>mU ho ñdmW© d
Y‘©doS>mZo nN>mS>bobo hmoVo. {XëbrMr ~mXemhr d CÎma ^maVmVrb ‘amR>çm§Mm dmT>Vm à^md
amo{hë¶m§Zm ghZ hmoV ZìhVm. ‘amR>çm§À¶m dM©ñdmbm à{V~§Y H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Ho$br OmUmar
H$Q>H$mañWmZo ho CÎmaoÀ¶m amOH$maUmMo gyÌ ~Zbo hmoVo.
3. CÎmaoÀ¶m amOH$maUmVrb ‘amR>çm§Mm dmT>Vm à^md :
noedo ~mOramd n{hbm ¶m§À¶mnmgyZ ‘amR>çm§Zr CÎmaoH$S>o gÎmm{dñVma H$aÊ¶mMo
YmoaU ñdrH$mabo hmoVo. Mm¡WmB© d gaXoe‘wIrÀ¶m dgwbrÀ¶m {Z{‘ÎmmZo ‘amR>çm§Zr ‘wKb
àXoemV ñdmè¶m H$ê$Z Mm¡WB© dgyb Ho$br, AZoH$m§H$Sy>Z I§S>Ê¶m {‘i{dë¶m. Ohm{Jar
{‘i{dë¶m. Ë¶m‘wio ‘amR>o gaXma Am{U ‘wKb gwôXma, gaXma d CÎmaoVrb BVa gÎmmYre
¶m§À¶mVrb g§~§Y dmT>rg bmJbo. ho g§~§Y H$Yr gbmo»¶mMo Va H$Yr g§Kfm©Mo am{hbo.
Ë¶m‘wio CÎmaoVrb {ZOm‘, OmQ>, amo{hbo, aOnyV, ‘wKb gaXmaa ‘amR>çm§Mo eÌy ~Zbo hmoVo.
{XëbrÀ¶m CÎmaoÀ¶m amOH$maUmVrb ‘amR>çm§Mm à^md H$‘r H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ~mXemhgh BVa
bmoH$ à¶ËZ H$arV hmoVo.
4. ~w§XobI§S>mVrb amo{hbo Am{U ‘amR>m g§~§Y :
amo{hbI§S>mVrb amo{hbo ho ‘yiMo A’$JmUr hmoVo. CÎmaoÀ¶m amOH$maUmV qhXÿ Agboë¶m
‘amR>çm§Mo dmT>Vo dM©ñd amo{hë¶m§Zm ghZ hmoV ZìhVo. Ë¶m‘wio ñdmW© d Ym{‘©H$Vm ¶m‘wio
ZOr~ImZ amo{hë¶m§À¶m YyV© ZrVr‘wio Ë¶mZo AãXmbrg ^maVmda ñdmar H$aÊ¶mMo {Z‘§ÌU
{Xbo. Vo {Z‘§ÌU XoVmZm ‘amR>çm§nmgyZ ‘wKb ~mXemhrMo g§ajU H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ¶mdo Aer
^y{‘H$m KoVbr. ¶m ¶wÕmbm qhXÿ {déÕ ‘wñbr‘ Agm a§J XoÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ Ho$bm.
5. ‘wKb ~mXemhr dmM{dUo hr ‘amR>çm§Mr O~m~Xmar :
‘amR>çm§Mo N>ÌnVr emhÿ ‘hmamO ¶m§Mr ‘wKbm§À¶m N>mdUrVyZ Pmbobr gwQ>H$m, doimodoir
‘wKb Am{U ‘amR>o ¶m§À¶mV Pmbobo Vh d H$ama ¶m‘YyZ gmVË¶mZo ‘wKb ~mXemhrMo ajU
H$aUo ho ‘amR>çm§Mo H$V©ì¶ d O~m~Xmar Amho Ago ‘mZbo Jobo. Ë¶m‘wio ‘wKb ~mXemhrda
g§H$Q> Ambo AgVmZm AZoH$ doim ‘amR>çm§À¶m ’$m¡Om CÎmaoV Joë¶m hmoË¶m. gZ 1759
‘Ü¶o Ah‘Xemh AãXmbr ¶mÀ¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ {XëbrÀ¶m ‘wKb ~mXemhrda g§H$Q> Ambo
hmoVo, Ë¶mÀ¶mnmgyZ ~mXemhrbm dmM{dÊ¶mgmR>r ‘amR>o CÎmaoV Jobo hmoVo.
6. XÎmmOr qeX|À¶m ‘¥Ë¶yMm gyS> KoUo ho ‘amR>çm§À¶m ñdmarMm EH$ ‘hÎdmMm CÔoe
hmoVm.
nm{ZnVMm aUg§J«m‘ :
A’$JmU ~mXemh Ah‘Xemh AãXmbr ¶mZo gZ 1759 ‘Ü¶o {Xëbrdarb Ho$bobr
ñdmar ho ‘wKb ~mXemhrdarb g§H$Q> Amho. ¶mMm {dMma H$ê$Z noeì¶m§Zr Amnë¶m
Self-Instructional ’$m¡Om {XëbrÀ¶m {XeoZo admZm Ho$ë¶m. ¶m ‘mo{h‘oMo ZoV¥Ëd gXm{edamd^mD$H$S>o {Xbo. ¶m
Material 162
‘mo{h‘oV, ~id§Vamd ‘oh|Xio, qÌ~H$ gXm{ed D$’©$$ ZmZm nwa§Xao, ‘{hnVamd {MQ>Urg, ~mimOr ~mOramd
h[a {edam‘ ImgJrdmbo, A§VmOr ‘mUHo$ída, ZmZm ’$S>Udrg, {dÇ>b {edXod qdMyaH$a, noedo Am{U...
I§S>oamd d ‘hmXOr ZmB©H$ qZ~miH$a, gw^mZamd ‘mZo, A‘aqgJ OmYdamd, X‘mOr
Jm¶H$dmS> BË¶mXr gaXmam§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVm. NOTES
13 ‘mM©, 1760 amoOr gXm{edamd^mD$ Amnë¶m ’$m¡Oogh nQ>Xÿa ¶oWyZ CÎmaoÀ¶m
{XeoZo {ZKmbo. qgXIoS>, {gam§O, ½dmëhoa, AmJ«m, Ymobnya ¶m ‘mJm©Zo ‘amR>r ’$m¡O Owb¡
‘{hÝ¶mV ¶‘wZoda nmohMbr. ¶m ‘mJm©V Ymobnya Odi ‘ëhmaamd hmoiH$a, nwT>o OZH$moOr
qeXo, gwaO‘b OmQ> ho ‘amR>m ’$m¡Oobm ¶oD$Z {‘imbo. gwaO‘b OmQ> ¶mZo Xhm hOma
g¡Ý¶mMr ‘XV Ho$br. Ë¶m~Xë¶mV Amnë¶m àXoemV byQ> Ho$br OmUma Zmhr Ago A^¶
{‘i{dbo. 29 Owb¡, 1760 amoOr ^mD$ {Xëbrg nmoMhbm. Am°JñQ> 1760 ‘Ü¶o
‘amR>çm§Zr {Xëbrda Vm~m {‘i{dbm. ^mD$Zo A{bJm¡ha (emh‘mb‘ Xþgam) ¶mg ~mXemh
åhUyZ Kmo{fV Ho$bo. Va Zmamo e§H$a ¶mg {XëbrÀ¶m gwôXma nXmda Zo‘bo. 22 Owb¡ Vo
11 Am°JñQ>, 1760 ¶m H$mimV ‘amR>çm§Mr ’$m¡O {XëbrV hmoVr. gXm{edamd^mD$Zo
Am{W©H$ AS>MUrVyZ ‘mJ© H$mT>Ê¶mgmR>r 6 Am°JñQ> amoOr {XdmU-E-ImgMo éß¶mMo N>V
VmoSy>Z Ë¶mVyZ ZD$ bmI én¶o Cô Ho$bo. ¶‘wZobm nmUr Agë¶m‘wio ‘amR>çm§Zr Amnbo
bj Hw§$Onwè¶mH$S>o di{dbo. AãXþb g‘VImZ hm Hw§$Onwè¶mMm {H$ëboXma hmoVm. 17
AmŠQ>mo~a amoOr ‘amR>çm§Zr Hw§$Onwè¶mMm {H$ëbm qOHy$Z KoVbm. AãXmbrH$S>rb g‘VImZ
d ZOr~ImZ amo{hë¶mH$S>rb Hw$Ë~emh (XÎmmOrbm R>ma ‘maUmam) ¶m§Mm {eaN>oX Ho$bm.
¶m {R>H$mUÀ¶m bwQ>rV ‘amR>çm§Zm Xhm Vo ~mam bmI én¶o {‘imbo Va Xhm hOma I§S>r Jhÿ
{‘imbm.
‘amR>o Am{U AãXmbr nm{ZnVmda :
25 Am°ŠQ>mo~a, 1760 amoOr ‘amR>o ’$m¡Om Hw§$Onwè¶mhÿZ {ZKyZ Vam¡ar ¶oWo ‘w³H$m‘mg
Amë¶m. AãXmbrZo ~mJnVmOdi ¶‘wZm ZXr Amobm§S>br. 29 Am°ŠQ>mo~aÀ¶m AIoarg
XmoÝhr ’$m¡Om nm{ZnVmda ¶oD$Z XmIb Pmë¶m. XmoÝhr g¡Ý¶mV MH$‘H$s gwê$ Pmë¶m. 20
{S>g|~a, 1760 amoOr ‘amR>çm§Zm agX nwa{dUmam JmoqdXn§V ~w§Xobo ¶mg H$ar‘ImZ ¶m
AãXmbrÀ¶m gaXmamZo bwQ>bo d R>ma Ho$bo. Ë¶m‘wio ‘amR>çm§Zm agX {‘ioZmer Pmbr.
‘amR>çm§À¶m g¡Ý¶mV Cnmg‘ma dmTy> bmJmbr. ¶m n[apñWVrÀ¶m nmíd©^y‘rda goZmnVr
gXm{edamd^mD$Zo ¶wÕmMm {ZU©¶ KoVbm. 14 OmZodmar, 1761 amoOr ¶wÕ gwê$ Pmbo.
g¡Ý¶aMZm :
gXm{edamd^mD$Zo B‘«m{h‘ImZÀ¶m gëë¶mZo Amnë¶m g¡Ý¶mMr aMZm JmobmH$ma Ho$br.
Va AãXmbrZo Amnë¶m g¡Ý¶mMr aMZm AY©dVw©imH$ma qH$dm M§ÐH$moargmaIr Ho$br. àma§^r
‘amR>çm§Zr Vmo’$m§Mm ‘mam H$ê$Z AãXmbrÀ¶m g¡Ý¶mbm h¡amU Ho$bo. na§Vw XmoZ àhamZ§Va
emhdbrImZmZo ‘amR>çm§À¶m ‘w»¶ Vimda hëbm Ho$bm. VrZ àhamZ§Va {dídmgamdmbm
Jmoir bmJyZ Vmo nS>bm, ^mD$Zo ^mdmZmde hmoD$Z emhdbrImZmda hëbm Ho$bm. ^mD$
hÎmrda {XgV Zmhr ho nmhÿZ ‘amR>o g¡Ý¶mZo dmQ> ’w$Q>ob {VH$S>o nim¶bm gwédmV Ho$br.
nm{ZnVda EH§$Xa XrS> bmI ‘amR>çm§Mm g§hma Pmbm Agmdm. ‘amR>çm§À¶m N>mdUrVyZ
H$moQ>çmdYr én¶m§Mr g§nÎmr AãXmbrÀ¶m hmVr bmJbr.
Self-Instructional
Material 163
~mimOr ~mOramd nm{ZnVÀ¶m ¶wÕmMo n[aUm‘ :
noedo Am{U...
14 OmZodmar, 1761 amoOr nm{ZnVÀ¶m aUjoÌmda Pmboë¶m ¶wÕmV ‘amR>çm§Zm XméU
NOTES nam^d nËH$amdm bmJbm, ¶m nam^dmMo XÿaJm‘r n[aUm‘ Ho$di ‘amR>çm§daM Zmhr Va
^maVr¶ amOH$maUmdahr Pmbo. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o ‘amR>çm§Mr ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV {OdrV hmZr Pmbr.
‘amR>çm§À¶m CÎmaoVrb amOH$maUmbm Iri ~gbr. amKmo~mXmXmMr ‘hÎdmH$m§jm dmTy>Z
‘amR>çm§À¶m A§VJ©V amOH$aUmV H$bh {Z‘m©U Pmbm. X{jUoVrb ‘amR>çm§À¶m eÌy§Zr nwÝhm
S>moHo$ da H$mT>bo. nm{ZnVÀ¶m nam^dmÀ¶m Y³³¶mZo 23 OyZ, 1761 amoOr ZmZmgmho~
noedo ¶m§Mm ‘¥Ë¶y Pmbm. n§Om~m‘Ü¶o erIm§Mr gÎmm dmT>rg bmJbr. ~§Jmb d ‘Ðmg ¶oWo
B§J«Or gÎmoMr nm¶mâUr Pmbr. BË¶mXr ‘wÚm§Mm g‘mdoe H$aVm ¶oVmo.
1. ‘amR>çm§Mr ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV {OdrV hmZr Pmbr :
nm{ZnVÀ¶m aUm§JUmda ‘amR>çm§Mr ‘moR>çm à‘mUV {OdrV hmZr Pmbr. noedo
KamÊ¶mVrb ì¶³Vr, AZoH$ ‘mÎm~a gaXma, ‘moR>çm à‘mUV g¡{ZH$ d A½ZrV ~mOma~wUJo
‘mabo Jobo. AZoH$ OU ~onÎmm Pmbo. {H$Ë¶oH$ OU OI‘r Pmbo. hr ‘amR>çm§À¶m Ñï>rZo
‘moR>r hmZr hmoVr.
2. ‘amR>çm§À¶m CÎmaoVrb amOH$maUmbm Iri ~gbr :
nm{ZnVnydu ‘amR>çm§Zr CÎmaoÀ¶m amOH$maUmV Omo Xamam {Z‘m©U Ho$bm hmoVm. Or à{Vð>m
{‘i{dbr hmoVr. Ë¶m à{Vð>obm d à^mdmbm nm{ZnVÀ¶m ¶wÕmVrb nam^dmZo Iri ~gbr.
3. ZmZmgmho~ noedo ¶m§Mm ‘¥Ë¶y Pmbm. :
‘amR>çm§À¶m nam^dm‘wio, Ë¶mV Pmboë¶m hmZr‘wio, {dídmgamd, gXm{edamd ¶m§Mm
‘¥Ë¶y Pmë¶mZo d nam^dmÀ¶m Y³³¶mZo 23 OyZ, 1761 amoOr ZmZmgmho~ noedo ¶m§Mm ‘¥Ë¶y
Pmbm.
4. ‘hÎdmH$m§jr amKmo~mXmXmMm CX¶ :
nm{ZnVÀ¶m ¶wÕmV ‘amR>çm§Mm nam^d Pmë¶m‘wio d gXm{edamd^mD$, {dídmgamd
¶m§gmaIo noedo Hw$Q§w>~mVrb ì¶³Vr H$m‘r Amë¶mZo aKwZmWamdm§Mr ‘hÎdmH$m§jm dmT>rg
bmJbr. AmnUmg noedonX {‘iob Ago Ë¶mbm dmQy> bmJbo. Ë¶mÀ¶m ‘hÎdmH$m§jo‘wio
nm{ZnVZ§Va ‘amR>çm§À¶m amOH$maUmV AZoH$ g‘ñ¶m {Z‘m©U Pmë¶m. A§VJ©V amOH$aUmV
H$bh {Z‘m©U Pmbm.
5. ‘amR>çm§À¶m X{jUoVrb eÌy§Zr nwÝhm S>moHo$ da H$mT>bo :

nm{ZnVdarb ‘amR>çm§À¶m nam^dm‘wio X{jUVrb {ZOm‘, {gÔr, nmoVw©JrO BË¶mXr
eÌy§Zr nwÝhm S>moHo$ da H$mT>bo Am{U ‘amR>çm§{déÕ H$madm¶m gwê$ Ho$ë¶m.
6. n§Om~m‘Ü¶o erIm§Mr gÎmm dmT>rg bmJbr. :
Self-Instructional gZ 1761 nydu n§Om~ àm§VmV AãXmbr, A{XZm~oJ, ‘amR>o, erI ¶m§À¶mV gÎmmñnYm©
Material 164
{Z‘m©U Pmbr hmoVr. na§Vw nm{ZnVda ‘amR>çm§Mm nam^d Pmbm. AãXmbr A’$JmUrñWmZmV ~mimOr ~mOramd
naV Jobm. Ë¶m‘wio n§Om~mV {eIm§Mr gÎmm ghO àñWm{nV hmoD$Z Vr dmT>rg bmJbr. noedo Am{U...
7. ‘wKb gÎmoMm AñV : NOTES
¶m ¶wÕmVrb nam^dm‘wio ‘wKbgÎmobm O~aXñV hmXam ~gbm. ¶m ¶wÕmÀ¶m H$mimV
~mXemh {Xëbr gmoSy>Z niyZ Jobm. Ë¶mZ§Va Ë¶mb Am{lV åhUyZ OrdZ H§$R>mdo bmJbo.
8. B§J«Or gÎmoMm CX¶ Pmbm :
^maVmVrb B§J«Or gÎmoMm amOH$s¶ CX¶ hm nm{ZnVmdarb ‘amR>çm§Mm nam^dmMm EH$
n[aUm‘ ‘mZbm OmVmo. ‘wKb ~mXemh niyZ Jobm, Ë¶m‘wio ^maVmV Or gÎmoMr nmoH$ir
{Z‘m©U Pmbr hr nmoH$ir ^ê$Z H$mT>Ê¶mMo H$m¶© B§J«Om§Zr Ho$bo. nm{ZnVÀ¶m ¶wÕmZ§Va
B§J«Om§Mm AmË‘{dedmg dmT>bm. ßbmgrMr bT>mB©, ~³gmaMr bT>mB© d Abhm~mXMm Vh
¶m VrZhr KQ>Zm ‘wKbgm‘«mÁ¶ Am{U B§J«Om§Mr gÎmm ¶m§À¶mer OmoS>boë¶m hmoË¶m. Ë¶m‘wio
‘wKb g§ÎmoMm AñV hmoD$Z B§J«Or gÎmoÀ¶m {dH$mgmg àma§^ Pmbm.
8.2.3 ‘amR>çm§À¶m nam^dmMr H$maUo :

nm{ZnVÀ¶m aUm§JUmda ‘amR>çm§Zm nam^d H$m nËH$amdm bmJbm ¶mMr H$maU‘r‘m§gm
H$aVmZm AZoH$ ‘hÎdmMo ‘wÔo {dMmamV ¿¶mdo bmJVmV. Ë¶mV CÎmaoÀ¶m amOH$maUmV
‘amR>çm§Zr Ho$boë¶m MwH$m, gXm{edamd^mD$Zo goZmnVr åhUyZ Ho$boë¶m MwH$m, goZmnVr
åhUyZ AãXmbr Am{U gXm{edamd^mD$ ¶m§Mr VwbZm, g¡Ý¶ Am{U eñÌmñÌm§Vrb V’$mdV,
CÎmaoVrb ‘amR>m gaXmam§Mr ^y{‘H$m, ‘amR>o g¡Ý¶mMm nmofmI Am{U CÎmaoVrb hdm‘mZ, noedo
Am{U nm{ZnVMr ‘mohr‘.
1. CÎmaoÀ¶m amOH$maUmV ‘amR>çm§Zr Ho$boë¶m MwH$m :
CÎmaoÀ¶m amOH$maUmV ‘amR>o gaXmam§Zr gÎmm{dgVma H$aVmZm, Mm¡WB© gaXoe‘wIrMr
dgwbr H$aVmZm CÎmaoVrb gÎmm§À¶m A§VJ©V dmagmÀ¶m g§Kfm©V Ho$bobm hñVjon Am{U
Amngm§V {Z‘m©U Ho$bobo d¡a, CÎmaoVrb gÎmm§er Agbobo g§~§Y BË¶mXr§Mm n[aUm‘
nm{ZnVÀ¶m g§J«m‘mV ñnï>nUo OmUdbm.
2. ‘amR>m gaXmam§Vrb EoŠ¶mMm A^md :
CÎma qhXþñWmZmV ^mD$gmho~ noeì¶mÀ¶m ZoV¥ËdmImbr Oo ‘amR>o gaXma bT>çmgmR>r
nmR>{dbo hmoVo, Ë¶m§À¶mV EoŠ¶ d ào‘ ¶m§Mm A^md hmoVm. X‘mOr Jm¶H$dmS>, OZH$moOr
qeXo d ‘ëhmaamd hmoiH$a ¶mÀ¶mV ‘moR>r ñnYm© d d¡‘Zñ¶ hmoVo, ‘ëhmaamd hmoiH$a Am{U
ZOr~ImZ ¶m§À¶mVrb g§~§Y Am{U EoZ ¶wÕmÀ¶m aUYw‘mirV ‘ëhmaamd aU§JU gmoSy>Z
{ZKyZ Jobo. ¶m gd© ~m~r ‘amR>çm§À¶m nam^dmg H$maUr^yV R>aë¶m.
3. gXm{edamd^mD$Zo goZmnVr åhUyZ Ho$boë¶m MwH$m :
‘amR>m goZoMm goZmnVr ¶m ZmË¶mZo gXm{edamd^mD$ ¶m§À¶mH$Sy>Z AZoH$ MwH$m KS>ë¶m.
Ë¶m‘Ü¶o ‘mo{h‘oMr JVr, ‘amR>çm§Mr Ym{‘©H$ ‘mZg{H$Vm, VrW©¶mÌm§gmR>r {Xbobm doi, Self-Instructional
Material 165
~mimOr ~mOramd Hw§$Onwam KoVë¶mZ§Va Hw$éjoÌmda KmVbobm doi, {dídmgamdm§À¶m ‘¥Ë¶yZ§Va ^mD$gmho~m§Zm
noedo Am{U... emoH$ AZmda hmoD$Z hÎmrdê$Z KmoS>çmda Ambo Ë¶m‘wio g¡Ý¶mV {^Vr {Z‘m©U Pmbr. VgoM
gwS>mÀ¶m ^mdZoVyZ eÌyda hëbm Ho$bm ho H¥$Ë¶ goZmnVr åhUyZ MwH$sMo d AmË‘KmVH$s
NOTES R>abo.
4. goZmnVr åhUyZ AãXmbr Am{U gXm{edamd^mD$ ¶m§Mr VwbZm :
gXm{edamd^mD$ Am{U AãXmbr ¶m§À¶mV goZmnVr åhUyZ VwbZm H$aVm Ago {XgVo
H$s, AãXmbr hm H$gbobm goZmnVr hmoVm. Ë¶mZo Amnë¶m g¡Ý¶mMr aMZm M§ÐH$moarÀ¶m
AmH$mamMr Ho$br hmoVr. Xþ{~©ZrMm dmna H$ê$Z Vmo g¡Ý¶mda bj R>odyZ hmoVm. Ë¶mÀ¶m
g¡Ý¶aMZoV amIrd goZoMr VaVyX Ho$bobr hmoVr. ‘mJo {’$aUmè¶m g¡Ý¶mbm R>ma Ho$bo OmV
Ago. ¶mCbQ> ‘amR>çm§À¶m goZoV AZoH$ AZw^dr gaXma hmoVo. ¶wÕmÀ¶m {ZU©¶m~V Ë¶m§Mo
^mD$gmho~m§er ‘VôX hmoVo. Ë¶m‘wio à^mdr goZmnVr åhUyZ ^mD$gmho~mg g¡Ý¶mMo {Z¶§ÌU
H$aVm Ambo Zmhr. ñdV: ^mD$ ^mdZmde Pmë¶mZo Ë¶mbm goZmnVr nXmMr O~m~Xmar
nobdVm Ambr Zmhr. Ë¶m‘wio ‘amR>çm§Mm nam^d Pmbm.
5. g¡Ý¶ Am{U eñÌmñÌm§Vrb V’$mdV :
AãXmbrMr g¡Ý¶g§Im hr ‘amR>çm§À¶m g¡Ý¶mnojm A{YH$ hmoVr. AãXmbrMo g¡Ý¶
à{e{jV d {eñVrMo hmoVo. ‘amR>o g¡{ZH$m§Zm {deof à{ejU ZìhVo, Vo nma§n[aH$ nÕVrZo
bT>V hmoVo. AãXmbrÀ¶m g¡Ý¶mgmaIr {eñV ‘amR>m g¡Ý¶mV ZìhVr. ‘amR>çm§H$S>o Agbobr
T>mb-Vbdma, ^mbo, YZwî¶ - ~mU, hr hÎ¶mao nma§n[aH$ hmoVr. ‘amR>çm§H$S>o Vmo’$ImZm
hmoVm na§Vw Vmo AdOS> hmoVm. R>amdrH$ H$mimZ§Va Vmo {ZH$m‘r R>abm. ¶mCbQ> AãXmbrH$S>o
hbŠ¶m dOZmÀ¶m Vmo’$m hmoË¶m. ~§XþH$m hmoË¶m hr V’$mdV ‘amR>çm§À¶m nam^dmg H$maUr^yV
R>abr.
6. ‘amR>o g¡Ý¶mMm nmofmI Am{U CÎmaoVrb hdm‘mZ :
nm{ZnVMr bT>mB© OmZodmarV Pmë¶mZo VoWrb W§S> hdm‘mZ‘Ü¶o Cn¶w³V R>aob Agm
nmofmI ‘amR>çm§À¶mH$S>o ZìhVm Vo nma§n[aH$ nmofmImV Agë¶mZo CÎmaoVrb W§S>rMm gm‘Zm
H$aUo Ë¶m§Zm eŠ¶ Pmbo Zmhr. ¶m CbQ> AãXmbrÀ¶m g¡Ý¶mH$S>o H$mVS>r OmH$sQ> hmoVo.
Ë¶m‘wio Vo W§S>rMm g‘mZm H$ê$ eH$bo.
7. noeì¶m§À¶m ‘m{h‘oH$Sy>Z Agboë¶m Anojm Am{U O~m~Xmè¶m :
‘amR>çm§Zr CÎmaoMr ‘mohr‘ hmVr KoVbr. na§Vw Ë¶mgmR>r bmJUmè¶m IMm©Mr VaVyX
noedo qH$dm N>ÌnVr ¶m§À¶mH$Sy>Z Ho$br Jobr Zmhr. Ë¶m‘wioM g¡Ý¶mMm IM© ^mJ{dÊ¶mgmR>r
goZmnVrbm ‘wKbm§À¶m {XdmZ-E-ImgMo éß¶mMo V»V ’$moSy>Z n¡gm C^m H$amdm bmJbm.
¶m H¥$VrMo n[aUm‘ ‘amR>çm§Zm ^moJmdo bmJbo. VgoM IM© ^mJ{dÊ¶mgmR>r ‘amR>çm§Zm
byQ>hr H$amdr bmJbr. ¶mMm n[aUm‘ CÎmaoVrb gÎmm§Mo ghH$m¶© ‘amR>çm§Zm Pmbo Zmhr.
VËH$mbrZ H$mJXnÌmVrb CëboImZwgma gXm{edamd^mD$Zo noeì¶m§Mo H$O© {ZdmaÊ¶mgmR>r
n¡gm nmR>dmdm Aer ZmZmgmho~ noeì¶m§Mr Anojm hmoVr. hr ~m~ ‘amR>çm§À¶m nm{ZnVmdarb
nam^dmg H$maUr^yV R>abr Agmdr.
Self-Instructional
Material 166
~mimOr ~mOramd
8.3 gmam§e noedo Am{U...
‘amR>m gÎmoMo gm‘Ï¶© ¶m àH$aUm‘Ü¶o àm‘w»¶mZo ~mimOr ~mOramd D$’©$$ ZmZmgmho~ NOTES
noedo ¶m§À¶m H$a{H$Xr©V KS>boë¶m KS>m‘moS>tMm ‘mJmodm KoVbm Amho. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o àm‘w»¶mZo
ZmZmgmho~m§Zr gÎm{dñVmamgmR>r hmVr KoVboë¶m ‘mo{h‘m, CÎma d X{jUoVrb ‘amR>çm§À¶m
eÌy§à‘mUoM ‘amR>çm§À¶m amOH$maUmVrb A§VJ©V H$bh d eÌy ¶m§Mm KoVbobm g‘mMma ¶m§da
àH$me Q>mH$bm Amho. ZmZmgmho~m§À¶m H$ma{H$Xr©Vrb ‘hÎdmMr KQ>Zm åhUOo nm{ZnVMo
¶wÕ. nm{ZnVda ñdmar H$aÊ¶m‘mJrb noeì¶m§Mr ^y{‘H$m d ‘mo{h‘oMo CXoe, ‘mo{h‘oMr
dmQ>Mmb, ‘mo{h‘oVrb ‘hÎdmÀ¶m KQ>Zm ¶m§da àH$me Q>mH$bm Amho. nm{ZnVMr ‘mohr‘,
AãXmbrer ‘amR>çm§Zr Ho$bobo ¶wÕ Am{U nam^dmV Pmbobo ZwH$gmZ ¶m~m~V ‘m{hVr KoD$Z
¶m ¶wÕmMo n[aUm‘ d nam^dmMr ‘r‘m§gm Ho$bobr Amho.
8.4 ‘hÎdmMo eãX

noedmB© : ~mimOr {dídZmW‘wio N>ÌnVr§À¶m Aï>àYmZ ‘§S>imVrb "noedo'
¶m àYmZmg {deof ‘hÎd àmßV Pmbo d BVa àYmZ à^mdhrZ Pmbo. n{hbo
~mOramd noedo ¶m§À¶m H$mimV noeì¶m§Mo dmñVì¶ñWmZ Agbobo nwUo ho ‘amR>m
amÁ¶H$ma^mamMo ‘w»¶ H|$Ð ~Zbo. Am{U nwT>rb H$mimV noeì¶m§Mo ‘hÎd {Z{d©dmX
dmT>bo. Ë¶m‘wio Ë¶m§À¶m à^dmImbrb ‘amR>çm§À¶m amÁ¶H$ma^mambm noedmB© ¶m
ZmdmZo g§~moYbo OmD$ bmJbo.
amo{hbo : CÎmaoÀ¶m amOH$maUmV à^d Agboë¶m A’$JmUr nmR>mUm§Zm amo[hbo d
Ë¶m§À¶m dmñVì¶mÀ¶m {R>H$mUmg amo{hbI§S> ¶m ZmdmZo g§~moYbo OmD$ bmJbo.
nm{ZnVÀ¶m ¶wÕmV ZOr~ImZ amo{hbm ¶mMr ^y{‘H$m ‘hÎdmMr hmoVr.
nm{ZnV : nm{ZnV ho CÎmaoVrb Eo{Vhm{gH$ aUjoÌ. ¶m aUm§JUmda Á¶m à‘wI
VrZ bT>m¶m Pmë¶m Ë¶mV OmZodmar 1761 À¶m ‘amR>o {déÕ Ah‘Xemh AãXmbr
¶m§À¶mV Pmboë¶m ¶wÕmMm g‘mdoe hmoVm.
goZmgmho~ gw^m : emhÿ amOm§À¶m H$mimV ~mimOr {dídZmWmZo ‘amR>m ‘§S>imMr
Or g§H$ënZm ‘m§S>br Ë¶mV H$mhr à‘wI gaXmam§Zm {Za{Zamio {H$Vm~ {Xbo Jobo.
Ë¶mV nagmoOr ^mogbo ¶mZm "goZmgmho~ gw^m' ho nX {Xbo Jobo hmoVo.

1. ZmZmgmho~ noedo ¶m§À¶m g‘moa àma§^r H$moUVr AmìhmZo hmoVr ?
2. ZmZmgmho~ noeì¶m§À¶m X{jUoVrb ‘mo{h‘moMm AmT>mdm ¿¶m.
Self-Instructional
3. ZmZmgmho~ noedo Am{U {gÔr ¶m§À¶mVrb g§~§Y ñnï> H$am. Material 167
~mimOr ~mOramd 4. Ah‘Xemh AãXmbrÀ¶m ^maVmdarb ñdmè¶m§Mo Choe ñnï> H$am.
noedo Am{U...
5. "{XëbrMr ~mXemhr dmM{dÊ¶mgmR>r ‘amR>çm§Zr AãXmbrer ¶wÕ Ho$bo.' {dYmZ
NOTES ñnï> H$am.
6. nm{ZnVÀ¶m ¶wÕmVrb ‘amR>çm§À¶m nam^dmMr XmoZ H$maUo {bhm.
1. ZmZmgmho~ noeì¶m§À¶m gÎmm {dñVmam~m~V g{dñVa ‘m{hVr {bhm.
2. ZmZmgmho~ noedo Am{U VËH$mbrZ X{jUVrb gÎmm ¶m§À¶mVrb g§~§Ym§Mm AmT>mdm
¿¶m.
3. nm{ZnVÀ¶m ¶wÕmMr H$maUo d ‘amR>çm§À¶m nam^dmMr H$maUo {bhm.

1. AmoH$ à.J., noedo KamÊ¶mMm B{Vhmg, H$m°pÝQ>ZoÝQ>b àH$meZ, nwUo Xþgar Amd¥Îm^.
1991
2. Xoenm§S>o gwYmH$a, ‘amR>çm§Mm B{Vhmg
3. nJS>r goVy‘mYdamd, nm{ZnV, gmohZr {da[MV d Xoenm§So
4. gmohZr {da[MV, Xoenm§So d Hw$bH$Uu (g§nm.), noeì¶m§Mr ~Ia, Xoe‘wI àH$meZ,
nwUo, 1963.
5. gaXogmB©, Jmo. g. ‘amR>r [a¶mgV, CÎma {d^mJ, ‘w§~B©, 1942
6. gmZo H$m. Zm.,(g§nm.), ^mD$gmho~m§Mr ~Ia, nwUo 1932
Self-Instructional
Material 168
‘amR>m gÎmoMr nwZñWm©nZm
‘amR>m gÎmoMr
àH$aU 9 : ‘amR>m gÎmoMr nwZñWm©nZm nwZñWm©nZm
NOTES
aMZm
9.0 àñVmdZm
9.1 C{Ôï>o
9.2 {df¶ {ddoMZ
9.2.1 Wmoabo ‘mYdamd noedo ¶m§Mr H$m‘{Jar
9.2.2 Zmam¶Uamd d gdmB© ‘mYdamd noedo Am{U ~ma^mB©
9.2.3 aKwZmWamd Am{U ~ma^mB© g§Kf©
9.3 gmam§e
9.4 ‘hÎdmMo eãX
9.0 àñVmdZm
nm{ZnVÀ¶m nam^dmZ§Va {Z‘m©U Pmboë¶m à{VHy$b n[apñWVrV ‘amR>mamÁ¶mMr
O~m~Xmar ‘mYdamd noedo ¶m§Zr à^mdrnUo {Z^mdbr. Ë¶m§Zr {eñVrÀ¶m, H$m¶©j‘VoÀ¶m
d H$V¥©ËdmÀ¶m Omoamda AZoH$ AmìhmZm§Zm g‘W©nUo Vm|S> XoD$Z ‘amR>m amÁ¶mbm nydr©Mo d¡^d
{‘idyZ {Xbo. ‘mYdamdm§À¶m AH$mbr ‘¥Ë¶yZ§Va aKwZmWamdm§Mr noedonX {‘i{dÊ¶mMr
‘hÎdmH$m§jm Am{U H$Q>H$mañWmZo ¶mV Zmam¶Uamd noedo ¶m§Zm noedonXma H$m‘ H$aVmZm
AZoH$ AS>MUr Amë¶m. VgoM aKwZmWamdm§Zr noedo nX {‘i{dÊ¶mÀ¶m H$mañWmZmV
Zmam¶Uamdm§Mr hË¶m H$a{dbr. ¶m KS>m‘oS>tMm ‘mJmodm KoVbm Amho. Zma¶Uamdm§Mr hË¶m
Am{U Ë¶mZ§Va {Z‘mU Pmboë¶m n[apñWVrV ~ma^mB© ‘§S>i Am{U aKwZmWamd ¶m§Mo g§~§Y
d g§Kf©, gdmB© ‘mYdamdm§Mo gÎmmJ«hU Am{U ‘amR>çm§À¶m amOH$maUmV B§J«Om§Mm hñVjon
¶m§Mm ‘mJmodm KoVbm Amho.
9.1 C{Ôï>o
Wmoabo ‘mYdamd noedo ¶m§Mo H$m¶© d H$V©wËdmMm ‘mJmodm KoUo. n[apñWVr OmUyZ KoUo,
‘mYdamdm§À¶m AH$mbr {ZYZm‘wio {Z‘m©U Pmbobr n[apñWVrMm AmT>mdm KoUo. Zma¶Uamd
noedo ¶m§Mo nXJ«hU Am{U Ë¶m§À¶m g‘moaMr AmìhmZo g‘OyZ KoUo. Zma¶Uamdm§À¶m hË¶oZ§Va
{Z‘m©U Pmbobr n[apñWVr Am{U ~ma^mB© ‘§S>imÀ¶m ¶moJXmZmMm ‘mJmodm KoUo. ~ma^mB©
Am{U aKwZmWamd ¶m§À¶mVrb g§Kfm©V B§J«Om§Mm ‘amR>çm§À¶m amOH$maUmVrb hñVjonmda Self-Instructional
àH$me Q>mH$Uo. Material 171
‘amR>m gÎmoMr
nwZñWm©nZm 9.2 {df¶ {ddoMZ
NOTES
9.2.1 Wmoabo ‘mYdamd noedo ¶m§Mr H$m‘{Jar
Wmoabo ‘mYdamd noedo :
~mimOr ~mOramd D$’©$ ZmZmgmho~ ¶m§Mr nËZr JmonrH$m~mB© ¶m§Zm {dídmgamd,
‘mYdamd, ¶ed§Vamd, ‘moaoída d Zmam¶Uamd Aer nmM AnË¶o Pmbr. Ë¶m§n¡H$s ¶ed§V
d ‘maoída ho AënH$mimVM ‘¥Ë¶y nmdbo. {dídmgamd gXm{edamd^mD$ ¶m§À¶m g‘doV
nm{ZnVÀ¶m ‘mo{h‘oda Jobo. VoWoM Ë¶m§Mm Jmoir bmJyZ ‘¥Ë¶y Pmbm. ZmZmgmho~ noeì¶m§À¶m
{ZYZmZ§Va ‘mYdamd ho d¶mÀ¶m gmoimì¶m dfr© noedo Pmbo. ‘mYdamdm§Mm OÝ‘ 16
’o$~«wdmar, 1745 amoOr e{Zdmar gmdZya ¶oWo Pmbm. Ë¶mdoir ZmZmgmho~ ‘mo{h‘oÀ¶m
dmQ>oda gmdZyabm hmoVo. gmdZyaÀ¶m Zdm~mg§~§Yr {b{hboë¶m "{XboaO§Jr' ¶m nwñVH$mV
‘mYdamdm§À¶m OÝ‘g§~§YmZo Agm CëboI ¶oVmo H$s, " ~mb ~mb§{VUrg gdUyamg R>oD$Z
AmnU IwÔ ’$m¡OogwÕm {ZKmoZ Jobo. Zdm~ gmho~m§Zr ~mb§{VUrMo d ‘wbmMo Mm§Jë¶m arVrZo
g§ajU H$ê$Z H$mhr {Xdgm§Z§Va Ë¶m§g C§Mr dñÌnmÌ XoD$Z d ‘wbmMo A§Jmda Odmhra
d ‘moVMo Xm{JZo R>oD$Z ~amo~a bmoH$ dJ¡ao XoD$Z nwÊ¶mg admZm Ho$bo.' 20 Owb¡, 1761
amoOr ‘mYdamdm§Zm Vmam~mBªÀ¶m g§‘VrZo d N>ÌnVr am‘amOo ¶m§À¶mH$Sy>Z gmVmè¶mÀ¶m
Xa~mamV noedmB©Mr dñÌo {‘imbr. {ZiH§$R> ‘hmXod D$’©$$ Am~m nwa§Xao ¶m§Zm ‘wVmbrH$sMr
d gImam‘~mny ~moH$sb ¶m§Zm {XdmU[JarMr dñÌo XoÊ¶mV Ambr. ¶mdoir amKmo~mXmXm
ho ‘mYdamdm§~amo~a hmoVo. gZ 1761 Vo 1772 ¶m H$mimV gw‘mao AH$am df} ‘amR>m
gm‘«mÁ¶m§Mo noedo åhUyZ ‘mYdamdm§Zr H$m‘{Jar Ho$br.
‘mYdamdm§g‘moarb AmìhmZo :
‘mYdamd noedo ¶m§Zr noedonXmMr dñÌo ñdrH$mabr Vmo H$mb amOH$s¶Ñï>çm A{Ve¶
A§XmYw§XrMm hmoVm. nm{ZnVÀ¶m nam^dm‘wio ‘amR>mgÎmobm ‘moR>m hmXam ~gbm hmoVm.
AãXmbrZo {Xëbr gmoSy>Z A’$Jm{UñWmZbm OmVmZm {XëbrÀ¶m ~mXemhrda AbrJm¡ha
VWm Xþgam emhAmb‘ ¶m§Mr à{Vð>mnZm Ho$br hmoVr. Va JmPrCÔrZbm dOranX {Xbo
hmoVo. na§Vw Ë¶mMo ~mXemher nQ>V Zgë¶mZo emhAmb‘Zo gyOmCÔm¡bm ¶mbm dOra nXmda
Zo‘bo hmoVo. CÎmao‘Ü¶o OmQ>, amo{hbo, ~w§Xobo, aOnyV ¶m§Zr ‘amR>çm§Zm CÎmaoVyZ hmQ>{dÊ¶mMm
M§J ~m§Ybm hmoVm. CÎmaoà‘mUoM X{jUoVhr ‘amR>çm§Zm ’$maer AZwHy$b n[apñWVr ZìhVr.
h¡Xam~mXÀ¶m {ZOm‘AbrZo gZ 1762 ‘Ü¶o Amnbm ^mD$ gbm~VO§J ¶mbm Xÿa H$ê$Z
ñdV: h¡Xam~mXÀ¶m {ZOm‘mÀ¶m JmXrda ~gbm hmoVm. Ë¶mbmhr ‘amR>mamÁ¶mV {Z‘m©U
Pmboë¶m ApñWa n[apñWVrMm ’$m¶Xm ¿¶m¶Mm hmoVm. B§J«Om§Zmhr H$moH$UmV àdoe H$am¶Mm
hmoVm.
‘mYdamd EH$m nÌmV Agm CëboI H$aVmV H$s, "{ZOm‘Abr d h¡Xa ZmB©H$ XmoZ eÌy
‘moR>o; ¶mIoarO B§JaoO h~er ¶mMmhr noM H$moH$Uàm§Vo. Eogo {Vhoar noMm‘wio Xm¡bV ‘amR>r
Self-Instructional g§H$Q>mV Amho.' ¶m{edm¶ ‘moR>o g§H$Q> J¥hH$bhm‘wio {Z‘m©U Pmbo hmoVo. ‘mYdamdm§Mm
Material 172
MwbVm ¶mbm noedo ìhm¶Mo hmoVo. Vmo AË¶§V ‘hÎdmH$m§jr Agë¶mZo ‘mYdamdm§Zm ~mOybm ‘amR>m gÎmoMr
gmê$Z AmnUM noedonX {‘i{dÊ¶mMm Ë¶mZo KmQ> KmVbm hmoVm. na§Vw ‘mYdamdm§Mm EH$ nwZñWm©nZm
gëbmJma ~ZyZ Ë¶mbm amhmdo bmJbo hmoVo. ‘mYdamdm§Zm ‘mJ©Xe©Z H$aÊ¶mEodOr Ë¶mZo
{Za{Zamir H$maUo H$mTy>Z Ë¶m§À¶mer g§Kf© H$aÊ¶mMo YmoaU A§JrH$mabo hmoVo. NOTES
ZmJnyaH$a ^mogbo ¶m§Zm Va gmVmè¶mÀ¶m JmXrMr hmd gwQ>br hmoVr. gm‘«mÁ¶mMm
[aVm I{OZm, AZw^dr ì¶³VrMr dmUdm, eÌy§Mm gwigwimQ> Aem à{VHy$b n[apñWVrV
‘mYdamdm§Zr noedonXmMr gyÌo hmVr KoVbr hmoVr.
‘amR>m gÎmoMr nwZñWm©nZm :
nm{ZnVÀ¶m nam^dm‘wio ‘amR>mamÁ¶mMr Or XþamdñWm Pmbr hmoVr Ë¶mVyZ ‘mJ©
H$mT>Ê¶mgmR>r d ‘amR>mamÁ¶mMr nwZñWm©nZm H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ‘mYdamd noedo ¶m§Zr X{jUoVrb
eÌy§Mm g‘mMa KoUo d Ë¶m§Zm nm¶~§X KmbÊ¶mgmR>r ‘mo{h‘m§Mo Am¶moOZ Ho$bo. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o
CÎmaoVrb ‘mo{h‘m, X{jUoVrb ‘mo{h‘m d A§VJ©V eÌy§Mm ~§Xmo~ñV H$aÊ¶mgmR>r à¶ËZ Ho$bo.
‘mYdamd noedo Am{U X{jUoVrb amOH$maU

{ZOm‘mMr nwÊ¶mda ñdmar :
‘amR>çm§Mm nm{ZnVmda nam^d Pmbm. ¶m g§YrMm ’$m¶Xm KoD$Z {ZOm‘AbrZo CXJraMo
An¶e YwdyZ H$mT>Ê¶mgmR>r 60 hOma g¡Ý¶ ~amo~a KoVbo. ¶m ‘m{h‘oV ‘wamaamd KmoanS>o,
hU‘§Vamd qZ~miH$a, am‘M§Ð OmYd BË¶mXr ‘amR>m gaXma {ZOm‘mbm {‘imbo hmoVo.
VgoM Ë¶mZo H$Zw©b, H$S>ßnm, gmdZya ¶oWrb Zdm~m§er ‘¡ÌrMo g§~§Y àñWm{nV Ho$bo hmoVo.
Ë¶mZo {S>g|~a 1761 ‘Ü¶o nwÊ¶mda ñdmar Ho$br. Vmo nwÊ¶mnmgyZ H$mhr A§Vamda Agboë¶m
Cê$irH$m§MZ ¶m Jmdr Ambm. ‘amR>mamÁ¶mda Amboë¶m {ZOm‘mÀ¶m g§H$Q>mbm gm‘moao
OmÊ¶mgmR>r ‘mYdamdm§Zr gmdY nmdbo CMbbr. gaXma am‘M§Ð OmYd d {ZOm‘AbrMm
^mD$ ‘ra ‘wKb ¶m§Zm Amnë¶m ~mOyg didyZ KoVbo. ¶m g§YrMm ’$m¶Xm KoD$Z {ZOm‘mbm
H$mo§S>rV nH$S>Ê¶mMr ¶moOZm AmIbr AgVmZm aKwZmWamdm§Zr {ZOm‘mer Vh H$aÊ¶mMm
àñVmd ‘m§S>bm. Ë¶m‘wio 5 OmZodmar, 1762 amoOr aKwZmWamdm§Zr Cê$irH$m§MZ ¶oWo
{ZOm‘Abrer Vh Ho$bm. ¶m VhmZwga, 27 bmIm§Mm ‘wbyI {ZOm‘mbm XoÊ¶mMo ‘mÝ¶
Ho$bo. hm Vh KS>dyZ AmUÊ¶m‘mJo amKo~mXmXmMm g§Hw${MV d ñdmWr© hoVy hmoVm.
noedo Am{U {ZOm‘ :
E{àb 1763 ‘Ü¶o {ZOm‘mZo nwÊ¶mda ñdmar Ho$br. {ZOm‘mMo bj {dM[bV
H$aÊ¶mgmR>r aKwZmWamdm§Zr {ZOm‘mÀ¶m àXoemVrb Am¡a§Jm~mXda hëbm Ho$bm. Ë¶m‘wio
{MSy>Z {ZOm‘mZo nwUo d nwÊ¶mÀ¶m n[agamV Ominmoi d bwQ>mbyQ> gwê$ Ho$br. ¶m doir
OmZmoOr ^mogbo {ZOm‘mÀ¶m ~mOyZo ‘mo{h‘oV hmoVm. Ë¶m‘wio ‘mYdamdm§Zr ñdV: ^mogë¶m§À¶m
àXoemV hëbo gwê$ Ho$bo. OmZmoOrbm ~mOybm H$ê$Z ‘wYmoOr ^mogbo ¶mMr gÎmm dèhmS>
àXoemda àñWm{nV H$aÊ¶mMo R>a{dbo. qeXo d hmoiH$a ¶m§Zm X{jUoV ~mobmdyZ KoVbo. ¶mMr
Mmhÿb bmJVmM OmZmoOrZo {ZOm‘mMm nj gmoS>bm. ¶mM doir ‘mYdamdm§Zr {ZOm‘mMm
^mD$ ~gmbVO§J ¶mbm Amnë¶m ~mOyZo di{dÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ Ho$bm. ¶m doir {ZOm‘mÀ¶m Self-Instructional
Material 173
‘amR>m gÎmoMr JmoQ>mV Agboë¶m OmZmoOrZo ‘mYdamdm§Zm ‘XV H$aÊ¶mMo H$m‘ gwê$ R>odbo hmoVo. gd© bîH$ar
nwZñWm©nZm hmbMmbr noeì¶m§Zm g‘OV hmoË¶m. hr n[apñWVr nmhÿZ {ZOm‘mZo h¡Xam~mXÀ¶m {XeoZo
dmQ>Mmb gwê$ Ho$br.
NOTES
amjg^wdZMr bT>mB© :
‘mYdamdm§Zr {ZOm‘mbm amjg^wdZ ¶oWo JmR>bo. 10 Am°JñQ>, 1763 amoOr ¶wÕ
hmoD$Z Ë¶mV ‘mYdamdm§Zr {ZOm‘mMm nam^d Ho$bm. ¶m bT>mB©V noedmB©Vrb gmS>oVrZ
emhÊ¶m§n¡H$s EH$ Agbobm d {ZOm‘mÀ¶m ~mOyZo Agbobm {dÇ>b gw§Xa ‘mabm Jobm.
{ZOm‘mZo 25 gßQ>|~a, 1763 amoOr Am¡a§Jm~mX ¶oWo ‘mYdamd noedo ¶m§À¶mer Vh Ho$bm.
82 bmI CËnÝZmMm ‘wbyI ‘amR>çm§Zm XoÊ¶mMo {ZOm‘mZo ‘mÝ¶ Ho$bo. amjg^wdZÀ¶m
bT>mB©Zo ‘mYdamdm§À¶m H$Vw©ËdmMr H$ënZm ~mhç d A§VJ©V eÌy§Zmhr Ambr.
noedo ‘mYdamd Am{U h¡Xa g§~§Y

n{hbr H$Zm©Q>H$ ‘mohr‘ :
nm{ZnVda ‘amR>çm§Mm nam^d Pmbm, Ë¶mM gw‘mamg åh¡gyaÀ¶m amOH$maUmV
h¡XaAbrMm CX¶ Pmbm. h¡XaZo åh¡gyaMm amOm H¥$îUamO ¶mg H¡$X H$ê$Z gÎmm hmVr
KoVbr. Ë¶mZo {eao, hmoñH$moQ>, ~mimnya ho ‘amR>çm§Mo àXoe Vmã¶mV KoVbo. {ZOm‘mMm
nam^d Ho$ë¶mZ§Va ‘mYdamdm§Zr h¡XaAbrer bT>m {Xbm. B.g. 1764 ‘Ü¶o ‘mYdamdm§Zr
h¡Xa{déÕ ‘mohr‘ hmVr KoVbr. Ë¶mMm nyU© ~r‘moS> hmoB©n¶ªV ‘mohr‘ Wm§~md¶mMr Zmhr
Agm ‘mYdamdm§Mm {ZYm©a hmoVm. na§Vw amKmo~mXmXmZo gmdZya ¶oWo ‘w³H$m‘ AgVmZm h¡Xaer
Vh H$aÊ¶mMm ‘mYdamdm§Zm AmJ«h Ho$bm d Ë¶m~m~V ñdV:M h¡Xaer g§nH©$ gmYbm.
‘amR>çm§À¶m hëë¶mZo ÌñV Pmboë¶m h¡XaZo {dZm{db§~ Vhmg ‘mÝ¶Vm {Xbr. Ë¶mZwgma
30 ‘mM©, 1765 amoOr ‘mYdamd noedo Am{U h¡XaAbr ¶m§À¶m‘Ü¶o AZ§Vnya ¶oWo Vh
Pmbm. Ë¶m VhmZwgma h¡XaAbrZo noeì¶m§Zm VrZ bmI én¶o XoÊ¶mMo ‘mÝ¶ Ho$bo. VgoM
Vw§J^ÐoÀ¶m nbrH$S>rb àXoe ‘amR>çm§Zm XoÊ¶mMo H$~wb Ho$bo. na§Vw ‘mYdamdm§Mr nmR>
{’$aVmM h¡XaAbrZo AZ§VnyaMm Vh PwJmê$Z {Xbm. ‘amR>çm§À¶m àXoemV nwÝhm hëbo gwê$
Ho$bo.
Xþgar H$Zm©Q>H$ ‘mohr‘ :
‘mYdamd A§VJ©V H$bhmV ì¶ñV Agë¶mZo Ë¶m§Zr h¡XaAbrÀ¶m H$madm¶m§Zm Amim
KmbÊ¶mgmR>r Jmoniamd nQ>dY©ZmÀ¶m ZoV¥ËdmImbr H$Zm©Q>H$mda ñdmar Ho$br. Jmoniamdm§Zr
h¡XaAbrg amoIÊ¶mMo H$m‘ à^mdrnUo Ho$bo. VgoM {S>g|~a 1766 ‘Ü¶o ñdV: ‘mYdamd
noedo ¶m§Zr H$Zm©Q>H$mV ‘mohr‘ H$mT>br. {VM H$Zm©Q>H$mMr Xþgar ‘mohr‘ ¶m ZmdmZo AmoiIbr
OmVo. ¶m ‘mo{h‘oV ‘mYdamd noeì¶m§Zr H$ZH${Jar, doëbmar, H$Zw©b, am¶XwJ©, {MÌXwJ©
BË¶mXr {R>H$mUÀ¶m g§ñWm{ZH$m§H$Sy>Z I§S>Ur dgyb H$ê$Z H$Zm©Q>H$mV dM©ñd àñWm{nV
Ho$bo. ’o$~«wdmar 1567 ‘Ü¶o {eè¶mMm {H$ëbm qOHy$Z KoVbm d h¡XaAbrMm EH$ A{YH$mar
d {eè¶mMm Zdm~ Agbobm ‘ra aoPm, ho ‘mYdamdm§Zm ¶oD$Z {‘imbo. VgoM {ZOm‘mZohr
Self-Instructional ‘mYdamdm§er ¶wVr Ho$br. 4 ‘mM©, 1767 amoOr noeì¶m§Zr ‘X{JarMm {H$ëbm {O§Hy$Z KoVbm
Material 174
Am{U h¡XaAbrÀ¶m AQ>Ho$V Agboë¶m ~oXZyaÀ¶m amUrMr gwQ>H$m Ho$br. {M³H$~mimnya, ‘amR>m gÎmoMr
XmoÈ>~mimnya, XodZhiir, H$mobma BË¶mXr {R>H$mUo ‘amR>çm§À¶m Vmã¶mV Ambr. nwÊ¶mVrb nwZñWm©nZm
A§VJ©V H$bhmMo ñdê$n nmhÿZ noeì¶m§Zr ‘o 1767 ‘Ü¶o h¡XaAbrer Vh Ho$bm. Ë¶mV,
h¡XaAbrZo noeì¶mg 33 bmI én¶o ¶wÕIM© XoÊ¶mMo ‘mÝ¶ Ho$bo VgoM ‘X{Jar, MoVam‘XþJ© NOTES
¶m {H$ëë¶m§darb noeì¶m§À¶m dM©ñdmg ‘mÝ¶Vm {Xbr.
H$Zm©Q>H$mMr {Vgar ñdmar :
B.g. 1770 À¶m àma§^r ‘mYdamdm§Zr h¡XaAbr{déÕ {Vgar ‘mohr‘ hmVr KoVbr.
{ZOm‘Abr d ‘wamamd KmoanS>o ¶m§À¶m ‘XVrZo ‘mYdamdm§Zr h¡XaAbrÀ¶m àXoem§V XheV
{Z‘m©U Ho$br. ~{hadJS>, H$S>mobmaJS>, XodamB©XþJ© ho {H$ëbo qOHy$Z KoVbo. Ë¶m‘wio
h¡XaAbrMr H$m|S>r Pmbr. àH¥$Vr AñdmñÏ¶m‘wio ‘mYdamdm§Zm nwÊ¶mg Omdo bmJbo. na§Vw
Ë¶m§Zr ¶m ‘mo{h‘oMr O~m~Xmar qÌ~H$amd noR>o ¶m§À¶mda gmon{dbr. 5 ‘mM©, 1771 amoOr
qÌ~H$amd Am{U h¡XaAbr ¶m§À¶mV lra§JnÅ>UOdi ‘moVr Vbmd ¶oWo ¶wÕ Pmbo. ¶m
¶wÕmV qÌ~H$amdmZo h¡XaAbrMm nyU© nam^d Ho$bm. h¡XaAbrZo qÌ~H$amdmer Vh Ho$bm.
Ë¶mZwgma, {eam, hmoñH$moQ>, ~mimnya, H$mobma, JwQ>©‘H$m|S>m hr R>mUr h¡XaAbrZo noeì¶m§Zm
XoÊ¶mMo ‘mÝ¶ Ho$bo. ¶wÕIM© åhUyZ 50 bmI én¶o XoÊ¶mMo AmídmgZ {Xbo.
‘mYdamdm§À¶m H$ma{H$Xr©Vrb CÎmaoVrb ‘mo{h‘m :
nm{ZnVÀ¶m ¶wÕmVrb nam^dm‘wio CÎmaoVrb ‘amR>çm§À¶m amOH$maUmbm O~aXñV
Y³H$m ~gbm hmoVm. ‘amR>çm§À¶m dM©ñdmMr nH$S> g¡b hmoVmM g§YrgmYy B§J«Om§Zr Amnbr
gÎmm éO[dÊ¶mMo à¶ËZ Ho$bo. B.g.1765 ‘Ü¶o AdYMm Zdm~, ~§JmbMm Zdm~ d
‘wKb~mXemh ¶m§À¶mer Abmhm~mXMm Vh H$ê$Z {XëbrÀ¶m ~mXemhH$Sy>Z ~§JmbMr gZX
{‘i{dbr. ~§JmbÀ¶m Zdm~mÀ¶m ZmdmZo VoWo Xþhoar amÁ¶ì¶dñWm gwê$ Ho$br. AãXmbr
A’$JmUrñWmZmV Joë¶mZ§Va n§Om~‘Ü¶o {eIm§Zr Amnbo dM©ñd dmT>{dÊ¶mg gwédmV Ho$br
hmoVr. {Xëbrda ZOr~ImZ amo{hë¶m§Mr gÎmm hmoVr. gwì¶dpñWV H$ma^mamÀ¶m A^mdr
{Xëbr Xa~mamV àM§S> Jm|Yi {Z‘m©U Pmbm hmoVm. Ë¶mMm ’$m¶Xm KoD$ AmJ²è¶mÀ¶m
n[agamV gwaO‘b d OdmhaqgJ ¶m§À¶m ZoV¥ËdmImbr OmQ>m§Zr Amnbm à^md dmT>{dbm
hmoVm. ¶m n[apñWVrÀ¶m nmíd©^y‘rda CÎmaoÀ¶m amOH$maUmV ‘amR>çm§Zm nyduMr à{Vð>m
{‘idyZ XoUo eŠ¶ hmoB©b ¶mMr OmUrd ‘mYdamd noeì¶m§Zm Pmbr. Ë¶m‘wio ‘mYdamdm§Zr
CÎmaoÀ¶m ‘mo{h‘m hmVr KoVë¶m.
CÎmaoVrb ‘mo{h‘m :
OyZ 1761 ‘Ü¶o ‘ëhmaamdm§Zm CÎmaoV nmR>{dbo. Ë¶m§Zr ‘miì¶mVrb Jm§JwUr ho {R>H$mU
qOH$bo. Zmoìh|~a 1761 ‘Ü¶o ‘§Jamoi d ^mQ>dmS>m ¶oWo ‘mYmoqgJmMm nam^d H$ê$Z Ë¶mMm
ga§Om‘ bwQ>bm. gZ 1765 ‘Ü¶o OmQ>m§Mm ~§Xmo~ñV H$aÊ¶mgmR>r amKo~mXmXm JmohXbm Jobo
d Ë¶m {H$ëë¶mbm doT>m KmVbm. ‘hmXOrÀ¶m ‘Ü¶ñVrZo JmohXH$am§Zr 15 bmI§Mr I§S>Ur
XoÊ¶mMo ‘mÝ¶ Ho$bo. 1769 gmbr ‘mYdamdm§Zr am‘M§Ð JUoe H$mZS>o ¶mÀ¶m ZoV¥ËdmImbr
CÎmaoMr ‘mohr‘ H$mT>br. Ë¶mÀ¶m ‘XVrbm {dgmOr H¥$îU {~Zrdmbo ¶m§g Ë¶mMm H$ma^mar
Zo‘bo. VwH$moOr hmoiH$a, ‘hmXOr qeXo ¶m§Zm ~amo~a OmÊ¶mMo AmXoe {Xbo. ¶m gaXmam§Zr
{Za{Zamiçm àXoem§V I§S>Ur Jmoim Ho$br. Ë¶mV, ~w§XobI§S>mV am‘M§Ð JUoe, CXonyaH$S>o; Self-Instructional
Material 175
‘amR>m gÎmoMr ‘hmXOr qeXo ~w§Xr - H$moQ>m ¶m ^mJmV I§S>Ur Jmoim Ho$br hmoVr. E{àb 1770 ‘Ü¶o
nwZñWm©nZm ‘amR>çm§Zr ¶‘wZm nma H$ê$Z ~§JemÀ¶m ‘wbImV àdoe Ho$bm. am‘KmQ>mda ‘amR>m ’$m¡O
AS>H$br AgVmZm noeì¶m§Zr ‘XVrgmR>r Xþgar ’$m¡O nmR>{dbr. ZOr~ImZmMm ‘wbJm
NOTES Pm{~VmImZ ¶mZo VwH$moOr hmoiH$amÀ¶m ‘XVrZo Amnbr gwQ>H$m H$ê$Z KoVbr. Ë¶mZo ~mXmemh
emhAmb‘ ¶mÀ¶mH$Sy>Z ‘ra~jrnX KoVbo A{U ‘amR>çm§{déÕ ‘mohr‘ hmVr KoVbr.
~mXemh Abhm~mX ¶oWo hmoVm. ‘hmXOr qeX|À¶m ‘XVrZo Ë¶mbm {Xëbrda ZoÊ¶m~m~V
~mXemhMm à{V{ZYr g¡’w$hrZ Ah‘XImZ ¶mZo 27 {S>g|~a, 1770 amoOr ‘amR>çm§er H$ama
Ho$bm. ¶m H$amamZwgma ~mXemhZo ‘amR>çm§g IMm©gmR>r Xhm bmI én¶o ÚmdoV. ‘amR>çm§Zr
~mXemhbm JmXrda ~gdmdo. ~mXemhZo ‘amR>çm§À¶m V§ÌmZo H$ma^ma H$amdm. ~mXemhÀ¶m
eÌy§Mo ‘amR>çm§Zr nm[anË¶ H$amdo. Ë¶m‘wio ~mXemh à¶mJ (Abmhm~mX) gmoSy>Z {XëbrÀ¶m
{XeoZo {ZKmbm. ‘hmXOr qeXo, {dgmOr H¥$îU ¶m§Zr ’o$~«wdmar 1771 ‘Ü¶o {Xëbrda hëbm
H$ê$Z {Xëbr Vmã¶mV KoVbr. ‘amR>çm§Zr ~mXemhbm V»Vmda ~g{dbo. ‘amR>o Am{U
~mXemh ¶m§À¶m g§¶w³V ’$m¡OoZo Pm{~VmImZmdarb ‘mohr‘ hmVr KoVbr. amo{hbI§S>mda
dM©ñd àñWm{nV Ho$bo. ~mXemhH$Sy>Z Zmam¶Uamdmg {‘a~jr nX Xod{dbo.
A§VJ©V eÌy§Mm ~§Xmo~ñV :
‘mYdamd noedo ¶m§Zm ~mhç eÌy§à‘mUoM A§VJ©V eÌy§erhr ‘moR>m g§Kf© H$amdm bmJbm.
Ë¶m‘Ü¶o àm‘w»¶mZo amKmo~mXmXm, OmZmoOr ^mogbo d BVam§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVm. aKwZmWamd d
ZmJnyaMo OmZmoOr ^mogbo ¶m§Zr ‘mYdamdm§À¶m H$ma^mamV dma§dma {d¿Zo {Z‘m©U Ho$br.
aKwZmWamdm§er g§Kf© :
Cê$irH$m§MZ ¶oWo aKwZmWamdm§Zr {ZOm‘mer Ho$bobm Vh hr ~m~ noedo Hw$Qw>§~r¶m§Zm d
gaXmam§Zmhr ¶mo½¶ dmQ>br Zmhr. aKwZmWamdm§À¶m ¶m H$mañWmZmV ‘mYdamd noeì¶m§Mm {XdmU
gImam~mny ~moH$sb ¶mMmhr hmV hmoVm. Ë¶m‘wio ‘mYdamdm§Zr Ë¶mbm {XdmU nXmdê$Z Xÿa
Ho$bo d Amnbm {XdmU åhUyZ ~m~yamd ’$S>Urg ¶mMr Zo‘UyH$ Ho$br. ‘mYdamd noedo
Amnë¶m V§ÌmZo H$ma^ma H$aVrb Aer aKwZmWamdm§Mr Anojm hmoVr. na§Vw Vgo hmoV Zmhr
ho nmhÿZ aKwZmWamdm§Zm amJ Ambm. Ë¶m‘wio Ë¶m§Zr ‘mYdamdmer ^m§S>U CH$ê$Z H$mT>bo.
‘mYdamdm§Zr h¡XaAbr{déÕ H$mT>boë¶m ‘mo{h‘oVyZ amKmo~mZo A§J H$mTy>Z KoVbo d Vo nwÊ¶mbm
naV Ambo. ‘mYdamdm§Zr ñdV:À¶m {h‘Vrda h¡XaAbr {déÕMr ‘mohr‘ nyU© Ho$br. {H$Îmya,
gm|Yo BË¶mXr g§ñWmZmVyZ I§S>Ur dgyb Ho$br. ‘mohr‘ AmQ>monyZ ‘mYdamd nwÊ¶mV Ambo.
‘mYdamdm§Zm noMmV Q>mH$Ê¶mgmR>r aKwZmWamdm§Zr Xhm bj CËnÝZmMr Ohm[Jar d nmM
{H$ëbo Vmã¶mV ÚmdoV Aer ‘mJUr Ho$br. amKmo~mZo Amnbm à^md dmT>{dÊ¶mgmR>r AZoH$
H$mañWmZo Ho$br. Vo Am°JñQ> 1762 ‘Ü¶o nwUo gmoSy>Z qdMyabm Jobo. gImam‘~mny ~moH$sb,
Zmamo e§H$a, ~{ham AZ§V, {dÇ>b {edXod qdMyaH$a, ‘mYdamdm§Mm ‘m‘m ‘ëhmaamd amñVo
hr Vr ‘§S>ir amKmo~mÀ¶m JmoQ>mV gm‘rb Pmbr. Ë¶m‘wio Ë¶mMo ~i dmT>bo. eñÌ~imÀ¶m
Omoamda ‘mYdamdm§Zm Z‘{dÊ¶mgmR>r amKo~mZo ñdmar Ho$br. ¶m ‘mo{h‘oV {ZOm‘Abrhr
gm‘rb Pmbm. OmZmoOr ^mogbo ¶mg ârd ~jrg XoD$Z Ë¶mbm amKo~mZo Amnë¶m njmV
g‘mdyZ KoVbo. KmoS>ZXrH$mR>r AmioJmdr ‘mYdamdm§À¶m N>mdUrda aKwZmWamdm§Zr hëbm
Ho$bm. g§hma Q>miÊ¶mgmR>r ‘mYdamdm§Zr eaUmJVr ñdrH$mabr. noedo amKo~mÀ¶m H¡$XoV
Self-Instructional AS>H$bm. Ë¶m§ZVa amKo~mZo ‘mYdamdm§À¶m njmV Agboë¶m {‘aOoÀ¶m nQ>dY©Zmda hëbm
Material 176
H$ê$Z ’o$~«wdmar 1763 ‘Ü¶o {‘aOoMm {H$ëbm Vmã¶mV KoVbm. gmVmè¶mMo N>ÌnVr am‘amOo ‘amR>m gÎmoMr
¶m§Zmhr Amnë¶m AZwHy$b H$ê$Z KoVbo. Aem arVrZo ‘mYdamdm§g gd© ~mOy§Zr Xþ~©b nwZñWm©nZm
H$ê$Z ‘JM gÎmm hmVr ¿¶mdr Aer amKmo~mOr ¶moOZm hmoVr. ‘amR>oemhrVrb J¥hH$bhmMm
’$m¶Xm KoD$Z ‘amR>çm§À¶m eÌy§Zr CMb Imëbr. h¡XaAbrZo ‘amR>çm§À¶m H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb NOTES
àXoemda hëbo gwê$ Ho$bo hmoVo. {ZOm‘mZo {dÇ>b gw§XamÀ¶m gëë¶mZwgma ‘mYdamdm§{déÕ
‘mohr‘ CKS>Ê¶mMo R>a{dbo. OmZmoOr ^mogbo, {‘aOoMo nQ>dY©Z, gmVmè¶mMo N>ÌnVr ¶m§Zmhr
{ZOm‘AbrZo Amnë¶m JmoQ>mV AmoTy>Z KoVbo. Aem n[apñWVrV amKmo~mZo ‘mYdamdm§Zm ‘XV
H$aÊ¶mgmR>r H$Zm©Q>H$mMr ‘mohr‘ ñW{JV Ho$br.
ZmJnyaMo OmZmoOr ^mogbo :
OmoZmoOr Am{U {ZOm‘ ¶m§À¶mV dma§dma g§Kf© hmoV hmoVm. ¶m g§Kfm©V {ZOm‘ d
OmZmoOr ^mogbo ¶m XmoKm§Zrhr ‘mYdamd noedo ¶m§À¶mH$S>o ‘XV ‘m{JVbr. ‘mYdamdm§Zr
OmZmoOrbm YS>m {eH${dÊ¶mgmR>r {ZOm‘mbm ‘XV H$aÊ¶mMm {ZU©¶ KoVbm. {ZOm‘mer ¶wVr
H$ê$Z ‘mYdamdm§Zr OmZodmar 1766 ‘Ü¶o A‘amdVrOdi X¶m©nya ¶m {R>H$mUr OmZmoOrMm
{ZUm©¶H$ nam^d Ho$bm.
OmZmoOrZo 24 bmI én¶o CËnÝZmMm ‘wbyI XoÊ¶mMo ‘mÝ¶ H$ê$Z ‘mYdamdm§er Vh Ho$bm.
XodmOrn§V hm OmZmoOrMm H$ma^mar hmoVm. Ë¶mbm hm Vh ng§V nS>bm Zmhr. XodmOrn§VmÀ¶m
CÎmoOZm‘wio OmZmoOr ^mogbo ¶mZo gZ 1768 ‘Ü¶o ‘mYdamdm§{déÕ nwÝhm H$madm¶m gwê$
Ho$ë¶m. ¶mM H$mimV ‘mYdamd Am{U aKwZmWamd ¶m§À¶mV CJ« ñdê$nmMm g§Kf© gwê$ hmoVm.
OyZ 1768 ‘Ü¶o YmoS>n ¶oWrb bT>mB©V ‘mYdamd noedo ¶m§Zr aKwZmWamdm§Mm nam^d Ho$bm.
Ë¶mZ§Va ‘mYdamdm§Zr OmZmoOr ^mogb|{déÕ ‘mohr‘ H$mT>br. XodmOrn§VmÀ¶m gëë¶mZwgma
OmZmoOrZo aKwZmWamd d B§J«O ¶m§Mr ‘XV KoÊ¶mMo à¶ËZ Mmb{dbo hmoVo. ‘mYdamdm§À¶m
J[V‘mZ AmH«$‘UmZo OmZmoOr MH$sV Pmbm. ‘mYdamdm§er ¶wÕ H$aÊ¶mMr Ë¶mMr V¶mar
ZìhVr. eodQ>r OmZmoOrZo eaUmJVr nËH$abr Am{U E{àb 1769 ‘Ü¶o H$ZH$nyaMm Vh
ñdrH$mabm. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o
1. OmZmoOrZo noeì¶m§Zm nmM bmI én¶o I§S>Ur XoÊ¶mMo ‘mÝ¶ Ho$bo.
2. noeì¶m§À¶m g§‘Vr{edm¶ H$moUË¶mhr ^maVr¶ dm naH$s¶ amÁ¶H$Ë¶mªer g§~§Y
R>odUma Zmhr, Ago OmZmoOrZo dMZ {Xbo.
3. {edm¶ noeì¶m§Zm JaO nS>ob Ë¶mdoir ‘XVrgmR>r gg¡Ý¶ ‘XV H$aÊ¶mMo AmídmgZ
{Xbo. ‘mYdamdm§Zr OmZmoOrbm Zm‘moa‘ Ho$bo. na§Vw Ë¶mMm H$moUVmhr àXoe
~iH$mdbm Zmhr. hr ~m~ {deofËdmZo bjmV ¿¶mdr bmJVo.
‘mYdamdm§Mm ‘¥Ë¶y Am{U ¶mo½¶Vm :
d¶mÀ¶m gmoimì¶m dfr© ‘mYdamdm§Zr A{Ve¶ à{VHy$b n[apñWVrV ‘amR>m gm‘«mÁ¶mMo
noedonX ñdrH$mabo. gVVÀ¶m ‘mo{h‘m, amÁ¶mdarb H$Om©Mo AmoPo, ~mhç eÌy§à‘mUoM
A§VJ©V H$bh ¶m§Mm gmVË¶mZo hmoUmam Ìmg, Ë¶mV ZmOyH$ àH¥$Vr Am{U gVVÀ¶m ‘mo{h‘m§Mr
XJXJ ¶m {dnarV n[apñWVrMm n[aUm‘ ‘mYdamdm§da Pmbm. gd© àH$maMo CnMma H$ê$Zhr
‘mYdamdm§Mr ì¶mYr Xÿa hmoD$ eH$br Zmhr. AIoa 18 Zmoìh|~a, 1772 amoOr WoD$a ¶oWo
‘mYdamd noeì¶m§Mm ‘¥Ë¶y Pmbm. ‘mYdamdm§Zm AdKo gÎmmdrg dfmªMo Am¶wî¶ bm^bo. Self-Instructional
Material 177
‘amR>m gÎmoMr (1745 Vo 1772) d¶mÀ¶m gmoimì¶m dfu noedonXmMr ‘moR>r Om~m~Xmar Ë¶m§À¶m
nwZñWm©nZm ImÚm§da Ambr. h¡XaAbr, {ZOm‘Abr, CÎmaoH$S>rb OmQ>, amo{hbo, aOnyV, ‘wKb, B§J«O
¶m naH$s¶ gÎmm Am{U aKwZmWamd, OmZmoOr ^mogbo d BVa ‘amR>o gaXma ¶m§Zmhr ‘amR>m
NOTES amÁ¶mÀ¶m H$m‘mV gm‘mdyZ KoVbo. AZoH$m§Zm {ejm Ho$ë¶m na§Vw ‘amR>mamÁ¶mbm ~mYm ¶oB©b
Ago {ZU©¶ KoVbo ZmhrV. nm{ZnVda ‘amR>m gaXmam§Mr EH$ {nT>r H$m‘r Ambr hmoVr.
Aem n[apñWVrV ‘mYdamdm§Zr Vê$U, C‘Úm d ñdm{‘Zrð> gaXmam§Mr Zdr ’$ir C^mabr.
Ë¶m‘Ü¶o qÌ~H$amd noR>o, h[an§V ’$S>Ho$, Jmoniamd nQ>dY©Z, {~Zrdmbo, H$mZS>o, AmZ§Xamd
Ywiwn, ZmZm ’$S>Udrg, BË¶mXtMm g‘mdoe hmoVm. VgoM qeXo, hmoiH$a, ndma BË¶mXr
gaXmam§À¶m AZw^dmMm d namH«$‘mMm Cn¶moJ ‘amR>m amÁ¶mÀ¶m d¥ÕrgmR>r Ë¶m§Zr H$ê$Z
KoVbm. Ý¶m¶{à¶Vm, {eñV d H$m‘mMm CaH$ hr ‘mYdamdm§À¶m ñd^mdmMr ‘hÎdmMr
d¡{eïç hmoVr. noedonXmÀ¶m Ad¿¶m AH$am dfmªÀ¶m H$mimV ‘mYdamdm§Zr Agm‘mÝ¶
H$m‘{Jar Ho$br.
9.2.2 Zmam¶Uamd d gdmB© ‘mYdamd noedo Am{U ~ma^mB© ‘§S>i

‘amR>çm§À¶m B{VhmgmV Wmoabo ‘mYdamd noedo ¶m§À¶m AH$mbr ‘¥Ë¶y‘wio AZoH$
àH$maMr dmXio {Z‘m©U Pmbr. Ë¶m‘wio ‘amR>mamÁ¶mÀ¶m ñdê$nmV AZoH$ ~Xb Pmbo.
‘amR>çm§À¶m amOH$maUmV AZoH$ Zì¶m gÎmm§Mm {eaH$md Pmbm. ñdmWr©d¥Îmr, g§YrgmYynUm
d A§VJ©V H$bh ¶m§Zm CYmZ Ambo. Ë¶mMm n[aUm‘ ‘amR>m gm‘«mÁ¶mda Pmbm. hr ~m~
Zmam¶Uamd noedo ¶m§À¶m H$ma{H$Xr©Vrb {d{dY KQ>Zm§dê$Z ñnï> hmoVo.
Zmam¶Uamd noedo : (13 {S>g|~a, 1772 - 30 Am°JñQ>, 1773)
Zmam¶Uamdm§Mm OÝ‘ 10 Am°JñQ>, 1755 amoOr Pmbm. AmB© JmonrH$m~mB© ¶m§À¶m
‘mJ©Xe©ZmImbr Zmam¶Uamdm§Zr g§ñH¥$V, ì¶mH$aU, H$mì¶ dJ¡aoMm Aä¶mg Ho$bm.
Zmam¶Uamd Amnë¶m d{S>bm§~amo~a nm{ZnV ‘mo{h‘oV CÎma qhXþñWmZmV Jobo hmoVo. B.g.
1767 Vo 1769 ¶m H$mimV Zmam¶Uam§dmZr H$Zm©Q>H$mÀ¶m ñdmarV gh^mJ KoVbm hmoVm.
23 Am°JñQ>, 1670 amoOr ‘mYdamdm§Zr Zma¶Uamdm§g {XdmU{JarMr dñÌo {Xbr hmoVr
Va gImam‘~mny ¶m§Zm ‘wVm{bH$sMr dñÌo {Xbr. ‘hmXOr qeX|Zr ~mXemh emhAmb‘
¶mÀ¶mH$Sy>Z Zma¶Uamdm§gmR>r ‘ra~jr nX Xod{dbo hmoVo. ‘mYdamd noedo ¶m§Zr Amnë¶m
‘¥Ë¶ynydr© Ho$boë¶m ‘¥Ë¶wnÌmV, Zmam¶Uamdm§g noedo nmXda Zo‘mdo Aer BÀN>m ì¶³V Ho$br
hmoVr. Ë¶mZwgma 3 {S>g|~a, 1772 amoOr noedmB©Mr dñÌo AmUÊ¶mgmR>r Zmam¶Uamd
gmVmè¶mbm Jobo. dmQ>mKQ>r hmoD$Z 13 {S>g|~a, 1772 amoOr d¶mÀ¶m 17 ì¶m dfr©
Zmam¶Uamdm§Zm N>ÌnVr am‘amOo ¶m§À¶mH$Sy>Z noedmB©Mr dñÌo àmßV Pmbr. ¶mdoir
aYwZmWamdm§Zm [aO§Q> Zo‘Ê¶mV Ambo.
gImam‘~mny ~moH$sb - ‘wVm{bH$s d ZmZm - ‘moamo~m ^mZy ¶m§Zm ’$S>Urgr {Xbr.
Ë¶mZ§Va n§T>anya dJoao VrW©¶mÌm H$ê$Z 31 {S>g|~a, 1772 amoOr Zmam¶Uamd nwÊ¶mg XmIb
Pmbo. Zmam¶Uamdm§Zr Amnbr AmB© Jmon{nH$m~mB© {hÀ¶m V§ÌmZo noedonXmMm H$ma^ma gwê$
Ho$bm.
Self-Instructional
Material 178
B§J«O d {gÔr {déÕ ‘mohr‘ : ‘amR>m gÎmoMr
gÎmoda ¶oVmM OmZodmar 1773 ‘Ü¶o B§J«Om§À¶m H$madm¶m§Zm Amim KmbÊ¶mgmR>r nwZñWm©nZm
Zmam¶Uamdm§Zr qÌ~H$ {dZm¶H$ ¶mg gagw^m ho nX XoD$Z Ë¶mbm B§J«Om§{déÕÀ¶m ‘mo{h‘oda
nmR>{dbo. qÌ~H$ {dZm¶H$mZo H¥$îUmOr Ywin ¶mÀ¶m ‘XVrZo B§J«Om§Zm {dO¶XþJm©nmgyZ ‘mJo NOTES
hQ>{dbo. ¶mM H$mimV O§{Oè¶mÀ¶m {gÔrZo am¶JS> {O§H$Ê¶mMo à¶ËZ Ho$bo hmoVo. Ë¶mdoir
Zmam¶Uamdm§Zr ’$m¡O nmR>dyZ am¶JS> {H$ëbm Amnë¶m {Z¶§ÌUmImbr AmUbm. 18 ‘mM©,
1773 amoOr Aßnm h[a ¶mZo noed|À¶mdVrZo am¶JS> Vmã¶mV KoVbm.
Zmam¶Uamdm§g‘moarb Am{W©H$ g‘ñ¶m :
noedo H$mimV ‘amR>çm§Mo amOH$aU Am{U Am{W©H$ g‘ñ¶m ho EH$ g‘rH$aUM ~Zbo
hmoVo. ñdV: ‘mYdamd noedohr Am{W©H$ g‘ñ¶o‘wio h¡amU Pmbo hmoVo. ¶m~m~VMr qMVm
Ë¶m§Zr Amnë¶m ZD$ H$b‘r ‘¥Ë¶wnÌm‘Ü¶ohr ì¶³V Ho$br hmoVr. Ë¶mV "Xm¡bVrMo H$O©'
{ZdmaÊ¶mÀ¶m g§X^m©V {b{hbo hmoVo. Zmam¶Uamd gÎmoda Ambo Voìhm Am{W©H$ n[apñWVr
IynM T>mgmibr hmoVr. ZmoH$am§Mo d {enm¶m§Mo nJmahr doioda H$aUo eŠ¶ ZìhVo.
B§J«Om§Mm hñVjon :
Amnë¶m amOH$maUmV B§J«Om§Mm hñVjon hmoUma Zmhr ¶m~m~V ‘mYdamd noedo gmdYmZ
hmoVo. na§Vw ‘mYdamdm§À¶m ‘¥Ë¶yZ§Va AënmdYrVM B§J«OmZr R>mUo, dgB©, {dO¶XþJ©, aËZm{Jar
BË¶mXr {R>H$mUm§da hëbo gwê$ Ho$bo. B§J«Om§Mo dmT>Vo AmH«$‘U hr ZmamUamdm§nwT>o EH$ Zdr
g‘ñ¶m C^r am{hbr.
ZmJnyaH$a ^mogbo ¶m§Mo dmagm àH$aU :
ZmJnyaMm Hw$b‘wIË¶ma OmZmoOr ^mogbo ¶mMm ‘o 1772 ‘Ü¶o ‘¥Ë¶y Pmbm. Ë¶mZ§Va
‘wYmoOr Am{U gm~mOr ¶m§À¶m‘Ü¶o gÎmogmR>r g§Kf© gwê$ Pmbm. ¶m g§Kfm©V Zmam¶Uamdm§Zr
gm~mOrMr ~mOy KoVbr Va aKwZmWamdm§Zr ‘wYmoOrg nmqR>~m {Xbm. ‘wYmoOrMm nj KoD$Z
aKwZmWamdm§Zr CKS> CKS> H$madm¶m gwê$ Ho$ë¶m. Ë¶m‘wio Zmam¶Uamdm§Zr Ë¶m§À¶mda ZOa
R>odbr.
à^y§Mo àH$aU :
Zmam¶Uamdm§À¶m H$mimV à^y§À¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ EH$m gm‘m{OH$ àíZmZo dmXi {Z‘m©U
Ho$bo hmoVo. nwÊ¶mVrb ~«h²‘d¥§XmZo à^y§Zm doXmo³V H$‘} H$aÊ¶mMm A{YH$ma Zmhr Agm {ZU©¶
{Xbm hmoVm. ¶m {ZU©¶mbm Zmam¶Uamd {damoY H$ê$ eH$bm Zmhr. Ë¶m‘wio à^y bmoH$m§‘Ü¶o
ZmamOr {Z‘m©U Pmbr. ¶m gd© àíZm§‘wio Zmam¶Uamdm§g‘moa AZoH$ ñdê$nmMo noM {Z‘m©U
Pmbo.
noedo Zmam¶Uamdm§Mr hË¶m :
Zmam¶Uamdm§g noedonX {‘imë¶mZ§Va {Z‘m©U Pmboë¶m amOH$s¶, Am{W©H$ d
gm‘m{OH$ n[apñWVrÀ¶m nmíd©^y‘rda e{ZdadmS>çmV Zmam¶Uamd noeì¶m§Mr hË¶m Pmbr.
¶m àg§JmMm ‘mJmodm KoVm Ago {XgyZ ¶oVo H$s, ZmZmgmho~m§À¶m ‘¥Ë¶yZ§Va noedo nXmda
AmnbmM A{YH$ma Amho, Ago aKwZmWamdm§g dmQy> bmJbo hmoVo. Ë¶m‘wio ‘mYdamdm§À¶m Self-Instructional
Material 179
‘amR>m gÎmoMr H$mimV amKmo~mXmXmZo AZoH$ à¶ËZ Ho$bo na§Vw ‘mYdamdm§À¶m {ZJ«hr YmoaUm‘wio Ë¶mbm ¶e
nwZñWm©nZm Ambo Zmhr. Ë¶m‘wio ‘mYdamdm§À¶m ‘¥Ë¶yZ§Va noedonX {‘i{dÊ¶mgmR>r amKmo~mZo à¶ËZ Ho$bo.
Ë¶mV ZmJnyÀ¶m ^mogbo àH$aUmdê$Z Zmam¶Uamdm§Zr XmXmg H¡$X Ho$bo hmoVo. Ë¶m‘wio {MSy>Z
NOTES XmXmZo Zmam¶Uamdm§g g§ndyZ noedonX {‘i{dÊ¶mMm ‘mJ© ñdrH$mabm. Zmam¶Uamdm§À¶m
IwZmMo H$mañWmZ aMyZ H$m¶©dmhr Ho$br Jobr. amKmo~mXmXmMr gÎmm {‘i{dÊ¶mMr Agwar
‘hÎdmH$m§jm ho ZmamUamdm§À¶m IwZmMo EH$ à~i H$maU ~Zbo. noeì¶m§Mr Am{W©H$
XþamdñWm ho Xþgao ‘hÎdmMo H$maU hmoVo. Ë¶mH$mimV e{ZdmadmS>çmV AZoH$ JmaXr Zmoarg
hmoVo. gwajm Xbm‘Ü¶o H$m‘ H$aUmè¶m ¶m JmaÚm§Mo nJma WHy$ bmJë¶m‘wio Ë¶m§À¶m‘Ü¶o
Ag§Vmof {Z‘m©U Pmbm hmoVm. ‘h§‘X ¶wgw’$, ~hmXÿaImZ, gw‘oaqgJ d IaH$qgJ ho JmaÚm§Mo
Mma à‘wI hmoVo. JmaÚm§‘Yrb Am{W©H$ Ag§VmofmMm ’$m¶Xm KoD$Z aKwZmWamdm§Zr Ë¶m§Zm
Zmam¶Uamdm§À¶m H$Q>m‘Ü¶o gm‘rb H$ê$Z KoVbo. Ë¶mM~amo~a nwÊ¶mVrb ~«h²‘d¥§X Am{U
à^y ¶m§À¶m‘Ü¶o {Z‘m©U Pmboë¶m Ym{‘©H$ d gm‘m{OH$ àíZm§‘wio Ag§Vmof {Z‘m©U Pmbm
hmoVm. ¶m~amo~aM EH$ ‘hÎdmMo H$maU åhUOo Zmam¶Uamdm§Mo d¶, AZw^d, ‘wËgÔo[Jar
d namH«$‘ ¶m gd© ~mOyZo Zma¶Uamd H$‘Hw$dV hmoVo. Ë¶m‘wio noeì¶m§Mr hË¶m H$aÊ¶mMo
YmS>g Ho$bo Jobo.
noedo Zmam¶Uamdm§{déÕ H$mañWmZo :
Zmam¶Uamdm§Zr aKwZmWamdm§g H¡$XoV R>odë¶m‘wio amKmo~mXmXm XþImdbo d Ë¶m§Zr
ZmamUamdm§g H¡$X H$ê$Z ñdV: H$ma^ma H$aÊ¶mgmR>r H$mañWZo gwê$ Ho$br. ¶m H$Q>mV
^dmZamd à{V{ZYr, gImam‘ h[a, gImam‘~mny ~moH$sb, qMVmo {dÇ>b d Vwiçm ndma
¶m§Mm gh^mJ hmoVm. Vwiçm ndmamZo JmaÚm§À¶m à‘wIm§Zm n¡emMr bmbyM XmI{dbr.
H$ma^mè¶m§Zr Ë¶m§À¶mer VrZ bmIm§Mm H$ama H$ê$Z {Xbm. H$Q>mÀ¶m ¶moOZoZwgma 30
Am°ŠQ>mo~a, 1773 amoOr XþnmaÀ¶m àhar e{Zdma dmS>çmV Zmam¶Uamd noedo {dlm§Vr KoV
AgVmZm gw‘mao nmMeo bmoH$ dmS>çmV Kwgbo. JmaÚm§Zr Zmam¶Uamdm§a hëbm Ho$bm. Ë¶mV
BÀN>mam‘n§V T>oao ho ‘Ü¶o Amë¶mZo ‘mabo Jobo. XodKamV Agbobm Zmamo~m ’$mQ>H$ ¶mbm
noedo g‘OyZ R>ma Ho$bo Jobo. Ë¶mZ§Va IaH$qgJ, gw‘oaqgJ d Vwiçm ndma ¶m§Zr noeì¶m§Mm
nmR>bmJ Ho$bm. ñdV:Mm ~Mmd H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Zmam¶Uamdm§Zr aKwZmWamdm§À¶m XmbZmH$S>o
Ymd KoVbr. Ë¶mdoir amKmo~mXmXm nyOoV ‘½Z hmoVo. Zmam¶Uamdm§Zr amKmo~mXmXm ¶m§Zm ~mMmd
H$aÊ¶mMr {dZ§Vr Ho$br. Ë¶mMm H$mhrhr Cn¶moJ Pmbm Zmhr. MmnmOr {Q>ioH$a d Zmamo~m
’$mQ>H$ ho ZmamUamdm§À¶m ‘XVrg YmdyZ Ambo AgVmZm JmaÚm§Zr Ë¶m§Zmhr R>ma ‘mabo.
Vwiçm ndmamZo Zmam¶Uamdm§g Yabo d gw‘oaqgJmZo VbdmarMo dma H$ê$Z Zmam¶Uamdm§g
R>ma Ho$bo. ¶m àH$aUmV EH§$Xa gmV ~«m÷U, EH$ hþOè¶m, EH$ ZmB©H$, XmoZ Hw$U{~Zr d
EH$ Jm¶ R>ma ‘mabr Jobr. IwZmÀ¶m àH$aUmZ§Va aKwZmWamdm§Zr ’$S>mda ¶oD$Z ^dmZamd
à{V{ZYrÀ¶m ‘XVrZo {R>H${R>H$mUr Amnbo nhmao ~g{dbo. ¶m àH$mamZ§Va XmXm ñdV:
JmaÚm§Mo H¡$Xr ~Zbo. JmaÚm§Zr aKwZmWamdm§H$S>o nwa§Xa, ZJa d gmï>r ho VrZ {H$ëbo d ~{jg
åhUyZ nmM bmI én¶o ‘m{JVbo. Am{U hr a³H$‘ {‘imbr Zmhr Va A{b~hmXÿa ¶mg
noedo H$aÊ¶mMr Y‘H$s {Xbr. ^dmZamd à{V{ZYr ¶m§À¶m ‘Ü¶ñVrZo nmM bmI én¶o XoD$Z
JmaÚm§Mm àíZ gmoS>{dbm. Zmam¶Uamdm§À¶m IwZmÀ¶m àH$mam‘wio nwÊ¶mV d ‘amR>mamÁ¶mV
d¡’$ë¶ d CÛoJmMr ^mdZm ngabr. gImam‘~mny, ~m~yOr ZmB©H$, ZmZm’$S>Urg BË¶mXr
Self-Instructional ‘wËgÚm§Zr aKwZmWamdm§Mm {ZfoY Ho$bm.
Material 180
Am¡Q> KQ>Ho$Mo noedo aKwZmWamd : ‘amR>m gÎmoMr
nwZñWm©nZm
aKwZmWamdm§Zr Amnbm ‘wbJm A‘¥Vamd ¶mg gmVmè¶mg N>ÌnVtH$S>o nmR>dyZ noedmB©Mr
dñÌo AmUdbr. Amnë¶m ZmdmMm {e³H$m Ho$bm. Ë¶mVyZ N>ÌnVr am‘amOm§Mo Zmd dJibo. NOTES
AmioJmdr noedmB©À¶m dñÌm§Mm ñdrH$ma Ho$bm. 31 Am°ŠQ>mo~a, 1773 amoOr aKwZmWamdm§Zr
ñdV:g noedo åhUyZ Kmo{fV Ho$bo. Zmam¶Uamdm§À¶m IwZmMr Mm¡H$er H$aUmè¶m am‘emñÌr
à^wUo ¶m§Zr aKwZmWamdm§Zm Xmofr R>a{dbo d XohX§S>mMr {ejm R>moR>mdbr. na§Vw gÎmm§Y
Pmboë¶m aKwZmWamdm§Zr am‘emñÌr à^wUo ¶m§Zm Ý¶m¶mYre nXmdê$Z H$mTy>Z Q>mH$bo. ‘amR>m
amÁ¶mVrb ApñWaVoMm ’$m¶Xm KoD$ H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb àXoemV h¡XaAbrZo hëbo gwê$ Ho$bo.
aKwZmWamdm§Zr h¡XaMm ~§Xmo~ñV H$aÊ¶mgmR>r H$Zm©Q>H$mMr ‘mohr‘ hmVr KoVbr. H$Zm©Q>H$
‘mo{h‘ogmR>r aKwZmWamdm§Zr nwUo gmoS>bo, hr g§Yr gmYyZ ZmZm ’$S>Urg d BVa ‘wËgÚm§Zr
Ë¶mÀ¶m {daoYmV H$mañWmZ Cô Ho$bo.
~ma^mB© ‘§S>imMm H$ma^ma :
aKwZmWamd H$Zm©Q>H$mÀ¶m ‘mo{h‘oda Joë¶mMo nmhÿZ noedmB©Vrb ‘wËgÚm§Zr EH$
¶moOZm AmIbr. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o IwZr aKwZmWamdm§Mr noedonXmdê$Z hH$mbnÅ>r H$amdr Am{U
Zmam¶Uamdm§À¶m dmagmÀ¶m ZmdmZo ‘wËgÚm§Zr amÁ¶mMm H$ma^ma nmhmdm. Ago R>a{dÊ¶mV
Ambo. ¶m ¶moOZobm "~ma^mB©Mo H$mañWmZ' ¶m ZmdmZo g§~moYbo Jobo. ¶m ¶moOZoMo ‘w»¶
gyÌYma ZmZm ’$S>Urg d gImam‘~mny ~moH$sb ho hmoVo. Ë¶m§À¶m{edm¶, ‘hmXOr qeXo,
VwH$moOr hmoiH$a, h[an§V ’$S>Ho$, qÌ~H$amd noR>o, ~m~yOr ZmB©H$, ^dmZamd à{V{ZYr,
‘mamo~m ’$S>Urg, ‘mbmoOr KmoanS>o, amñVo d nQ>dY©Z ¶m Xhm gaXmam§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVm.
Zmam¶Uamdm§Mr hË¶m Pmbr Ë¶mdoir Ë¶mMr nËZr J§Jm~mB© hr JamoXa hmoVr {Vbm gwa{jV ñWir
ZodyZ R>odm¶Mo. aKwZmWamdm§Mm nam^d H$amd¶mMm. Am{U J§Jm~mBªÀ¶m hmoUmè¶m nwÌmÀ¶m
dVrZo noedmB©Mm H$ma^ma Mmbdm¶Mm, Ago ~am^mBªZo R>a{dbo. ‘wËgÚm§Zr J§Jm~mB©bm nwa§Xa
{H$ëë¶mda gwa{jV R>odbo Am{U 17 OmZodmar, 1774 amoOr ‘amR>oemhrÀ¶m H$ma^mamMr
gyÌo Amnë¶mH$S>o KoVbr. ‘amR>m gm‘«mÁ¶mVrb hr EH$ ‘moR>r H«$m§Vr hmoVr. aKwZmWamd
CÎmaoH$S>o nbm¶Z H$arV AgVmZm BH$S>o ‘amR>m amÁ¶mV nwa§Xa {H$ëë¶mda Zmam¶Uamdm§Mr
nËZr J§Jm~mB© 18 E{àb, 1774 amoOr àgyV Pmbr. {Vbm ‘wbJm Pmbm. ¶m ‘wbmMo
Zmd ‘mYdamd Zmam¶Uamd D$’©$ "gdmB© ‘mYdamd' Ago R>odÊ¶mV Ambo Am{U d¶mÀ¶m
Mmirgmì¶m {Xder 28 ‘o, 1774 amoOr Ë¶mbm ‘amR>mamÁ¶mMm noedo åhUyZ Kmo{fV
H$aÊ¶mV Ambo.
9.2.3 aKwZmWamd Am{U ~ma^mB© g§Kf© :

~ma^mB©Vrb ‘wËgÚm§Zr aKwZmWamdm§Zm {damoY H$aÊ¶mMo YmoaU hmVr KoVbo. aKwZmWamd
H$Zm©Q>H$mÀ¶m ‘mo{h‘odê$Z nwÊ¶mH$S>o ¶oV AgVmZm qÌ~H$amd noR>o ¶mZo aKwZmWamdm§Zm
n§T>anyaOdi H$mgoJmd ¶m {R>H$mUr AS>dyZ Ë¶m§À¶mer ¶wÕ Ho$bo. ¶m ¶wÕmV qÌ~H$amd
OI‘r Pmbm. Am{U nwT>o Ë¶mM AdñWoV Ë¶mMm ‘¥Ë¶y Pmbm. Cd©[aV AH$am ‘wËgÔr
aKwZmWamdm§Zm {damoY H$aÊ¶mgmR>r I§~ranUo Cô am{hbo. VgoM {ZOm‘mZo aKwZmWamdm§À¶m
{damoYmV ~ma^mB©bm ‘XV XoÊ¶mMo ‘mÝ¶ Ho$ë¶m‘wio aKwZmWamdm§Mm Yra IMbm. Ë¶mZo Self-Instructional
Material 181
‘amR>m gÎmoMr CÎmaoÀ¶m {XeoZo nbm¶Z Ho$bo. h[an§V ’$S>Š¶mZo d gm~mOr ^mogbo ¶m§Zr Ë¶mMm nmR>bmJ
nwZñWm©nZm gwê$ Ho$bm. h[an§V ’$S>Ho$ ¶m§Zr ’o$~«wdmar 1775 ‘Ü¶o ‘mhr ZXrÀ¶m H$mR>r AmamI ¶m
{R>H$mUr aKwZmWamdm§Mm nam^d Ho$bm. aKwZmWamdm§À¶m hmbMmbr ‘amR>oemhrbm KmVH$ R>ê$
NOTES eH$Vrb ¶mMr OmUrd ~ma^mB©bm hmoVr. Ë¶m‘wio aKwZmWamdm§er ¶wÕ H$aÊ¶mEodOr Ë¶mMr
g‘OyV Kmbmdr Agm {dMma ‘wËgÚm§Zr Ho$bm. Ë¶mZwgma ‘hmXOr qeXo d VwH$moOr hmoiH$a
¶m§Zr CÁO¡{¶Zr ¶oWo aKwZmWamdm§Mr ôQ> KoVbr Am{U Ë¶mbm Xhm bmIm§Mr OhmJra XoÊ¶mMo
A{^dMZ {Xbo. Ë¶mZ§Va ZmZm’$S>Urg d gImam‘~mny ~moH$sb ¶m§Zrhr ~èhmUnyabm
aKwZmWamdm§Mr ôQ> KoD$Z Xhm bmIm§À¶m Ohm{JarMm àñVmd Ë¶mZo ‘mÝ¶ H$amdm åhUyZ Ji
KmVbr. na§Vw aKwZmWamdm§Zr Ë¶mbm ‘mÝ¶Vm {Xbr Zmhr. JwOamVH$S>o OmD$Z Jm¶H$dmS>m§Mr
‘XV ¿¶m¶Mr Am{U ~ma^mB©er bT>m Úm¶Mm Agm Ë¶mMm {dMma hmoVm. Aem arVrZo
‘wËgÚm§Zr aKwZmWamdm§~amo~a bT>mB©~amo~aM g‘Ýd¶mMo YmoaUhr ñdrH$mabo hmoVo. Ë¶mg
‘mYdamd noedo ¶m§À¶m ‘¥Ë¶wnÌmVrb H$b‘mMm AYma Agmdm.
‘amR>çm§À¶m amOH$maUmV B§J«Om§Mm àdoe :
h[an§V ’$S>Š¶m§Zr nam^d Ho$ë¶mZ§Va aKwZmWamd gwaVH$a B§J«Om§À¶m Aml¶mbm Jobm.
Ë¶m§Zr aKwZmWamdm§Zm Aml¶ XoÊ¶mMo ‘mÝ¶ Ho$bo. Ë¶mgmR>r aKwZmWamdm§er 6 ‘mM© 1775
amoOr gwaV ¶m {R>H$mUr Vh Ho$bm. Ë¶mbm "gwaVoMm Vh' Ago åhUVmV. ¶m VhmZwgma B§J«Om§Zr
aKwZmWamdm§g ~ma^mBªÀ¶m {damoYmV ‘XV H$amdr. Ë¶m ‘mo~Xë¶mV aKwZmWamdm§Zr dgB©, gmï>r
d ‘w§~B©Odirb H$mhr ~oQ>o VgoM O§~ygma, AmoënmS> ho naJUo Am{U A§H$boídaMm ‘hgyb
¶m§da B§J«Om§Mm h³H$ ‘mÝ¶ Ho$bm. gwaVoÀ¶m Vhm‘wio B§J«Om§Zm ‘amR>çm§À¶m amOH$maUmV
hñVjon H$aÊ¶mMr g§Yr {‘imbr. ¶m VhmZ§Va H$Zb H$sqQ>J ¶mÀ¶m A{YnË¶mImbrb
B§J«Or ’$m¡OoMr ‘XV KoD$Z aKwZmWamd nwÊ¶mH$S>o {ZKmbm. Ë¶m‘wio B§J«Om§{déÕ ‘amR>o
¶m§À¶mVrb ¶wÕ AQ>i Pmbo.
9.3 gmam§e
¶m àH$aUm‘Ü¶o ‘mYdamd noedo ¶m§À¶m noedonXmÀ¶m H$ma{H$Xr©Vrb ‘hÎdmÀ¶m
amOH$s¶ KS>m‘moS>tda àH$me Q>mH$bobm Amho. B.g.1761 ‘Ü¶o Pmboë¶m nm{ZnVmVrb
‘amR>çm§À¶m XméU nam^dmÀ¶m nmíd©^y‘rda ‘mYdamdm§Zr Amnbm namH«$‘ d ‘wËgÔo[JarÀ¶m
Omoamda ‘amR>m gm‘«mÁ¶mMo Ho$bobo nwZéÁOrdZ hr ~m~ ‘mYdamdm§Mo ‘hÎd ñnï> H$aVo.
Ad¿¶m AH$am dfmªÀ¶m Aën H$ma{H$Xr©V ‘mYdamdm§Zr Ho$boë¶m H$m‘[JarMm ‘mJmodm
Kobobm Amho. VgoM ‘mYdamdm§À¶m ‘¥Ë¶yZ§Va {Z‘m©U Pmboë¶m n[apñWVrMm ‘mJmodm KoVbm
Amho. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o aKwZmWamdm§Mr ‘hÎdmH$m§jm, Zmam¶Uamdm§Mo noedo nX Am{U Ë¶m§Mr hË¶m
Am{U Ë¶mZ§Va ‘amR>çm§À¶m amOH$maUmMo ~bbobo ñdê$n, ‘amR>çm§Mm A§VJ©V H$bh,
~ma^mB© Am{U Ë¶m§Mo ¶moJXmZ ¶mda àmH$e Q>mH$bm Amho. aKwZmWamdm§Mr gÎmm{nnmgyd¥Îmr
‘amR>çm§À¶m amOH$maUmV B§JOm§Mm {eaH$md H$gm Pmbm ¶mMm ‘mJmodm KoVbm Amho.
Self-Instructional
Material 182
‘amR>m gÎmoMr
9.4 ‘hÎdmMo eãX nwZñWm©nZm
NOTES
ZmZmgmho~m§Mo dmagXma : ~mimOr ~mOramd D$’©$ ZmZmgmho~ nËZr JmonrH$m~mB©
¶m§gr AnË¶o nmM, {dídmgamd (OÝ‘ 22 Owb¡, 1742 amoOr Jwédmar), ‘mYdamd
(OÝ‘ 16 ’o$~«wdmar, 1745 amoOr e{Zdmar gmdZya ¶oWo) ¶ed§Vamd (OÝ‘ 13
Am°JñQ>, 1748 amoOr Pmbm. hm ~mbnUrM dmabm.), ‘moaoída (OÝ‘ 5 gßQ>|~a,
1750 amoOr Pmbm. 1751 ‘Ü¶o ¶mMm ‘¥Ë¶y Pmbm.), Zmam¶Uamd (11 Am°JñQ>,
1755 amoOr Pmbm. ‘mYdamd d a‘m~mB© ¶m§Zm AnË¶ Zgë¶mZo ‘mYdamdm§À¶m
‘¥Ë¶yZ§Va Zmam¶Uamd noedo Pmbo.)
{ZOm‘ : {ZOm‘ Cë‘wëH$ Ag’$OZhm, hm X{jUoVrb {ZOm‘mÀ¶m gÎmoMm
g§ñWmnH$. hm ‘wKbm§Mm X{jUoH$S>rb gwôXma. àm‘w»¶mZo H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb {dOmnya
d h¡Xam~mX ¶m gwä¶m§da Ë¶mMm à^md hmoVm. hm ‘wKbm§Mm àemgH$s¶ A{YH$mar
hmoVm. Ë¶m§Mm g§~§Y H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb Zdm~m§er hmoVm.
Z~m~ : ‘wKb gm‘«mÁ¶mV gwô Am{U gwä¶mMo Cn{d^mJ Ho$bobo AgV. ¶m
Cn{d^mJmÀ¶m à‘wI àemgH$s¶ A{YH$mè¶mg Zdm~ Ago åhUV. bîH$ar
ì¶dñWm ho Ë¶mMo à‘wI H$m‘ hmoVo.
h¡XaAbr : B.g. 1761 À¶m gw‘mamg åh¡gyaÀ¶m amOH$maUmV h¡XaAbrMm
CX¶ Pmbm. h¡XaZo åh¡gyaMm amOm H¥$îUamO ¶mg H¡$X H$ê$Z gÎmm hmVr KoVbr.
X{jUoÀ¶m amOH$maUmV ‘mYdamdm§À¶m H$mimV hm EH$ ‘amR>çm§Mm Zdm eÌy åhUyZ
nwT>o Ambm. B§J«Om§er g§Kf© H$amUmam {Q>ny gwbVmZ ¶mMmM nwÌ hmoVm.
noedmB©Vrb gmS>oVrZ emhUo : gImam‘~mny ~moH$sb (‘mYdad noedo ¶mMm
{XdmU), {dÇ>b gw§Xa ({ZOm‘mMm {XdmU), XodmOrn§V (OmZmoOr ^mogbo ¶mMm
H$ma^mar), ZmZm’$S>Udrg (AYm© emhUm)
‘mYdamdm§À¶m ‘¥Ë¶wnÌmVrb ZD$ H$b‘o (ZD$ H$b‘~§Xr)
1. Xm¡bVrg H$O© Ombo Amho Vo dmamdo.
2. H$moH$UmV d XoemV BOmao Omhë¶mZo a¶Vog gwI Zmhr. Ë¶mg ~maH$mBªZr emoY
H$ê$Z dmOdr Agob Vo ZrQ> H$ê$Z àOm nmbZ H$amdo.
3. lr. H$mgr -à¶mJ hr XmoÝhr ñWio gaH$mamV ¶mdrV
4. ‘mVwlrMm (Jmo{nH$m~mB©) H$mgr¶mÌm H$amd¶mMm hoVy Amho. gwbrVm Ombog nma
nmS>mdr.
5. ^mD$gmho~mMr {H$¶m ‘mK‘mgr nma nmS>mdr. H$miw~mB© (nmd©Vr~mB©) (gVr) OmD$V
AWdm amhÿV.
6. H$mgrMo ~«m÷Umg dfm©gZo {nT>rOmV AmhoV. Ë¶mà‘mUo nmdVr H$arV OmdrV. 7-
lr. H$mgrg ~«m÷U ^moOZ. XmoZ bj X{jUm. Xa Amgm‘rg AmR> ‘mUo.
8. XmXmgmho~ (aKwZmWamd) ¶mg nmM bjmMr OhmJra {Zdi bmdyZ Úmdr. WmoS>r
~hþV A{YH$ ‘m{JVë¶mg XoD$Z ‘Or© amImdr. - {ZXmZr gmVbjmnmdoVmo Ohm[Jar
Self-Instructional
XoD$Z ‘Or© amIy Ë¶mnojm Ë¶m§Zr OmñV ‘mJy Z¶o.
Material 183
‘amR>m gÎmoMr 9. lmdU‘mg Y‘m©Xm¶ (X{jUm) nwT>o MmbV Amë¶mà‘mUo nmM bjmMr Xm¡bVamhon¶ªV
nwZñWm©nZm Mmbdmdr. AZw‘mZ H$ê$ Z¶o. (S>m°. ‘YwH$a Hw$bH$Ur©, ZmZm ’$S>Urg Am{U
‘amR>r amÁ¶ àemgZ)
NOTES
~ma^mB© : Zmam¶Uamdm§À¶m hË¶oZ§Va ‘amR>mamÁ¶mV aKwZmWamdm§Zr Ho$boë¶m
H¥$Ë¶mÀ¶m {damoYmV Or à{V{H«$¶m C‘Q>br Ë¶mMo amOH$s¶ d gm§[KH$ ê$n åhUOo
~ma^mB© ‘§S>i. ¶m g§KmV ~mam gXñ¶m§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVm. Ë¶mV, ZmZm ’$S>Urg,
gImam‘~mny ~moH$sb, ‘hmXOr qeXo, VwH$moOr hmoiH$a, h[an§V ’$S>Ho$, qÌ~H$amd
noR>o, ~m~yOr ZmB©H$, ^dmZamd à{V{ZYr, ‘mamo~m ’$S>Urg, ‘mbmoOr KmoanS>o, amñVo
d nQ>dY©Z ¶m§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVm.
‘amR>ogaXmam§Mr Zdr ’$ir : ‘mYdamdm§À¶m H$mimV àm‘w»¶mZo ~«m÷U gaXmam§Mm
CX¶ Pmbm. Ë¶mV, qÌ~H$amd noR>o, h[an§V ’$S>Ho$, Jmoniamd nQ>dY©Z, {~Zrdmbo,
H$mZS>o, AmZ§Xamd Ywiwn, ZmZm ’$S>Udrg BË¶mXtMm g‘mdoe hmoVm.
gwaVoMm Vh : ‘amR>mamÁ¶mÀ¶m CÎmamYm©Vrb EH$ ‘hÎdmMr KQ>Zm åhUyZ 1775
À¶m gwaVoÀ¶m VhmMm CbboI Ho$bm OmVmo. hm Vh gwaVoMo B§J«O Am{U aKwZmWamd
¶m§À¶m‘Ü¶o 6 ‘mM©, 1775 amoOr gwaV ¶oWo Pmbm. aKwZmWamdm§À¶m ñdmWr©d¥Îmr‘wio
B§J«Om§Zm ‘amR>çm§À¶m amOH$maUmV hñVjon H$aÊ¶mMr g§Yr {‘imbr.

A. Imbrb àeZm§Mr WmoS>Š¶mV CÎmao {bhm.
1. Wmoabo ‘mYdamd noedo ¶m§À¶m g‘moarb AmìhmZo ñnï> H$am.
2. ‘mYdamd Am{U {ZOm‘ ¶m§À¶mVrb g§~§Y ñnï> H$am.
3. ZmamUamd noeì¶m§À¶m hË¶oMr H$maUo {bhm.
4. ~ma^mB© ‘§S>imMr Ü¶o¶ YmoaUo ñnï> H$am.
5. aKwZmWamd Am{U ~ma^mB© ¶m§À¶m g§Kfm©Vrb {d{dY KQ>Zm {bhm.
6. gZ 1775 Mm gwaVoMm Vh Q>rn {bhm.
~. Imbrb àeZm§Mr g{dñVa CÎmao {bhm.
1. ‘mYdamd noedo ¶m§À¶m CÎmaoVrb ‘mo{h‘mMm g{dñVa AmT>mdm ¿¶m.
2. aKwZmWamdm§À¶m X{jUoÀ¶m amOH$maUmVrb ^y{‘Ho$g ‘mYdamdm§Zr H$gm eh {Xbm
?
3. Zmam¶Uamdm§À¶m hË¶oMr H$maUo d n[aUm‘ CXmhaUm§gh ñnï> H$am.
Self-Instructional
Material 184
‘amR>m gÎmoMr
9.6 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$ nwZñWm©nZm
NOTES
1.AmoH$ à.J., noedo KamÊ¶mMm B{Vhmg, H$m°pÝQ>ZoÝQ>b àH$meZ, nwUo Xþgar Amd¥Îmr,
1991
2. Hw$bH$Ur© A.am., Iao J.h. (g§nm.) ‘amR>çm§Mm B{Vhmg, I§S> 1 Vo 3, H$m°pÝQ>ZoÝQ>b
àH$meZ nwUo, 1984
3. gaXogmB© Jmo. g. {~«{Q>e [a¶mgV, Ho$. {^. T>dio, ‘w§~B©, 1958 Mm¡Wr Amd¥Îmr
4. gmohZr {da{MV d Xoenm§S>o, Hw$bH$Ur© (g§nm.) noeì¶m§Mr ~Ia, Xoe‘wI àH$meZ
nwUo.
Self-Instructional
Material 185
Xþgao ~mOramd Am{U
‘amR>m gÎmoMm AñV
Xþgao ~mOramd Am{U
àH$aU 10 : Xþgao ~mOramd noedo Am{U ‘amR>m ‘amR>m gÎmoMm AñV
NOTES
gÎmoMm AñV
aMZm
10.0 àñVmdZm
10.1 C{Ôï>o
10.2 {df¶ {ddoMZ
10.2.1 ‘hmXOr qeXo d ZmZm ’$S>Udrg
10.2.2 ‘amR>m -B§J«O g§Kf©
10.2.3 Xþgao ~mOramd Am{U ‘amR>m gÎmoMm AñV
10.3 gmam§e
10.4 ‘hÎdmMo eãX
10.0 àñVmdZm
‘amR>çm§À¶m CÎmaoVrb gÎmm{dñVmamÀ¶m à{H«$¶oV d ‘amR>çm§Zm {Xëbr Xa~mamV ‘hÎd
àmßV H$ê$Z XoUmè¶m ‘hmXOr qeXo Am{U Ë¶m§Mo ¶moJXmZ ¶m~m~V {ddoMZ Ho$bo Amho. Wmoabo
‘mYdamd noedo ¶m§À¶m H$mimV CX¶mbm ¶oD$Z nwT>o ‘amR>çm§À¶m A§VJ©V d ~mhç gÎmm§À¶m
amOH$s¶ KS>m‘oS>r§Mm H|$Ðq~Xÿ R>abobo ‘wËgÔr ZmZm ’$S>Urg ¶m§À¶m ¶moJXmZmMm ‘mJmodm
KoVbm Amho. Xþgao ~mOramd Am{U ‘amR>m gÎmoMm AñV ¶m àH$aUm‘Ü¶o aKwZmWamdm§Mr
noedo nX {‘i{dÊ¶mMr ‘hÎdmH$m§jm Am{U ~ma^mBªZr Ë¶mbm Ho$bobm {damoY, ‘amR>çm§À¶m
amOH$maUmVrb B§J«Om§Mm hñVjon. ¶m~m~VMm ‘mJmodm ¿¶m¶Mm Amho. ¶mM H$mimV
Pmbobm ‘amR>m - B§J«O g§Kf© hm Xoeì¶mnr H$gm Pmbm? ¶mMm ‘mJmodm KoVmZm X{jUoVrb
{ZOm‘, h¡Xa ¶m§gma»¶m gÎmm§Zr ‘amR>çm§À¶m ~mOyZo KoVbobm gh^mJ Am{U Ë¶m§Zr B§J«Om§er
{Xboë¶m bT>çmda àH$me Q>mH$bm Amho. gdmB© ‘mYdamdm§À¶m AH$mbr ‘¥Ë¶yZ§Va {Z‘m©U
Pmboë¶m gÎmm g§Kfm©V Xþgao ~mOramd noedo Am{U ‘hmXOrMr, Xm¡bVamd qeXo, ¶edV§amd
hmoiH$a ¶m§À¶mVrb g§~§Y OmUyZ KoVbm Amho. Xþgè¶m ~mOramdm§Mm B§J«Om§er Ambobm
g§~§Y Am{U ‘amR>mamÁ¶mMr {dZmemH$S>o gwê$ Pmbobr dmQ>Mmb g‘OyZ KoVbr Amho. ‘amR>o
Am{U B§J«O ¶m§À¶mVrb ¶wÕo Am{U ‘amR>m gÎmoMm {dZme ¶mda àH$me Q>mH$bm Amho.
Self-Instructional
Material 187
Xþgao ~mOramd Am{U
‘amR>m gÎmoMm AñV 10.1 C{Ôï>o
NOTES ‘amR>çm§À¶m amOH$maUmV noedo H$mimV Vbdma ~hmÔa åhUyZ ‘hmXOr qeXo ¶m§Mo d
‘waã~r amOH$maUr ZmZm ’$S>Urg ¶m§À¶m H$m¶m©Mr ‘hVr OmUyZ KoUo. ‘amR>m Am{U B§J«O
¶m§À¶mVrb g§~§Y Am{U g§Kf© OmUyZ KoUo. gdmB© ‘mYdamdm§À¶m H$ma{H$Xr©Vrb ¶wÕmMo
ñdê$n d B§J«Or gÎmoer X{jUoH$S>rb gÎmm§Zr {Xbobm g§Kfm©Mo ñdê$n g‘OyZ KoUo. Xþgao
~mOramd noedo ¶m§Mo gÎmmJ«hU, ‘amR>çm§Mo A§VJ©V amOH$maU, ¶mMm n[aUm‘ åhUyZ
~mOramd Am{U B§J«O ¶m§À¶mVrb g§Kf© Am{U ‘amR>m gÎmoMm AñV ¶mVrb KS>m‘moS>tMm
‘mJmodm KoUo.
10.2.1 ‘hmXOr qeXo ZmZm ’$S>Udrg :

‘amR>m amÁ¶mVrb d àm‘w»¶mZo CÎma noedmB©À¶m H$mimV ‘amR>m amÁ¶mbm ñW¡¶©, d¡^d
d à{Vð>m {‘idyZ XoUmao ‘hmXOr qeXo d ZmZm ’$S>Urg ¶m§Mo ¶moJXmZ ‘hÎdmMo Amho.
‘amR>çm§À¶m B{VhmgmVrb Ë¶m§Mo ñWmZ d ‘hÎd ñnï> hmoD$ eHo$b.
‘hmXOr qeXo :
(B.g.1727 - 1794) gmVmam {OëhçmÀ¶m H$moaoJmd VmbwŠ¶mVrb H$ÝhoaIoS> ho qeXo
KamÊ¶mMo ‘yi Jmd. amUmoOr d {M‘Um~mB© ¶m XmnË¶m§À¶m nmoQ>r gZ 1727 ‘Ü¶o ‘hmXOr
qeXo ¶m§Mm OÝ‘ Pmbm. amUmoOrnmgyZM ¶m KamÊ¶mMm ‘amR>çm§À¶m amÁ¶mV godoÀ¶m {Z{‘ÎmmZo
g§~§Y Ambm hmoVm. amUmoOrZo àW‘ ~mimOr {dídZmWmÀ¶m nXar ~ma[JamMr ZmoH$ar Ho$br.
noedo Wmoabo ~mOramd, ‘mYdamd, gdmB© ‘mYdamd ¶m§À¶m H$mimV ‘hmXOr qeXo ¶m§Zr
‘mobmMr H$m‘{Jar ~Omdbr. ‘amR>m amÁ¶mÀ¶m {dñVmamV d ñW¡¶© àñWm{nV H$aÊ¶mÀ¶m
à{H$¶oV ‘hmXOr qeXo ¶m§Zr ‘moR>o ¶moJXmZ {Xbo. amo{hbI§S>, amOnwVm§Zm d J§Jm-¶‘wZoMm
XþAm~ hm ‘hmXOrÀ¶m H$V©~JmarMr gmj XoUmam àXoe. ½dmëhoaMm n[aga qeXo KamÊ¶mÀ¶m
namH«$‘mMr d d¡^dmMr gmj XoVmo. nm{ZnVÀ¶m aUm§JUmda ‘¡XmZ JmO{dUmè¶m {dam§‘Ü¶o
XÎmmOr, O¶mßnm, OZH$moOr ¶m qeXo KamÊ¶mVrb ‘mÎm~ma gaXmam§Zr noedmB©V namH«$‘
JmO{dbo. noedmB©À¶m à{VHy$b H$mimV ‘amR>mamÁ¶mMm à^md dmT>{dÊ¶mMr H$m‘{Jar
‘hmXOr qeXo ¶m§Zr Ho$br. ‘hmXOr qeXo ¶m§À¶m namH«$‘mMr, ‘wËgÔo{JarMr d amO{Zð>oÀ¶m
IwUm B{VhmgmV AmT>iVmV. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o H$dm¶Vr ’$m¡OoMr ñWmnZm, CÎmaoÀ¶m amOH$maUmda
dM©ñd, ‘wKb ~mXemhrMr nwZñWm©nZm, aKwZmWamdm§À¶m H$mañWmZmVyZ CX¶mbm Amboë¶m
‘amR>m -B§J«O ¶wÕmV ~Omdbobr ^y{‘H$m, BË¶mXtMm g‘mdoe hmoVmo. ‘hmXOr qeXo ¶m§Zr
Ë¶mH$mimV à{e{jV g¡Ý¶mMr C^maUr H$aÊ¶mMo ‘hÎdmMo H$m‘ ‘hmXOrZo Ho$bo. S>r.
~m°¶Z ¶m ’|«$M ¶m A{YH$mè¶mÀ¶m ZoV¥ËdmImbr Amnë¶m ’$m¡Oobm à{ejU {Xbo. ¶m
à{e{jV goZoÀ¶m Omoamda Ë¶m§Zr AZoH$ ‘mo{h‘m ¶eñdr Ho$ë¶m. B§J«Omgma»¶m eÌybm
Zm‘moha‘ H$ê$Z ¶e {‘i{dbo. ‘hmXOrZo CÎmoaoÀ¶m amOH$maUmda Amnbm R>gm C‘Q>{dbm.
CÎmaoVrb aOnwVm§Mr ~§S>Imoar ‘moSy>Z H$mT>br. âVnya, OmoYnya, Ymobnya d O¶nyaÀ¶m
aOnwVm§Zm nam^yV H$ê$Z Amnbm namH«$‘ {gÕ Ho$bm. ¶m àXoemV Mm¡WmB©, gaXoe‘wIrMo
Self-Instructional h³H$ {‘i{dbo. aOnyVg§K Am{U B§J«O ¶m§Mm bmbgmoQ> ¶oWo nam^d Pmbm Agbm Var
Material 188
nwT>o ‘hmXOr qeXo ¶m§Zr amOnwVm§Mm nam^d H$ê$Z CÎmaoV ‘amR>çm§Mo dM©ñd àñWm{nV Xþgao ~mOramd Am{U
Ho$bo. N>ÌnVr emhÿamOm§nmgyZM {XëbrÀ¶m ‘wKb ~mXemhrMo ajU H$aÊ¶mMr O~m~Xmar ‘amR>m gÎmoMm AñV
‘amR>çm§Zr ñdrH$mabr hmoVr. ¶mgmR>r noedo ~mimOr, ~mOramd, ZmZmgmho~, ‘mYdamd,
gdmB© ‘mYdamd ¶m gdmªÀ¶m H$ma{H$Xr©V ‘amR>çm§Zr CÎmaoV ‘mo{h‘m H$mT>ë¶m hmoË¶m. ‘hmXOr NOTES
qeXo ¶mZo {Xëbr Xa~mamVrb Pm~oVmImZmMo ~§S> ‘moSy>Z H$mT>bo Am{U Abmhm~mXbm
Aml¶mgmR>r Joboë¶m ~mXemh emhAmb‘ ¶mbm nwÝhm {XëbrÀ¶m V»Vmda {damO‘mZ
Ho$bo. B§J«O d A§VJ©V eÌy§nmgyZ g§ajU H$aÊ¶mMr h‘r {Xbr. ‘hmXOrZo ~mXemhH$Sy>Z
gdmB© ‘mYdamdm§gmR>r ‘ra ~jr ho nX {‘idyZ {Xbo Va ñdV:gmR>r dH$sb-E-‘wVm{bH$ ho
nX KoVbo. nm{ZnVÀ¶m ¶wÕmZ§Va CÎma ^maVmV ‘amR>çm§Mm X~X~m {Z‘m©U H$aÊ¶mMr AOmoS>
H$m‘{Jar ‘hmXOrZo Ho$br. nmQ>rb ~m~m ¶m ZmdmZo ‘hmXOr à{gÕ hmoVo. nmN>b~m~m
dV©ZmZo gÀN>rb d d¥ÎmrZo Ym{‘©H$ hmoVo. Ë¶m§Zr ñdV: AZoH$ A^§J aMbo hmoVo. 12
’o$~«wdmar, 1594 amoOr ‘hmXOr qeXo ¶mMm nwÊ¶mOdirb dmZdS>r ¶m Jmdr ‘¥Ë¶y Pmbm.
‘hmXOrMr ¶mo½¶Vm :
‘mYdamd noedo ¶m§À¶m H$ma{H$Xr©V ‘hmXOr qeXo ¶m§Mm CX¶ Pmbobm hmoVm.
nm{ZnVÀ¶m nam^dmMo ZwH$gmZ ‘mYdamdm§Zr A{dlm§V n[al‘ H$ê$Z ^ê$Z H$mT>bo. Ë¶mV
‘hmXOr§Zr Ë¶m§Zm ‘mobmMr gmW {Xbr. ‘mYdamdm§À¶m H$ma{H$Xr©V d Z§Va, Zmam¶Uamd
noeì¶m§Mr hË¶m Am{U Ë¶mZ§Va {Z‘m©U Pmboë¶m n[apñWVrV aKwZmWamdm§Zr J¥hH$bh
{Z‘m©U H$ê$Z ‘amR>oemhrV AZoH$ àíZ {Z‘m©U Ho$bo. Ë¶mdoir CX¶mbm Amboë¶m ~ma^mB©
‘§S>imV ‘mhXOr§Mr ^y{‘H$m ‘hÎdmMr hmoVr. BVHo$M Zìho Va n{hë¶m ‘amR>m-B§J«O
¶wÕmV ‘moR>o namH«$‘ JmOdyZ B§J«Om§Mo d aKwZmWamdm§Mo S>mdnoM CYiyZ bmdbo. gmë~mB©À¶m
VhmZ§Va ‘hmXOr§Zr CÎmaoVrb bhmZ‘moR>çm eÌy§Zm nwZ: {Z¶§ÌUmImbr AmUbo. {XëbrMm
~mXemh emh‘mb‘ ¶m§Zo Va Amnë¶m amÁ¶mÀ¶m ajUmMr O~m~Xmar ‘hmXOr§da Q>mH$br
hmoVr. CÎmaoVrb OmQ>, aOnyV d {eI ¶m gÎmm ‘hmXOr nwT>o Zm‘moha‘ Pmë¶m. nmíMmÎ¶
nÕVrÀ¶m bîH$amMo ‘hÎd ‘hmXOrZo AmoiIbo hmoVo. Ë¶m‘wio Ë¶m§Zr S>r. ~m°¶ gma»¶m
Hw$eb ’«|$M goZmnVrÀ¶m ‘mJ©Xe©ZmImbr à{e{jV ’$m¡OoMr C^maUr Ho$br. ñdV: ‘hmXOr
{dbjU namH«$‘r hmoVo.
qeXo d§ed¥j
amUoOr qeXo - nËZr
1. ‘¡Zm~mB© (qZ~m~mB©) AnË¶ - O¶mßnm , XÎmmOr, Á¶moVr~m
2. {M‘Um~mB© (aOnyV ñÌr) AnË¶ - VwH$moOr,
‘hmXOr VwH$moOr AnË¶ Ho$XmaOr, AmZ§Xamd
AmZ§Xamd AnË¶ - Xm¡bVamd (‘hmXOrg XÎmH$)
Xm¡bVamd - OZH$moOr (XÎmH$)
ZmZm ’$S>Udrg :
ZmZm ’$S>UrgmMo "^mZy' ho KamUo ‘yiMo H$moH$UmVrb doimg ¶oWrb. ¶m KamÊ¶mH$S>o
doimg ¶oWrb ‘hmOZH$s dena§namJV hmoVr. ^mZy KamÊ¶mMo lrdY©ZÀ¶m ^Q> KamÊ¶mer
{OìhmiçmMo g§~§Y hmoVo. ~mimOr {dídZmW H$moH$UmVyZ Xoemda Ambo Ë¶mdoir Self-Instructional
Material 189
Xþgao ~mOramd Am{U Ë¶m§À¶m~amo~a ‘hmXod ^mZy ¶m§Mo VrZ nwÌ; h[a, ~mimOr d am‘mOr hohr hmoVo. Ë¶m§n¡H$s
‘amR>m gÎmoMm AñV h[a d am‘M§Ð ho gmVmè¶mg goZmnVr YZmOr OmYd ¶m§À¶m nXar Zmoarg am{hbo. ~mimOr
‘hmXod ^mZy ho ZmZm ’$S>[Ugm§Mo AmOmo~m. Ë¶m§Zr ñdV: ~{bXmZ H$ê$Z noedo ~mimOrMo
NOTES àmU dmM{dbo hmoVo. OZmX©Zn§V d épŠ‘Ur~mB© (hr ~id§Vamd ‘oh|Xio ¶m§Mr ~hrU)
¶m§Mo nmoQ>r ~mimOr D$’©$ ZmZm ’$S>Urg ¶m§Mm OÝ‘ gmVmè¶mg 12 ’o$~«wdmar, 1742
amoOr Pmbm. gZ 1761 À¶m nm{ZnVÀ¶m ‘mo{h‘oV ZmZm ’$S>Urg gh^mJr Pmbo hmoVo.
Ë¶mdoir Ë¶m§Mo d¶ gmYmaUnUo nÝZmg dfmªMo Agmdo. ZmZm ’$S>[Ugm§Mm Wmoabo ‘mYdamd,
Zmam¶Uamd, gdmB© ‘mYdamd d Xþgam ~mOramd ¶m noeì¶m§Mo ’$S>Urg åhUyZ g§~§Y Ambm
hmoVm. ‘mYdamd noedo ¶m§Mo Xþæ¶‘ H$ma^mar åhUyZ ZmZm§Zr H$m‘ gwê$ Ho$bo. ‘mYdamd noedo
Oo H$m‘ gm§JVrb Vo PnmQ>çmZo d MmoInUo H$aUo hr ZmZm§Mr d¥Îmr hmoVr. gZ 1763 ‘Ü¶o
‘mYdamdm§Zr ZmZm§H$S>o ’$S>[UgrMo H$m‘ gmon{dbo. ‘mYdamd Am{U ZmZm ’$S>Urg ¶m§Zr
Amnë¶m Img {dídmgmÀ¶m H$moH$UñW gaXma ‘wËgÚm§Mm Zdm JQ> {Z‘m©U Ho$bm hmoVm.
gmYmaUnUo 1768 ‘Ü¶o ZmZm ’$S>Urg hm nwUo Xa~mamVrb noeì¶m§À¶m ImbmoImbMm
à‘wI A{YH$mar ‘mZbm OmD$ bmJbm hmoVm. B.g. 1772 ‘Ü¶o ‘mYdamdm§À¶m {ZYZg‘¶r
amÁ¶mÀ¶m nwT>rb ì¶dñWo~m~V Or ZD$ H$b‘~§Xr V¶ma Ho$br hmoVr Ë¶mda IwÔ ZmZm
’$S>[UgmMo eoao hmoVo. hr ~m~ ZmZm§Mo ‘hÎd ñnï> H$aVo. ‘mYdamdm§À¶m ‘¥Ë¶yZ§Va amKmo~mÀ¶m
H$madm¶m§da bj R>odUo Am{U Zmam¶Uamdm§g noedmB©Mr dñÌo {‘idyZ XoUo hr H$m‘o ZmZm§Zr
MmoI nma nmS>br. Zmam¶Uamdm§À¶m hË¶oZ§Va CX¶mbm Amboë¶m ~ma^mB©V d Ë¶mZ§VaÀ¶m
KS>m‘moS>rV ZmZm§Zr ‘hÎdmMr ^y{‘H$m ~Omdbr. Zmam¶Uamdm§Mr {dYdm nËZr J§Jm~mB© {hg
nwÌM hmoUo hr Jmoï> ZmZm ’$S>[Ugm§À¶m ^mdr amOH$maUmÀ¶m X¥ï>rZo ‘yb^yV JaO hmoVr.
ZmZm ’$S>[UgmZo gdmB© ‘mYdamdm§À¶m nmbH$ËdmMr O~m~Xmar ñdrH$mabobr hmoVr. ~mb
noeì¶m§Mo ga§jU d {ejU ¶m§Mr ì¶dñWm ZmZm§Zr Ho$br hmoVr. gdmB© ‘mYdamdm§À¶m
H$mimVrb amOH$s¶ KS>m‘moS>r§da EH$ ‘wËgÔr åhUyZ ZmZm§Mo {dMma, {ZU©¶ d H$Vw©Ëd ¶m§Mr
N>mn hmoVr. {Za{Zamiçm H$maUm§‘wio noedo gdmB© ‘mYdamdm§g ZmZm§Mm OmM hmoV hmoVm.
Ë¶mMm n[aUm‘ 25 Am°ŠQ>mo~a, 1795 amoOr gdmB© ‘mYdamdm§Zr e{ZdmadmS>çmVrb hOmar
H$ma§Omda CS>r ‘mê$Z AmË‘hË¶m Ho$br.
gdmB© ‘mYamdm§À¶m ‘¥Ë¶yZ§Va {Z‘m©U Pmboë¶m amOH$s¶ n[apñWVrV ZmZm ’$S>Urg
¶m§À¶m ñdmWr© d gÎmm{nnmgwd¥ÎmrMo Xe©Z {Za{Zamiçm KQ>Zm§‘YyZ hmoVo. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o ZmZm
Am{U {ZOm‘ g§~§Y, ~a^mBªÀ¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ {ZOm‘, h¡XaAbr, B§J«O, O§{OaoH$a {gÔr,
BË¶mXr§gmaIo naH$s¶ gÎmm Am{U ‘amR>m amÁ¶mMo A§VJ©V amOH$maU ¶mda ZmZm ’$S>[Ugm§À¶m
‘wËgÔoJramMm R>gm C‘Q>bobm AmT>iyZ ¶oVmo. Xþgè¶m ~mOramdm§Mo noedonX Am{U Ë¶m§À¶mer
g§~§[YV H$Q>H$mañWmZo ¶m ~m~r ZmZm ’$S>[Ugm§Mo VËH$mbrZ amOH$maUmVrb ‘hÎdmda
àH$me Q>mH$VmV.
‘hmS> H$mañWmZ :
B.g.1796 Mm nmdgmim ZmZmZo ‘hmS> H$mañWmZmMr OwiUr H$aÊ¶mV IM© Ho$bm.
qeXo, {ZOm‘, B§J«O, {Q>ny, ^mgbo, hmoiH$a, {gÔr, gmVmaH$a d H$moëhmnyaMo N>ÌnVr ¶m
à‘wI e³Vrer AZoH$ H$ama ZmZmZo Ho$bo. Ë¶mgmR>r ZmZmZo nmÊ¶mgmaIm n¡gm AmoVbm.
ZmZmMo eoH$S>mo hñVH$ ¶m H$mañWmZmMr C^maUr H$aÊ¶mV amÌ§{Xdg InV hmoVo. ¶m H$mimV
Self-Instructional ZmZmZo da CëbopIboë¶m gÎmm§Mo bîH$ar gmhmæ¶ g§nmXZ Ho$bo. Ë¶m‘wio qeX|hr ZmZmÀ¶m
Material 190
¶moOZog nmqR>~m XoUo ^mJ nS>bo. gZ 1797 ‘Ü¶o Xm¡bVamd qeXo Am{U hmoiH$a ¶m§À¶m Xþgao ~mOramd Am{U
g§Kf© Pmbm. hr ~m~ ZmZm ’$S>[Ugmg AmdS>br Zmhr. Voìhm Xm¡bVamdZo 31 {S>g|~a, ‘amR>m gÎmoMm AñV
1797 amoOr ZmZm ’$S>[Ugm§Zm AQ>H$ Ho$br. gZ 1798 ‘Ü¶o bm°S>© dobñbr ¶mZo {Q>nyÀ¶m
{damoYmV ~mOramdm§H$S>o ‘XV ‘m{JVbr, Aem n[apñWVrV H$m¶ H$amdo ho g‘OoZmeo Pmbo. NOTES
Ë¶mbm ZmZm§À¶m gëë¶mMr JaO dmQy> bmJbr Ë¶m‘wio Owb¡ 1597 ‘Ü¶o ~mOramdm§Zr
ZmZm§Mr gwQ>H$m Ho$br. Am{U Ë¶mbm nwÝhm H$ma^mar åhUyZ Zo‘bo. ¶m doir ‘amR>oemhrV
{dbjU A§XmYw§Xr hmoVr. Amngm§Vrb ¶mXdr {‘Q>{dUgmR>r Amdí¶H$ Agbobo I§~ra
ZoV¥Ëd ‘amR>oemhrV Cabobo ZìhVo. H¡$XoVyZ gwQ>ë¶mZ§Va ZmZm§Mr àH¥$Vr Imbmdy bmJbr
hmoVr. hVme AdñWoV 13 ‘mM©, 1800 amoOr ZmZm ’$S>[Ugm§Mm ‘¥Ë¶y Pmbm. ‘amR>oemhrda
hm ‘moR>m AmKmV hmoVm. ZmZm§À¶m ‘¥Ë¶y~m~V H$Z©b nm‘a ¶mZo bm°S>© dobñbrbm 14 ‘mM©,
1800 amoOr {b[hboë¶m nÌmV Agm CëboI ¶oVmo H$s, "H$mb amÌr ZmZm ’$S>Urg ‘¥Ë¶y
nmdbo ho AmnUmg H$i{dUo ‘r ‘mPo ‘hÎdmMo H$V©ì¶ g‘OVmo. ‘bm dmQ>Vo Ë¶mÀ¶m
‘¥Ë¶y~amo~aM emhUnU d ‘wËgÔrnU ¶m§Zrhr nwUo Xa~maMm {Zamon KoVbm!
~mimOr D$’©$ ZmZm ’$S>Urg ¶m§Mr d§emdi ZmZm ’$S>[UgmMo "^mZy' ho KamUo ‘yiMo
H$moH$UmVrb doimg ¶oWrb. ^mZy§H$S>o doimg ‘hmOZH$s hmoVr.
(1) kmV ‘yi nwéf ‘hmXOr ¶m§g
(2) 2.1 Zma¶U 2.2 h[a 2.3 am‘M§Ð 2.4 ~bd§V D$’©$ ~mimOr
2.4 ~bd§V D$’©$ ~mimOr ¶m§g
3.1 OZmX©Z nËZr épŠ‘Ur~mB© ¶m§g
~mimOr D$’©$ ZmZm (¶m§Zm ’$S>[Ugr {‘imë¶mZo Ë¶m§Zm ’$S>Urg ¶m
Cn ZmdmZoM g§~moYbo OmD$ bmJbo.)
10.2.2 ‘amR>m-B§J«O g§Kf©

Amnbo noedo nX {‘i{dÊ¶mMr ‘hÎdmH$m§jm nyU© H$aÊ¶mgmR>r aKwZmWamdm§Zr
B§J«Om§~amo~a 1775 gmbr gwaVoMm Vh Ho$bm. ¶m Vhm‘wio EVÔoer¶ gÎmm§À¶m A§VJ©V
~m~rV hñVjon H$ê$Z Amnbm à^md dT>{dÊ¶mÀ¶m B§J«Om§À¶m H$madm¶mg dmd {‘imbm.
Ë¶m‘wio ¶m VhmÀ¶m AQ>tMr nyV©Vm H$aÊ¶mÀ¶m CÔoemZo B§J«O goZm ~amo~a KoD$Z aKwZmWamd
‘amR>çm§da MmbyZ Ambm. Ë¶m‘wio B§J«O Am{U ‘amR>o ¶m§À¶mV g§Kf© AQ>i Pmbm.
n{hbo ‘amR>m - B§J«O ¶wÕ :
(1775- 1782) aKwZmWamd ¶m§À¶m H$mamdm¶mVyZ ‘amR>m - B§J«O ¶wÕmMm àg§J
Ambm. ho ¶wÕ gmV df} Mmbbo. H$Z©b {H$Q>tJ Am{U aKwZmWamd ‘amR>çm§da MmbyZ
¶oV AgVmZm h[an§V ’$S>Ho$ ¶m§Zr aKwZmWamd d B§J«Or ’$m¡O ¶m§Zm ‘o 1775 ‘Ü¶o
Amamg ¶m {R>H$mUr AS>{dbo. na§Vw nmdgmiçm‘wio bT>mB© I§[S>V Pmbr. nmdgmim
g§nVmM aKwZmWamdm§Zr ~ma^mB© {déÕ bT>Ê¶mMr OmoaXma ¶moOZm AmIbr. na§Vw B§J«Om§À¶m
YmoaUmV ¶m gw‘mamg AMmZH$ ~Xb Pmbm B§J«Om§Zr aKwZmWamdm§~amo~a Ho$bobm gwaVoMm Vh
H$bH$Î¶mMm JìhZ©a OZab dm°aZ hopñQ>§½O ¶mbm AmdS>bm Zmhr. ¶m Vhm‘wio ‘amR>oemhrer
hmoUmam g§Kf© B§J«Om§À¶m Ñï>rZo KmVH$ R>aob Ago hopñQ>§½Obm dmQ>bo. Ë¶m‘wio ~ma^mB© Self-Instructional
Material 191
Xþgao ~mOramd Am{U ‘wËgÚm§er ñdV§ÌnUo dmQ>mKmQ>r H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Ë¶mZo H$Z©b A°ßQ>Z ¶mbm nwÊ¶mg nmR>{dbo.
‘amR>m gÎmoMm AñV ‘mM© 1776 ‘Ü¶o ‘amR>o Am{U B§J«O ¶m§À¶m‘Ü¶o nwa§XaMm Vh Pmbm.
NOTES nwa§XaMm Vh :
(‘mM© 1776) ‘amR>o Am{U B§J«O ¶m§À¶m‘Ü¶o 1 ‘mM©, 1776 amoOr Vh Pmbm. ¶m
Vhm‘Ü¶o H$Z©b A°ßQ>ZZo ZmZm’$S>Urg d gImam‘~mny ~moH$sb ¶m§À¶mer dmQ>mKQ>r H$ê$Z
VhmÀ¶m AQ>r {ZpíMV Ho$ë¶m. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o aKwZmWamdm§Zm B§J«Om§Zr Aml¶ XoD$ Z¶o. Xhm
bmIm§Mr Ohm[Jar H$~yb H$ê$Z aKwZmWamdm§Zr H$monaJmd ¶oWo ñdñW amhmdo. ‘amR>çm§Zr
B§J«Om§Zm ¶wÕIM© åhUyZ ~mam bmI én¶o ÚmdoV. VgoM gmï>r Am{U ^S>moM hr R>mUr
B§J«Om§H$S>oM amhÿ ÚmdrV Ago R>abo. aKwZmWamdm§Mr S>moH$XþIr Wm§~{dÊ¶mgmR>r ~ma^mB©Vrb
‘wËgÚm§Zr B§J«Om§er Vh Ho$bm. ¶m Vhm‘wio H$mhr H$mimgmR>r ‘amR>m-B§J«O ¶wÕ Wm§~bo hmoVo
na§Vw B§J«Om§Mm ‘w§~B©Mm JìhZ©a hm°Z©~r ¶mZo nwa§XaMm Vh ~§YZH$maH$ ‘mZbm Zmhr. BñQ>
B§{S>çm H§$nZrÀ¶m g§MmbH$m§Mm nm{R>§~m {‘idyZ Ë¶mZo ‘amR>çm§{déÕ gwê$ Agbobo ¶wÕ nwT>o
gwê$ R>odÊ¶mMm {ZU©¶ KoVbm. nwa§XaÀ¶m Vhm‘wio Wm§~obo ¶wÕ nwÝhm gwê$ Pmbo.
dS>JmdMo ¶wÕ d Vh : (OmZodar 1779)
‘w§~B©H$a B§J«Om§Zr KoVboë¶m ^y{‘Ho$bm dm°aZ hopñQ>¨½OMm nmqR>~m {‘imbm. ‘amR>çm§{déÕ
gwê$ Pmbobo ¶wÕ nwT>o Mmby R>odUo Ë¶mbm ¶mo½¶ dmQy> bmJbo. (Ë¶mbm AZoH$ KQ>H$
H$maUr^yV R>abo.) BVHo$M Zìho Va Ë¶mZo ~§JmbhÿZ B§J«Or ’$m¡O X{jUoH$S>o nmR>{dbr.
25 Zmoìh|~a, 1778 amoOr B§J«Om§Mr ’$m¡O aKwZmWamdm§Zm ~amo~a KoD$Z nÊ¶mÀ¶m amoImZo
{ZKmbr. ~ma^mBªÀ¶m ‘wËgÚm§Zr B§J«Om§~amo~a ¶wÕ H$aÊ¶mMr Oæ¶V V¶mar Ho$br. ZmZm
’$S>[UgmZo ‘hmXOr qeXo ¶m§Zm nmMmaU Ho$bo. VioJmdOdi B§J«Om§Mr ’$m¡O AgVmZm
‘hmXOr {eX|Zr B§J«Om§À¶m ’$m¡Ooda AMmZH$nUo hëbm Ho$bm. ¶m hëë¶m‘wio B§J«Om§Zm
dS>Jmdn¶ªV ‘mKma ¿¶mdr bmJbr. Ago Agbo Var ‘hmXOrZo B§J«O goZoMm nmR>bmJ
H$ê$Z dS>JmdOdi B§J«Om§À¶m ’$m¡O§Mm nyU© nam^d Ho$bm. eodQ>r B§J«Om§Zr ‘amR>çm§er Vh
H$ê$Z Amnbm ~Mmd Ho$bm.
dS>Jmd (‘mdi)Mm Vh :
(OmZodar 1779) ‘hmXOr qeXo ¶m§Zr dS>Jmd ¶oWo B§J«Om§Mm nam^d Ho$ë¶mZ§Va
B§J«Om§Zr ~ma^mB©À¶m ‘wËgÚm§er dS>Jmd - ‘mdi ¶oWo Vh Ho$bm. Ë¶mV,
1. B§J«Om§Zr aKwZmWamdm§Zm Aml¶ XoD$ Z¶o.
2. B§J«Om§Zr ‘amR>çm§er ¶wÕ gwê$ Ho$ë¶mnmgyZ Omo àXoe qOH$bm Agob Vmo àXoe
{~ZeV© naV H$amdm.
3. gmï>r ~oQ>hr ‘amR>çm§Zm a‘V H$amdo.
4. VhmÀ¶m AQ>r nyU© hmoB©n¶ªV B§J«Om§Mo XmoZ A{YH$mar ‘amR>çm§H$S>o Amobrg åhUyZ
R>odmdoV. BË¶mXr AQ>tMm g‘mdoe hmoVm. dS>JmdMm Vh hm ‘w§~B©À¶m goZm{YH$mè¶m§Zr ¶wÕ
g‘mßVrgmR>r ñdV:À¶m O~m~Xmarda Ho$bm hmoVm. Ë¶m‘wio B§J«Om§À¶m Ñï>rZo ZwH$gmZrMm
Agbobm hm Vh ‘w§~B© d ~§Jmb ¶m XmoZhr {R>H$mUm§À¶m B§J«Om§Zr nmibm Zmhr. Ë¶m‘wio
Self-Instructional ‘amR>o Am{U B§J«O ¶m§À¶mV nwÝhm ¶wÕ noQ>bo.
Material 192
‘amR>m- B§J«O ¶wÕmMo {Vgao nd© : Xþgao ~mOramd Am{U
dS>JmdMm Vh B§J«Om§Zr nmibm Zmhr. Ë¶m‘wio B§J«O Am{U ‘amR>o ¶m§À¶m‘Ü¶o nwÝhm
¶wÕ gwê$ Pmbo. ¶m g§YrMm ’$m¶Xm KoD$Z aKwZmWamdm§Zr Amnbr gwQ>H$m H$ê$Z KoVbr Am{U NOTES
Vmo B§J«Om§Zm OmD$Z {‘imbm. VgoM B§J«O goZmnVr Jm°S>S>© ¶mZo ~S>moÚmÀ¶m Jm¶H$dmS>m§Zm
Amnë¶m JmoQ>mV g‘rb H$ê$Z KoVbo. ~ma^mB©Mm ‘w»¶ gyÌYma gImam‘~mny ~moH$sb
¶mZohr g§e¶mñnX hmbMmbr gwê$ Ho$ë¶m, JìhZ©a OZab dm°aZ hopñQ>¨½O ¶mZo ‘w§~B©,
‘Ðmg d ~§Jmb ¶oWrb B§J«Or nbQ>Ur EH$mMdoir ‘amR>çm§{déÕ nmR>{dÊ¶mMo {Z¶moOZ
Ho$bo. Aem arVrZo B§J«Om§Zr ~ma^mB©{déÕÀ¶m bT>mB©Mr OmoaXma V¶mar Ho$br. B§J«Om§À¶m
AmH«$‘UmMo g§H$Q> {dMmamV KoD$Z ZmZm ’$S>Urg d ‘hmXOr qeXo ¶m§Zm ¶m g§H$Q>mbm
Y¡¶m©Zo Vm|S> XoÊ¶mMr V¶mar Ho$br. gImam‘~mnyÀ¶m g§e¶mñnX hmbMmbr bjmV ¶oVmM
Ë¶mbm ~moH$sb ¶mg Ë¶mÀ¶m nmXmdê$Z Xÿa Ho$bo d àW‘ qghJS> d Z§Va am¶JS>mda H¡$XoV
R>odbo. gImam‘~mnybm Ë¶mÀ¶m nXmdê$Z Xÿa Ho$ë¶mZ§Va nwUo Xa~mamMr amOH$s¶ gyÌo ZmZm
’$S>[Ugm§À¶m hmVr Ambr.
B§J«Om§Zm YS>m {eH${dÊ¶mgmR>r ZmZm ’$S>[UgmZo {ZOm‘ d h¡XaAbr ¶m§À¶mer ¶wVr
Ho$br. ZmJnyaH$a ^mogbo ¶m§Zmhr Amnë¶m JmoQ>mV gm‘rb H$ê$Z KoVbo. noedo, h¡XaAbr,
{ZOm‘ d ^mogbo ¶m§Zr g§¶w³VnUo B§J«Om§À¶m àXoem§da EH$mM doir hëbo H$ê$Z Ë¶m§Mr
H$m§oS>r H$amdr Aer ¶moOZm AmIbr. Ë¶mZwgma noeì¶m§À¶m ’$m¡OoZo ‘w§~B© d JwOamV ^mJm§V,
^mogb|Zr ~§JmbÜ¶o KwgyZ hëbm H$amdm. h¡XaAbrZo X{jU H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb B§J«Om§À¶m
R>mÊ¶mda hëbm H$amdm. {ZOm‘mZo nyd© {H$Zmè¶mda hëbo H$ê$Z B§J«Om§Mr H$mo§S>r H$amdr.
Ago AmH«$‘UmMo {Z¶moOZ H$aÊ¶mV Ambo. ZmZmZo Ho$boë¶m ¶m ¶wVrbm "MVw:g§K' Ago
g§~moYbo OmVo. MVw:g§KmÀ¶m {Z¶moOZmMr Mmhÿb bmJVmM Jm°S>©S>Zo noedo Xa~mamer Vh
H$aÊ¶mMo à¶ËZ Ho$bm. na§Vw aKwZmWamdm§Zm {Xbobm Aml¶ H$mTy>Z KoÊ¶mg B§J«Om§Zr ZH$ma
{Xë¶m‘wio ZmZm ’$S>{UgmZo ZH$ma {Xbm.
EH$sH$S>o noeì¶m§~amo~a Vh H$aÊ¶mMo ZmQ>H$ H$ê$Z Xþgè¶m ~mOybm B§J«Om§Zr ‘amR>çm§À¶m
àXoemda hëbo H$aÊ¶mMr V¶mar gwê$ R>odbr. OmZodar 1780 ‘Ü¶o Jm°S>S>©Zo JwOamV‘Yrb
S>^moB© d Ah‘Xm~mX qOHy$Z KoVbo. H$moH$UmVrb ‘amR>çm§À¶m àXoem§da hëbo MT>{dbo.
goZmnVr H°$n~ob ¶mZo H$ë¶mUda dM©ñd àñWm{nV Ho$bo. CÎma ^maVmVrb ‘amR>çm§À¶m
àXoem§da hëbo MT>{dbo. dm°aZ hopñQ>¨>½OZo qeX|À¶m àXoem§da hëbo MT>{dÊ¶mg àma§^
Ho$bm. Aem arVrZo B§J«Om§Zr ‘amR>çm§À¶m {damoYmV AmH«$‘H$ n{dÌm KoVbm. Aem J§^ra
n[apñWVrV ZmZm ’$S>Urg Am{U ‘hmXOr qeXo ¶m§À¶mV ‘VôX {Z‘m©U Pmbo. ‘miì¶mV
‘amR>çm§Mr H$m¶‘ñdê$nmMr bîH$ar N>mdUr Agmdr H$s Zgmdr. ho Ë¶mMo EH$ H$maU hmoVo.
AIoarg ‘hmXOrZo ‘midm ^mJmV amhmdo Va JwOamV‘Ü¶o VwH$moOr hmoiH$amZo Vi R>moH$mdm
Ago R>abo. ‘hmXOrZo CÎmaoV ¶oD$Z ‘moR>m namH«$‘ JmO{dbm. H$Z©b ‘ya gma»¶m ‘waã~r
B§J«O goZmnVrbm ‘hmXOrZo hþgH$mdyZ bmdbo. Ë¶m‘wio B§J«Om§Zm ‘mKma ¿¶mdr bmJbr.
{ZOm‘mZo B§J«Om§H$Sy>Z JwQw>§a {Oëhm {O§Hy$Z KoVbm. B§J«Om§Mm XmoñV ‘h§‘XAbr ¶mbm
Zm‘moha‘ H$aÊ¶mV h¡XaAbrbm ¶e {‘imbo. VgoM Ë¶mZo B§J«Om§Zm ‘Ðmgn¶ªV ‘mJo hQ>dyZ
X{jU ^maVmVrb B§J«Om§À¶m gÎmobm AmìhmZ {Xbo. h¡XaAbrbm YS>m {eH${dÊ¶mgmR>r
dm°aZ hopñQ>§½OZo ga Am¶a Hy$Q> d H°$ßQ>Z nmo’°$‘ ¶m§Zm àM§S> ’$m¡OoZrer h¡Xada nmR>{dbo.
‘amR>çm§er gwê$ Pmboë¶m ¶wÕmÀ¶m {Z{‘ÎmmZo B§J«Om§Zr Ë¶mbm ì¶mnH$ ñdê$n {Xbo. XoemÀ¶m Self-Instructional
Material 193
Xþgao ~mOramd Am{U gd©M àXoemV ¶m ¶wÕmMo nS>gmX C‘Q>bo. ‘amR>çm§Zr XoemÀ¶m {Za{Zamiçm àXoem§Vrb
‘amR>m gÎmoMm AñV B§J«Or gÎmobm AmìhmZ {Xbo. Ë¶m‘wio dm°aZ hopñQ>§½OZo ‘amR>çm§er Vh H$aÊ¶mMm {ZU©¶
KoVbm. Ë¶mZwgma Ë¶mZo {S>g|~a 1781 ‘Ü¶o Amnbm à{V{ZYr A±S>agZ ¶mbm ‘hmXOr
NOTES qeXo§H$S>o nmR>{dbo. ZmZm ’$S>Urg Am{U ‘hmXOr qeXo ¶m§À¶m {dMma{d[Z‘¶mVyZ Vh
H$aÊ¶mMo R>abo. 17 ‘o, 1782 amoOr ½dmëhoanmgyZ drg ‘¡bm§da Agbë¶m gmë~mB© ¶m
{R>H$mUr B§J«O Am{U ‘amR>o ¶m§À¶m‘Ü¶o Vh hmoD$Z ¶wÕ Wm§~bo.
gmë~mB©Mm Vh (17 ‘o 1782) :- ‘amR>o Am{U B§J«O ¶m§À¶m n{hë¶m ¶wÕmMr g‘mßVr
à{H«$¶oV gmë~mB© ¶oWo Pmbobm Vh hr ‘hÎdmMr KQ>Zm hmoVr. ¶m VhmV nwT>rb VaVwXrMm
g‘mdoe hmoVm. Ë¶mV,
1. B§J«Om§Zr aKwZmWamdm§Zm {Xbobm Aml¶ H$mTy>Z ¿¶mdm. aKwZmWamdm§Zr amOg§Ý¶mg
¿¶mdm Am{U Xa‘hm n§Mdrg hOma én¶m§Mo {Zd¥[ÎmdoVZ ‘mÝ¶ H$ê$Z Ë¶mZo ñdñW
~gmdo.
2. dgB© d H$moH$UmV B§J«Om§Zr qOH$bobm àXoe ‘amR>çm§Zm naV {‘imdm.
3. ^S>moM, gmï>r d R>mUo hr {R>H$mUo B§J«Om§H$S>o amhmdrV.
4.B§J«Om§Zr ~S>moÚmÀ¶m Jm¶H$dmS>m§Mm nmqR>~m XoD$ Z¶o.
5. B§J«O d nmoV©wJrO gmoSy>Z BVa ¶wamo{nAZm§Zm ‘amR>çm§Zr ì¶mnmamgmR>r nadmZJr XoD$
Z¶o.
6. h¡XaAbrZo B§J«Om§Mm qOH$bobm àXoe naV {‘idyZ XoÊ¶mgmR>r ‘aR>çm§Zr B§J«Om§Zm
ghH$m¶© H$amdo. BË¶mXtMm g‘mdoe hmoVm.
gmë~mBªÀ¶m ¶m Vhmda dm°aZ hopñQ>§½O ¶mZo 6 OyZ, 1782 amoOr ghr Ho$br. Va ZmZm
’$S>[UgmZo Vã~b AmR> ‘{hÝ¶m§Zr åhUOo 24 ’o$~«wdmar, 1783 amoOr Vhmbm ‘mÝ¶Vm
{Xbr.
n{hbo ‘amR>m - B§J«O ¶wÕ ho AZoH$ Ñï>rZo qMVZr¶ Amho. ho ¶wÕ Vã~b gmV df©o
Mmbbo. ¶m ¶wÕmÀ¶m dmQ>MmbrV VrZ doim (nwa§Xa, dS>Jmd d gmë~mB©) Vh Pmbo. Owb¡
1783 ‘Ü¶o aKwZmWamd ñdV:hÿZ ‘amR>çm§À¶m ñdmYrZ Pmbm. ¶m ¶wÕmÀ¶m {Z{‘ÎmmZo
^maVmÀ¶m {Za{Zamiçm ^mJmV B§J«Om§er g§Kf© Pmbm. ¶m ¶wÕmV ‘amR>çm§Zm {ZUm©¶H$
{dO¶ {‘imbm Agbm Var Ë¶m§Mr ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV Am{W©H$ hmZr Pmbr. ¶m ¶wÕmÀ¶m
‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ aKwZmWamdm§À¶m {Z{‘ÎmmZo CX¶mbm Ambobm EH$ J§^ra àíZ H$m¶‘Mm gwQ>bm.
gmë~mB©À¶m VhmZ§Va OdiOdi drg df} B§J«Om§Zr ‘amR>çm§À¶m H$ma^mamV hñVjon
Ho$bm Zmhr. [a¶mgVH$ma gaXogmBªZr gmë~mB©À¶m Vhmbm ‘amR>çm§À¶m B{VhmgmVrb EH$
g§ñ‘aUr¶ KQ>Zm Ago åhQ>bo Amho.
10.2.3 Xþgao ~mOramd noedo Am{U ‘amR>m gÎmoMm AñV

gdmB© ‘mYdamd noedo ¶m§Mr H$maH$sX© A{Ve¶ dmXir, AZoH$ ‘hÎdnyU© KQ>Zm§Zr
âbobr Aer hmoVr. Ë¶mÀ¶m H$ma{H$Xr©V aKwZmWamdm§Mo amOH$maU, ^ma^mB© Am{U
aKwZmWamd ¶m§À¶mVrb g§Kf© d Ë¶m{Z{‘ÎmmZo KS>bobo ‘amR>m-B§J«O ¶m§À¶mVrb n{hbo
Self-Instructional d àXrK©H$mi Mmbbobo ¶wÕ. Ë¶m{Z{‘ÎmmZo B§J«Or amOdQ>rÀ¶m {damoYmV Cô am{hboë¶m
Material 194 X{jUoVrb Xoer gÎmm Am{U Xoeâ B§J«Om§er Ho$bobm g§Kf© ‘hÎdmMm hmoVm.
IS>çm©Mr bT>mB© : Xþgao ~mOramd Am{U
(‘mM© 1795) {ZOm‘ Am{U ‘amR>o ¶m§À¶mV Pmbobr IS>çm©Mr bT>mB© hr gdmB©
‘mYdamdm§À¶m H$ma[H$XuVrb eodQ>Mr bT>mB© R>abr. OmZodmar 1795 À¶m gw‘mamg NOTES
{ZOm‘mÀ¶m H$madm¶m OmñV à‘mUmV dmT>ë¶m. Voìhm ñdV: gdmB© ‘mYdamd noedo
¶m§Zr {ZOm‘m{déÕ ‘mohr‘ hmVr KoVbr. ¶m ‘mo{h‘oV VwH$moOr hmoiH$a, aKwOr ^mogbo,
naewam‘^mD$ nQ>dY©Z ¶m§gmaIo gaXma noeì¶m§~amo~a hmoVo. ‘amR>dmS>çmVrb IS>m© ¶m
Jmdr {ZOm‘ Am{U noedo ¶m§À¶m‘Ü¶o 11 ‘mM©, 1795 amoOr ¶wÕ gwê$ Pmbo. ¶m ¶wÕmV
‘amR>çm§Zr {ZOm‘mMm nam^d Ho$bm. ¶m H$mimV gd© ‘amR>m gaXma EH${XbmZo bT>bo.
{ZOm‘mZo ‘amR>çm§Zm VrZ H$moQ>r én¶o I§S>Ur Am{U CXJraÀ¶m Vhmà‘mUo R>abobm àXoe
noeì¶m§g XoÊ¶mMo H$~yb Ho$bo. IS>çm©À¶m bT>mB©Z§Va gdmB© ‘mYdamd ’$ma {Xdg OJbo
ZmhrV. nwÊ¶mV Amë¶mZ§Va Ë¶m§Zm AmOmamZo Koabo. Vo AmOmanUmVM EHo$ {Xder e{Zdma
dmS>çmÀ¶m ‘Oë¶mdê$Z Imbr A§JUmV Agboë¶m H$ma§Omda nSy>Z Ë¶m§Mm ‘¥Ë¶y Pmbm.
(27 Am°ŠQ>mo~a, 1795) gdmB© ‘mYdamdm§À¶m ‘¥Ë¶yZ§Va ‘amR>emhrV A§VJ©V H$Q>H$Q>r
{Z‘m©U Pmë¶m. >
Xþgao ~mOramd noedo :
‘¥Ë¶wg‘¶r gdmB© ‘mYdamdm§Mo d¶ EH$drg dfmªMo hmoVo. Ë¶mbm AnË¶ Zgë¶m‘wio
noedmB©Mr dñÌo H$moUmbm ÚmdrV hm àíZ C^m am{hbm. ¶m doir gÎmoda h³H$ gm§Jy
eH$Vrb Ago aKwZmWamdm§Mo VrZ nwÌ hmoVo. Ë¶mV A‘¥Vamd hm Wmoabm na§Vw XÎmH$nwÌ hmoVm.
~mOramd d {M‘UmOr ho ~mOramdm§Mo Am¡ag ‘wbo hmoVr.
Xþgao ~mOramd noedo :
~mOramd hm amKmo~m d AmZ§Xr~mB© ¶m§Mm Á¶oð>nwÌ. ¶mMm OÝ‘ ‘Ü¶ àXoemVrb Yma
¶oWo gZ 1775 ‘Ü¶o Pmbm. B.g. 1784 ‘Ü¶o amKo~mÀ¶m ‘¥Ë¶y Pmbm. Ë¶mZ§Va ~mOramd
OwÝZa ¶oWo ZmZm§À¶m ZOaH¡$XoV AgVmZm Ë¶mÀ¶m ì¶dhm[aH$ d bîH$ar {ejUmMr ì¶dñWm
ZmZm ’$S>[Ugm§Zr Ho$br hmoVr. ZmZm Zo ~mOramdm§g OwÝZa ¶oWyZ nwÊ¶mV AmU{dbo. Ë¶mÀ¶m
ZmdmZo gmVmè¶mÀ¶m N>ÌnVr§H$Sy>Z ~mOramdm§gmR>r noedmB©Mr dñÌo AmUbr. ZmZm ’$S>Urg
Ë¶mMm H$ma^mar hmoVm. amOH$maUmVrb ZmZmMr T>dimT>di ~mOamdm§g ZH$mo hmoVr. Va ZmZm
amOH$maUmVrb ho ‘hÎdmMo nX gmoS>Ê¶mg V¶ma ZìhVm. Xþgam ~mOramd Amnë¶m V§ÌmZo
dmJV Zmhr ho bjmV ¶oVmM ~mOramdm§Mm bhmZ ^mD$ {M‘UmOr ¶mbm gdmB© ‘mYdamdm§Mr
nËZr ¶emoXm~mB© {hÀ¶m ‘m§S>rda XoD$Z Vmo gkmZ hmoB©n¶ªV AmnUmg H$ma^ma H$aVm ¶oB©b
¶m CÔoemZo hr XÎmH$mMr ¶moOZm nwT>o AmUbr. ZmZm ’$S>[UgmÀ¶m ¶m XÎmH$mÀ¶m àH$aUmg
Xm¡bVamd qeXo, hmoiH$a, ^mogbo, Xa~mamVrb ‘wËgÔr, gmVmaMo N>ÌnVr ¶m§n¡H$s Hw$UmMrM
g§‘Vr ZìhVr. Xþgè¶m ~mOram§dma Hw$aKmoS>r H$ê$Z gÎmm Amnë¶m ‘wR>rV R>odÊ¶mMr ZmZmMr
hr ¶moOZm gdmªÀ¶m bjmV Ambr. Xm¡bVamdm§À¶m XS>nUm‘wio ZmZmg ~mOramdm§Mo H$ma^mar
nXmMm amOrZm‘m Úmdm bmJbm. ~mOramdm§Zr ng§V Ho$bobm Zdm H$ma^mar naewam‘^mD$
nQ>dY©Z H$ma^mar Pmbm. Ë¶m‘wio ZmZm àW‘ gmVmè¶mg d Z§Va ‘hmS> ¶oWo OmD$Z am{hbm.
Self-Instructional
Material 195
Xþgao ~mOramd Am{U ‘hmS> H$mañWmZ :
‘hmS>‘Ü¶o amhÿZ ZmZmZo ‘amR>m amÁ¶mÀ¶m {damoYmV H$Q>H$mañWmZo gwê$ Ho$br. B.g.
NOTES 1796 Mm nmdgmim ZmZmZo ‘hmS> H$mañWmZmMr OwiUr H$aÊ¶mV IM© Ho$bm. qeXo,
{ZOm‘, B§J«O, {Q>ny, ^mgbo, hmoiH$a, {gÔr, gmVmaH$a d H$moëhmnyaMo N>ÌnVr ¶m à‘wI
e³Vrer AZoH$ H$ama ZmZmZo Ho$bo. Ë¶mgmR>r ZmZmZo nmÊ¶mgmaIm n¡gm AmoVbm. ZmZmMo
eoH$S>mo hñVH$ ¶m H$mañWmZmMr C^maUr H$aÊ¶mV amÌ§{Xdg InV hmoVo. ¶m H$mimV
ZmZmZo da CëbopIboë¶m gÎmm§Mo bîH$ar gmhmæ¶ g§nmXZ Ho$bo. Ë¶m‘wio qeX|Zmhr ZmZmÀ¶m
¶moOZog nmqR>~m XoUo ^mJ nS>bo. Zmoìh|~a 1796 ‘Ü¶o ZmZm ‘moR>çm àm{Vð>oZo nwÊ¶mV
Ambm. ¶mZ§Va gmVmaÀ¶m N>ÌnVr§H$Sy>Z noedo nXmMr dñÌo ‘mJ{dÊ¶mV Ambr Am{U 5
{S>g|~a, 1796 amoOr Xm¡bVamd Am{U ZmZm ¶m§Zr ~mOramdm§Zm noedo nXmda ~g{dbo. ZmZm
’$S>Urg nwÝhm ~mOramdm§Mm H$ma^mar Pmbm. nwT>o gO}amd YmS>Jo (Xm¡bVamdmMo gmgao) d
Xm¡bVamd qeXo ¶m§Zr ZmZmg ‘oOdmZrgmR>r Amnë¶m N>mdUrV ~mobmdbo Am{U H¡$X Ho$bo.
ZmZmg AQ>H$ Pmë¶mZo nwÊ¶mV AamOH$ ‘mObo. Ë¶m‘wio ~mOramdm§g nwÝhm ZmZmMr gwQ>H$m
H$amdr bmJbr.
Xm¡bVamd qeXo - ¶ed§Vamd hmoiH$a g§Kf© :
ZmZm’$S>[UgmÀ¶m ‘¥Ë¶yZ§Va Xm¡bVamd qeXo Am{U gO}amd KmQ>Jo ¶m§Zr ZmZmÀ¶m
JmoQ>mVrb bmoH$m§Zm Ymaoda Yabo. Xm¡bVamdmZo naewam‘^mD$ nQ>dY©ZmMr Ohm{Jar Zï>
H$ê$Z Vr gO}amd KmS>Jo ¶m§Zm ~hmb Ho$br. A‘¥Vamdmbm H¡$X H$ê$Z dgB©À¶m {H$ëë¶mda
nmR>{dbo. ¶m H¥$Ë¶m§‘wio ~mOramdmbmhr ñdV:À¶m ajUmMr H$miOr dmQy> bmJbr.
~mOramdm§Zr Ë¶mbm 790 bmI én¶o {Xbo Ë¶m‘wio Xm¡bVamd qeXo Zmoìh|~a 1840 ‘Ü¶o
Xm¡bVamd CÎmaoH$S>o Jobm. H$maU ¶ed§Vamd hmoiH$amZo CÎmaoV qeX|À¶m àXoem‘Ü¶o Yw‘mHy$i
KmbÊ¶mV gwédmV Ho$bobr hmoVr. Ë¶m‘wio qeXo Am{U ¶ed§Vamd hmoiH$am‘Ü¶o AQ>rVQ>rMm
g§Kf© gwê$ Pbm.
¶ed§Vamd hmoiH$am§Mm nwÊ¶mdarb hëbm Am{U dgB©Mm Vh :
BH$S>o X{jUoV ¶edVamdmMm ^mD$ {dR>moOr noeì¶m§À¶m àXoemda hëbo H$arV hmoVm.
Ë¶mMm ~§Xmo~ñV H$aÊ¶gmR>r ~mOramdm§Zr ‘mM© 1801 ‘Ü¶o goZmnVr ~mny JmoIbo ¶mg
nmR>{dbo. {dR>moOrMm nam^d H$ê$Z Ë¶mbm H¡$X H$ê$Z AmUbo. ~mOramdm§Zr {dR>moOrbm
nwÊ¶mV hÎmrÀ¶m nm¶mImbr XoD$Z R>ma ‘mabo. Ë¶m‘wio Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1801 ‘Ü¶o ¶ed§Vamd
hmoiH$a nwÊ¶mda Mmb H$ê$Z Ambm. Ë¶mZo Amnbm nwÊ¶mV Vi R>moH$bm. ~mOramdm§Zm
Agwa{jV dmQy> bmJë¶mZo Ë¶mZo àW‘ qghJS>Mm Z§Va am¶JS>mMm Aml¶ KoVbm. AIoarg
B§J«Om§Mm Aml¶ KoÊ¶mMo R>a{dbo. 31 {S>g|~a, 1802 amoOr dgB© ¶oWo ~mOramdm§Zr B§J«O
à{V{ZYr H$Z©b ŠbmoO ¶mÀ¶m~amo~a Vh Ho$bm.
dgB©Mm Vh :
( 31 {S>g|~a, 1802) bm°S>© dobñbr JìhZ©a OZab åhUyZ ^maVmV Amë¶mZ§Va Ë¶mZo
V¡ZmVr ’$m¡O ¶m g§H$ënZoMm AmYma KoD$Z EVÔoer¶ gÎmmda dM©ñd {Z‘m©U H$aÊ¶mMo YmoaU
Self-Instructional ñdrH$mabo. g§ajUmÀ¶m Ñï>rZo Cn¶w³V$ Agbobr hr ¶moOZm ^maVr¶ Xþ~©b amÁ¶H$Ë¶mªZm
Material 196
nd©Ur dmQ>br. H$mhtZr ñdIwfrZo Va H$mhtZr ZmBbmOmZo ñdrH$mabr. nwÊ¶mdarb Xþgao ~mOramd Am{U
¶med§Vamd hmoiH$amÀ¶m g§H$Q>mnmgyZ gwajm {‘i{dÊ¶mgmR>r Xþgao ~mOramd noedo ¶m§Zr ‘amR>m gÎmoMm AñV
31 {S>g|~a, 1802 amoOr H$Z©b ŠbmoO ¶mÀ¶m~amo~a Ho$boë¶m dgB©À¶m VhmZwgma V¡ZmVr
’$m¡OoMr AQ> H$~yb Ho$br. NOTES
dgB©À¶m VhmÀ¶m AQ>r :

Xþgam ~mOramd noedo Am{U H$Z©b ŠbmoO ¶m§À¶mV dgB© ¶oWo Pmboë¶m ¶m Vhmbm
‘amR>çm§À¶mM Zìho Va ^maVmÀ¶m B{VhmgmV ‘hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho.
¶m VhmZwga
1. B§J«Om§Zr 6000 ghm hOmam§Mr V¡ZmVr ’$m¡O ~mOramdm§À¶m g§ajUmgmR>r XoÊ¶mMo
‘mÝ¶ Ho$bo.
2. Ë¶m g¡Ý¶mÀ¶m ‘mo~Xë¶mV ~mOramdm§Zr B§J«Om§Zm 26 bmI én¶m§Mm ‘wbyI B§J«Om§Zm
VmoSy>Z Úmdm.
3. ~mOramdm§Zr Amnbo namï´>r¶ YmoaU B§J«Om§À¶m V§ÌmZwgma Mmbdmdo.
4. BVa ¶wamo{nAZm§Zm ZmoH$arg R>odÊ¶mg ‘ZmB© Ho$br.
5. A§VJ©V g§Kfm©V ~mOramdm§Zr B§J«Om§À¶m gëë¶mZwgma {ZU©¶ ¿¶mdoV.
6. B§J«OmZm Amnbr ’$m¡O Amdí¶H$Vm dmQ>ob Ë¶mdoir naV ~mobm{dÊ¶mMm A{YH$ma
amIyZ R>odbm hmoVm. BË¶mXr AQ>tMm Ë¶mV g‘mdoe hmoVm. dgB©À¶m ¶m Vhm‘wio ~mOramdm§Zm
VmËnwaVo g§ajU bm^bo. na§Vw Ë¶mgmR>r Ë¶m§Zm B§J«Om§À¶m A§[H$V ìhmdo bmJbo. AmoW©a
dobñbrÀ¶m ZoV¥ËdmImbr {~«{Q>e ’$m¡OoZo 20 E{àb, 1803 amoOr nwUo ehamMm Vm~m
KoVbm. Ë¶mZ§Va H$Z©b ŠbmoOÀ¶m g§ajUmImbr 13 ‘o, 1803 amoOr ~mOramd nwÊ¶mV
Ambo.
Xþgao ‘amR>m - B§J«O ¶wÕ :
(Am°JñQ> 1803) Xþgè¶m ~mOramdm§Zr B§J«Om§~amo~a dgB©Mm Vh H$ê$Z V¡ZmVr ’$m¡OoÀ¶m
ñdrH$ma Ho$bm hr ~m~ Xm¡bVamd qeXo, ¶ed§Vamd hmoiH$a, ^mogbo BË¶mXr gaXmam§Zm
ng§X nS>br Zmhr. Ë¶m§Zr EH$Ì ¶oD$Z B§J«Om§er g§Kf© H$aÊ¶mMo R>a{dbo. Ë¶m{damoYmV
B§J«OmZr ôXZrVrMm Adb§~ Ho$bm. Am{U ¶ed§Vad hmoiH$ambm {’$VdyZ A{bßV R>odbo.
Am°JñQ> 1803 ‘Ü¶o qeXo§{déÕ ¶wÕ nwH$mabo. B§J«OmZr qeXo§À¶m {damoYmV CÎma d X{jUoV
AmKmS>çm CKS>ë¶m. dobñbrZo àW‘ Ah‘XZJa qOHy$Z KoVbo. 24 gßQ>|~a, 1803 amoOr
AmgB© ¶m Jmdr B§J«Om§Zr B§J«Om§Zr qeXo d ^mogbo ¶m§À¶m g§¶w³V goZoMm nam^d Ho$bm.
Ë¶mZ§Va AeaJS> qOHy$Z qeX|Mr ZmHo$~§Xr Ho$br. ‘amR>o Am{U B§J«O ¶m§À¶mVrb ¶m Xþgè¶m
¶wÕmZ§Va B§J«Om§Zr qeXo Am{U ^mogbo ¶m§À¶m~amo~a {Za{Zamiçm {R>H$mUr Vh Ho$bo. Ë¶mV
17 {S>g|~a, 1803 amoOr XodJmd ¶oWo aKwOr ^mogë¶m§~amo~a Vh Ho$bm. Va 30 {S>g|~a,
1803 amoOr gwaOr - A§OZJmd ¶oWo Xm¡bVamd qeX|~amo~a Vh Ho$bm. ¶m XmoZhr VhmV
B§J«Om§Zr EH$ ‘hÎdmMo H$b‘ KmVbo hmoVo, Vo åhUOo, "BVa ‘amR>o gaXmam§er ¶mnwT>o g§~§Y
R>ody Z¶oV. qeXo d ^mogbo XmoKohr nmam^yV Pmë¶mZ§Va B§J«Om§Zr ¶m ¶wÕmV A{bßV am{hboë¶m
¶ed§Vamd hmoiH$am{déÕ gZ 1804 ‘Ü¶o ¶wÕ Kmo{fV Ho$bo. OZab boH$ d H$Z©b ‘m°ÝgZ Self-Instructional
Material 197
Xþgao ~mOramd Am{U ¶m§À¶m ZoV¥ËdmImbr hmoiH$am§À¶m àXoemda hëbo Ho$bo. ¶ed§VamdmZo ‘m°ÝgZMm nam^d
‘amR>m gÎmoMm AñV Ho$bm. {Xëbr qOHy$Z KoÊ¶mgmR>r ¶ed§VamdmZo à¶ËZ Ho$bo. na§Vw Ë¶mbm ¶e Ambo Zmhr.
’$éIm~mX ¶oWo ¶ed§VamdmMm nam^d Pmbm. AmnU EH$mH$s nS>bmo AgyZ B§J«Om§er Vh
NOTES Ho$ë¶m{edm¶ JË¶§Va Zmhr ¶mMr OmUrd ¶ed§Vamd hmoiH$ambm Pmbr. Ë¶m‘wio 24
{S>g|~a, 1805 amoOr Ë¶mZo amOKmQ>Mm Vh Ho$bm.
{Vgao ‘amR>m- B§J«O ¶wÕ :
B.g. 1803 ‘Ü¶o ~mOramdm§Zr dgB©À¶m VhmZwgma B§J«Om§À¶m V¡ZmVr ’$m¡OoMm ñdrH$ma
Ho$bm hmoVm. Amnë¶m gaXmam§da {Z¶§ÌU àñWm{nV H$aÊ¶mgmR>r V¡ZmVr ’$m¡OoMm Cn¶moJ H$ê$Z
KoVbm. gZ 1811 n¶ªV ~mOramdm§À¶m Xa~mamV B§J«Om§À¶mdVrZo H$Z©b ŠbmoO hm ao{gS>oÝQ>
hmoVm. na§Vw gZ 1811 Z§Va ~mOramdm§À¶m Xa~mamV ‘mC§Q >ñQw>AQ>© Epë’$ÝñQ>Z ao{gS>oÝQ>
åhUyZ Ambm. Ë¶mZo ~mOramdm§À¶m EHy$U YmoaUda H$S>H$ {Z¶§ÌU R>odÊ¶mg gwédmV Ho$br.
Voìhm AmnU B§J«Om§Mo Jwbm‘ Pmbmo AmhmoV ¶mMr OmUrd ~mOramdm§Zm Pmbr. ~S>moÚmÀ¶m
Jm¶H$dmS>m§H$Sy>Z I§S>Ur dgyb H$aÊ¶mÀ¶m àH$aUmdê$Z ~mOramd Am{U B§J«O ¶m§À¶mVrb
g§~§Y Xþamdbo. Jm¶H$dmS>m§Mm dH$sb J§JmYaemñÌr nQ>dY©Z hm gZ 1814 ‘Ü¶o nwÊ¶mV
Ambm hmoVm. Va ~mOramdm§Zr Amnbm à{V{ZYr åhUyZ qÌ~H$Or S|>Jio ¶mMr {Z¶w³Vr Ho$br
hmoVr. 20 Owb¡, 1815 amoOr n§T>anwamV J§JmYaemñÌr nQ>dY©ZMm IyZ Pmbm. Epë’$ÝñQ>Z
¶mZo qÌ~H$Or S|>Jio ¶mg J§JmYaemñÌr ¶mÀ¶m IwZmg Om~m~Xma Yabo d ~mOramdm§H$Sy>Z
Ë¶mbm H¡$X Ho$bo. ¶m àH$aUm‘wio ~mOramd Am{U ao{gS>oÝQ> ¶m§À¶mV VUmdmMo dmVmdaU
{Z‘m©U Pmbo. ~mOramdm§À¶m hmbMmbr d nwUo ehamdarb {Z¶§ÌU dmT>{dbo Jobo. Ë¶m‘wi
~mOramd ÌñV Pmbm. Epë’$ÝñQ>ZZo 13 OyZ, 1817 amoOr ~mOramdm§g Vh H$aÊ¶mg
^mJ nmS>bo. Ë¶mbmM nwÊ¶mMm Vh Ago åhUVmV. nwÊ¶mÀ¶m VhmZo ~mOramdm§Mo Cabobo
ñdmV§Í¶hr {hamdyZ KoVbo. nwÊ¶mÀ¶m VhmZwgma
1. qÌ~H$Or S|>Jio ¶mg J§JmYaemñÌtMm IwZr åhUyZ Omhra H$aUo ^mJ nS>bo.
2. ~mOramdm§g ‘amR>m‘§S>imdarb gd© h³H$ gmoS>mdo bmJbo.
3. V¡ZmVr ’$m¡O dmT>dyZ KoÊ¶mMr AQ>hr ‘mÝ¶ H$amdr bmJbr. ¶m Vhm‘wio
~mOramdm§Zm Amnë¶m nmaV§Í¶mMr nyU© OmUrd Pmbr. ‘amR>m ‘wS>hmVrb gaXmam§Zm Jmoim
H$ê$Z B§J«Om§{déÕ bT>m XoÊ¶mMm {ZYm©a Ho$bm. Ë¶mVyZM {Vgao ‘amR>m -B§J«O ¶wÕ gwê$
Pmbo. 5 Zmoìh|~a, 1817 amoOr ~mOramdm§Mm goZmnVr ~mny JmoIbo ¶mZo nwÊ¶mVrb B§J«O
ao{gS>opÝgda hëbm H$ê$Z ¶wÕmMo aUqeJ ’w§$H$bo. B§J«Om§À¶m IS>H$sÀ¶m Vimda ~mny
JmoIë¶mZo AMmZH$ hëbm Ho$bm. ¶oadS>çmOdi OZab pñ‘W Am{U ‘amR>o ¶m§À¶mV
Pmboë¶m ¶wÕmV B§J«Om§Zr noeì¶m§À¶m g¡Ý¶mMm nyU© nma^d Ho$bm. ~mOramdm§À¶m Xa~mamVrb
A{YH$mar B§J«Om§À¶m JmoQ>mV gm‘rb Pmbo. B§J«OmZm ¶e {‘iV Mmbë¶m‘wio ~mOramdm§Zr
g§ajUmgmR>r nwa§Xa, qghJS>, ‘mhÿbr ¶m {H$ëë¶m§Mm Aml¶ KoVbm. BH$S>o goZmnVr ~mny
JmoIbo ¶mZo B§J«OmÀ¶m g¡Ý¶mer eVr©Zo Pw§O XoV hmoVm. 1 OmZodmar, 1818 amoOr H$moaoJmdÀ¶m
bT>mB©V B§J«Om§Mm nam^d Ho$bm. na§Vw ‘¡XmZr àXoemVrb bT>mB©V B§J«Om§Zm ~mny JmoIë¶mMr
ZmHo$~§Xr H$aÊ¶mV ¶e {‘imbo. B§J«Om§À¶m g¡Ý¶mZo n§T>anyaOdirb Aï>r ¶m Jmdr Pmboë¶m
bT>mB©V ~mny JmoIbo ¶mMm nam^d Ho$bm. ¶m ¶wÕmV goZmnVr ~mny JmoIbo ‘mabo Jobo. ¶m
nam^mdm‘wio ~mOramdm§g A{YH$ Agwa{jV dmQy> bmJbo. ~mOamdm§Mr eaUmJVr ‘amR>çm§Mm
Self-Instructional AIoaMm goZmnVr ~mny JmoIbo ¶wÕmV ‘mabm Jobm. ¶m‘wio Agwa{jV Pmboë¶m ~mOramdm§Zr
Material 198
Aml¶mgmR>r CÎmaoMm ‘mJ© Yabm. YwiH$moQOdi B§J«Om§Zr ZmHo$~§Xr Ho$br. 3 OyZ, 1818 Xþgao ~mOramd Am{U
amoOr ~mOramd AmnUhÿZ Om°Z ‘mëH$‘ ¶mÀ¶m ñdmYrZ Pmbm. B§J«Om§Zr noedo nX Imbgm ‘amR>m gÎmoMm AñV
Ho$bo Am{U ~mOramdm§g AmR> bmI dm{f©H$ noÝeZ Zo‘yZ {Xbo. H$mZnyaOdirb {~Ry>a qH$dm
~«÷dV ¶m {R>H$mUr noÝeZMm Cn^moJ KoV 1851 n¶ªV OJbm. 28 OmZodmar, 1851 NOTES
amoOr Ë¶mMm ‘¥Ë¶y Pmbm.
‘amR>m gÎmoÀ¶m {dZmemMr H$maUo :
N>ÌnVr {edmOramOm§Zr à{VHy$b n[apñWVrda ‘mV H$ê$Z ‘amR>m ñdamÁ¶mMr ñWmnZm
Ho$br. ho ‘amR>m gm‘«mÁ¶ Xþgè¶m ~mOramdm§À¶m H$ma{H$Xr©V AñV nmdbo. ‘amR>m amÁ¶mÀ¶m
{dZmemg Ho$di Xþgam ~mOramdM H$maUr^yV hmoVm Ago åhUVm ¶oUma Zmhr. Ë¶m‘wio
‘amR>mamÁ¶mÀ¶m {dZmemMr H$maU‘r‘m§gm H$aVmZm AZoH$ ‘wÔo {dMmamV ¿¶mdo bmJVmV.
Ë¶m‘Ü¶o, ‘amR>çm§Mr Xþ~©b H|$Ðr¶ gÎmm, noeì¶m§Mm dmT>bobm à^md, ñdamÁ¶m{^‘mZmMm
A^md, gaXmam§Mr ñdmWu d ñdV§Ì d¥Îmr, dVZ d Ohm{Jar ¶m§Mm dmT>Vm hì¶mg, AmYw{ZH$
eñÌmñÌo d ¶wÕV§ÌmMm A^md, ‘amR>m g¡Ý¶ VimMo ~Xbobo ñdê$n, H$O©~mOmarnUm,
Ym{‘©H$VoMm à^md, ‘wËgÔrnUmMm A^md, à^mdr ZoV¥ËdmMm A^md, B§J«Om§gmaIm YyV© d
àJV eÌy, BË¶mXr H$maUm§Mm g‘mdoe H$aVm ¶oVmo.
‘amR>çm§Mr Xþ~©b H|$Ðr¶ gÎmm :
N>ÌnVr {edmOramOm§À¶m H$mimV N>ÌnVr ho amOgÎmoMo H|$Ð hmoVo. H$m‘mgmR>r doVZ
ho gyÌ ñdrH$mabo Joë¶m‘wio àm‘m{UH$nU d H$V©ì¶{Zð>m {Z‘m©U Pmbr hmoVr. na§Vw
~XbË¶m n[apñWVrV ‘amR>m gÎmoMo ñdê$n ~XbV Jobo. dVZ Ohm{JarMm hì¶mg dmT>rg
bmJbm. amOH$maUmV amOmMr OmJm noeì¶m§Zr KoVbr N>ÌnVr Zm‘Ymar R>abo. gmVmè¶mÀ¶m
N>ÌnVr§darb gaXmam§Mo XS>nU H$‘r H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Ho$boë¶m ‘amR>m g§KamÁ¶mÀ¶m H$ënZo‘wio
gaXmam§Mr ñdV§Ìd¥Îmr, ñdmWud¥Îmr dmT>rg bmJbr. Ë¶m‘wio amOà‘mUoM noeì¶mMohr ‘hÎd
H$‘r hmoV Jobo. gaXma Am{U Ë¶m§Mr dmagm¶wÕ dmT>V Jobr. Ë¶m‘wio A§VJ©V H$bh dmT>rg
bmJbm. Ë¶mMm ’$m¶Xm YyV© B§J«Om§Zr KoVbm Am{U ‘amR>çm§Mo amÁ¶ qOHy$Z KoVbo.
ñdmWr© d ñdV§Ì d¥Îmr :
~mimOr {dídZmWm§Zr ‘amR>mgÎmoÀ¶m {dñVmamgmR>r d Zì¶m X‘mÀ¶m gaXmam§À¶m
namH«$‘mbm dmd XoÊ¶mgmR>r àXoemMr {d^mJUr Ho$br. Ë¶m‘wio àË¶oH$ OU Amnbr Ohm[Jar,
Mm¡WmB©, gaXoe‘wIr dmT>{dÊ¶mgmR>r à¶ËZ H$ê$ bmJbm. byQ> d I§S>Ur ho ¶m H$mimVrb
amOH$maUmMo ‘w»¶ gyÌ ~Zbo. Ë¶m‘wio H$moUr H$moUmda hëbm H$amdm ¶mMm Ya~§Y am{hbm
Zmhr. H$moUr H$moUmbm bwQ>mdo ¶mMo ^mZ am{hbo Zmhr. Xþgè¶m ~mOramdm§À¶m H$mimV ¶m
àd¥Îmr ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV ~moH$mië¶m. ‘amR>o gaXma Amnmngm§V VgoM noeì¶m§~amo~a ¶wÕmg
Cô amhÿ bmJbo. amÁ¶mÀ¶m eÌy§Zmhr gm‘rb hmoD$ bmJbo.
AmYw{ZH$ eñÌmñÌo d ¶wÕV§ÌmMm A^md :
‘amR>çm§Mo g¡Ý¶, ¶wÕV§Ì d ¶wÕmMr eñÌmñÌo hr nma§n[aH$ hmoVr. H$mimZwgma ¶wÕV§Ì
~XbUo Amdí¶H$ hmoVo na§Vw Vgo Pmbo Zmhr. nma§n[aH$ ¶wÕV§Ì, nmofmI d hË¶mao ¶m§Mm
dmna Ho$bm OmV hmoVm. ¶mbm ‘hmXOr qeXo ¶mZo ’|«$Mm§À¶m ‘XVrZo C^r Ho$bobr à{e{jV Self-Instructional
Material 199
Xþgao ~mOramd Am{U goZm AndmX R>aVo. ‘amR>o gwédmVrÀ¶m H$mimnmgyZM ~§XþH$m, Xmê$Jmoim, Vmo’$m, AmYw{ZH$
‘amR>m gÎmoMm AñV eñÌmñÌo ¶m~m~V ¶wamo{nAZm§da Adb§~yZ hmoVo. Ë¶mV ‘amR>çm§Zr {deof àJVr Ho$br Zmhr.
NOTES ‘amR>m g¡Ý¶ VimMo ~Xbobo ñdê$n :
‘wKbm§À¶m à^mdmZo CÎmaoVrb ‘wKb goZoÀ¶m g§gJm©Zo ‘amR>çm§À¶m gS>çm ’$m¡Om§Zrhr
AdOS> N>mdÊ¶m§Mo ê$n KoVbo. ¶wÕ H$aVmZm ~amo~a Agoboë¶m ~m¶H$m, ‘mVã~a ‘§S>ir d
~mOma~wUJo ¶m§Mr ì¶mßVr ‘amR>mamÁ¶mÀ¶m N>mdUrMo ñdê$n ~XbÊ¶mg H$maUr^yV R>abo.
Ë¶m‘wio ‘mo{h‘oMm IM© dmTy> bmJbm. IM© ^mJ{dÊ¶mgmR>r g^modVmbÀ¶m àXoemV bwQ>r
Ho$ë¶m OmD$ bmJë¶m. ¶m gd© ~m~r ‘amR>mamÁ¶mÀ¶m {dZmemg H$maUr^yV R>aë¶m.
H$O©~mOmarnUm :
Mm¡WmB©, gaXoe‘wIr, I§S>Ur ho VËH$mbrZ amÁ¶mÀ¶m CËnÝZmMo ‘hÎdmMo òmoV hmoVo.
¶m gdmªgmR>r A{YH$m{YH$ àXoemMr àmßVr H$aUo Adí¶H$ hmoVo. Am{U Ë¶mgmR>r ‘mo{h‘m
H$mT>Uo An[ahm¶© hmoVo. ‘mo{h‘m§gmR>r bmJUmam IM© Am{U ‘mo{h‘m§VyZ ¶oUmar {‘iH$V
¶m§Mm ‘oi ~gV ZdhVm. Ë¶m‘wio amOo, noedo d Ë¶m§Mo gaXma ho gd©M OU gVV
H$Omª‘Ü¶o ~wS>mbobo AgV. noedoH$mimV Omoer, ZmB©H$, nQ>dY©Z Xr{jV, BË¶mXr lr‘§V
gmdH$ma hmoVo. Ë¶m§À¶mH$Sy>Z gaXmam§àm‘UoM noedohr H$O© KoV AgV. AZoH$ gmdH$ma
ho noeì¶m§er d¡dm{hH$ g§~§YmZo OmoS>bo Jobobo hmoVo. ¶m gmdmam§H$Sy>Z KoVbobo H$O© hm
‘amR>o amÁ¶H$Ë¶mªg‘moarb ‘moR>m àíZ hmoVm. amÁ¶mdarb H$Om©Mm ~moOm ho ‘amR>mamÁ¶mÀ¶m
nam^dmMo EH$ H$maU hmoVo Ago ‘mZVm ¶oVo.
Ym{‘©H$VoMm à^md :
noedoH$mimV ‘amR>mamÁ¶mda ~«m÷Ur Y‘m©Mm à^md hmoVm. d«V d¡H$ë¶o, hmo‘ -hdZ,
A{^foH$ - AZwð>mZo, XmZ-Y‘©, VrW©¶mÌm BË¶mXr ~m~tZm noedoH$mimV {deof ‘hÎd {Xbo
OmV Ago. ¶wÕmÀ¶m ‘mo{h‘m§da OmVmZmhr ¶wÕmbm Xþæ¶‘ ñWmZ XoD$Z Ym{‘©H$ H¥$Ë¶m§Zm
àmYmÝ¶ {Xë¶mMo ‘moR>o CXmhaU nm{ZnVÀ¶m ‘mo{h‘oMm Vnerb d ‘mJ© nm{hë¶mZ§Va bjmV
¶oVo. hr ~m~ ‘amR>çm§À¶m {dZmemg H$maUr^yV R>abr.
B§J«Om§gmaIm YyV© d àJV eÌy :
ì¶mnmamÀ¶m {Z{‘ÎmmZo g‘wÐ{H$Zmè¶mda Amboë¶m B§J«Om§Zr ^maVr¶m§À¶m A§VJ©V
amOH$maUmV haVjon Ho$bm. aKwZmWamd Am{U ~ma^mB© ¶m§À¶mVrb g§Kfm©Mm ’$m¶Xm KoD$Z
B§J«Om§Zr AR>amì¶m eVH$mÀ¶m AIoarg ‘amR>çm§À¶m amOH$maUmV hñVjon Ho$bm. Amnë¶m
YyV©ZrVrÀ¶m, àJV ¶wÕV§ÌmÀ¶m, H$gbobo goZmnVr d eñÌmñÌm§À¶m Omoamda ‘amR>çm§Mo
amÁ¶ qOHy$Z KoVbo. V¡ZmVr ’$m¡OoÀ¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ d ôXZrVrÀ¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ amOH$s¶
ì¶dhma H$aUmè¶m B§J«O ¶m à~i eÌyer gm‘Zm H$aUo ¶oWrb gaXma d noedo ¶m§Zm
eŠ¶ Pmbo Zmhr. Ë¶m‘wio ‘amR>çm§Zm nam^d nËH$mamdm bmJbm. AZoH$ B{VhmgH$mam§Zr d
Aä¶mgH$m§Zr ‘amR>oemhrÀ¶m {dZmemÀ¶m H$maUm§Mm ‘mJmodm KoVbobm Amho. Ë¶mMm ‘VrVmW©
EdT>mM H$s, ‘amR>oemhrÀ¶m {dZmembm H$moUVmhr EH$MEH$ KQ>H$ H$maUr^yV R>abm Zmhr,
Va AZoH${dY Xmof ‘amR>oemhrV {Z‘m©U Pmë¶m‘wio ‘amR>m gÎmoMm {dZme Pmbm. ‘amR>m
Self-Instructional gÎmoÀ¶m {dZmemÀ¶m H$maUm§~m~V B{VhmgH$ma Jmo. g. gaXogmBªZr Ago åhQ>bo Amho H$s,
Material 200
""gdm©g YmH$mV R>odyZ gdmªH$Sy>Z H$m‘{Jar H$ê$Z KoUmam MmbH$ amï´>mg {‘imbm Zmhr. Xþgao ~mOramd Am{U
AR>amì¶m eVH$mÀ¶m AIoarg ‘amR>oemhrVrb H$V¥©ËddmZ nwéfm§Mr {nT>rM b¶mbm Jobr d ‘amR>m gÎmoMm AñV
amOeH$Q> Mmb{dÊ¶mMr j‘Vm Zì¶m ZoË¶m§À¶m A§Jr Zgë¶mZo ‘amR>oemhrMm èhmg Pmbm.''
B{VhmgmMm¶© {d. H$m. amOdmS>o Ago {b{hVmV, ""¶wamonmV {dH${gV hmoV Agboë¶m NOTES
V§Ì{dkmZmH$S>o ‘amR>çm§Zr Xþb©j Ho$bo Am{U Ë¶m‘wio B§J«Om§er g§Kf© H$aVmZm Ë¶m§Zm nam^d
nËH$mamdm bmJbm.'' B{VhmgH$ma Í¶§.e§. eoOdbH$a Ago ‘V ‘m§S>VmV H$s, ""noedmB©V
{ZW©H$ H$‘©H$m§S>m§Mo ñVmo‘ ‘mObo. Ë¶m‘wio qhXþñWmZMr Zì¶m H$mimH$S>o àJVr hmoÊ¶mEodOr
A§YlÕm d nwaU{^‘mZ ~moH$miyZ amï´>mMr WmoS>r’$ma {nN>ohmQ>M Pmbr.'' B{VhmgH$ma
dm. dm. Iao ¶m§À¶m‘Vo, ""amï´>r¶ d¥ÎmrMm A^md, Amnmngm§Vrb d¡a^md, {dkmZm{df¶r
CXmgrZVm, Ohm[JarMm hì¶mg BË¶mXr XþJw©U ‘amR>oemhrÀ¶m {dZmemg H$maUr^yV R>abo.''
10.3 gmam§e
àñVwV àH$aUmÀ¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ CÎma noedmB©Vrb amOH$s¶ KS>m‘moS>r§Mm ‘mJmodm
KoVbobm Amho. ‘hmXOr qeXo d ZmZm ’$S>Urg ¶m§À¶m H$m‘{JarMm ‘mJmodm KoVbm Amho.
Ë¶m‘Ü¶o gÎmm d g§nÎmr ¶mgmR>r Ho$bm Jobobm g§Kf©, nañnam§Vrb {hVg§~§Y, ¶wÕ d Vh
¶mda àH$me Q>mH$bobm Amho. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o gdmB© ‘mYdamd, ~ma^mB© ‘§S>i, aKwZmWamd
¶m§À¶mVrb A§V:g§~§Y, Ë¶mH$mimV Pmbobo ¶wÕ Am{U Ë¶mMo ñdê$n OmUyZ KoÊ¶mMm
à¶ËZ Ho$bm Amho. Xþgè¶m ~mOramdm§Mo gÎmmJ«hU, Ë¶mVrb AW©H$maU, ZmZm ’$S>[Ugm§Mr
^y{‘H$m Am{U dM©ñddmXmMo ñdê$n ¶mdahr àH$me Q>mH$bm Amho. ~mOramd Am{U ‘amR>o
gaXma ¶m§À¶mVrb g§~§Y, ~mOramdm§À¶m H$mimV KS>boë¶m {d{dY KQ>Zm§Mm ‘mJmodm KoVbm
Amho. ‘amR>m Am{U B§J«O ¶m§À¶mV Pmbobo Xþgao d {Vgao ¶wÕ ¶m§Mm AmT>mdm KoVbm Amho.
‘amR>mamÁ¶mÀ¶m {dZme H$m Pmbm ¶mÀ¶m H$maU‘r‘m§goda àmH$e Q>mH$bm Amho.

‘hmS> H$mañWmZ : B.g.1796 Mm nmdgmim ZmZmZo ‘hmS> H$mañWmZmMr
OwiUr H$aÊ¶mV IM© Ho$bm. qeXo, {ZOm‘, B§J«O, {Q>ny, ^mgbo, hmoiH$a,
{gÔr, gmVmaH$a d H$moëhmnyaMo N>ÌnVr ¶m à‘wI e³Vrer AZoH$ H$ama ZmZmZo
Ho$bo. Ë¶mgmR>r ZmZmZo nmÊ¶mgmaIm n¡gm AmoVbm. ZmZmMo eoH$S>mo hñVH$ ¶m
H$mañWmZmMr C^maUr H$aÊ¶mV amÌ§{Xdg InV hmoVo. ¶m H$mimV ZmZmZo da
CëbopIboë¶m gÎmm§Mo bîH$ar gmhmæ¶ g§nmXZ Ho$bo. Ë¶m‘wio qeX|Zmhr ZmZmÀ¶m
¶moOZog nmqR>~m XoUo ^mJ nS>bo.
nwÊ¶mMm Vh : "nwÊ¶mÀ¶m Vhm'Zo ~mOramdm§Mo Cabobo ñdmV§Í¶hr {hamdyZ KoVbo.
nwÊ¶mÀ¶m VhmZwgma 1. qÌ~H$Or S|>Jio ¶mg J§JmYaemñÌtMm IwZr åhUyZ Omhra
H$aUo ^mJ nS>bo.
2. ~mOramdm§g ‘amR>m‘§S>imdarb gd© h³H$ gmoS>mdo bmJbo.
Self-Instructional
3. V¡ZmVr ’$m¡O dmT>dyZ KoÊ¶mMr AQ>hr ‘mÝ¶ H$amdr bmJbr.
Material 201
Xþgao ~mOramd Am{U
‘amR>m gÎmoMm AñV 10.5 gamdmgmR>r àíZ
NOTES
1. ZmZm ’$S>Urg Am{U gdmB© ‘mYdamd ¶m§À¶mVrb g§~§Y ñnï> H$am.
2. gZ 1795 À¶m IS>çm©À¶m bT>mB©Mo ‘hÎd ñnï> H$am.
3. Xþgè¶m ~mOramdm§g noedo nX {‘i{dVmZm H$moUË¶m AS>MUtMm g‘mZm H$amdm
bmJbm ?
4. Q>rn {bhm. ¶ed§Vamd hmoiH$amMm nwÊ¶mdarb hëbm
7. dgB©À¶m VhmMo ‘hÎd ñnï> H$am.
6. ‘amR>m gÎmoÀ¶m {dZmemMr H$moUVrhr XmoZ H$maUo {bhm.
1. ‘amR>m Am{U B§J«O ¶m§À¶mVrb n{hë¶m ¶wÕmMm g{dñVa AmT>mdm ¿¶m.
2. ‘hmXOr qeXo ¶m§À¶m ‘amR>mamÁ¶mVrb H$m‘{JarMr g{dñVa ‘m{hVr {bhm.
3. Xþgao ~mOramd noedo Am{U B§J«O ¶m§À¶mV Pmboë¶m g§Kfm©Vrb {d{dY KQ>Zm ñnï>
H$am.

1. AmoH$ à.J., noedo KamÊ¶mMm B{Vhmg, H$m°pÝQ>ZoÝQ>b àH$meZ, nwUo Xþgar Amd¥Îmr
1991
2. Hw$bH$Ur© A.am., Iao J.h. (g§nm.) ‘amR>çm§Mm B{Vhmg,I§S> 1Vo 3, H$m°pÝQ>ZoÝQ>b
àH$meZ nwUo, 1984
3. gaXogmB© Jmo. g. {~«{Q>e [a¶mgV, Ho$. {^. T>dio, ‘w§~B©, 1958 Mm¡Wr Amd¥Îmr
4. gmohZr {da{MV d Xoenm§S>o, Hw$bH$Ur© (g§nm.) noeì¶m§Mr ~Ia, Xoe‘wI àH$meZ
nwUo
5. Hw$bH$Ur© S>m°. ‘YwH$a, ZmZm ’$S>Urg Am{U ‘amR>r amÁ¶ àemgZ, àH$meH$ gmo.
‘Ywam Hw$bH$Ur©, nwUo, àW‘ AmV¥. 22 Am°ŠQ>mo~a, 2004
6. gmgdS>H$a à.b., ‘amR>r gÎmoMm {dH$mg Am{U èhmg,
7. Iao dm. dm. ZmZm ’$S>Urg M[aÌ,
8. gaH$ma OXþZmW, ’$m°b Am°’$ Xr ‘amR>m Eånm¶a
Self-Instructional
Material 202
noedoH$mbrZ
àemgZì¶dñWm
noedoH$mbrZ àemg-
àH$aU 11 : noedoH$mbrZ àemgZì¶dñWm Zì¶dñWm
NOTES
aMZm
11.0 àñVmdZm
11.1 C{Ôï>o
11.2 {df¶ {ddoMZ
11.2.1 H|$Ðr¶, àm§[VH$ d ñWm{ZH$ àemgZ
11.2.2 ‘amR>m ‘§S>i
11.2.3 noedoH$mbrZ àemgZ
O‘rZ‘hgyb nÕVr, bîH$ar
àemgZ, Ý¶m¶ ì¶dñWm,
nmobrg d Vwé§J ì¶dñWmnZ
11.3 gmam§e
11.0 àñVmdZm
noedoH$mbrZ àemgZì¶dñWm ¶m àH$aUmV VËH$mbrZ àemgZ ì¶dñWoÀ¶m ñdê$nmMm
‘mJmodm KoD$Z {edH$mbrZ àemgZì¶dñWm Am{U noedoH$mimVrb àemgZì¶dñWm ¶mVrb
gmå¶ d H$mimZwê$n hmoV Jobo ~Xb, ¶m§~m~V ‘m{hVr ¿¶md¶mMr Amho. noedoH$mbrZ
àemgZ ì¶dñWm ho N>ÌnVtÀ¶m àemgZ ì¶dñWoV H$mbmZwê$n ~Xb H$ê$Z {Z‘m©U Pmbobr
ì¶dñWm hmoVr .¶m àemgZ ì¶dñWoVhr amOm åhUOo N>ÌnVr, Ë¶mMo Aï>àYmZ ‘§S>i,
~mimOr {dídZmWmÀ¶m H$ma{H$Xr©V ñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mV Ambobo ‘amR>m ‘§S>i qH$dm ‘amR>m
g§KamÁ¶ hr g§H$ënZm d Ë¶mZwgma Amdí¶H$ Agbobr àemgZì¶dñWm; ñdamÁ¶, Mm¡WmB©,
gaXoe‘wIr ¶m§À¶m dgwbrgmR>r H$aÊ¶mV Ambobr ì¶dñWm ¶m§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVm. VgoM
Zì¶m àemgZ ì¶dñWoV noeì¶m§Mo ñWmZ A{YH$ma d Ë¶mÀ¶m ‘XVrgmR>r AgUmar BVa nXo
¶m§Mmhr g‘mdoe hmoVm.
noedoH$mbrZ àemgZ ì¶dñWoMo ñdê$n nmhVm Ë¶m‘Ü¶o H|$Ðr¶ àemgZ, àm§[VH$
àemgZ, ñWm{ZH$ àemgZ ¶m{edm¶ O‘rZ‘hgyb noedoH$mbrZ Ý¶m¶ ì¶dñWm, nmobrg
¶§ÌUm, g¡Ý¶ì¶dñWm BË¶mXr {df¶rhr ‘m{hVr ¿¶mdm¶mMr Amho.
Self-Instructional
Material 205
noedoH$mbrZ àemg-
Zì¶dñWm 11.1 C{Ôï>>o
NOTES {edH$mbrZ àemgZ ì¶dñWoMm ‘mJmodm KoUo. noedo H$mimVrb gm‘«mÁ¶ {dñVamÀ¶m
à{H«$¶oV àemgZ ì¶dñWoV Pmbobo ~Xb g‘OyZ KoUo. H|$Ðr¶, àm§[VH$ d ñWm{ZH$
àemgZmV H$mbmZwê$n Pmboë¶m ~Xbm§Mm ‘mJmodm KoUo. noedoH$mbrZ àemgZ ì¶dñWoVrb
O‘rZ‘hgyb, Ý¶m¶ì¶dñWm, Vwé§J d nmobrg àemgZ, g¡Ý¶ì¶dñWm ¶m§Mm ‘mJmodm KoUo.
{edH$mbrZ àemgZì¶dñWm Am{U noedoH$mbrZ àemgZì¶dñWm ¶mVrb ~Xb g‘OyZ
KoUo.
11.2 {df¶ {ddoMZ

N>ÌnVr {edmOr ‘hmamOm§Zr gVamì¶m eVH$mV ‘amR>m ñdamÁ¶mMr ñWmnZm Ho$br.
B.g.1674 gmbr Ë¶m§Zr Amnbr àemgZì¶dñWm doJiçm d¡{eï>çm§Zr gmH$ma Ho$br
hmoVr. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o amOm qH$dm N>ÌnVr hm amÁ¶mMm gd}gdm© åhUOo A{Z¶§{ÌV gÎmmYre d
amÁ¶mMm à‘wI hmoVm. Ë¶mÀ¶m ‘XVrgmR>r Aï>àYmZ ‘§S>i ñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mV Ambo hmoVo.
amÁ¶H$ma^mamgmR>r {Za{Zamio {d^mJ Ho$bo hmoVo. Ë¶mda A{YH$mar Zo‘bo hmoVo. ‘hgyb
ì¶dñWoV nma§n[aH$Vo~amo~aM H$mhr Zdo ~Xbhr Ho$bo hmoVo. H$m‘mÀ¶m ‘mo~Xë¶mV qH$dm
bîH$ar H$m‘mgmR>r amoI doVZo XoÊ¶mMr nÕVr gwê$ Ho$br hmoVr. g¡Ý¶mÀ¶m VrZhr {d^mJm§Mr
ì¶dñWm Ho$br hmoVr. hr àemgH$s¶ ì¶dñWm nwT>rb N>ÌnVtÀ¶m H$mimVhr H$mhr ~Xb
H$ê$Z VerM gwê$ hmoVr. na§Vw N>ÌnVr d Aï>àYmZ ‘§S>i, ¶m XmoZ ~m~r ‘mÌ gmVË¶mZo
‘amR>mamÁ¶mV ApñVËdmV hmoË¶m. AWm©V H$mimZwê$n Ë¶mMo ‘hÎd ì¶dhm[aH$Ñï>çm
H$‘r Pmbo Agbo Var VmpÎdH$Ñï>çm Ë¶m§Mo ‘hÎd A~m[YV hmoVo. N>ÌnVr emhÿamOm§Mr
‘wKbm§À¶m H¡$XVyZ gwQ>H$m Pmë¶mZ§Va {Z‘m©U Pmboë¶m n[apñWVrÀ¶m nmíd©^y{‘da ~mimOr
{dídZmW ^Q> ¶mMo ¶moJXmZ bjmV KoD$Z Ë¶mbm {Z{Zamir nXo ~hmb Ho$br Jobr.
Ë¶mV B.g. 1713 ‘Ü¶o ~mimOrg noedmB© {Xbr. Ë¶m§Zr Amnë¶m H$V¥©ËdmÀ¶m Omoamda
noedonXmbm BVHo$ ‘hÎd àmßV H$ê$Z {Xbo H$s Ë¶m‘wio emhÿamOm§Mo Aï>àYmZ ‘§S>i
ApñVËdmV AgVmZmhr BVa àYmZ d Ë¶m§Mr nXo {Zîà^ R>abr. B.g. 1749 gmbr
N>ÌnVr emhÿ‘hmamOm§Zr Ho$boë¶m ‘¥Ë¶wnÌmV amÁ¶H$ma^mamMr gd© O~m~Xmar noeì¶m§da
gmon{dbr. Ë¶m‘wio ZmZmgmho~ noeì¶m§À¶m H$ma{H$Xr©V noeì¶m§À¶m dmñVì¶mMo {R>H$mU -
nwUo, hoM ‘amR>m amÁ¶H$ma^mamMo ‘w»¶ H|$Ð ~Zbo. Am{U gmVmè¶mbm Xþæ¶‘ ñdê$n àmßV
Pmbo. na§Vw Zì¶m noeì¶m§Mr Zo‘UyH$ hr eodQ>À¶m noeì¶m§n¶ªV N>ÌnVrÀ¶m hñVo ‘mZmMr
dñÌo ñdrH$mê$ZM Ho$br OmV hmoVr, ho bjmV KoUo Amdí¶H$ Amho.
noedo H$mimV ‘amR>çm§Zr gÎmm{dñVmamgmR>r AmH«$‘H$ YmoaU ñdrH$mabo. Ë¶m‘wio ‘amR>m
amÁ¶mbm gm‘«mÁ¶mMo ñdê$n àmßV Pmbo. ~XbmÀ¶m ¶m nmíd©^y‘rda noedH$mbrZ àemgZ
ì¶dñWoV gd©M nmVirda ~Xb Pmbo. Ë¶m§Mm ‘mJmodm KoVbm AgVm AZoH$ ~m~r ñnï>nUo
{ZXe©Zmg ¶oD$ eH$Vrb.
Self-Instructional
Material 206
11.2.1 noedoH$mbrZ H|$Ðr¶, àm§{VH$ d ñWm{ZH$ àemgZ noedoH$mbrZ àemg-
Zì¶dñWm
noedoH$mbrZ H|$Ðr¶ àemgZ : noedoH$mbrZ H|$Ðr¶ àemgZmVhr N>ÌnVr hm amÁ¶mMm
à‘wI hmoVm. Aï>àYmZ ‘§S>imVrb ‘w»¶àYmZmMo (noedm) ‘hÎd dmT>bo hmoVo. H$ma^mamMr NOTES
gyÌo hiyhiy Ë¶m§À¶mH$S>o g§H«${‘V Pmbr hmoVr. noeì¶m§À¶m ‘XVrbm "g{Md' Ago. Ë¶mÀ¶m
H$m¶m©b¶mbm "g{Mdmb¶' qH$dm "hþOwaXßVa' qH$dm "’$S>' Ago åhUV. ¶m H$m¶m©b¶mV
IoS>oJmdmVrb ‘hgwbr H$mJXnÌo, A{YH$mè¶§Mr H$mJXnÌo, R>odbr OmV AgV. hr gd©
H$mJXnÌo "’$S>Urg' ñdV: VnmgV Ago. Zì¶m noeì¶m§Mr Zo‘UyH$ hmoVmZm N>ÌnVr ñdhñVo
Ë¶mbm ‘mZmMr dñÌo XoV AgV. VgoM Ë¶mMm H$ma^mar d ’$S>Urg ¶mMrhr Zo‘UyH$ Ho$br
OmV Ago. ¶m~m~VMo AZoH$ CëboI ¶oVmV.
noeì¶m§Mm ’$S>, H$Moar qH$dm H$m¶m©b¶ :

noeì¶m§Mr nwÊ¶mVrb ’$S>[Uer H$Moar. {VMo Zmd "’$S'
~mimOr D$’©$ ZmZm OZmX©Z ^mZy - ’$S>Urg ho ¶m ’$S>mdaMo ‘w»¶ A{YH$mar ~arM df©o
hmoVo. ZmZmbm ’$S>U{dgmÀ¶m XaH$mMo CËnÝZ EH$ bmImnojm nwîH$iM OmñV hmoVo. eodQ>À¶m
~mOramdm§À¶m H$ma{H$XuV Aìdbrg ’$S>mV n§Yameo H$maHy$Z hmoVo. H$m‘mÀ¶m ñdê$nmdê$Z
Ë¶m§Mr dJ©dmar Ho$br OmV Ago. CXmhaUmW©, {Zg~V hþOya XßVa, {Zg~V Vmo’$ImZm,
{Zg~V JmS>Xr, {Zg~V nmJm, {Zg~V {eboXma BË¶mXr. ¶m {edm¶ {R>H${R>H$mUr gwôXma,
‘m‘boXma, H$‘m{dgXma d gaXma hmoVo, Ë¶m§À¶m {Zg~VrMo H$maHy$Z Yaë¶mg gmè¶m
‘amR>m amÁ¶mV {‘iyZ H$‘rVH$‘r drg hOma ‘wbH$r H$m‘Jma ghO âVrb. ¶m ’$S>mÀ¶m
H$m‘mVyZ AZoH$ bmoH$m§Mm CX¶ Pmbm. Ë¶mV, ^mZy, {ZOgwao, ~mdio, ’$S>Ho$, amOh§g ¶m§Mm
g‘mdoe Agë¶mMo AmT>iyZ ¶oVo.
noedoH$mbrZ àm§[VH$ àemgZ :
N>ÌnVr {edmOramOm§nmgyZM ‘amR>çm§À¶m amÁ¶mMo ‘w»¶ XmoZ {d^mJ Ho$bobo hmoVo. Ë¶mV,
ñdamÁ¶ Am{U ‘moJbmB© Ago ‘w»¶ XmoZ ^mJ hmoVo. Ë¶m Ë¶m {R>H$mUMr àemgZì¶dñWm
Ho$bobr hmoVr. ¶m XmoÝhr {d^mJmV àm‘w»¶mZo ‘hgyb, Mm¡W d I§S>Ur Jmoim H$aÊ¶mÀ¶m
ì¶dñWoV N>ÌnVr, noedo d ñWm{ZH$ àemgZ ì¶dñWoVrb A{YH$mar d H$‘©Mmar ¶m§Mm
g‘mdoe Ago. noedoH$mbrZ àemgZ ì¶dñWoVrb gdmªV bhmZ qH$dm eodQ>Mm KQ>H$
åhUOo "Jmd' (‘m¡Oo, H$¶m©V, {‘ao); Ë¶mda nmQ>rb d Hw$bH$Ur© ho nma§n[aH$ A{YH$mar
AgV. "V’©o$' hm Jmdmnojm ‘moR>m KQ>H$ hmoVm. Ë¶mda "V’©$Xma' hm A{YH$mar Ago. AZoH$
V’$mªMm {‘iyZ "naJmUm' ~ZV Ago. Ë¶mda "‘m‘boXma' hm A{YH$mar Ago. Ë¶mÀ¶m
Vmã¶mV AZoH$ Va’$Xma AgV. "H$‘m{dgXma' hm ‘hgyb Jmoim H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ñdV§Ì
A{YH$mar Zo‘bobm {XgyZ ¶oVmo. ho H$‘m{dgXma ‘m‘boXmam§À¶m A§[H$V AgV. H$mhr naJUo
{‘iyZ hmoUmè¶m {d^mJmg "àm§V' qH$dm "gw^m' Ago åhUV. Ë¶mdarb ‘wbH$s A{YH$mè¶mg
gwôXma qH$dm gagwôXma åhUV.
ñWm{ZH$ àemgZ : Self-Instructional
noedmB©V IoS>o hm ñd¶§nyU© KQ>H$ hmoVm. IoS>oJdmVrb AW©ì¶dñWm eoVràYmZ hmoVr. Material 207
noedoH$mbrZ àemg- IoS>çmMr {d^mJUr "H$mir' d "nm§T>ar' Aem XmoZ ^mJmV hmoVr. EImÚm IoS>çmÀ¶m dmT>rd
Zì¶dñWm ^mJmg "dmS>r', "nmS>o', qH$dm "Imar' Ago åhUV. JmdmÀ¶m àemgZmV d AW©ì¶dñWoV
nmQ>rb, Hw$bH$Ur©, Mm¡Jwbm d ‘hma ho dVZXma AgV. H$gã¶mda eoQ>o - ‘hmOZ ho
NOTES A{YH$mar AgV. Jmdm‘Ü¶o dVZXma, {‘amgXma d Cnar ¶m§Mm g‘mdoe Ago. AmbwVoXma
d ~bwVoXma ¶m§Mm JmdmÀ¶m Am{W©H$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZmV ‘moR>m gh^mJ Ago. Jmdm‘Ü¶o
nmQ>rb d Hw$bH$Ur© ho ‘hgyb Jmoim H$aÊ¶mMo H$m‘ H$arV AgV. JmdMm Jmoim Ho$bobm
‘hgyb Vo Xoe‘wI d Xoenm§S>o ¶m§À¶mH$S>o nmohM{dV AgV. Ë¶mMm {heo~ R>odÊ¶mgmR>r
Ë¶m§À¶m nXar "{heo~Zrg' d "’$S>Urg' ho A{YH$mar AgV. "‘m‘boXma' hm nJmar
A{YH$mar Ago. Ë¶mÀ¶m H$MoarV "{XdmU' hm Xþæ¶‘ A{YH$mar Ago. {heo~Vnmg[UgmMo
H$m‘ ‘wOy‘Xma H$arV Ago.
dm.Hy$. ^mdo ¶m§Zr ‘hmamï´>mMm gm‘m{OH$ B{Vhmg : noedoH$mbrZ ‘hmamï´ ¶m nwñVH$m‘Ü¶o
‘wbH$s ImVo ¶m àH$aUmV noedoH$mbrZ ‘wbH$s ImË¶mMr ‘m{hVr {Xbobr Amho. Ë¶mV,
‘wbH$s àemgZ ho ‘w»¶V: gaH$mar dgwbrMo ImVo. gaH$mar dgyb H$aÊ¶mMo H$m‘ àmMrZ
H$mimnmgyZ dVZXmam§H$S>oM Agë¶mMo AmT>iyZ ¶oVo. dVZXmamMm M[aVmW© Mmb{dÊ¶mgmR>r
Ë¶mg gaH$mamVyZ BZm‘ O‘rZ d§ena§naoZo {‘iV Ago. dVZXmam§Mo nmQ>rb - Hw$bH$Ur©,
Xoe‘wI-Xoenm§S>o, eoQ>o - ‘hmOZ BË¶mXr hþÔo nyU©nUo XoerM AmhoV. noeì¶m§À¶m hmVr
gÎmm Amë¶mZ§Va dVZXmar nÕVrMm gm§JmS>m eŠ¶ {VVH$m H$m¶‘ R>odyZ Oê$a Ë¶m {R>H$mUr
Ë¶m§Zr Zdo OmoS> {Xbo Jobo. noedo H$mimV OwÝ¶m dVZXma A{YH$mè¶m§Mo VrZ dJ© nmS>ë¶mMo
AmT>iyZ ¶oVmV. Ë¶mV d[að> dJ© - Xoe‘wI -Xoenm§S>o ¶m§Mm. ‘Ü¶‘ dJ© - {XdmU,
’$S>Urg, nmoVUrg, nmoVXma BË¶mXtMm. ¶m Xþgè¶m qH$dm ‘Ü¶‘ dJm©Mm CëboI Epë’$ÝñQ>Z
¶mZo "XaH$Xma' ¶m g§koZo Ho$bm Amho. {Vgam H${Zð> dJ© - nmQ>rb -Hw$bH$Ur© BË¶mXtMm.
JmdmV nmQ>rb - Hw$bH$Ur© ¶m§Mo Oo H$m‘ hmoVo, VoM H$m‘ XoemV (noedoH$mimV VmbwŠ¶m
EdT>çm àXoemg "Xoe' Ago åhUV. CXm., dmB© Xoe d BVa) Xoe‘wI -Xoenm§S>o ¶m§Mo Ago.
JmdmV nmQ>rb -Hw$bH$Ur© ¶m§Zm gmhmæ¶ H$aÊ¶mH$[aVm JmdmV Ogo BVa dVZXma ZmoH$a
AgV, Vgo Xoe‘wI - Xoenm§S>o ¶m§À¶mhr ‘XVrH$[aVm d[að> àVrMo dVZXma ZmoH$a AgV.
Ë¶m‘Ü¶o, {XdmU, ’$S>Urg, nmoVUrg, nmoVXma ¶m§Mm g‘mdoe Ago. Xoe‘wI hm OmVrZo
‘amR>m. Ë¶mZo dgyb Jmoim H$am¶Mm. Xoenm§S>o ¶mZo ‘hgwbmMm {heo~ R>odm¶Mm. ‘wOy‘XmamZo
{heo~ Vnmgm¶Mo. nmoVUrgmZo dgwbmMm n¡gm gm§^mim¶Mm. nmoVXmamZo Vmo n¡gm nmoV{UgmH$S>o
OmÊ¶mnydr© ZrQ> nmaIyZ ¿¶m¶Mm. ’$S>[UgmZo XñV Zm|Xdm¶Mo. XßVVXmamZo O~m~ {bhm¶Mo.
Aer Xoe‘wImÀ¶m H$MoarVrb H$m‘mMr ì¶dñWm hmoVr. noeì¶m§Zr nmQ>rb-Hw$bH$Ur© ho
JmdH$m‘Jma d Xoe‘wI Xenm§S>o ho H$m¶‘ R>odyZ Xoe‘wI -Xoenm§S>o ¶m§À¶m hmVr dmgwbrMm
n¡gm OmÊ¶mMo EH$X‘ ~§X Ho$bo. Am{U hr H$m‘{Jar ~OmdUmam {Zamim Ho$di nJmar dJ©
{Z‘m©U Ho$bm. Ë¶mV, ‘m‘boXma, H$‘m{dgXma, Va’$Xma, eoIXma ¶m§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVm.
{XdmU hm ‘m‘boXmamMm Xþæ¶‘ A{YH$mar hmoVm. {XdmUmbm gm{bZm 950 én¶o, ‘wOy‘Xmambm
490 én¶o, ’$S>[Ugmbm 610 én¶o, XßVaXmambm 280 én¶o, {MQ>Urgmbm 100 én¶o
VZIm {‘iV Ago. H$moH$U, ImZXoe, JwOamV, H$Zm©Q>H$, ‘midm, ~w§XobI§S>, BË¶mXr
àm§VmgmR>r ‘m‘boXma Am{U nwUo Xa~ma ¶m§Zm OmoS>Umam "gagwôXma' hm doJim A{YH$mar
Ë¶m Ë¶m àm§VmV Ago. àm§V qH$dm gaH$ma hm {d^mJ hëbrÀ¶m nmM-ghm VmbwŠ¶m§EdT>m
Ago. Ë¶mdoir ImZXoe, H$moH$U, ~obmnya, H$ë¶mU, {^d§S>r, OwÝZa, nwUo, JmoXmWS>r, dmB©,
Self-Instructional g§J‘Zoa, dgB©, JwOamV BË¶mXr àm§V hmoVo. Ë¶mdarb d[að> A{YH$mè¶mbm {H$Ë¶oH$ ñWir
Material 208
"gagwôXma' hr åhUV. nmQ>rb-Hw$bH$Ur© ¶m§À¶mdarb ‘moR>m A{YH$mar ‘m‘boXma. hm noedoH$mbrZ àemg-
‘Ü¶dVu gÎmoMm à{V{ZYr hmoVm. Ë¶mbm ‘mZgÝ‘mZ Ago. Ë¶mÀ¶m gÝ‘mZmgmR>r nmbIr, Zì¶dñWm
A’$Xm[Jar d ‘emb Ago. ‘m‘boXmamÀ¶m ‘XVrbm MmonXma, {XdQ>çm, A’$Xm{Jè¶m ho
H$‘©Mma AgV. Ë¶m§Zm VZIm {Xbm OmV Ago. MmonXmamg Xa‘mh 3 én¶o, {dQ>çmg 4 NOTES
én¶o d A’$Xm{Jè¶mg 5 én¶o. noedoH$mbrZ ‘wbH$s àemgZmV ‘m‘boXma, gwôXma,
gagwôXma Aer dmT>Ë¶m A{YH$mamMr gaH$mar A{YH$mar loUr hmoVr.
11.2.2 ‘amR>m ‘§S>i

‘amR>m ‘§S>i qH$dm g§K amÁ¶ì¶dñWm hr noedoH$mbrZ amÁ¶{dñVmamMr ‘hÎdnyU©
¶moOZm hmoVr. ¶m‘Ü¶o àemgZmÀ¶m Ñï>rZo H$mhr {Z¶moOZ Ho$bobo hmoVo. Ë¶mV àm‘w»¶mZo
gaXmam§Mo A{YH$majoÌ, H$m‘mMo ñdê$n d ‘mo~Xbm ¶m~m~Mo {Z¶‘ R>a{dbobo hmoVo.
Ë¶mZwgma, g§~§[YV gaXma, noedo d N>ÌnVr ¶m§À¶m CËnÝZmMo ñdê$n {ZpíMMV Ho$bobo
hmoVo. Ë¶m‘wio ‘amR>m ‘§S>imMo àemgZ hm nedoH$mbrZ Ho§$Ðr¶ àemgZmMmM EH$ ‘hÎdmMm
^mJ ~Zbm hmoVm. N>ÌnVr amOmam‘mZo Amnë¶m gaXmam§Zm Ë¶m§Zr JmO{dboë¶m namH«$‘m~Ôb
BZm‘o d Ohm[Jar XoÊ¶mMr nÕVr gwê$ Ho$br hmoVr. N>ÌnVr emhÿamOm§Mr ‘wKbm§À¶m H¡$XoVyZ
gwQ>H$m Pmë¶mZ§Va ‘amR>m ‘§S>imV ’y$Q> nS>br. H$mhr gaXma Vmam~mBªÀ¶m JmoQ>mV Jobo,
H$mhr emh§ÿH$S>o, H$mhr {ZOm‘ d h¡Xa ¶m§À¶mH$S>o Va H$mhr ñdV§Ìd¥ÎmrZo dmJy bmJbo hmoVo.
¶m‘wio nydr© EH$OwQ>rZo ‘wKbm§er gm‘Zm XoUmao ‘amR>m gaXma {d^mJbo Jobo hmoVo. Aem
gaXmam§Zm ñdamÁ¶mÀ¶m H$m‘r bmdÊ¶mgmR>r gaXmam§Zm {Za{Zamio àXoe dmQy>Z {Xbo. Ë¶m§Zm
Ë¶m àXoemVyZ Mm¡WmB© d gaXoe‘wIr dgyb H$aÊ¶mMo h³H$ {Xbo. Ë¶mgmR>r bmJUmar
Amdí¶H$ ’$m¡O C^maUo Ë¶m§Zm eŠ¶ ìhmdo åhUyZ Ohm{Jar {Xbr Jobr. ñdmWr© CÔoemH$[aVm
Amngm§V gVV bT>V AgUmè¶m {d{dY ‘amR>m gaXmam§Zm ‘mV¥^y‘rÀ¶m ajUmÀ¶m CXmÎm
{dMmamZo Ë¶m§À¶mV {dOoË¶mMr ^mdmZm {Z‘m©U H$ê$Z ~{bð> ‘amR>m‘§S>i {Z‘m©U Ho$bo
Jobo. VgoM ‘wKb ~mXemh, ‘h§‘Xemh ¶mZo 1719 ‘Ü¶o 15 hOmag¡Ý¶ d dm{f©H$ Xhm
bmI én¶o I§S>Ur ¶m§À¶m ‘mo~Xë¶mV N>ÌnVr emhÿ§Zm (‘amR>çm§À¶m amOmbm) Mm¡WB©,
gaXoe‘wIr d ñdamÁ¶ ¶m§À¶m gZXm {Xë¶m hmoË¶m. ¶m {Za[Zamiçm àH$maMm ‘hgyb
Jmoim H$aÊ¶mMr O~m~Xmar gaXmam§da gmon{dbobr hmoVr. Ë¶m H$m‘mMm ‘mo~Xbm åhUyZ
Ë¶m ‘hgwbmMm H$mhr ^mJ gaXmam§Zr ñdV:gmR>r R>odm¶Mm Am{U Cabobm ^mJ gaH$mar
I{OÝ¶mV âmdm¶mMm Ago R>a{dbo Jobo hmoVo. Ë¶mZwgma ñdamÁ¶, Mm¡WmB© d gaXoe‘wIr
dgyb H$aÊ¶m~m~VMo {Z¶moOZ Ho$bo Jobo. Mm¡WmB©, gaXoe‘wIr d ñdamÁ¶ ¶m gZXm§À¶m
AmYmao ‘hgyb Jmoim H$aÊ¶m~m~VMo H$mJXnÌm§VyZ doJdoJio Vnerb AmT>iyZ ¶oVmV.
noedo ~mimOr {dídZmWmZo ¶m~m~V Or ì¶dñWm Ho$br hmoVr Ë¶m‘Ü¶o,
1. gaXoe‘wIrda N>ÌnVr§Mm g§nyU©nUo ‘mbH$s h³H$ hmoVm. Ë¶mbm ‘wKbm§À¶m ghm
gwä¶mVyZ ‘hgwbmÀ¶m 10 Q>³Ho$$ CËnÝZ {‘iUma hmoVo. VgoM ‘wKbm§À¶m X{jUoH$S>rb
ghm gwgä¶m§VyZ {‘iUmè¶m Mm¡WB©À¶m ‘hgwbmÀ¶m CËnÝZmn¡H$s EH$MVwWmªe ^mJ amOmbm
Ë¶mÀ¶m d¡¶p³VH$ IMm©gmR>r {‘iUma hmoVm. ¶m aH$‘obmM "amZ~m~Vr' Ago åhUV. Va
Caboë¶m VrZMVwWmªe aH$‘obm "‘moH$mgm' Ago åhUV. ‘moH$mgm ¶m g§koMm gm‘mÝ¶ AW©
bîH$ar godo~Ôb ‘§Oya Ho$bobo CËnÝZ. ¶m CËnÝZmMo XmoZ {d^mJ Ho$bobo hmoVo. Ë¶mV
1. gmhmoÌm d 2. ZmS>Jm¡S>m ¶m§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVm. gmhmoÌm hm 6 Q>³Ho$$ Ago. Va Self-Instructional
Material 209
noedoH$mbrZ àemg- ZmS>Jm¡S>m 3 Q>³Ho$$ Ago. gmhmoÌm d ZmS>Jm¡S>m ¶m h³H$m§Mm {dZr¶moJ Amnë¶m BÀN>oZwgma
Zì¶dñWm H$aÊ¶mMm A{YH$ma amOmbm hmoVm. Amnbo ho h³H$ amOm H$moUË¶mhr ì¶³Vrg XoD$ eH$V
Ago. Ë¶m‘wio N>ÌnVr emhÿ§Zr gmhmoÌm n§Vg{Mdm§Zm {Xbobm hmoVm. Va ZmS>Jm¡S>m hm h³H$
NOTES {Za{Zamiçm H$mir {Za{Zamiçm ì¶³Vr¨Zm {Xë¶mMo CëboI {‘iVmV. ¶m {d{dY ‘mÜ¶‘m§VyZ
{‘iUmam ‘hgyb Jmoim H$aÊ¶mMo A{YH$ma ‘amR>m gaXmam§Zm {Xbo Jobo hmoVo. Ë¶m§Mo àemgZ
ho noeì¶m§À¶m ‘w»¶ àmemgZmnojm doJio hmoVo. hr ~m~ {dMmamV ¿¶mdr bmJVo.
11.2.3 noedoH$mbrZ àemgZì¶dñWm :

O‘rZ‘hgyb nÕVr, bîH$ar àemgZ, Ý¶m¶ì¶dñWm, nmobrg d Vwé§J ì¶dñWmnZ
O‘rZ‘hgyb nÕVr :
noedoH$mimV Jmd hm àemgZ ì¶dñWoMm gdmªV ‘hÎdmMm KQ>H$ hmoVm. JmdmMo H$mir
d nm§T>ar Ago XmoZ ‘w»¶ {d^mJ AgV. Ë¶m§n¡H$s nm§T>ar‘Ü¶o dñVr Va H$mir hm {d^mJ
eoVr¶mo½¶ O{‘ZrMm hmoVm. O‘rZ‘hgyb hm amÁ¶mÀ¶m CËnÝZmMm ‘hÎdmMm KQ>H$ hmoVm.
O‘rZ‘hgyb AmH$maUrV O{‘ZrMr ‘moOUr hm ‘hÎdmMm KQ>H$ hmoVm. O{‘ZrMr ‘moOUr
H$aÊ¶mgmR>r A§Jwb, hñV {ZdV©Z VgoM nm§S>, XÊS> AWdm gmIir ¶m§gmaIr n[a‘mUo
dmnabr OmV AgV.
O{‘ZrÀ¶m ‘JXwamZwgma CnOmD$ O{‘ZrMr àVdmar Ho$br OmV Ago. Ë¶mV àm‘w»¶mZo
{OamB©V d ~mJmB©V Aer {d^mJUr Ho$br OmV Ago. {Oam¶Vr qH$dm H$moaS>dmhÿ O{‘ZrMr,
Cd©am (gw{nH$), B[aU (Zm{nH$), pIb (nS>rV), ‘ê$ (dmbwH$m‘¶) ‘¥VZm (CËH¥$ï>),
Aer àVdmar Ho$ë¶mMo AmT>iVo. Va ~mJm¶Vr O{‘ZrMr nmQ>ñWb d ‘moQ>ñWb Aer
{d^mJUr Ho$br OmV Ago. qH$dm Aìdb, Xþd‘, gr‘ d Ma‘ Aerhr {d^mJUr Ho$br
OmV Ago. O{‘ZrMm ‘hgyb AmH$maVmZm {VMr àVdmar {dMmamV KoVbr OmV Ago.
{OamB©V àH$mamV Aìdb àVrÀ¶m O{‘Zrda Xa {~¿¶mbm XmoZ én¶o AmH$mabo OmV, Xþd‘
àVrÀ¶m O{‘Zrg {~¿¶mbm XrS> én¶m d gr‘ àVrÀ¶m O{‘Zrg EH$ én¶m AmH$mabm
OmV Ago. ñWbH$mbmZwê$n Ë¶mV ~Xb hmoV AgV.
‘hgyb dgwbmÀ¶m nÕVr AZoH$ AgV. ‘w»¶ nÕV åhUOo ‘m‘boXma hm nJmar
A§‘bXma Zo‘yZ Ë¶mOH$Sy>Z dgyb H$a{dbm OmV Ago. àË¶oH$ Hw$imZo gmam {H$Vr âmdm
¶mMm H$m¡b nmM dfmªMm R>abobm Ago. Vmo WHy$ Z XoVm nmQ>rb- Hw$bH$Ur© d Amnë¶m
hmVmIbÀ¶m BVa ZmoH$am§À¶m ‘XVrZo gmam dgyb H$aUo ho ‘m‘boXmamMo H$m‘ Ago. ZdrZ
qOH$boë¶m ‘wbImV noeì¶m§Mr dgwbr nÕVr EH$X‘ bmJy H$aUo eŠ¶ Zgo. ¶mH$[aVm H$moR>o
I§S>nÕVr, Va H$moR>o ‘³Ë¶mMr nÕVr VmËnwaVr gwê$ H$amdr bmJo. ‘m‘boXma hm nJmar
Agë¶mg Ë¶mg gmbrZm nmMhOma én¶m§n¶ªV VZIm {‘io.
bîH$ar àemgZ :
"bîH$ar ì¶dgm¶' ¶m àH$aUmV dm. H¥$. ^mdo noedoH$mbrZ bîH$am{df¶r ‘m{hVr
XoVmZm Ago {b{hVmV H$s, ñdma, nm¶Xi, Vmo’$ImZm d KmoS>oñdma ho ‘amR>çm§Mo MVwa§J
g¡Ý¶. {edmOr ‘hmamOm§Mo bîH$a{df¶H$ YmoaU Ë¶m§Mo d§eO d noeì¶m§Zr Amnë¶m g‘moa
Self-Instructional R>odbo hmoVo.
Material 210
nm¶Xi : noedoH$mbrZ àemg-
Zì¶dñWm
noedmB©V ‘amR>çm§Odi ‘w»¶ âUm ñdmam§Mm hmoVm. nm¶Xim‘Ü¶o ‘amR>çm§~amo~aM
Ama~r, {’$a§Jr BË¶mXr H$m¡eë¶àmßV bmoH$m§Mm g‘mdoe Ago. gm‘mÝ¶V: qhXÿhÿZ Oo dJiçm NOTES
OmVrMo EVÔoer¶ {enmB© AgV Ë¶m§ZmM JmS>Xr åhUÊ¶mMr àWm hmoVr. CÎma qhXþñWmZmVrb
amo{hbo, nR>mU, erI hohr JmS>XrM. ¶wamonr¶ bmoH$hr nm¶XimV AgV. ñdmam‘Ü¶o H$amob
(H$amob åhUOo ~§XþH$dmbo.), ^mboH$ar d AmS>hË¶mar (AmS>hË¶mar åhUOo {‘iob Vo
hË¶ma Mmb{dUmao) Ago ôX AgV.
KmoS>Xi :
noedoH$mimV ‘amR>m gÎmoMm {dH$mg Pmë¶m‘wio Ë¶m§Zr Amnbo KmoS>Xi à^mdrnUo
{dH${gV Ho$bo hmoVo. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o KmoS>çmÀ¶m n¡Xmgrbm àmoËgmhZ, ImgJr nmJm, ~maJra,
{eboXma, nWHo$ BË¶mXtMm g‘mdoe hmoVm. ‘hmamï´>mVrb àdam, JmoXmdar, KmoS>ZXr, {Zam,
¶m ZÚm§Mo JmoS> nmUr, Ë¶m§À¶m H$mR>Mm àXoe Ë¶m {R>H$mUMr MamD$ Hw$aUo hr XO}Xma
KmoS>çm§Mr n¡Xmg H$aÊ¶mg Cn¶w³V hmoVr. hmM àXoe nmJm§À¶m {dñVmamg àmoËgmhZ XoUmam
hmoVm. Ë¶m Ë¶m ZÚm§À¶m {Vamdarb KmoS>çm§Zm {ZaWS>r, J§JWS>r, {^‘WS>r, àdaWS>r Aer
Jm¡admpÝdV H$aUmar AÝdW©H$ Zmdo {Xbobr AgV. Ë¶mVyZ ImgJr nmJm, nWHo$, {eboXma
¶m§À¶m dmT>rg àmoËgmhZ {Xbo Jobo. "KanmJm' hr EH$ ‘hÎdmMr g§H$ënZm noeì¶m§À¶m
KmoS>XimÀ¶m {dH$mgmg Cn¶w³V R>abr. Ë¶mVyZM ‘amR>m bîH$amV ~ma[Jam§Mr âVr Ho$br
OmV Ago. KmoS>XimV Ë¶mV ~maJra (~maJra hm gaH$maMm nJmar ZmoH$a Ago.) d {eboXma
ho ‘w»¶ ôX AgV.
~maJra :
~maJra hm gaH$maMm nJmar ZmoH$a Ago. Ë¶mg Mma-nmM én¶m§nmgyZ AmR>-Xhm
én¶m§n¶ªV VZIm Ago. ho gaH$maà‘mUoM gaXmam§À¶m ’$m¡OoV gh^mJ KoV Ago.
nmJm :
AZoH$ KmoS>o EH$Ì Ho$bo åhUOo Ë¶mMr nmJm ~Zo. nmJodaÀ¶m A§‘bXmamg "nm½¶m'
åhUV. EH$m nmJoV Xhm KmoS>çm§nmgyZ nmMeo -gmVeo KmoS>o R>odÊ¶mV ¶oV. nmJoVrb
KmoS>çm§À¶m g§IoZwgma nm½¶mMm XOm© R>a{dbm OmV Ago. Á¶mÀ¶m nmJoV nmMeo-gmVeoÀ¶m
nwT>o KmoS>o AgVrb Ë¶mbm gaXmamà‘mUo ‘mZgÝ‘mZ {Xbm OmV Ago. Ë¶mÀ¶m nmJoH$S>o
Zm¡~V, {ZemU, nmb»¶m, ’$S>Urg, nmoVZrg, XaH$Xma, ‘embOr, qe½¶o, ImgXma,
Zmb~§X, XmUoH$ar, OmgyX, JmaXr, ’$amg, S>oao, amhþQ>çm BË¶mXr ga§Om‘, AmoÂ¶mMr d
XmUm§d¡aUrMr VÅ>o, ~¡b, C§Q>, hÎmr BË¶mXr OZmdao AgV. EH$ nmJm åhUOo hOmamo bmoH$m§Mo
nmQ>âÊ¶mMo gmYZ.
{eboXma :
ñdV:Mr KmoS>r eñÌ d Xmê$Jmoim KoD$Z g¡Ý¶mV MmH$ar H$aUmao Vo {eboXma.
{eboXmam§À¶m g‘wXm¶mdaMo gaXma Vo nWHo$ qH$dm nWH$s. nWH$mÀ¶m IMm©g gaH$mamVyZ
Z³V n¡gm {‘iV Agob Va Ë¶mg "BVbmIr nWH$' Ago åhUV. nWH$mÀ¶m IMm©g ‘wbyI Self-Instructional
Material 211
noedoH$mbrZ àemg- VmoSy>Z {Xbm Agob Va Ë¶mg "ga§Om‘r nWH$' Ago åhUV. {eboXmamMm nJma KmoS>o, ‘mUyg
Zì¶dñWm d hË¶ma nmhÿZ Xa‘hm drgnmgyZ Vrg én¶m§n¶ªV Ago. {eboXmam§V EH$m§S>o {eboXma hm EH$
bhmZgm dJ© hmoVm. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o ~«m÷U, ‘amR>o, aOnyV, ‘wgb‘mZ dJ¡ao gd© Om[VY‘mªÀ¶m
NOTES bmoH$m§Mm g‘mdoe Ago. gm‘mÝ¶ ñdmamMo doVZ AS>rMeo, VrZeo, Mmaeo én¶m§n¶ªV Ago.
{H$Ë¶oH$ {eboXma N>moQ>o AgyZ Ë¶m§Zr nXar amD$V ~miJyZ noedo gm§JVrb Ë¶m gaXmamnmer
MmH$ar H$amdr. Ë¶m~Ôb Ë¶mg Jmd ga§Om‘ Ago. {eboXmamOdi ZwgVoM KmoS>o d amD$V
AgV {e~§Xr Zgo. Á¶mÀ¶m Vmã¶mV amD$V d {e~§Xr Vo ga§Om‘Xma. ga§Om‘Xma ‘moR>m Pmbm
H$s Ë¶mbm gaXma åhUV. gaXmamMm BV‘m‘m ‘moR>m. åhUyZ Ë¶mÀ¶m Vmã¶mVrb ‘wbyI hr
Ë¶mMr Ohm[Jar d Vmo OhmJraXma. Xa ñdmamg VrZeo én¶o {‘iV AgV. ho gd© ñdma
{eboXma AgV. Img noeì¶m§Mr ’$m¡O åhUOo "hþZwamV'. noeì¶m§À¶m ‘Ü¶dVr© gÎmoH$[aVm
hþOwamV eŠ¶ {VVH$s ‘moR>r Ago. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o gm‘mÝ¶V: Xhm hOmamn¶ªV ’$m¡O Ago. Ë¶mMr
52 nWHo$ AgyZ Ë¶m àË¶oH$ nWH$mda doJdoJio gaXma AgV. nmJoH$S>o ’$S>Urg, nmoVZrg,
BË¶mXr XaH$Xma d nWH$mg ~jr AgV. ~jr nXmda H$m‘ H$aUmè¶mg V¡ZmV gm{bZm
3000 én¶o d nmbIr V¡ZmV 1000 én¶m§n¶ªV Ago.
Vmo’$ImZm :
‘amR>çm§À¶m amOgÎmm {dñVmam‘wio Ë¶m§Zm CÎmaoVrb ‘¡XmZr àXoemV ¶wÕ H$amdo
bmJbo. Amnë¶mH$S>o à^mdr Vmo’$ImZm Agmdm ¶mMr OmUrd Wmoabo ~mOramd noedo ¶m§Zm
{ZOm‘~amo~aÀ¶m ¶wÕmV Pmbr. Ë¶m§Zr {ZOm‘mH$S>rb ‘wP’$aImZ ¶mg Amnë¶m JmoQ>mV
gm‘rb H$ê$Z KoVbo. Ë¶mZo ¶ed§Vamd nmZgo d ‘mYdamd nmZgo ¶m§Zm Vmo’$ImÝ¶mMo {ejU
{Xbo. ~mOramdm§Zr Ë¶m§Zm Amnë¶m Vmo’$ImÝ¶mda Zo‘bo. ‘amR>çm§Zr AmH«$‘H$ YmoaUmMm
Adb§~ Ho$ë¶m‘wio {H$ëbo ËdaoZo KoÊ¶mH$[aVm d eÌwg¡Ý¶mMm Ywìdm CS>{dÊ¶mgmR>r Vmo’$m
~miJUo Amdí¶H$ Pmbo. Vmo’$ImÝ¶mda Vmo’§$XmO, XoJ§XmO, ~§YmZr, Imado, Jmob§XmO
ho A{YH$mar AgV. aU‘§S>i, O¶d§Vr, Ádmbm^dmZr, O¶, ’$Îmo‘w~maH$ Aer Vmo’$m§Zm
Zmdo {Xbobr AgV. Vmo’$ImÝ¶mH$S>rb h{OarMo d nJma dmQ>UrMo H$m‘ {XdmU, ‘wO‘Xma,
’$S>Urg, g~Zrg ¶m§OH$S>o Ago. Vmo’$m§‘Ü¶o gyÌZmim, JaZmim Aem OmVr hmoË¶m. ¶m
Vmo’$m bhmZ d hbŠ¶m AgV. Ë¶m Vmo’$m AmoV{dÊ¶mMo H$m‘ ‘amR>mamÁ¶mVM hmoV Ago.
Vmo’$m§Zm bmJUmao Jmoiohr BH$S>oM nmS>rV AgV. ZmJmoR>Ê¶mg XodeoQ>r H$mgma Vmo’o$Mo Jmoio
AmoVÊ¶mMo H$m‘ H$arV Ago. OwÝZa àm§VmVrb Am§~oJìhmU ¶oWo JaZmim§À¶m Jmoiçm§Mm
H$maImZm hmoVm. gXm{edamd^mD$Zo 1759 gmbr AmßnmOr H$moH$si H$mgma ¶mOH$Sy>Z
Vmo’$m§Mo Jmoio H$adyZ KoVbo. Ë¶mZo Ë¶mg nmMhOma Jmoio H$amd¶mg gm§{JVbo hmoVo.
IwÔ nwÊ¶mV B.g. 1769 gmbr Vmo’$m§Mm H$maImZm gwê$ Pmbm. hm H$maImZm ewH«$dma
noR>oV nmZí¶m§À¶m dmS>çmeoOmar hmoVm. Ë¶mV ZdrZ Vmo’$m AmoVrV d OwÝ¶m XþéñV H$arV.
H$maImÝ¶mV gw‘mao XrS>eo ‘mUyg H$m‘mda hmoVo. Ë¶mV, gwVma, bmohma, ~mUm§Mo H$mamJra,
Jmoiçm§Mm H$mamJra, Jmob§XmO, Ibmer O‘mXma, X¶m©dXr© O‘mXma, JmS>rdmZ, OoOmbXma,
T>mbmB©V, g§XþH$mMm hdmbXma, ~obXma, KUH$ar, {OZJa, ^mbXma, OmgyX, ImgXma,
H$m‘mR>r, AmaoH$g, ~mUXma, qenr, JmS>Xr, nImbdmbo, narQ>, H$bmb, V~obXma,
’$amg, H$moR>mdio, a»VdmZ, ~maJra, gm§S>Urñdma ¶m§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVm.
Self-Instructional
Material 212
n|T>mar : noedoH$mbrZ àemg-
Zì¶dñWm
noedoH$mbrZ ‘amR>m g¡Ý¶mMm EH$ AZm{YH¥$V nmoQ>^mJ åhUyZ n§oT>mè¶m§Mm CëboI
Ho$ë¶mg OmV Ago. no§T>mar ho bîH$amMoM EH$ A§J hmoVo. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o àm‘w»¶mZo ‘wpñb‘m§MmM NOTES
âUm Ago. Vo ~hþVH$ê$Z nR>mU AgV. n|T>mè¶m§Zm bîH$am~amo~a amhÊ¶mMr nadmZJr
gaH$maH$Sy>Z ¿¶mdr bmJo. Ë¶m§Zm Xa nmbm‘mJo 5 én¶o gaH$mamV âmdo bmJV. ¶m H$amamda
Ë¶m§g nadmZJrMr T>mb XoÊ¶mV ¶oB©. ‘raImZ d hgZImZ ‘wbVmZr C’©$ n|T>mar ¶m§Mo
CëboI ¶oVmV. n|T>mar bîH$am~amo~a {’$aV d eÌyÀ¶m ‘wbImMr byQ>‘ma H$ê$Z nmoQ> ârV.
bT>mB©V eÌyMm nam^d hmoD$ Vmo niV gwQ>bm åhUOo Ë¶m§Mr N>mdUrMr byQ> gaH$maMo g¡Ý¶
H$ar. Ë¶m H$m‘r g¡Ý¶mbm n|T>mè¶m§Mr ‘XV hmoV Ago. n§T>mè¶m§Zr bwQ>rV hÎmr, nmb»¶m,
ZJmam, {ZemUo dJoao gmnS>ë¶mg Vo gaH$mamV Úmdo. hmM gaH$maMm no§T>mè¶m§nmgyZ hmoUmam
’$m¶Xm. ~mH$sMr byQ> n|T>mè¶m§Zm {‘iV Ago. hm n|T>mè¶m§Mm ’$m¶Xm Ago.
Ý¶m¶ì¶dñWm :
noedoH$mbrZ Ý¶m¶ì¶dñWm hr àm‘w»¶mZo XmoZ ^mJm§V {d^mJbobr hmoVr. Ë¶mV, H|$Ðr¶
Ý¶m¶XmZ ì¶dñWm d àm§[VH$ Ý¶m¶XmZ ì¶dñWm ¶m§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVm.
H|$Ðr¶ Ý¶m¶ì¶dñWm amOm qH$dm N>ÌnVr :
H|$Ðr¶ Ý¶m¶XmZ ì¶dñWo‘Ü¶o gmVmaMo N>ÌnVr hm Ý¶m¶XmZ à{H«$¶oVrb gdm}ÀM
A{YH$ma hmoVm. Ë¶mÀ¶m ‘XVrbm Y‘©g^m, n§{S>Vamd d H$mPr ¶m§Mm g‘mdoe Ago.
noedo :
N>ÌnVr emhÿamOm§À¶m {ZYZmZ§Va ‘amR>mamÁ¶mMm H$ma^ma noeì¶m§H$S>o Joë¶m‘wio
Ý¶m¶XmZ à{H$¶oV noedo ho gdmo©ÀM R>abo. "N>ÌnVr'Zm Xþæ¶‘ ñWmZ àmßV Pmbo. n{hë¶m
VrZ noeì¶m§Zr ‘Orbg d JmoVg^m ¶m§À¶m ‘XVrZo Ý¶m¶XmZmMo H$m‘ Ho$bo. emhÿ‘hmamOm§À¶m
‘¥Ë¶yZ§Va noeì¶m§Zr Amnë¶m A{YH$mamV ‘Orbg EodOr n§Mm¶V nÕVr AmUbr. Ý¶m¶XmZ
à{H$¶oV noeì¶m§g {XdmU qH$dm ’$S>Urg ‘XV H$arV Ago. VmoM gd© àH$aUm§Mm {ZH$mb
bmdrV Ago. noedo H$mimV Ý¶m¶XmZmgmR>r ‘w»¶ Ý¶m¶mYremMr Zo‘UyH$ H$aVr AgV.
Ý¶m¶XmZmÀ¶m H$m‘~m~V ¶mkdëŠ¶ñ‘¥VrV Agm CëboI ¶oVmo H$s, "amOmZo ñdV: Ý¶m¶
Úmdm. nU amÁ¶H$ma^mamnwT>o Ý¶m¶ XoÊ¶mg amOmbm ’w$agV Zgob Va Ë¶mZo Y‘©emñÌ
OmUUmam Ý¶m¶mYre Zo‘mdm. Ë¶mÀ¶m ‘XVrbm gä¶ åhUOo n§M AgmdoV. Vo Y‘©k, doXk d
gË¶dmXr Zo‘Ê¶mV ¶mdo. Aem n§Mm§À¶m gmhmæ¶mZo Ý¶m¶mYremZo Ý¶m¶ Úmdm. amOmZo Ë¶mg
AZwgê$Z AnamÜ¶mbm emgZ H$amdo. am‘emñÌr à^wUo ho noedmB©Vrb à{gÕ Ý¶m¶mYre
hmoVo.' ~mimOr ~mOramd D$’©$ ZmZmgmho~ noedo ¶m§Zr B.g. 1751 ‘Ü¶o am‘emñÌr à^wUo
¶m§Mr emñÌr ‘§S>irV Zo‘UyH$ Ho$br hmoVr. Ë¶m gmbr am‘emñÌr à^wUo ¶m§Zm amoO‘wam
XrS>‘mhr 40 Mmirg én¶o à‘mUo {‘iy bmJbm. Wmoabo ‘mYdamd noedo ¶m§Zr am‘emñÌr
à^wUo ¶m§g Ý¶m¶mYremMo H$m‘ gm§{JVbo d nmbIr {Xbr. Ë¶mg nmbIrMr Zo‘UyH$
gmbmMr 1000 EH$hOma én¶o A{YH$ {‘iy bmJbr. B.g.1780 ‘Ü¶o ZmZm ’$S>Urgm§Zr
Ë¶m§Zm XmoZ hOma én¶o OmVrg VZIm d EH$ hOma én¶o nmbIrg IM©, EH$hOma én¶o
lmdU‘mg X{jUm d Xgè¶mMm nmofmI XoÊ¶mg gwédmV Ho$br. gZ 1789 ‘Ü¶o am‘emñÌr Self-Instructional
Material 213
noedoH$mbrZ àemg- à^wUo ¶m§Mm ‘¥Ë¶y Pmbm. Ë¶mZ§Va Aæ¶memñÌr ¶m§À¶mH$S>o Ý¶m¶mYremMo H$m‘ XoÊ¶mV
Zì¶dñWm Ambo. noeì¶m§Mo Ý¶m¶mYre Aæ¶memñÌr ¶m§Mr Zo‘UyH$ Pmbr Ë¶mdoir Ý¶m¶ImË¶mMo H$m‘
AdmT>ì¶ hmoVo. ‘w»¶ Ý¶m¶mYrem§H$Sy>Z Vo CaH$Uo eŠ¶ ZìhVo. Ë¶m‘wio nwUo ehamVrb
NOTES Mm§Jë¶m XmZVrMo d {Z:ñn¥h bmoH$ {ZdSy>Z H$mTy>Z ZmZm Ý¶m¶mMr H$m‘o Ë¶m§À¶mH$S>o XoV
AgV. Ë¶m‘wio ‘w»¶ Ý¶m¶mYrem{edm¶ H$mhr gaXmam§Zm d à{V{ð>Vm§Zmhr Ý¶m¶XmZmMo
A{YH$ma noeì¶m§Zr {Xbo hmoVo. Ý¶m¶mYremÀ¶m H$MoarV am‘emñÌr à^wUo ¶m§À¶m H$ma{H$Xr©V
Ë¶m§À¶m hmVmImbr A‘rZ d XßVXma ho A{YH$mar hmoVo. Ý¶m¶à{H$¶oVrb H$m¶m©b¶rZ
O~m~Xmar A‘rZ d XßVaXma ¶m§À¶mH$S>o Ago. nwamì¶m§Mr Mm¡H$er H$aÊ¶mMo H$m‘hr hoM
H$arV AgV.
n§MmB©V :
noedmB©‘Ü¶o Ý¶m¶XmZ H$aUmar ‘hÎdmMr g§ñWm åhUOo "n§MmB©V' hr hmo¶. JmdmJmdm§V
XodKodrg§~§Yr H$moUr nmQ>bmH$S>o {’$¶m©X Zoë¶mg Vmo àW‘ dmXr-à{VdmXrMr g‘OyV ñZohr
¶m ZmË¶mZo H$ê$Z nmhr. Ë¶m§Mo Z O‘ë¶mg Vmo n§MmB©V âdyZ {VÀ¶m‘m’©$V V§Q>çmMm
{ZH$mb bmdrV Ago. n§MmMr g§»¶m nmMmhÿZ H$‘r Zgo. H$YrH$Yr hr g§»¶m nÝZmgmn¶ªV
OmV Ago. nmQ>rb d ‘m‘boXma dJ¡a|{edm¶ V§Q>o gmoS>{dÊ¶mgmR>r gaH$mamVyZ Ý¶m¶mYre
Zo‘obo OmV AgV. ‘w»¶ Ý¶m¶mYre nwÊ¶mV amhmV AgV. IQ>ë¶mMr VnmgUr H$aÊ¶mgmR>r
nwîH$i doim n§MmIoarO Ý¶m¶mYre d Ë¶m§À¶m hmVmImbMo Xþgao emñÌr gaH$maV’©o$ ~gV
AgV. Ý¶m¶XmZ à{H$¶oV n§Mm¶VrV nmQ>bmMr ^y{‘H$m ‘hÎdmMr hmoVr. nmQ>bmH$S>o Ý¶m¶
{‘iV Zmhr Ago dmQ>ë¶mg ‘m‘boXma, gwôXma, Ý¶m¶mYre d eodQ>r noedo ¶m§À¶mH$S>o
Ý¶m¶mgmR>r XmX ‘mJVm ¶oV Ago.
~«÷g^m :
~«÷g^m åhUOo {dÛmZ ~«m÷Um§Mr g^m qH$dm Y‘©g^m hmo¶. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o Y‘m©{YH$mar
hm à‘wI Ago. Ë¶mbm Ý¶m¶XmZmÀ¶m H$m‘mV ‘XV H$aÊ¶gmR>r ‘r‘m§gH$, nwam{UH$,
emñÌr, n§{S>V d Y‘©emñÌmV {ZnyU Abobo {dÛmZ BË¶mXtMm g‘mdoe Ago. ~«÷gôV
Y‘m©{YH$mè¶mgh H$‘rVH$‘r nmM gXñ¶m§Mm g‘mdoe Ago. Aem àH$maMr Ý¶m¶g^m
Zm{eH$, n¡R>U, dmB©, H$mer BË¶mXr§gma»¶m {VW©joÌr AgV. ¶m gôV Y‘©emñÌmer
g§~§[YV H$mhr àíZ CnpñWV Pmë¶mg ¶m gôV H$ÁOo XmIb Ho$bo OmV Ago. qH$dm
~«÷g^m ~mobmdbr OmV Ago. ¶m gôV emñÌmW© {H§$dm Y‘©J«§Wm§À¶m AmYmao Ý¶m¶XmZ Ho$bo
OmV Ago. JwÝhoJmam§Zm àm¶píMÎm, n[aH«$‘m, ewÕrH$aU BË¶mXtgma»¶m {ejm gwZmdë¶m
OmV AgV.
Om{Vg^m :
Om{Vg^m qH$dm Om{Vn§MmB©V hr àË¶oH$ OmVrMm ñdV§Ì Ago. OmVrg§~§YrMo V§Q>o
Ë¶m Ë¶m OmVtÀ¶m à‘wImH$S>o OmV AgV. Ë¶m à‘wIm§Zm ‘ohoVa Ago åhUV, gm‘m{OH$
{Z¶‘m§Mo Cëb§KZ, ê$T>r-na§nam§Mo Cëb§KZ, H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ dmaemMo àíZ, {ddmh{df¶H$ àíZ
BË¶mXt~m~V Om{VgôV Ý¶m¶XmZ Ho$bo OmV Ago. g‘mO~{hîH¥$Vr, Om{V^moOZ, X§S> Aem
ñdê$nmV {ejm gwZmdë¶m OmV AgV.
Self-Instructional
Material 214
JmoVg^m : noedoH$mbrZ àemg-
Zì¶dñWm
‘amR>oH$mbrZ Ý¶m¶ì¶dñWoV JmoVgôbm ‘hÎdmMo ñWmZ hmoVo. emhÿamOm§n¶ªV JmoVg^m
ApñVËdmV hmoË¶m. B.g. 1750 Z§Va JmoVgôMo ‘hÎd H$‘r hmoD$Z Ë¶mMr OmJm n§MmB©VrZo NOTES
KoVbr. JmoVg^m d n§Mm¶Vr ¶m§Zm Ý¶m¶XmZ à{H«$¶oV ‘hÎd hmoVo. n§Mm§Zm ’$m¡OXmar d
{XdmUr Aer XmoÝhr àH$maMo IQ>bo Mmb{dÊ¶mMm A{YH$ma Ago. n§Mm¶VrÀ¶m {ZH$mbmg
gaH$maMr ‘§Owar ¿¶mdr bmJo. Aer ‘§Owar XoVmZm gaH$ma njH$mam§H$Sy>Z ZOa åhUyZ ~arM
‘moR>r a³H$‘ KoV AgV. Ý¶m¶XmZmMm IM© ^mJ{dÊ¶mgmR>r eoaUr qH$dm haH$s d JwÝhoJmar,
X§S> ¶m ñdê$nmV a³H$‘ dgyb Ho$br OmV Ago.
gmjr nwamdo :
Ý¶m¶XmZ H$aVmZm dmXr Am{U à{VdmXr Amnbr ~mOy ‘m§S>rV AgV. Ë¶mgmR>r
{Za{Zamiçm àH$maMo nwamdo XmIb Ho$bo OmV AgV. Ë¶mV ‘mZdr gmjrXmam§À¶m O~mÝ¶m,
H$mJXnÌm§Mo nwamdo, gmXa Ho$bo OmV AgV.
{Xì¶ :
Ý¶m¶XmZ H$aVmZm Á¶m {R>H$mUr ‘mZdr gmj, H$mJXmonÌr nwamdm AnyU© Agob
{H§$dm Ë¶m§Mm A^md, Agob Aem doir dmXr- à{VdmXr ¶m§Zm {Xì¶ H$amdo bmJV
Ago. noedoH$mbrZ Ý¶m¶XmZ à{H$¶oV adm{Xì¶, Ap½Z{Xì¶, EoaUr {Xì¶, dmVrMr {H«$¶m,
enW{H«$¶m, ZXr {Xì¶, ~bo^§S>mam, ~obamoQ>r BË¶mXr {Za{Zamiçm àH$maMr {Xì¶o Ho$ë¶mMo
CëboI H$mJXnÌm§VyZ ¶oVmV. ho {Xì¶ àm‘w»¶mZo J«m‘XodVm, ZXrH$mR>Mr Y‘©joÌo ¶m {R>H$mUr
H$arV AgV.
JwÝhoJmam§Zm {ejm :
{Za{Zamiçm JwÝhçm§gmR>r doJdoJiçm {ejm XoÊ¶mMo H$m‘ ñdV: noeì¶mÀ¶m hmVImbr
gwôXma d gaXma H$arV AgV. Ë¶mbm amOmMr ‘mÝ¶Vm bmJV Ago. {ejoMo àm‘w»¶mZo
VrZ àH$ma hmoVo.
1. {XdmU X§S> (amOX§S>): hr {ejm XoÊ¶mMo H$m‘ ñdV: noedo H$arV.
2. XodX§S> : XodX§S> ¶mbmM àm¶píMÎm Ago åhUV. JwÝhçmMo ñdê$n nmhÿZ Y‘©emñÌ,
ê${T>na§nam, g‘mO{Z¶‘, ¶mZwgma ¶mo½¶ Vr {ejm {Xbr OmV Ago.
3. Om{VX§S> : g‘mO{Z¶m‘m§Mo Cëb§KZ Ho$ë¶mg Om{Vg^m Or {ejm XoV Ago {Vbm
Om{VX§S> Ago åhQ>bo OmB©. {ejo‘Ü¶o ânmB©, JwÝhoJmar, àm¶píMÎm, Om{V~{hîH¥$Vr,
‘mb‘ÎmoMr OßVr BË¶mXtMm g‘mdoe Ago. JwÝhoJmam§Zm ~§XrImZm, AmX~ImZm
¶mV R>odrV AgV. ~è¶mMXm Vwé§J åhUyZ {H$ëë¶m§Mm Cn¶moJ H$arV AgV. Ë¶mV
JwÝhoJmam§À¶m Amhma-{dhmamMo JwÝhoJmamZwgma {Z¶‘ R>a{dbobo AgV.
nmobrg d Vwé§J ì¶dñWmnZ :
noedoH$mimV g§nyU© amÁ¶mV ñdV§Ì nmobrgImVo AmT>iV Zmhr. amOYmZr d H$mhr
eham§‘Ü¶o H$moVdmbr ImVo Ago. JmdnmVirda nmQ>rb hm em§VVm, gwì¶dñWm d g§ajUmMo Self-Instructional
Material 215
noedoH$mbrZ àemg- H$m‘ H$arV Ago. Ë¶mÀ¶m ‘XVrbm JmdmVrb BVa dVZXma AgV. ‘mboXma, gagwôXma,
Zì¶dñWm naJÊ¶mMo A{YH$mar ¶m§À¶mH$S>o {XdmUr H$m‘m~amo~aM ZmJ[aH$m§À¶m g§ajUmMo d ‘mb‘Îmm
ajUmMo H$m‘ gmon{dÊ¶mV Ambo hmoVo. Mmoar, bwQ>‘ma qH$dm Aem§VVm {Z‘m©U Pmë¶mg
NOTES gaH$ma qe~Xr, {eboXma, gZXrß¶mXo ¶m§À¶m Zo‘UwH$m H$arV.
H$moVdmbr ImVo :
noedoH$mbrZ nmobrg àemgZmV amOYmZr d BVa ‘hÎdmÀ¶m ehamÀ¶m gwajogmR>r
em§VVm d g§ajUmgmR>r H$moVdmbr ImË¶mMr {Z{‘©Vr Ho$br hmoVr. nwÊ¶mMr H$moVdmbr hm
noedmB©‘Ü¶o A{YH$mamMm d ‘hÎdmMm hþÔm hmoVm. Wmoabo ‘mYdamd noedo ¶m§Zr B.g.
1764 ‘Ü¶o nmobrgImVo ñWmnZ H$ê$Z Ë¶mda H$moVdmbmMr Zo‘UyH$ Ho$br. n{hë¶m
H$moVdmbmMo Zmd ~mimOr Zmam¶U Ho$VH$a. H$mJXnÌm§‘YyZ nwUo ehamVrb {Za{Zamiçm
H$mimVrb H$moVdmbm§À¶m Zmdm§Mo CëboI ¶oVmV. Ë¶mV hgZ ImZ, ~mimOr Zmam¶U
Ho$VH$a, {Ja‘mOr H$moVdmb, ~m~wamd am‘, OZmX©Z h[a, Ho$edamd ~ëbmi Ho$VH$a,
Kmeram‘ gmdimXmg, ~mimoOr dmgwXod Omoer, am‘M§Ð ~ëbmi, am‘M§Ð ‘hmXod Xm‘bo,
AmßnmOram‘ ~id§Vamd, {dR>moOr Jm¶H$dmS>, Ym|S>mo ~m~mOr, AmZ§Xamd H$mer BË¶mXtMm
g‘mdoe hmoVm. AmZ§Xamd H$mer ¶m§Mr H$maH$sX© B.g. 1775 nmgyZ 1778 n¶ªV Pmbr.
Ë¶mZ§Va nwT>o Kmeram‘ H$moVdmb ¶mMr H$maH$sX© gwê$ Pmbr. Kmeram‘ H$moVdmb ¶mMm
nJma {XQ>çmgwÕm gmbmMm 621 ghmeo EH$drg én¶o hmoVm. Ë¶mÀ¶m hmVmImbr ‘wOy‘Xma,
’$S>Urg d XßVaXma Ago VrZ A{YH$mar AgV. Ë¶m gdmªMm {‘iyZ gm{bZm 640 ghmeo
Mmirg én¶o nJma hmoVm. Kmeram‘mÀ¶m A‘bmImbr gd© nwUo ehamH$[aVm 1113 nmobrg
{enmB© hmoVo. Xþgè¶m ~mOramdm§À¶m H$ma{H$Xr©V H$moVdmbr ‘H$Ë¶mZo XoÊ¶mg gwédmV Pmbr.
nwÊ¶mÀ¶m H$moVdmbrMm A§‘b nwUo ehamÀ¶m a¶VonwaVmM Ago. lr‘§Vm§Mo dmS>o, nmJm, ¶mH$S>o
H$moVdmbmMm g§~§Y Zgo. nwUo ehamV ‘w»¶ MmdS>çm nmM hmoË¶m. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o, gmo‘dma, doVmi,
Am{XVdma, Zmam¶U noR> ¶m§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVm. ¶m nmM MmdS>çm§da nhmè¶mH$[aVm àË¶oH$s
XmoZà‘mUo Xhm Bg‘ AgV. nwUo ehamVrb H$moVdmbm§H$S>o ’$m¡OXmar d {XdmUr Ago ~hþVoH$
A{YH$ma AgV. H$moVdmbm§H$S>o Or H$m‘o gmon{dbobr AgV Ë¶mV, ehamMr ImZogw‘mar
H$aUo d {heo~ R>odUo, {Za{Zamiçm nmVirdarb V§Q>o gmoS>{dUo, OwJma IoiUmè¶m§H$Sy>Z
X§S> dgyb H$aUo. A{VH«$‘Uo, amÌr ehamMm ~§Xmo~ñV R>odUo BË¶mXr H$m‘m§Mm g‘mdoe
Ago. ehamV amÌr JñV KmbÊ¶mgmR>r nWHo$ {’$aV AgV. amÌr AH$amZ§Va àOog ehamV
{’$aÊ¶mg ‘ZmB© Ago. nhmQ>o Mma dmOë¶mnmgyZ ehamV {’$aÊ¶mg nadmZJr hmoVr. Ë¶mgmR>r
Vmo’$m§Mo ~ma H$mT>bo OmV AgV. Ë¶mÀ¶mg‘moa Mmoar, ~X’o$br, OmaH$a‘, ‘ÚnmZ, dJ¡ao
‘w»¶ JwÝho ¶oV AgV. ¶m gd© IQ>ë¶m§Mm {ZH$mb H$moVdmbm‘m’©$V hmoV Ago. VËH$mbrZ
H$mJXnÌm§VyZ nwUo ehamVrb AZoH$ H$moVdmbm§À¶m H$m‘mMo CëboI ¶oVmV. Ë¶mV, Ë¶m§À¶m
H$m‘mMo ñdê$n, Ë¶m§Zm ‘XV H$aUmao H$‘©Mmar, H$moVdmbmMo A{YH$ma d H$V©ì¶o, Ë¶m§Mo
doVZ d Ë¶m§Zm {‘iUmam ‘mo~Xbm BË¶mXr§~m~VMr ‘m{hVr {‘iVo.
nwUo eha ho amOYmZrMo eha Agë¶m‘wio ¶m ehamÀ¶m H$moVdmbmg {deof ‘hÎd
àmßV Pmbobo hmoVo. nwÊ¶mVrb H$moVdmb hm àË¶j noeì¶m§Zm O~m~Xma Ago. Ë¶mÀ¶m
‘XVrgmR>r {eboXmam§Mr nWHo$ AgV. ‘XVrgmR>r {Za{Zamio A{YH$mar d godH$ AgV.
Ë¶mV, ’$S>Urg, XßVaXma, H$maHy$Z, ß¶mXo ¶m§Mm g‘mdoe Ago.
Self-Instructional
Material 216
H$moVdmbmg dm{f©H$ 300 VrZeo én¶o, ’$S>[Ugmg 200 XmoZeo én¶o, XßVaXmamg noedoH$mbrZ àemg-
150 {XS>eo én¶o , H$maHw$Zmg 125 EH$eon§Mdrg én¶o, ß¶mXo Xa‘hm 5 én¶o {‘iV Zì¶dñWm
AgV. H$moVdmbmg 300 én¶o dm{f©H$ doVZm~amo~aM V§Q>o gmoS>{dÊ¶mÀ¶m ‘mo~Xë¶mV
haH$s d JwÝhoJmar, nmQ>Xm‘mMm gìdm én¶m d eobm dOZ-‘mnm§da {e³Ho$$ ‘maÊ¶mÀ¶m NOTES
‘mo~Xë¶mV n¡go {‘iV AgV. H$moVdmbmg Á¶m {Za{Zamiçm ‘mJmªZr CËnÝZ {‘iV Ago,
Ë¶mV, haH$s d X§S>, JwÝhoJmar, nmQ>Xm‘, H$O©Mm¡WmB©, ~Q>N>nmB©, ZOa, OwJmar~Ôb X§S>
¶m ‘w»¶ ~m~r AgV. H$moVdmbrMm {heo~ ‘{hÝ¶mbm gaH$mabm gmXa H$amdm bmJV
Ago. nwÊ¶mà‘mUo BVa bhmZ‘moR>çm ehar H$moVdmb AgV. amOo {dÇ>b {edXod ¶m§g
Ah‘Xm~mXoMr H$moVdmbr gm§{JVbr hmoVr. OwÝZa ¶oWrb H$moVdmbr am‘M§Ð {edmOr ¶mg
gm§JyZ V¡ZmV gm{bZm VrZeo én¶o H$ama Ho$br. éñVw‘ImZ qÌ~H$H$a ¶mÀ¶mH$S>o H$g~o
qÌ~H$ ¶oWrb H$moVdmbr hmoVr.
bhmZ‘moR>r ehao gmoS>ë¶mg BVa ‘wbImÀ¶m ~§Xmo~ñVmgmR>r ‘m‘boXma, H$‘m{dgXma
¶m§À¶m hmVmImbr {e~§Xr Ago. ~§Xmo~ñVmÀ¶m Ñï>rZo {H$ëë¶mMm Cn¶moJ ‘moR>m hmoVm.
{H$ëë¶mdarb {e~§Xr ^modVmbÀ¶m Q>mnyMo g§ajU H$ar. ¶mÌm àg§Jr amÁ¶mV Aem§VVm,
X§Jo, Y‘Yy‘ Aem àg§Jr qe~Xr nmR>dyZ em§VVm àñWm{nV Ho$br OmV Ago. ¶m~m~VMo
AZoH$ CëboI ¶oVmV. ¶mÌmàg§Jr {H$ëë¶mdarb {e~§Xr Ë¶m Ë¶m Jmdr nmR>{dÊ¶mV ¶oB©.
gmVmam àm§Vr nmb ¶m Jmdr nm¢f ‘mgr I§S>mo~mMr OÌm ‘moR>r âVo. "{VOH$[aVm gmVmè¶mÀ¶m
{H$ëë¶mdê$Z 40, d§XZ {H$ëë¶mn¡H$s 40 d M§XZ {H$ëë¶mn¡H$s 50, aIdmbXma d
Ë¶mIoarO 25 amD$V nmR>{dÊ¶mV Ambo.' "‘m¡OogwHo$Uo naJUm Mm§XdS> ¶oWo ZagmoOr OmYd
¶mZo Y‘Yy‘ ‘m§S>br hmoVr. Ë¶mMm ~§Xmo~ñV nmQ>br- Hw$bH$Ur© ¶mg 25 ß¶mXo XoD$Z
Ë¶m§OH$Sy>Z H$a{dbm.' "ImZXoemV MmirgJmd, e|XþUu ¶m ~mOyg {^ëbm§Mm CnÐd Pmbm
hmoVm. Ë¶m§À¶m ~§Xmo~ñVmgmR>r JmdmoJmd {^ëb -nÅ>r ~gdyZ Vmo dgyb H$ê$Z Xoe‘wI d
Xoenm§S>o ¶m§Zr ì¶dñWm R>odmdr Ago R>abo. ImZXoemn¡H$sM naJUo amdoa, Aeoa, gmdXo,
MmonS>o BË¶mXr {R>H$mUMo O‘rZXma H$moir d {^ëb {‘bm’$s hmoD$Z d JmdJÝZm ‘mb
OmiyZ gaH$mamMr ZwH$gmZr H$arV hmoVo. Var Ë¶m gdmªMr dVZo OßV H$ê$Z dVZmMr
H$‘m{dgr ‘mYdamd {dídZ ¶mg gm§JÊ¶mV Ambr. '
11.3 gmam§e
àñVwV àH$aUm‘Ü¶o noedoH$mbrZ àemgZ ì¶dñWoMm ‘mJmodm KoVbm Amho. {edH$mbrZ
àemgZì¶dñWm Am{U noedoH$mbrZ àemgZì¶dñWm ¶m§Vrb ôX ñnï> Ho$bobo AmhoV.
‘wbH$s àemgZ, ‘hgyb àemgZ, Ý¶m¶ àemgZ, bîH$ar àegZ ¶m§Mm ‘mJmodm KoD$Z
noedoH$mimVrb ~Xbm§da àH$me Q>mH$bm Amho. àemgZmVrb {d{dY A{YH$mar, Ë¶m§Mr
H$m‘o, Ë¶m§Zm {‘iUmao doVZ d gw{dYm ¶mda àH$me Q>mH$bm Amho.

Om{VX§S> : g‘mO{Z¶m‘m§Mo Cëb§KZ Ho$ë¶mg Om{Vg^m Or {ejm XoV Ago {Vbm Self-Instructional
Material 217
noedoH$mbrZ àemg- Om{VX§S> Ago åhQ>bo OmB©. {ejo‘Ü¶o ânmB©, JwÝhoJmar, àm¶píMÎm, Om{V~{hîH¥$Vr,
Zì¶dñWm ‘mb‘ÎmoMr OßVr BË¶mXtMm g‘mdoe Ago.
NOTES Om{Vg^m : Om{Vg^m qH$dm Om{Vn§MmB©V hr àË¶oH$ OmVrMm ñdV§Ì Ago.
OmVrg§~§YrMo V§Q>o Ë¶m Ë¶m OmVtÀ¶m à‘wImH$S>o (‘ohoVa) gm‘m{OH$ {Z¶‘m§Mo
Cëb§KZ, ê$T>rna§nam§Mo Cëb§KZ, H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ dmaemMo àíZ, {ddmh{df¶H$ àíZ
BË¶mXt~m~V Om{VgôV Ý¶m¶XmZ Ho$bo OmV Ago. g‘mO~{hîH¥$Vr, Om{V^moOZ,
qH$dm X§S> Aem ñdê$nmV {ejm gwZmdë¶m OmV AgV.
n§MmB©V : noedmB©‘Ü¶o Ý¶m¶XmZ H$aUmar ‘hÎdmMr g§ñWm åhUOo n§MmB©V hr hmo¶.
JmdmoJmdm§V XodKodrg§~§Yr H$moUr nmQ>bmH$S>o {’$¶m©X Zoë¶mg Vmo n§MmB©V âdyZ
{VÀ¶m ‘m’©$V V§Q>çmMm {ZH$mb bmdrV Ago. n§MmMr g§»¶m nmMnojm H$‘r Zgo.
H$YrH$Yr hr g§»¶m nÝZmgn¶ªV OmV Ago.
{Xì¶ : Ý¶m¶XmZ H$aVmZm Á¶m {R>H$mUr ‘mZdr gmj, H$mJXmonÌr nwamdm AnyU©
Agob {H§$dm Ë¶m§Mm A^md, Agob Aem doir dmXr- à{VdmXr ¶m§Zm {Xì¶ H$amdo
bmJV Ago. noedoH$mbrZ Ý¶m¶XmZ à{H«$¶oV adm{Xì¶, Ap½Z{Xì¶, EoaUr {Xì¶,
dmVrMr {H«$¶m, enW{H«$¶m, ZXr{Xì¶, ~bo^§S>mam, ~obamoQ>r BË¶mXr {Za{Zamiçm
àH$maMr {Xì¶o Ho$ë¶mMo CëboI H$mJXnÌm§VyZ ¶oVmV. ho {Xì¶ àm‘w»¶mZo J«m‘XodVm,
ZXrH$mR>Mr Y‘©joÌo ¶m {R>H$mUr H$arV AgV.
amO~m~Vr : ‘amR>çm§À¶m amOmbm ‘wKbm§À¶m X{jUoH$S>rb ghm gwä¶m§VyZ Mm¡WB©
dgyb H$aÊ¶mMm h³H$ hmoVm. Mm¡WB©À¶m ‘hgwbr CËnÝZmn¡H$s EH$ MVwWmªe ^mJ
amOmbm Ë¶mÀ¶m d¡¶p³VH$ IMm©gmR>r {‘iV Ago. ¶m aH$‘obmM amO~m~Vr Ago
åhUV. Va Caboë¶m VrZ MVwWmªe aH$‘obm ‘moH$mgm Ago åhUV.
XaIXma : Xoe‘wI -Xoenm§S>o ¶m nma§n[aH$ dVZ Xmam§À¶m H$m‘da XoIaoI H$aUmam
gaH$mar A{YH$mè¶mg XaIXma hr g§km {Xbobr AmT>iVo. àm§[VH$ àemgZmVrb
XaIXma åhUOo {XdmU, ’$S>Urg, nmoVUrg, nmoVXma ho AgV. Ë¶m§Mr Zo‘UyH$
gaH$maV’o©$ Ho$br OmV Agë¶mZo Vmo noeì¶m§Zm O~m~Xma ‘m‘boXma, gwôXma,
gagwôXma Aer dmT>Ë¶m loUrMo gaH$mar ZmoH$a qH$dm à{V{ZYr AgV. Ë¶m§Mm
gdmªMm CëboI Epë’$ÝñQ>Z ¶mZo XaIXma ¶m g§koZo Ho$bm
H$mir d nm§T>ar : noedoH$mimV Jmd hm àemgZ ì¶dñWoMm gdmªV ‘hÎdmMm KQ>H$
hmoVm. JmdmMo H$mir d nm§T>ar Ago XmoZ ‘w»¶ {d^mJ AgV. Ë¶m§n¡H$s nm§T>ar‘Ü¶o
dñVr Va H$mir hm {d^mJ eoVr¶mo½¶ O{‘ZrMm hmoVm.
n|T>mar : noedoH$mbrZ ‘amR>m g¡Ý¶mMm EH$ AZm{YH¥$V nmoQ>^mJ. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o àm‘w»¶mZo
‘wpñb‘m§MmM âUm Ago. Vo ~hþVH$ê$Z nR>mU AgV. n|T>mè¶m§Zm bîH$am~amo~a
amhÊ¶mMr nadmZJr gaH$maH$Sy>Z ¿¶mdr bmJo. Ë¶m§Zm Xa nmbm‘mJo 5 én¶o
gaH$mamV âmdo bmJV. ¶m H$amamda Ë¶m§g nadmZJrMr T>mb XoÊ¶mV ¶oB©.
nmJm : AZoH$ KmoS>o EH$Ì Ho$bo åhUOo Ë¶mMr nmJm ~Zo. nmJodaÀ¶m A§‘bXmamg
nm½¶m Ago åhUV. EH$m nmJoV Xhm KmoS>çm§nmgyZ nmMeo -gmVeo KmoS>o R>odÊ¶mV
¶oV. nmJoVrb KmoS>çm§À¶m g§IoZwgma nm½¶mMm XOm© R>a{dbm OmV Ago.
’$S> : noeì¶m§À¶m g{MdmÀ¶m H$m¶m©b¶mbm g{Mdmb¶, hþOwaXßVa qH$dm ’$S>
Ago åhUV. Ë¶mda ’$S>Urg hm A{YH$mar Ago. ¶m H$m¶m©b¶mV IoS>oJmdmVrb
Self-Instructional ‘hgwbr H$mJXnÌo, A{YH$mè¶m§Mr H$mJXnÌo R>odbr OmV AgV.
Material 218
hþOwamV : noeì¶m§Mr Img ’$m¡O åhUOo "hþOwamV'. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o gm‘mÝ¶V: Xhm noedoH$mbrZ àemg-
hOmam§n¶ªV ’$m¡O Ago. Ë¶mMr 52 nWHo$ AgyZ Ë¶m àË¶oH$ nWH$mda doJdoJio Zì¶dñWm
gaXma AgV. nmJoH$S>o ’$S>Urg, nmoVZrg, XaH$Xma d nWH$mg ~jr AgV.
NOTES

1. noedoH$mbrZ àemgZmVrb noeì¶m§Mr ^y{‘H$m ñnï> H$am.
2. ñWm{ZH$ àemgZm{df¶r ‘m{hVr {bhm.
3. noeì¶m§À¶m Ý¶m¶ ì¶dñWoVrb n§MmB©VrMo ‘hÎd gm§Jm.
4. noedoH$mbrZ O‘rZ‘hgyb AmH$maUrMo ñdê$n ñnï> H$am.
5. H$moVdmbr ì¶dñW{df¶r ‘m{hVr {bhm.
6. noedoH$mbrZ nmJm Q>rn {bhm.
1. noedoH$mbrZ àemgZ ì¶dñWo{df¶r g{dñVa ‘m{hVr {bhm.
2. ‘amR>m ‘§S>imÀ¶m ì¶dñWmnZmMm g{dñVa AmT>mdm ¿¶m.
3. noedoH$mbrZ bîH$amVrb {d{dY {d^mJm§Mr ‘m{hVr {bhm.

1. AZ«o {Ì. Zm., JmdJmS>m,
2. Hw$bH$Ur© A.am., {edH$mbrZ ‘hmamï´>
3. Hw$bH$Ur© A.am., Iao J.h. (g§nm.) ‘amR>çm§Mm B{Vhmg, I§S> 1 Vo 3, H$m°pÝQ>ZoÝQ>b
àH$meZ nwUo, 1984
4. Hw$bH$Ur© S>m°. ‘YwH$a, ZmZm ’$S>Urg Am{U ‘amR>r amÁ¶ àemgZ, àH$meH$ gm¡.
‘Ywam Hw$bH$Ur©, nwUo, àW‘ Amd¥Îmr, 22 Am°ŠQ>mo~a, 2004
5. JwUo ìhr.Q>r., Á¶w{S>{e¶b {gpñQ>‘ Am°’$ Xr ‘amR>mO²,
6. ^mdo dm. H¥$., ‘hmamï´>mMm gm‘m{OH$ B{Vhmg : noedoH$mbrZ ‘hmamï´²>, daXm
àH$meZ nwUo, {Vgar Amd¥Îmr, gßQ>|~a 2010
7. gmgdS>H$a à.b., ‘amR>r gÎmoMm {dH$mg Am{U èhmg
Self-Instructional
Material 219
noedoH$mbrZ
g‘mOOrdZ
noedoH$mbrZ
àH$aU 12 : noedoH$mbrZ g‘mOOrdZ g‘mOOrdZ
NOTES
aMZm
12.0 àñVmdZm
12.1 C{Ôï>o
12.2 {df¶ {ddoMZ
12.2.1 noeH$mbrZ g‘mOOrdZ
12.2.2 gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZ
12.2.3 Am{W©H$ OrdZ
12.3 gmam§e
12.0 àñVmdZm
noedoH$mbrZ g‘mOOrdZmMm ‘mJmodm KoVmZm VËH$mbrZ g‘mOì¶dñWoVrb JmdJmS>çmMo
ñWmZ, g‘mOmVrb X{bVm§Mr pñWVr, ñÌr-OrdZmVrb {d{dY g‘ñ¶m ¶m§~m~V ‘m{hVr
¿¶mdm¶mMr Amho. VËH$mbrZ gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZmVrb {d{dY gU-CËgd, ¶mÌm-OÌm,
Ym{‘©H$ gU-g‘ma§^ ¶mda nH$me Q>mH$bm Amho. VËH$mbrZ Am{W©H$ OrdZmVrb
{Za{Zamiçm KQ>H$m§Mm ‘mJmodm KoVbm Amho.
12.1 C{Ôï>o
gVamì¶m d AR>amì¶m eVH$m§Vrb g‘mOOrdZmMm ‘mJmodm KoUo. noedo H$mbrZ
g‘mOOrdZmVrb ~Xbm§Mm ‘mJmodm KoUo. VËH$mbrZ ñÌr OrdZmdarb n[aUm‘ OmUyZ KoUo.
JmdJmS>çmVrb {Za{Zamiçm KQ>H$m§À¶m Am{W©H$ OrdZmMm ‘mJmodm KoUo. noedoH$mbrZ
Am{W©H$ OrdZmMm ‘mJmodm KoUo. noedoH$mimVrb Am{W©H$ OrdZmVrb {d{dY ~m~tMm
Aä¶mg H$aUo.
12.2 {df¶ {ddoMZ :

àñVwV àH$aUm‘Ü¶o ‘amR>oH$mbrZ g‘mOOrdZmMm ‘mJmodm ¿¶mdm¶mMm Amho. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o
àm‘w»¶mZo {edH$mbrZ g‘mOOrdZ Am{U noedoH$mbrZ g‘mOrdZ OmUyZ KoÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ Self-Instructional
Ho$bm Amho. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o VËH$mbrZ g‘mOmMo ñVarH$aU d Ë¶mMr d¡{eï>ço, X{bVm§Mo OrdZ, Material 221
noedoH$mbrZ pñÌ¶m§Mo g‘mOmVrb ñWmZ ¶m ‘hÎdmÀ¶m ‘wÚm§À¶m AYmao {ddoMZ Ho$bo hmo. VgoM
g‘mOOrdZ VËH$mbrZ Am{W©H$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZmÀ¶m {d{dY n¡by§Mm ‘mJmodm KoVbm Amho.
NOTES
12.2.1 ‘amR>oH$mbrZ g‘mOOrdZ
‘amR>oH$mbrZ g‘mOOrdZmMm Aä¶mg H$aVmZm Ë¶mMo àm‘w»¶mZo XmoZ {d^mJ H$amdo
bmJVmV. EH$ N>ÌnVtMm H$mb Am{U XmoZ noedo H$mb. ¶m XmoZhr H$mbI§S>mVrb
g‘mOOrdZmMm ‘mJmodm KoVmZm Ago AmT>iyZ ¶oVo H$s, g‘mOaMZoÀ¶m Ñï>rZo ¶m XmoZhr
H$mbI§S>mVrb g‘mOOrdZ gmaIoM hmoVo. Ë¶mV {deof ~Xb AmT>iyZ ¶oV Zmhr, na§Vw
amÁ¶H$V©o Am{U g‘mOrdZ ¶m§À¶mVrb g§~§Ym§Mm {dMma H$aVmZm N>ÌnVtMm H$mi Am{U
noedoH$mi ¶mV H$mhr ~m~VrV ~Xb Pmë¶mMo AmT>iyZ ¶oVo. ¶mMmM AW© amÁ¶H$Ë¶mªMm
Y‘© d Ë¶mMo Ym{‘©H$ YmoaUo ¶m§Mm à^md gm‘m{OH$ KS>m‘moS>tda àH$fm©Zo nS>bobm AmT>iVmo.
N>ÌnVrH$mbrZ g‘mOOrdZ
N>ÌnVtÀ¶m H$mimVrb g‘mO ho dVZXma, {‘amgXma, ~bwVoXma Am{U Cnar ¶m
gdmªMm {‘iyZ ~Zbobm hmoVm. gVamì¶m eVH$mV d VËnydr© IoS>o ho gm‘m{OH$ d A{W©H$
ì¶dhmam§Mm H|$Ðq~Xÿ hmoVo. JmdmV Mma àH$maÀ¶m gÎmm ê$T> hmoË¶m. JmdmÀ¶m bmoH$g§IoV
àm‘w»¶mZo {‘amgXmam§Mm âUm hmoVm. VgoM JmdmMm {dH$mg Am{U ñW¡¶m©V ~bwVoXmam§Mr
^y[‘H$m ‘hÎdmMr hmoVr. Ë¶mV àm‘w»¶mZo H$mamJra, godH$ dJ© d Ym{‘©H$ godH$ ¶m§Mm
g‘mdoe hmoVm. JmdmV ~bwVomam§IoarO BVahr ì¶dgm[¶H$ amhmV AgV. Ë¶m§Zm AbwVoXma
åhUV. ¶m§Zm Zmê$ Agohr g§~m§Ybo OmV Ago. Ë¶mV- Vobr, Vm§~moir, KS>er, gwJ§Yr,
S>daJmogmdr, Jm|Yir, qenr, ‘mir, Vobr, Vm§~moir BË¶mXtMm g‘mdoe hmoVm. H$dr
na‘mZ§XmÀ¶m {ed^maV ¶m J«§WmV, gVamì¶m eVH$mVrb ì¶dgm¶ d ì¶dgm[¶H$m§Mo
Zm‘moëboI ¶oVmV. g‘mOmV ~«m÷Umbm {deof ‘hÎd hmoVo. Ym{‘©H$ d gm‘m{OH$ OrdZmV
Ë¶m§Zm loð>Ëd àmßV Pmbo hmoVo, Ago Xmg~moYmVrb CëboIm§dê$Z {XgVo. BQ>m{b¶Z
àdmgr nrQ>a S>obm ìhobo ¶mZo Amnë¶m àdmgdU©ZmV, Ago {b{hbo Amho H$s, ""~«m÷U
ho Xþgè¶m H$moUË¶mhr OmVrÀ¶m Kar OodV ZmhrV.'' Ago Agbo Var ‘wñbr‘ amOdQ>rV
~«m÷Um§Zr Amnbo AmMma {dMma, ñZmZ -g§Ü¶m{X H$‘o© gmoSy>Z ‘wpñb‘m§Mr godm H$aÊ¶mV
YÝ¶Vm ‘mZë¶m‘wio AY‘© hmoD$Z nmn dmT>bo, Ago g§V am‘Xmg d g§V VwH$mam‘ ¶m§Zr
g‘mOpñWVrÀ¶m Ho$boë¶m dU©ZmV åhQ>bo Amho. "{edmOr§da ~«m÷UmMm à^md Amho.' Ago
Om°Z ’$m¶aZo àdmgdU©ZmV Z‘yX Ho$bo Amho. VgoM {edmOramOm§À¶m gm‘mÝ¶ àOmOZm§{df¶r
{b{hVmZm Vmo åhUVmo, ""àOmOZm§Mm Y‘© qhXÿ AgyZ, Ë¶m§À¶mV WmoS>o ‘wñbr‘hr AmhoV
g‘mOmV {dQ>mimMr H$ënZm à^mdr hmoVr. H${Zð> OmVrMm ñne© hmoUo, Ë¶m§Mo AÝZ ImUo,
Xwgè¶m Om{VY‘m©À¶m ì¶³VrÀ¶m Kar amhmUo qH$dm Ë¶mbm Kar R>odë¶mg Vr ì¶³Vr$
d Hw$Qw>§~^«ï> Pmbr Ago ‘mZbo OmV Ago.'' g‘W© am‘Xmg ñdm‘r ¶m§Zr g‘mOmVrb
{dQ>midoS>mÀ¶m H$ënZoda AmKmV Ho$bm Amho. ~«m÷Um§ì¶{V[a³V BVa g‘mOm§Vrb bmoH$m§Zr
AÜ¶¶Z, AÜ¶mnZ H$amdo d ~«m÷U dJm©Vrb bmoH$m§Zr Ë¶m§Zm Jwê$ ‘mZmdo ho ~«m÷Um§Zm
‘mÝ¶ ZìhVo. VËH$mbrZ g‘mOmV Y‘m©À¶m d XodmÀ¶m ZmdmZo {^jm ‘mJUmao, VgoM
AÜ¶mË‘mnojm bmoH$m§Zm ’$gdyZ ñdV:Mo nmoQ> âÊ¶mH$S>o H$b Agbobo, ~møm§Jr {Q>io-
Self-Instructional ‘mim, ‘wÐm{X doe YmaU H$aUmè¶m gm¡ar, dm¿¶m, dmgwXod, ~mig§Vmof, nm§Jyi, {XdQ>m,
Material 222
S>dar, H$mZ’$mQ>çm, ~¡amJr, qnJim, ~hþê$nr, gadXo, H¡$H$B©, ‘w§S>m, S>mB©’$moS>m, ‘¢X BË¶mXr noedoH$mbrZ
bmH$m§Mo CëboI ¶oVmV. Ë¶m§À¶m T>m|JrnUmda g‘W© am‘Xmg d g§V VwH$mam‘ ¶m§Zr {Q>H$m g‘mOOrdZ
Ho$ë¶mMo AmT>iyZ ¶oVo.
NOTES
noedoH$mbrZ g‘mOOrdZ :
noedoH$mbrZ g‘mOmV àm‘w»¶mZo qhXÿ, ‘wñbr‘, {¼íMZ, O¡Z BË¶mXr Y‘m©À¶m
bmoH$m§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVm. XoemÀ¶m amOH$maUmda à^md Q>mH$Umao ‘wñbr‘ amÁ¶H$V©o Am{U
‘hmamï´>mda amÁ¶ H$aUmao d ~«m÷Ur Y‘m©Mm nwañH$ma H$aUmao amÁ¶H$V} - noedo ¶m§À¶m
Ym{‘©H$ YmoaUmMm à^md g‘mOmda nS>bobm AmT>iyZ ¶oVmo. ~«m÷U dJm©À¶m hmVr amOH$s¶
d Ym{‘©H$ gÎmm Agë¶m‘wio ~«m÷U dJm©bm gm‘m{OH$, amOH$s¶ d Am{W©H$Ñï>çm à{Vð>m
àmßV Pmbr hmoVr. Ago Agbo Var ~«m÷U g‘mOhr {dÛÎmm, Hw$b, JmoÌ, àm§V, BË¶mXt‘wio
XoeñW, H$moH$UñW, H$èhmS>o, à^y, ¶Owd}Xr, ^mJ©d JmoÌr BË¶mXt‘Ü¶o {d^mJbm Jobm
hmoVm. VËH$mbrZ g‘mOmV qhXþY‘© na§naoVrb Mma dU© Am{U {Za{Zamiçm H$maUmZo
CX¶mbm Amboë¶m AZoH$ OmVr d CnOmVr ApñVËdmV Amë¶m hmoË¶m. VgoM gm‘m{OH$
{Z¶‘m§Mo Cëb§KZ Ho$ë¶m‘wio, {ddmh{df¶H$ {Z¶‘m§Mo Cëb§KZ Ho$ë¶m‘wio g‘mOmV AZoH$
g‘mO~mhç OmVr CX¶mbm Amboë¶m hmoË¶m, Ë¶m§Mmhr g‘mdoe VËH$mbrZ g‘mOmV hmoVm.
nmQ>rb, Xoe‘wI ¶m§gma»¶m nma§n[aH$ dVZm§Mm Cn^moJ KoUmam d JmdJmS>çmMm à‘wI
Agbobm Am{U N>ÌnVtÀ¶m d noedo amOdQ>rÀ¶m H$mimV Vbdma JmO{dUmè¶m ‘amR>m
g‘mOmbm amOH$s¶, gm‘m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ OrdZmV à{Vð>m {‘imbr hmoVr. ‘amR>çm§Mm
g‘mdoe gm‘m{OH$Ñï>çm à{Vð>m Agboë¶m CÀM Hw$brZm§‘Ü¶o hmoV Ago. Ë¶m§À¶mVhr
{Za{Zamiçm H$maUmZo dU©g§H$a, AZmoag g§VVr, boH$mdio ¶m§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVm. Aem
g§VVrÀ¶m JQ>mg gm‘m{OH$Ñï>çm hrZ boIbo OmV Ago. Ë¶m§Zm "H$Sy> A³H$a‘mgo' ¶m
ZmdmZo g§~moYbo OmB©. JmdJmS>çmVrb H$m‘mÀ¶m {d^mJmUrÀ¶m {Z{‘ÎmmZo VËH$mbrZ g‘mO
{d{dY OmVrV {d^mJbm Jobm hmoVm. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o
1. dVZXma : nmQ>rb, Hw$bH$Ur©, Mm¡Jwbm, ‘hma ¶m§Zm dVZXma åhUyZ à{Vð>m hmoVr.
na§Vw g‘mOOrdZmV àË¶oH$mbm Ë¶m§À¶m OmVrZwgma doJio boIbo OmV Ago.
2. ~bwVoXma (H$mê$) : Amnbm na§namJV CËnmXH$ ì¶dgm¶ H$ê$Z JmdmÀ¶m
AW©ì¶dñWoV ‘hÎdmMr ^y{‘H$m ~Om[dV hmoVm. Am{U AbwVoXma (Zmê$) -
hm dJ© JmdmVrb Am{W©H$ d gm§ñH¥$[VH$ ~m~ter {ZJ[SV Agbobo ì¶dgm¶
H$aUmè¶m§Mm dJ© hmoVm.
3. {‘amgXma hm àm‘w»¶mZo ñdV:À¶m ‘mbH$sMr eoVO‘rZ Agbobm dJ© hmoVm. Ë¶mV,
qhXÿ, ‘wñbr‘ d BVam§Mmhr g‘mdoe Ago.
4. JmdmÀ¶m g‘mOOrdZmV Cnar hm EH$ ‘hÎdmMm KQ>H$ hmoVm.
‘amR>oH$mbrZ g‘mOOrdZmV {d{dY Y‘© d n§W ApñVËdmV hmoVo. Ë¶m‘wio ¶m§Mm à^md
Agbobo bmoH$ g‘mOmV hmoVo. ¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZhr g‘mO {dK[Q>V Pmbm hmoVm. qhXÿ§À¶m
Ym{‘©H$ ~m~ter g§~§[YV Agbobo Á¶mo{Vfr, nwam[UH$, nwOmar, Jwad, R>mHy$a, Xodim§Mm
godH$ dJ© BË¶mXtMmhr dJ© g‘mOmV CX¶mbm Ambm hmoVm. Ë¶m§À¶m H$m‘mMo d AWm©O©ZmMo
ñdê$n {^ÝZ {^ÝZ hmoVo. Ë¶m§Zm g‘mOmV ‘mZ d à{Vð>m hmoVr. noedo H$mimV ZQ> ZV©H$,
Self-Instructional
Material 223
noedoH$mbrZ emhra BË¶mXr H$bmH$ma hmoVo. Ë¶m§Zm amOo, noedo, gaXma, OhmJraXma, ¶m§À¶m Xa~mamV d
g‘mOOrdZ OrdZmV ‘hÎd hmoVo. ¶m~m~VMo AZoH$ CëboI ¶oVmV.
NOTES X{bVm§Mo OrdZ :
¶m H$mimV g‘mOmV Añn¥í¶ ‘mZë¶m OmUmè¶m AZoH$ OmVr hmoË¶m. X{bVm§Mo OrdZ
A{Ve¶ IS>Va Pmbo hmoVo. Ë¶m§À¶mda AZoH$ àH$maMr Am{W©H$ d gm‘m{OH$ ~§YZo bmXbr
Jobr hmoVr. Ë¶m§Zm gm‘m{OH$, Am{W©H$ d amOH$s¶Ñï>çm Xþ~©b Ho$bo Jobo hmoVo. Ë¶m§À¶m
hmbMmbrdahr AZoH$ {Z~ªY KmVbobo hmoVo. ~bwVoXmam§‘Yrb AZoH$ OmVtZmZm Añn¥í¶
‘mZyZ Ë¶m§Mo OrdZ ~§{XñV Pmbo hmoVo. ì¶dgm¶mÀ¶m {Z[‘ÎmmZo d H$m‘mÀ¶m ñdê$nmdê$Z
EH$M ‘w»¶ ì¶dgm¶ Agboë¶m OmVrÀ¶m bmoH$m§À¶m AZoH$ CnOmVr CX¶mbm Amë¶m
hmoË¶m. VgoM Ë¶m§À¶m dV©ZmMo d gm‘m{OH$ A{^gaUm~m~VMo {Z¶‘ H$R>moa ~Z{dbo Jobo
hmoVo. amoQ>r Am{U ~oQ>r ì¶dhmam§da {Z~ªY KmbÊ¶mV Ambo hmoVo. {Za{Zamiçm H$maUm§Zr
g‘mOmV doR>{~Jmar d Jwbm‘{Jar ApñVËdmV hmoVr. Ym{‘©H$ ñWio d dVZXma, ¶m§À¶m
Kar JmdmVrb godH$m§Zm doR>{~Jmar H$amdr bmJV Ago. Hw$Qw>§~ì¶ì¶ñWm hm VËH$mbrZ
g‘mOOrdZmVrb ‘hÎdmMm KQ>H$ hmoVm. ¶m H$mimV g‘mOmV g§¶w³V Hw$Qw>§~nÕVr hmoVr.
gmYmaUnUo VrZ {nT>çm§n¶ªVMo bmHo$ EH$Ì amhmV AgV. ¶m H$mimVrb g‘mOì¶dñWm
nwéfàYmZ hmoVr. Ë¶m‘wio qhXwdmagm nÕVrZwgma Hw$Qw>§~mMr O~m~Xmar Hw$Qw>§~mVrb Á¶oð>
nwéfmda Ago. H$Qw>§~m~m~VMo gd© {ZU©¶ Hw$Qw>§~à‘wIM KoV AgV.
pñÌ¶m§Mr pñWVr :
qhXÿ OrdZnÕVrV ñÌrbm eyÐ boIyZ Xþæ¶‘ qH$dm Jm¡U ñWmZ {Xbo OmV hmoVo.
noedoH$mimV {Za{Zamiçm Ym{‘©H$ J«§Wm§Zm emñÌ ‘mZyZ Ë¶m§À¶m AmYmao pñÌ¶m§Mo OrdZ
~§{XñV H$aÊ¶mMo à¶ËZ Ho$bo hmoVo. {ddmh, dmagmh³H$, gm‘m{OH$ ê$T>r-na§nam BË¶mXt‘wio
g‘mOOrdZmV ñÌrOrdZmbm ~mYm AmUUmè¶m AZoH$ A{Zï> ê$T>r - na§nam éië¶m
hmoË¶m. Ë¶mMr Vrd«Vm d[að> dJm©V A{YH$ hmoVr. {ddmh hm ñÌrÀ¶m OrdZmV {d{dY
g‘ñ¶m {Z‘m©U H$amUmam EH$ gm‘m{OH$ g§ñH$ma ~Zbm hmoVm. {ddmhmbm Ym{‘©H$Ñï>çm d
gm‘m{OH$Ñï>çm ‘hÎd {Xbo Jobo Agë¶mZo. {ddmher g§~§[YV AZoH$ àíZ ñÌrOrdZmV Cô
amhmV AgV. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o ~mb{ddmh, {df‘{ddmh, ~hþnËZrH$Ëd, gVrMr àWm, Ho$ednZ
BË¶mXtMm g‘mdoe Ago. ñÌr hr Cn^moJmMr, ôQ> XoÊ¶mMr dñVy ‘mZbr OmV Ago. doí¶m,
Xmgr, ajm ¶m§Mr XodUKodmU d IaoXr {dH«$s hmoV Ago. ñÌrbm ‘mb‘Îmm J«hU H$aÊ¶mMm
VgoM dmagmMm h³H$ ZìhVm.
qhXÿ g‘mOmÀ¶m ImbÀ¶m ñVamVrb pñÌ¶m§Zm nwéfàYmZVoMm d Añn¥í¶VoMm Aem
Xþhoar AË¶mMmam§Mm gm‘Zm H$amdm bmJV Ago. na§Vw {ddmhmer g§~§[YV Jmoï>rV VwbZoZo Vr
H$‘r ~§{XñV hmoVr. nVrÀ¶m {ZYZmZ§Va gVr OmÊ¶mMr qH$dm Ho$edmonZmMr g³Vr {VÀ¶mda
Ho$br OmV Zgo. BVHo$M Zìho Va Vr Xþgam {ddmh H$ê$ eH$V Ago. Ë¶mbm J§Yd© bmdUo
qH$dm nmQ> bmdUo Ago åhUV AgV.
‘amR>oH$mbrZ ñÌrOrdZm~m~VMo AZoH$ CëboI VËH$mbrZ H$mJXnÌo, àdmem§Mr
àdmgdU©Zo, VËH$mbrZ g§V gm{hË¶, bmoH$gm{hË¶ BË¶mXr§‘YyZ AmT>iyZ ¶oVmV. bmoH$
Amnë¶m OmVrVM b½Z H$arV AgV. VËH$mbrZ g‘mOmV H$Ý¶m{dH«$¶ Ho$bm OmV Agmdm.
Self-Instructional g‘mOmV EH$M b½Z H$aÊ¶mMr àWm hmoVr. na§Vw ~m¶H$mo ‘oë¶mda Xþgar ~m¶H$mo H$arV
Material 224
AgV. VËH$mbrZ amOo, gaXma, OhmJraXma, dVZXma bmoH$ ‘mÌ AZoH$ ~m¶H$m H$arV noedoH$mbrZ
AgV. nwéf Xþgao bJZ H$arV na§Vw pñÌ¶m§Zm Ver nadmZJr ZìhVr. g‘mOmV gVrMr g‘mOOrdZ
àWm ê$T> hmoVr. àm‘w»¶mZo d[að> dJm©Vrb, amOo d gaXmam§À¶m pñÌ¶m gVr OmV AgV.
Ym{‘©H$VoÀ¶m ZmdmImbr Xodim§À¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ XodXmgr, Zm¶H$sZr, ^mdrZr, ‘waiçm NOTES
BË¶mXr Y{‘©H$ àWm§À¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ pñÌ¶m§Mo emofU Ho$bo OmV Ago.
pñÌ¶m§Zm nVr~amo~a Ym{‘©H$ {dYt‘Ü¶o gh^mJ KoVm ¶oV Ago. d[að> dJm©Vrb
àm‘w»¶mZo amOo, gaXma BË¶mXr amOH$s¶ joÌmV H$m¶©aV Agboë¶m§À¶m pñÌ¶m§Zm H$mhr
‘¶m©Xon¶ªV dmMZ, boIZmMo {ejU KoVm ¶oV Ago. VgoM KmoS>çmda ~gUo, amOH$s¶
~m~VrV nS>ÚmnmJMr ^y{‘H$m ~OmdUo BË¶mXr gmaIr H$m‘o H$aVm ¶oV AgV.
Y‘©ewÕrMr à{H$¶m :
gVamì¶m d AR>amì¶m eVH$m§V ‘amR>oH$mbrZ Ym{‘©H$ OrdZmV ‘wñbr‘ d p¼íMZ ¶m
Y‘m©À¶m g§gJm©Zo AZoH$ qhXy> ~mQ>bo Jobo hmoVo. noedo H$mimV {Za{Zamiçm H$maUm§Zr qhXÿ
Y‘r©¶m§Mo ‘wñbr‘ Am{U pIíMZ ¶m Y‘m©V Y‘mªVa Pmbobo hmoVo. qhXþY‘© gmoSy>Z Joboë¶m§Zm
nwÝhm qhXÿ Y‘m©V gm‘mdyZ KoÊ¶mMo à¶ËZ H$mhr à‘mUmV Pmbo hmoVo. na§Vw VËH$mbrZ
^jm^jmMo {Z¶‘ d gm‘m{OH$ ê$T>r ¶m gdmªÀ¶m à^mdwio ñdY‘m©V naV ¶oÊ¶mMr
à{H$¶m noedo H$mimV H$R>rU ~Zbr hmoVr. Ym{‘©H$ ~mOy åhUyZ g§~§{YVmZo n«m¶píMÎm
KoUo, VrW©àX{jUm KmbUo, VrW©ñZmZ H$aUo, n¥ÏdràX{jUm KmbUo BË¶mXtgmaIo Cnm¶
gwM{dbobo hmoVo. na§Vw Ë¶m ‘mJm©Mm Adb§~ H$aUo gdmªZmM eŠ¶ ZìhVo VgoM Ë¶mVrb
AZoH$ Cnm¶ ho Aì¶dhm¶© hmoVo. CXm., n¥Ïdr àX{jUm KmbUo ¶m ~m~VMr H$mhr CXmhaUo
AmT>iyZ ¶oVmV. Ë¶mV, nmaJmd ¶oWrb ~mimOr Ym|S>Xod Hw$bH$Ur© ¶mZo H$bmd§VrUr
g‘mJ‘o ghJ‘Z, ‘m§g^jU d gwamnmZ Ho$bo. Ë¶mg nydm©J àm¶píMÎm XoD$Z n¥Ïdr àX{jUm
d VrW©ñZmZo H$aÊ¶mMr Amkm XoÊ¶mV Ambr hmoVr. n¡R>U n[agamVrb Zah[a aZmioH$a
¶mbm ‘wpñb‘m§Zr nH$Sy>Z O~aXñVrZo ‘wñbr‘ Ho$bo. B.g. 1772 ‘Ü¶o Vmo n¡R>Ubm Ambm
Am{U Ë¶mZo AmnUm§g ewÕ H$ê$Z qhXy> Y‘m©V ¿¶mdo Aer {dZ§Vr {dÛmZ ~«m÷Um§Zm Ho$br,
Voìhm n¡R>U‘Yrb ~«m÷Um§À¶m EH$m JQ>mZo Ë¶mbm ewÕ H$ê$Z KoVbo Va Xþgè¶m JQ>mZo Ë¶m
{ZU©¶m{déÕ noeì¶m§H$S>o VH«$ma Ho$br. am‘emñÌr à^wUo ¶m§Zr Zah[a ¶ed§V aZmioH$a ¶mg
KQ>ñ’$moQ> KoD$Z àm¶píMÎm KoÊ¶mgmR>r Í¶§~Ho$ídamÀ¶m EH$eodrg àX{jUm KmbÊ¶mMr
Amkm Ho$br. BË¶mXtgma»¶m CXmhaUm§Mm g‘mdoe H$aVm ¶oB©b.
‘amR>oH$mbrZ bmoH$^«‘ :
VËH$mbrZ ‘hmamï´>mVrb OZVm hr àm‘w»¶mZo qhXþ©Y‘r©¶ AgyZ ‘moR>çm à‘UmV J«m‘rU
^mJmV amhUmar d A{e{jV hmoVr. Ë¶m§Mo X¡Z§{XZ OrdZ d ì¶dhma ¶m§da AZoH$ Ym{‘©H$
H$ënZm§Mm d bmoH$^«‘m§Mm nJS>m hmoVm. g‘mOmMo ZoV¥Ëd H$amUmam amÁ¶H$Vm©dJ© hm na§naoZo
Ambobo Ym{‘©H$ {dMma d H$ënZm S>moio PmHy$Z ñdrH$marV hmoVm.
N>ÌnVrH$mbrZ qhXÿ g‘mOmda AdVmadmXmÀ¶m H$ënZoMm à^md hmoVm. Á¶mdoir
AY‘© dmT>Vmo Ë¶mdoir Y‘m©À¶m ajUmgmR>r B©ída AdVma KoVmo. ¶m VÎdmZwgma Bñbm‘r
à^mdm‘wio qhXÿ Xod-XodVm d OZVm g§H$Q>mV gmnS>br åhUyZ emhmOramOm§À¶m Hw$Qw>§~mV
B©ídamZo OÝ‘ KoVbm, Ago ‘mZbo Jobo. {edmOr ho {dîUyMm AdVma, e§H$amMm AdVma,
{^‘mMm AdVma Amho, Ago ‘mZbo Jobo. ¶m~m~VMo CëboI {ed^maV, g^mgX ~Ia, Self-Instructional
Material 225
noedoH$mbrZ amOmam‘M[aÌ, Xmg~moY BË¶mXr gmYZm§VyZ ¶oVmV. g‘W© am‘Xmgñdm‘r am‘^³V hZw‘mZmMm
g‘mOOrdZ AdVma, H$dr na‘mZ§X ~¥hñnVrMm AdVma, Va N>ÌnVr amOmam‘ {dîUyMm Mm¡Wm AdVma
‘mZbo Jobo.
NOTES qhXÿ Y‘m©Vrb ñdJ©-ZaH$, nmn-nwÊ¶, emn d AmeudmX BË¶mXtgma»¶m H$ënZm nwT>o
Amboë¶m AmT>iVmV. gmjËH$ma, Ñï>m§V, XodmZo qH$dm XodrZo ñdßZmV Xe©Z XoUo ¶m Jmoï>tZm
g‘mOmV Ym{‘©H$ Ñï>rZo ‘hÎd hmoVo. {edM[aÌmV d AZoH$ g§Vm§À¶m M[aÌmVhr gmjmËH$ma
d Ñï>m§V ¶m§Mo CëboI ¶oVmV. ¶m H$mimVrb bmoH$‘mZgmda d gm{hË¶mda nwamUo, am‘m¶U,
‘hm^maV BË¶mXr Ym{‘©H$ J«§Wm§Mm ‘moR>m à^md hmoVm. Ym{‘©H$ J«Wm§Mo dmMZ d ldU Ho$bo
OmV Ago. H$Wm H$sV©ZmVyZ am‘m¶U, ‘hm^maV, nwamUo ¶m§Vrb H$Wm gm§{JVë¶m OmV
AgV. ¶m~m~VMo AZoH$ CëboI ¶oVmV.
VËH$mbrZ g‘mOmda Zdg-gm¶mg, ‘whÿV© d ew^mew^ H$ënZm, M‘ËH$ma, ^yV~mYm,
{H«$¶m qH$dm enW KoUo, BË¶mXtgma»¶m bmoH$^«‘m§Mm qH$dm A§Y{dídmgmMm ‘moR>m nJS>m
hmoVm, Ago AmT>iyZ ¶oVo. N>ÌnVtÀ¶m H$mimV BÀN>mnyVr©gmR>r Zdg, AZwð>mZo, A{^foH$,
hmo‘ - hdZ ¶m§Zm Ym{‘©H$ d gm‘m{OH$ OrdZmV ‘hÎd hmoVo. gd©gm‘mÝ¶m§nmgyZ Vo gaXma,
A{YH$mar d amÁ¶H$V©o ho gd© OU Ë¶mÀ¶mer {ZJ[S>V hmoVo. nm¡amo{hË¶, ¶k{dYr BË¶mXr
Ym{‘©H$ H$m¶© H$aUmè¶m ~«m÷U dJm©bm d ew^‘whÿV© gm§JUmao Á¶mo{Vfr ¶m§Zm g‘mOmV
‘mZmMo ñWmZ hmoVo. ~«m÷U ^moOZo, X{jUm, BZm‘, dfm©gZo d XoU½¶m BË¶mXr Va H$Yr
AJ«hma BZm‘ XoD$Z Ë¶m§À¶m ¶moJjo‘mMr H$miOr KoVbr OmV Ago. Ym{‘©H$ OrdZmV XmZ
-Y‘m©bm Ogo ‘hÎd hmoVo VgoM {^jm ‘mJUo Am{U {^jm XoUo ¶m§Zmhr ‘hÎd àmßV Pmbo
hmoVo.
noedo Am{U bmoH$^«‘ :
noedoH$mb Am{U VËH$mbrZ g‘mO ¶m§Mm {dMma H$aVm VËH$mbrZ g‘mOmV Y‘© d
Ym{‘©H$ ~m~r ¶m§Zm AZÝ¶gmYmaU ‘hÎd àmßV Pmbo hmoVo. VËH$mbrZ g‘mOmV ‘moR>çm
à‘mUmV AkmZ hmoVo, Ë¶m‘wio àË¶oH$ ~m~rMm g§~§Y Xod, Y‘©, eHy$Z, J«hXem, ^wVo
- IoVo BË¶mXter OmoS>bm OmV Ago. Ë¶m‘wio g‘mOmV bmoH$^«‘ {Z‘m©U Pmbo hmoVo.
¶m~m~VMr H$mhr CXmhaUo XoVm ¶oVrb. Ë¶mV, qXS>moar naJÊ¶mVrb OmZmoar JmdMo am‘Or
nmQ>rb ¶m§Mr AmB© ^wVmdir hmoVr åhUyZ ‘mabo Vr ^wVmdir Iar nU gaH$maMo AmkoIoarO
‘mabr åhUyZ ‘maUmè¶m§H$Sy>Z JwÝhoJmar KoD$Z am‘Or nmQ>bmbm Ý¶m¶ {Xbm.
B.g. 1774 - 1775 À¶m EH$m nÌmV, VmbwHo$ A§OZdob d gwdU©XþJ© ¶oWrb
^wVmdiçm§Mr Mm¡H$er H$ê$Z ~§Xmo~ñV H$aÊ¶mMo H$m‘ ~mOr am‘ ¶m§À¶mda gmon{dbo hmoVo.
~mny ‘hmXod S>m|Jao ‘m¡Oo Ho$io ¶mZo naewam‘ OrdmOr S>m|Ja ¶m§À¶mda ^wVo KmVbr ho {gÕ
Pmë¶m‘wio Ë¶mÀ¶mH$Sy>Z JwÝhoJmar dgyb H$amdr, Ago ~mOr ‘hmXod ¶mbm nÌmZo H$i{dbo
hmoVo. H$monaJmd ¶oWo AgVmZm A‘¥Vamd noedo ¶m§Zm PmonoV {nemÀM Xe©Z Pmbo, åhUyZ
ZmWy Hw§$^ma ^JV-OmUVm, ¶mg AmUbo hmoVo. Ë¶mZo ~§Xmo~ñV Ho$bm.
Zdg, d«V d¡H$ë¶o, On, AZwð>mZo BË¶mXt‘wio BÀN>mnyVu, amoJ{ZdmaU BË¶mXr ~m~r
hmoVmV. Aer bmoH$m§Mr ‘ZmoYmaUm Agë¶mZo, bmoH$ Vgo H$arV AgV; Ago VËH$mbrZ
gmYZm§VyZ AmT>iyZ ¶oVo. nm{ZnVda {dO¶ {‘imdm åhUyZ noeì¶m§Zr VwiOmnya, Am§~oOmoJmB©,
n§T>anya, ì¶§H$Q>oe ¶oWrb XodVm§Zm Zdg H$ê$Z Ë¶m§Mr nyV©Vm H$aÊ¶mMo H$m‘ Jmonmiamd
Self-Instructional JmoqdXamd ¶m§Moda gmon{dbo hmoVo. H$moëhmnyaMo gaXma {dídmgamd Jm¶H$dmS> ¶m§À¶mdarb
Material 226
nmodmS>çmV ¶wÕmbm gwédmV H$aÊ¶mnydr© AZoH$ XodVm§Zm Zdg Ho$bo hmoVo Ë¶mV, ^ÐH$mbr, noedoH$mbrZ
Oar‘ar, bú‘r, hmQ>Ho$ída, ‘Q>Ho$ída, amKmo~m, Ho$Xma Xod BË¶mXtMm g‘mdoe hmoVm. B.g. g‘mOOrdZ
1753 À¶m EH$mnÌmV, nmD$g nS>Ê¶mgmR>r AZwð>mZo H$amdrV Aer Amkm Ho$bobr AmT>iVo.
gmï>r, H$ë¶mU, {dO¶XþJ© ¶m VmbwŠ¶mV ~«mh²‘U Am[lV AmhoV, Ë¶m§Zm amÁ¶m{^d¥ÕrgmR>r NOTES
dfm©gZo d BZm‘ {Xbo AmhoV. Ë¶m§Zr Amnmnbo Kar eÌwnamO¶mW© AZwð>mZo H$amdrV, Aer
Amkm gZ 1764 À¶m nÌmÛmao Ho$br hmoVr. J¥hem§Vr, dmñVwem§Vr, ehamV Q>moiYmS> Ambo
Ë¶mMr em§Vr, n§T>anyaÀ¶m {dÇ>bmg nmbr d gaS>çm§Mm ñne© Pmbm, Ë¶mMr em§Vr Ho$br.
BË¶mXr em§VrH$‘m©~m~VMo CëboI AmT>iVmV. AgV. em§VrH$‘© {dYrV ~«mh²‘Um§Zm ^moOZo
d X{jU {Xbr OmV Ago.
Ý¶m¶ {ZdmS>çmgmR>r qH$dm EImXm {ZU©¶ KoÊ¶mgmR>r Xodmbm H$m¡b bmdbm OmV Ago.
¶m~m~VMo AZoH$ CëboI ¶oVmV. gßVe¥§Jr XodrÀ¶m nd©Vmdarb dmKmZo CnÐd {Xë¶m‘wio
Ë¶mbm ‘maÊ¶mgmR>r XodrnwT>o {MÇ>çm Q>mHy$Z H$m¡b ‘mJmdm d Ë¶mà‘mUo {ZU©¶ ¿¶mdm Aer
Amkm B.g. 1797 -98 À¶m nÌmV Ho$br hmoVr. noedoH$mimV ‘whÿV©, eHy$Z -AneHy$Z,
¶m§da bmoH$m§Mm {dídmg hmoVm. Kam~mhoa {ZKUo, Kar naV ¶oUo, {dYr H$aUo, EImÚmer
~mobUr H$aUo, ¶wÕ H$aUo BË¶mXtgma»¶m X¡Z§{XZ ‘mZdr ì¶dhmam§gmR>rhr ‘wh©ÿV H$mT>rV
AgV. B.g 1752 ‘Ü¶o noeì¶m§Zr nm§Sw>a§J Omoer ¶m Á¶mo{VfmH$Sy>Z àdmgmMm ‘whÿV©
H$mTy>Z KoVbm hmoVm. ‘mYdamd noedo Am{U amKmo~mXmXm ¶m§À¶m‘Ü¶o {Z‘m©U Pmbobo ‘VôX
{‘Q>{dÊ¶mgmR>r H$moUVo J«h AmS>do ¶oVmV d Vo$Ho$ìhm AZwHy$b hmoVmV ¶mMm Vnerb
Jmonmiamd nQ>dY©Zm§Zr JmoqdX h[ag H$i{dbm hmoVm. nwÊ¶mV Zmam¶Uamd noeì¶m§Mm IyZ
Pmbm Ë¶mdoir ZmZm ’$S>Udrg gmgdS>bm hmoVo. Ë¶m§Zm AZoH$ AneHy$Z Pmbo Ë¶m‘wio Vo
~oM¡Z Pmbo hmoVo. Ago AZoH$ àH$ma VËH$mbrZ g‘mOmV AmT>iyZ ¶oV AgV.
12.2.2 gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZ :

‘amR>oH$mbrZ g‘mOmdarb Y‘m©Mm à^md :- ‘Ü¶¶wJmV ‘mZdmÀ¶m OrdZmda Y‘m©Mm
à^md hmoVm. g‘mOmÀ¶m gd© ñVamdarb ‘mZdr ì¶dhma Y‘m©Zo ~§{XñV Ho$bo hmoVo. Ym{‘©H$
{dMma, H$ënZm d {Z¶‘m§Mo Cëb§KZ H$aUo nmVH$ ‘mZbo OmV Ago. Ë¶m‘wio Y‘m©Mo nmbZ
H$aUo amOY‘© ‘mZbm OmD$Z Ë¶m§À¶m YmoaUmdahr nma§n[aH$ Y‘m©Mm à^md hmoVm. hr ~m~
VËH$mbrZ gmYZm§‘YyZ AmT>iyZ ¶oVo.
{edH$mi :
~«m÷U dUm©Mo gm‘m{OH$ d Ym{‘©H$ joÌm§Vrb loð>Ëd Am{U gd©gm‘mÝ¶m§Mm
Y‘©^moionUm, ~m¡[ÕH$ Jwbm‘{Jar, eñÌàUrV H$‘©dmX d OÝ‘m{Y[ð>V Om{Vì¶dñWm
¶m§‘wio ì¶p³V‘ÎdmÀ¶m {dH$mgmbm dmd {‘imbm Zmhr. Ë¶m‘wio g‘mOmVrb H${Zð>
>dJm©da Jwbm‘{Jar bmXbr Jobr. qhXÿ Y‘m©Vrb ^³Vr g§àXm¶m§Zr On-Vn, H$‘©H$m§S>mnojm
^³Vrbm A{YH$ ‘hÎd {Xbo hmoVo. AZoH$ n§Wm§Zr n§WàMma d àgmamgmR>r {^jmd¥Îmr d
^«‘§Vr ñdrH$mabr hmoVr. Ë¶m‘wio g‘mOmV {^jm ‘mJUmè¶m gmYy-g§V, ’$H$sa, ~¡amJr,
Omoer, O§J‘ BË¶mXt>Mm dJ© dmT>rg bmJbm. H$m¡Qw>§[~H$ d gm‘m{OH$ OrdZmVrb OÝ‘,
CnZ¶Z, {ddmhm{X CËgd, Ym{‘©H$ gU- CËgd, d«Vo-XmZo, VrW©¶mÌm BË¶mXtda Y‘©,
Y‘©emñÌo, ñ‘¥{V - nwamUo BË¶mXtMm à^md hmoVm. Ë¶mZwgma {d{dY gm‘m{OH$ d Ym{‘©H$ Self-Instructional
gU -CËgd gmOao Ho$bo OmV AgV. Material 227
noedoH$mbrZ noedoH$mb :
g‘mOOrdZ
noedoH$mbrZ g‘mOOrdZ d g‘mOaMZm ¶m§da ñ‘¥Vr d Y‘©emñÌm§Mm à^md hmoVm.
NOTES g‘mOmV ~«mh²‘U dJm©bm gm‘m{OH$, Y{‘©H$ d amOH$s¶ joÌmV ‘hÎd àmßV Pmbo hmVo.
Omoer, nwamo{hV, nwam{UH$ BË¶mXr Y{‘©H$ {dYr H$aUmè¶m ~«m÷Um§Mm g‘mOmda ‘moR>m
nJS>m hmoVm. VËH$mbrZ ~«m÷U amÁ¶H$V}, gaXma d OhmJraXma Am{U ~«m÷UoVa gaXma d
OhmJraXma, AbwVoXma - ~bwVoXma, ewÐ -A{VewÐ BË¶mXtMm gd©M ñVamdarb g‘mOmda
Y‘m©Mm ‘moR>m à^md hmoVm.
AÝZmoXH$ Am{U {ddmhm{X ì¶dhmam§da Y‘©J«§W, gm‘m{OH$ ê$T>r-na§nam ¶m§Mm à^md
Agë¶mZo, g‘mO Amnmnë¶m OmVrÀ¶m Mm¡H$Q>rV ~§{XñV Pmbobm hmoVm. {dQ>midoS>,
~mQ>Uo, ^«ï> hmoUo, ~{hîH¥$Vr BË¶mXr H$ënZm§Zm g‘mOmV {deof ‘hÎd àmßV Pmbo hmoVo.
‘hma, ‘m§J d Mm§^mam{X ewÐm{VewÐm§Zm hrZVoZo dmJ{dbo OmV Ago. Ë¶m§À¶mer AÝZmoXH$,
{ddmh BË¶mXr ì¶dhma H$aUo nmVH$ ‘mZbo OmV Ago. BVHo$M H$m¶ nU Ë¶m§Mm ñne©
hmoUo, Ë¶m§Mr gmdbr A§Jmda nS>Uo ¶mbm XoIrb {dQ>mi ‘mZbm OmV Ago. Ë¶m§Zm
Xodmb¶o, gmd©O{ZH$ ñWio BË¶mXr {R>H$mUr àdoe H$aÊ¶mg ‘ZmB© hmoVr. Ë¶m‘wio hm
g‘mO qhXÿ AgyZhr qhXÿ g‘mOmnmgyZ Xÿa ’o$H$bm Jobm hmoVm. ânya H$ï> H$ê$Zhr
Ë¶m§Zm bmMmarMo OrdZ OJmdo bmJV Ago. qhXÿ Y‘m©V ewÐm{VewÐm§Zm {Xbr OmUmar hrZ
dmJUyH$, Y‘m©À¶m Zmdmda Ë¶m§Mo hmoUmao emofU, Ë¶m§À¶mda KmVbobo A‘mZwf {Z~ªY BË¶mXr
gd© ~m~tMm n[aUm‘ hmoD$Z ewÐm§Zr ‘wñbr‘ d {¼íMZ ¶m naY‘mªMm ñdrH$ma Ho$bm.
Ë¶m‘wio Ë¶m§Zm ‘mUyg åhUyZ OJÊ¶mMr g§Yr {‘imbr. qhXÿ g‘mOmV OmVr - CnOmVr,
n§W- Cnn§W ¶m§À¶mVrb AmMma-{dMmam, MmbrarVr, Ym{‘©H$ {dYr, àXoe, {dÛÎmm d
H$m¶© BË¶mXtÀ¶m AmYmao AÝZmoXH$ ì¶dhmamda {Z~ªY KmVbo J‘ë¶m‘wio ‘mZ{gH$ d
gm‘m{OH$Ñï>çm qhXÿg‘mO {dK[Q>V Pmbm hmoVm. ~è¶mMXm Ë¶mVyZ g§Kf© {Z‘m©U hmoV
AgV. ~«m÷Um§Zr Ym{‘©H$ J«§Wm§À¶m AmYmao Amnbo ‘hÎd dmT>{dbo hmoVo. nwamUmV åhQ>bo
Amho H$s, ""~«m÷Um§À¶m Ho$di Xe©ZmZo AZ§V nmno â‘ hmoVmV. Ë¶m§Zm d§XZ H$ê$Z nyOm
Ho$br H$s ‘moj àmßV hmoVmo. {dàm§À¶m MaUmÀ¶m YwirZo Am{Yì¶mYr Zï> hmoVmV. gmJamV
Or-Or VrW© AmhoV Vr gd© ~«m÷Um§À¶m COì¶m MaUmV AmhoV.'' ho gd© Iao ‘mZyZ bmoH$
~«m÷Um§À¶m nm¶mMo VrW© {nD$ bmJbo.
g§ñH$ma g‘ma§^ :
‘amR>oH$mbrZ Ym{‘©H$ OrdZmV ‘mUgmMo OrdZ gwIr, g‘¥Õ d Zr[V‘mZ ~ZdyZ
gm‘m{OH$ ñW¡¶© {Q>H${dÊ¶mgmR>r g§ñH$mam§Zm ‘hÎdmMo ñWmZ {Xbo Jobo hmoVo. qhXy Y‘©emñÌmV
{Za{Zamiçm J«§WmV g§ñH$mam§Mr g§»¶m doJdoJir {Xbobr AmT>iyZ ¶oVo. Ë¶m§n¡H$s gmoim
g§ñH$mam§Zm {deof ‘hÎd {Xbo Jobo hmoVo. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o - J^m©YmZ, OÝ‘moËgd, OmVH$H$‘©,
Zm‘H$aU, CnZ¶Z, {ddmh, A§Ë¶oï>r BË¶mXtMm g‘mdoe hmoVm. ‘amR>oH$mbrZ gmYZm§VyZ
AZoH$ g§ñH$ma g‘ma§^mMr dU©Zo d CëboI {‘iVmV.
J^m©YmZ :
ñÌrbm aOmoXe©Z Pmë¶mZ§Va EH$m g‘ma§^mV Ë¶m ñÌr‘Ü¶o nwéf {d¶m©Mr ñWmnZm H$aUo,
Self-Instructional ¶mbmM J^©YmZ Ago åhUVmV. J^m©YmZmbmM J^©b§^Z Agohr Zmd Amho. ‘amR>oH$mimV
Material 228
J^©YmZ, AmoQ>âU d aOmoXe©Z ¶m Zmdm§Zr hm CËgd gmOam H$arV AgV. ¶m g‘ma§^mÀ¶m noedoH$mbrZ
àg§Jr Mmoir - nmVi, MmoiIU, hiXr - Hw§$Hy$ ¶m§À¶m ñdê$nmV Amhoa H$aÊ¶mMr àWm g‘mOOrdZ
hmoVr. "amOlr Amnm ~bd§V ¶m§Mo ñÌrg aOmoXe©Z A{ídZ‘mgr Ombo. dmoQ>âUmgmR>r
ñdmar ‘mJo am{hbr.' Agm CëbI ¶oVmo. NOTES
nwÌ OÝ‘moËgd :
qhXþY‘© d g‘mOmV ñÌr-nwéf Agm ôX H$ê$Z nwÌ OÝ‘mbm {deof ‘hÎd {Xbo
Jobo hmoVo. BVHo$M Zìho Va nwÌ OÝ‘mMm AmZ§XmoËgd gmOam H$arV AgV. Ë¶m àg§Jr
‘moR>çm à‘mUmV XmZY‘© H$arV AgV. Ë¶mV dñÌ, Ab§H$ma, Jm¶r, KmoS>o, hÎmr BË¶mXtMo
dmQ>n H$arV AgV. nwÌ OÝ‘mÀ¶m AmZ§Xm{àË¶W© amKo~mXmXmZo gmIam dmQ>ë¶m, dmO§Ìr,
H$U©H$ar d JwT>çm KoD$Z Ambobo ‘hma ¶m§Zm BZm‘o {Xbr. nwÌ OÝ‘mÀ¶m AmZ§Xm{Z{‘Îm
H$mhr H¡$Úm§Zmhr gmoSy>Z XoV AgV. I§Sy> - g§Vy ¶m em{haZo aMboë¶m nmodmS>çmV, gdmB©
‘mYdamdm§À¶m OÝ‘moËgdm{Z{‘Îm AmZ§XmoËgd Ho$bm hmoVm, Agm CëboI ¶oVmo.
OmVH$ H$‘© :
hm g‘ma§^ àm‘w»¶mZo ‘wbJr n{hë¶m§Xm ~mim§VnUmgmR>r Amnë¶m d{S>bm§À¶m Kar
OmVo. Ë¶mdoir nwÌ OÝ‘mZ§Va gmOam H$arV AgV. Ë¶mZ§Va g‘ma§^mg Amboë¶m nwamo{hVmbm
X{jUm XodyZ g‘ma§^ g§nV Ago. {edmOr§À¶m OÝ‘mZ§Va, "hm gm‘Ï¶©dmZ ‘wbJm ¶m
bmoH$s Abm¡{H$H$ H$m‘o H$arb, åb|ÀN>m§Mm {ZßnmV H$arb d Amnbr {H$Vr© ngadrb, gd©
Xoe Amnë¶m namH«$‘mZo qOHy$Z hm ~hÿV H$min¶ªV ‘hmamOm hmoB©b', Ago OmVH$ gôV
Á¶mo{Vfm§Zr dV©{dbo hmoVo.
Zm‘H$aU :
‘wbmÀ¶m OÝ‘mZ§Va Xhmdm {Xdg Vo ~mamdm {Xdg ¶mXaå¶mZ Zm‘H$aU g‘ma§^
H$arV AgV. Xhmì¶m qH$dm ~mamì¶m {Xder ‘wbmÀ¶m ‘mVm{nË¶m§Zr Amnë¶m BÀN>oZwgma
‘wbmMo Zmd R>odyZ gd©Ìm§g H$idmdo. ~«m÷Um§Zm ^moOZ XodyZ g§Vwï> H$amdo. ‘J Ë¶m§À¶mH$Sy>Z
Amerdm©X ¿¶mdm., Ago CëboI gyÌJ«§WmV ¶oVmV. J§Jm~mB© àgyV Pmbr ...AH$amì¶m
{Xder Zm‘H$aU Pmbo. g‘ma§^ ‘moR>mM Pmbm. hobH$aUr ~m¶H$m§Zm bwJS>r, MmoiIU
{Xbo. nwÊ¶mVrb Xhm hOma ~m¶H$m§Zm MmoiIU {Xbo.
CnZ¶Z :
¶m g‘ma§^mMo CnZ¶Z, d«V~§Y, ‘w§O, ‘m¢Or~§YZ BË¶mXr Zmdm§Zr CëboI ¶oVmV.
ewÐm§IoarO ~«m÷U, j{Ì¶ d d¡í¶ ¶m VrZ dUmªV OÝ‘boë¶m§Zm CnZ¶ZmMm A{YH$ma
hmoVm. d¶mÀ¶m gmV Vo ~mam dfmªn¶ªV CnZ¶Z H$amdo Ago gyÌJ«§Wm§Zr åhQ>bo Amho. d«V~§Y
g‘ma§^ d {dYr ¶mMo {ddoMZ dm.dm. Iao ¶m§Zr A[YH$ma ¶moJ ¶m J«§WmV Ho$bobo Amho.
NÌnVr {edmOramOm§Zm amÁ¶m{^foH$mnydr© d«V~§Y g§ñH$ma H$amdm bmJbm hmoVm. gdmB©
‘mYdamdm§À¶m ‘w§OrMm g‘ma§^ 21 Am°JñQ>,> 1779 amoOr ‘moR>çm WmQ>mZo nma nS>bm hmoVm.
CnZ¶Z g‘ma§^mg H$nS>çm§Mm Amhoa H$aÊ¶mMr àWm hmoVr.
Self-Instructional
Material 229
noedoH$mbrZ {ddmh :
g‘mOOrdZ
{ddmh hm qhXÿ Y‘m©Vrb An[ahm¶© Agm g§ñH$ma ‘mZbm OmV Ago. ¶m g§ñH$mam‘wio
NOTES ñÌr Am{U nwéf ¶m§Zm J¥hñWml‘mV àdoe H$aÊ¶mMo ñdmV§Í¶ {‘iV Ago. ‘Zw d ¶mkdëŠ¶
¶m ñ‘¥{V J«§Wm§‘Ü¶o b½ZmMo AZoH$ àH$ma gm§{JVbobo AmhoV. Ë¶mV - ~«h²‘, Xod,
Amf©, àmOnË¶, Agya, J§Yd©, amjg, {nemÀM ¶m§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVm. qhXÿ Y‘©emñÌmV
{ddmhmg§~§Yr {d{dY {dYr d {Z¶‘ gm§{JVbobo AmhoV. J¥hçgyÌmV {ddmh hmo‘ d
Jwhàdoer¶ hmo‘ ho XmoZM {dYr gm§{JVbobo AmhoV. {ddmh hmo‘mV ¶oUmao {dYr åhUOo
hmo‘, nmUrJ«hU, bmOmhmo‘, Ap½ZàX{jUm, AídmamohZ, gßVnXr Am{U Y«wdXe©Z ¶m§Mm
g‘mdoe hmoVm. J¥hàdoer¶ hmo‘mV J¥hàdoe hmo‘, dYybm CnXoe Am{U XodVoMr àmW©Zm
¶m§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVm. {ed^maVmV emhOr d {OOm~mB© ¶m§À¶m {ddmhmMm CëboI ¶oVmo.
emhÿ Am¡a§JOo~mÀ¶m H¡$XoV AgVmZm Am¡a§JOo~mZo emhÿ ‘hmamOm§Mm {ddmh qhXy na§naoà‘mUo
H$adyZ KoVbm hmoVm. N>ÌnVr emhÿ ‘hmamOm§Mr ‘wbJr JOam~mB© {hÀ¶m b½ZmgmR>r Xhm bj
én¶o IM© bmJbm hmoVm. hm b½Z g‘ma§^ ‘moR>çm WmQ>mZo nma nS>bm hmoVm. gdmB© ‘mYdad
noedo ¶m§Mm dmL²{ZeM¶ hmoD$Z ~mimOr ~{haamd WÎmo ¶m§Mr H$Ý¶m dYy åhUyZ R>a{dbr.
‘mK ‘{hÝ¶mV H¥$îUmOr WÎmo ¶m§Mo Kar nwÊ¶mVM b½Z g‘ma§^ H$aÊ¶mMo R>abo.
AjV g‘ma§^ :
AjV g‘ma§^ hm {ddmh gmohiçmVrb EH$ ‘hÎdmMm g‘ma§^ ‘mZbm OmV Ago. ¶m
g‘ma§^mV àW‘ J«m‘XodVm, Bï> XodVm, Hw$bXodVm ¶m§Zm AjV XoD$Z Z§Va BVam§Zm AjV
XoV AgV. lr‘§Vm§Mr AjV {‘adUyH$ ‘moR>çm bì¶mOå¶m{Zer {ZKV Ago. ‘Ü¶‘ d Jar~
KamVrb bmoH$m§À¶m AjVm Á¶mÀ¶m Ë¶mÀ¶m EonVrà‘mUo {ZKV AgV. {ddmhm{Z{‘ÎmmZo
XodH$ ñWmnZm, ZdarMr Cï>r hiX, AmhoamMm g‘ma§^, gr‘m§V nyOZ, Vob’$i, ê$IdV,
‘YwnH§${dYr, H$Ý¶mXmZ, {ddmh hmo‘, nm{UJ«hU, damV BË¶mXr g‘ma§^ Ho$bo OmV AgV.
¶m H$mimV amjg {ddmh, Agya [ddmh, {df‘ {ddmh BË¶mXr àH$ma AmT>iyZ ¶oV.
gaXma Amßnmgmho~ {ZnmUH$a ¶m§À¶mdarb nmodmS>çmV, Ë¶mÀ¶m amjg {ddmhmMo dU©Z
¶oVo. ‘amR>oH$mimV ~mb{ddmhmMr àWm hmoVr. ¶mV ‘wbrMo d¶ H$‘mb AmR> Va ‘wbmMo d¶
H$‘mb Mm¡Xm Ago. amOo, noedo BË¶mXr amÁ¶H$Ë¶mªÀ¶m KamVrb b½ZmgmR>r gaXmam§H$Sy>Z
b½ZnÅ>r; gm{hË¶, godm d n¡em§À¶m ñdê$nmV dgyb Ho$br OmV Ago. Ë¶m~m~VMo CëboI
VËH$mbrZ gmYZm§VyZ ¶oVmV.
A§Ë¶oï>r àoVmdarb g§ñH$ma :
‘mZdr OrdZmVrb EH$ ‘hÎdmMm g§ñH$ma åhUOo A§Ë¶g§ñH$ma hmo¶. qhXy Y‘u¶m§V
‘¥Ë¶yZ§Va ‘mZdr earamMr VrZ àH$mam§Zr {dëhodmQ> bmdbr OmV Ago. Ë¶mV XhZ, X’$Z
d {dgO©Z ¶m§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVm. ~«m÷U d VËg‘ d[að> dJm©V XhZ {dYr H$arV AgV,
Va BVa OmVt‘Ü¶o X’$Z{dYr Ho$bm OmB©. gmYy -g§Ý¶mer ¶m§Mr àoVo nmÊ¶mV {dg[O©V
Ho$br OmV. ‘amR>oH$mbrZ ‘hmamï´>mV qhXÿ§à‘mUoM BVa Y‘©n§Wm§Mo bmoH$hr amhmV hmoVo. Vo
Ë¶m§À¶m Ym{‘©H$ na§naoZwgma ‘¥Vm§darb g§ñH$ma H$arV AgV. Ago VËH$mbrZ gmYZm§Vrb
CëboIm§dê$Z {XgyZ ¶oVo. qbJm¶V n§WmV ~gboë¶m pñWVrV àoVmMo X’$Z H$arV AgV.
Self-Instructional erI n§WmV àoV XhZmg ZoÊ¶mnydr© àoVmbm ñZmZ KmbyZ Y‘©{dhrV nmofmI MT>{dV AgV.
Material 230
qhXÿ§à‘mUoM Vo àoVmMo XhZ H$arV. nmaer g‘mOmV ‘¥VXoh KamV ñdÀN> Ho$boë¶m ImobrV noedoH$mbrZ
R>odV AgV Z§Va ~wéOmVrb dVw©imH$ma {R>H$mUr - em§VrHy$n - ‘¥VmMm Z½Z Xoh R>odbm g‘mOOrdZ
OmV Ago. Ë¶mdoir nwamo{hV Ym{‘©H$ ‘§Ì åhUV. ‘¥Ë¶ynydr© Am{U Z§Va XmZY‘© H$arV
AgV. ¶m àg§Jr ~«m÷Um§Zm X{jUm XoÊ¶mgmR>r n¡gm qH$dm dñVy XoV AgV. ¶m àg§Jr NOTES
~«m÷Um§Zm ^y{‘XmZ Ho$ë¶mMohr CëboI ¶oVmV.
A§Voï>r - CÎmaH$m¶© :
CÎmaH$m¶m©gma»¶m Xþ:IX àg§Jr XþIdQ>çmMo Amhoa H$aÊ¶mMr àWm hmoVr. d¡Ú~§Yy§Mo
dS>rb aKwZmW^Q> 10 OmZodmar, 1743 amoOr dmabo Voìhm Voamì¶m {Xder Á¶m§Zr XþIdQ>çmMo
Amhoa Ho$bo, Ë¶m§Mr ¶m{X d¡Ú XßVamV {‘iVo.
gVràWm :
‘amR>oH$mimV nVr {ZYZmZ§Va gVr OmÊ¶mMr àWm hmoVr. ‘hmamï´>mV gVamdo eVH$ Vo
EH$mo[Ugmdo eVH$ ¶m H$mbmdYrV gVr àWoMm ‘moR>m àgma Pmbm hmoVm, Ago VËH$mbrZ
gVrÀ¶m Xodiçm, d¥§XmdZo, ñV§^ ¶m§dê$Z {XgyZ ¶oVo. Y‘©emñÌmZo ~«m÷Um§Zm gVr OmÊ¶mg
~§YZ KmVë¶mZo gVr OmUmè¶mV ~«m÷Um§Mo à‘mU H$‘r hmoVo. na§Vw ~«m÷Um§Mm ‘amR>çm§À¶m
amOH$maUmV àdoe hmoD$Z Vo gÎmmYmar ~Zë¶mZo BVam§Zm AmXe© KmbyZ XoÊ¶mÀ¶m CÔoemZo
Ë¶m§Zr gVr àWobm àmoËgmhZ {Xbo. Ë¶m‘wio ‘amR>o gaXma Hw$Qw>§~mVrb AZoH$ pñÌ¶m,
godH$, Xmgr Amnë¶m gaXmam~amo~a gVr Joë¶mMr AZoH$ CXmhaUo VËH$mbrZ gmYZm§VyZ
{‘iVmV. amOo, gaXma, gmdH$ma ¶m§À¶m Hw$Qw>§~mVrb AZoH$ pñÌ¶m gVr Joë¶mMr CXmhaUo
{‘iVmV. na§Vw amÁ¶H$V©o noedo ¶m§À¶m KamVrb a‘m~mB© - (Wmoabo ‘mYdamd noedo ¶m§Mr
nËZr) AÝZnyUm©~mB© -({M‘mOr AmßnmMr nËZr) ¶m§Mm AndmX dJiVm Xþgao H$moUr gVr
Joë¶mMo AmT>iV Zmhr. gVrÀ¶m gmohiçmMo dU©Z Eo{Vhm{gH$ nmodmS>o, VËH$mbrZ gmYZo
BË¶mXr§‘YyZ ¶oVo. VgoM "ewÕr‘¶wI' qH$dm "ewÕrVÎd' ¶m J§«WmV gVrdm {dYr gm§{JVbobm
Amho. EImXr ñÌr gVr OmVmZm BVa pñÌ¶m gVrMm àgmX åhUyZ gm¡^m½¶dmZ, IU,
~m§JS>çm, Hw§$Hy$ BË¶mXr XoV AgV. ~«mh²‘Um§Zm XmZ {Xbo OmV Ago.
Ho$ednZ :
‘amR>oH$mbrZ g‘mOmV nVr {ZYZmZ§Va ghJVZmbm n¶m©¶ åhUyZ Ho$ednZmÀ¶m
‘mJm©Mm Adb§~ Ho$bm OmV Ago. {dYdoMm H$M~§Y nVrÀ¶m ~§YZmg H$maUr^yV hmoVmo,
Aer g‘OyV Agë¶mZo nVrÀ¶m {ZYZmZ§Va nËZrMo Ho$g nVrÀ¶m edm~amo~a OmirV
AgV. noedoH$mimV ZmJPmar Odi {dYdm pñÌ¶m§Mm Ho$ednZ {dYr hmoV Ago. ¶m
{dYrgmR>r EH$ n§Mm, EH$ nmVi, EH$ IU, EH$ ‘{U‘§JigyÌ,OmoS>dr, {déAm BË¶mXr
gm{hË¶ AmUmdo bmJV Ago. Ë¶m àg§Jr ~«mh²‘Umg Jm¶r, n¡go, gmoZo, Ab§H$ma BË¶mXr
XmZ åhUyZ XoV AgV. Oa EImÚm {dYdoZo Ho$g H$mT>bo Zmhr Va {Vbm Om{V~{hîH¥$V
H$arV AgV. H$Yr-H$Yr Ë¶m§Zm {ejmhr Ho$br OmV Ago.
Self-Instructional
Material 231
noedoH$mbrZ ‘amR>oH$mbrZ Ym{‘©H$ -CËgd d gU - g‘ma§^
g‘mOOrdZ
NOTES Xod -XodVm§Mo OÌm, ¶mÌm d CËgd :
‘amR>oH$mimV Xod-XodVm§Mo CËgd, dm{f©H$ OÌm - ¶mÌm âV AgV. ¶m CËgdmgmR>r
amÁ¶H$V}, ñWm{ZH$ OZVm, A{YH$mar ¶§À¶mH$Sy>Z BZm‘o, dfm©gZo d XoU½¶m {Xë¶m OmV
AgV. ¶m CËgd àg§Jr AÝZXmZo, Zdg ’o$S>Uo, XodVm§Zm ~ir XoUo BË¶mXr ~m~r bmoH$
H$arV AgV. {eIa qeJUmnya ¶oWo M¡Ì ‘{hÝ¶mV ¶mÌm âVo, bmImo ^m[dH$ VoWo EH$Ì
¶oVmV, na§Vw nmÊ¶mMr gmo¶ Zmhr åhUyZ ‘mbmoOramOo ^mogbo ¶m§Zr VoWo EH$ Vio ~m§Ybo
hmoVo.
XodVm§À¶m OÌm :
J«m‘rU ^mJmV VoWrb g‘mOmV OmImB©, VwH$mB©, ‘w§Om, ~{hamo~m, åhgmo~m, doVmi
BË¶mXr XodVm à{gÕ AgyZ Ë¶m§Mr nyOm - AMm©, ¶mÌm -CËgd Zoh‘r MmbV AgV. ¶m
XodVm§Mo nwOmar åhUyZ Jwad, dmKo, ‘hma, ‘m§J, Hw$U~r ho bmoH$ H$m‘ H$arV AgV. ¶m
XodVm§À¶m CnmgZo‘wio Ë¶m XodVm g§Vwï> hmoD$Z amoJ, d g§H$Q>o ¶m§Mo {ZdmaU H$aVmV, Aer
g‘OyV hmoVr. 150 J«m‘XodVm§Mo CËgd {ZKmbo åhUOo, Ë¶màg§Jr Ymo~r, gwVma, Hw§$^ma,
bmohma BË¶mXr OmVtZm ‘mZ d {deofm{YH$ma {Xbobo AgV. dm{f©H$ OÌoV new~ir XoÊ¶mMr
àWm hmoVr; VmS>r, ‘mS>r, ^m§J, Jm§Om, V§~mIy, a³VmZo H$mb{dbobm ^mV ho J«mXodVm§Mo
AmdS>Vo nwOmMma hmoVo.
OmoJUr :
‘amR>oH$mimV OmoJUrMm CËgd à{Vð>oMm ‘mZbm OmV Ago. Ë¶mV bmoH$ ~[bXmZ
H$aÊ¶mghr V¶ma hmoV AgV. CËgdm{df¶r Aer ‘m{hVr {‘iVo H$s, ""OmoJm d OmoJr
hr Amnë¶m hmVmVrb VbdmarZo H$m§~S>o qH$dm ‘|T>ê$ ‘mê$Z Ë¶mMo a³V Mm§XrÀ¶m dmQçm§V
^ê$Z KoVmV Z§Va Vo ~mhoa {ZKVmV. hmVmVrb dmQ>çm ho Ë¶m§Mo gd©ñd ‘mZVmV. Ë¶m§À¶m
ajUmgmR>r EH$m hmVmV Vbdma Ago. EH$m nÌmV ~mJUrÀ¶m ‘Zwî¶mZo dmQ>r ni{dÊ¶mMm
à¶ËZ Ho$bm hmoVm. Voìhm Ë¶mMo S>moHo$ CS>{dbo Jobo. Vo S>moHo$ Aï>çmÀ¶m hÔrV nS>bo d YS>
~mJUrH$am§À¶m hÔrV nS>bo. Ë¶m‘wio n§Mm¶VrZo dmQ>rda ~mJUrH$am§Mm h³H$ ‘mÝ¶ Ho$bm
d dmQ>r Ë¶m§Zm {‘imbr.''
JUoemoËgd :
hm CËgd H$moH$UmVrb ‘hÎdmMm CËgd ‘mZbm OmV Ago. noedo H$mimV ¶m
CËgdmbm Xoemdahr ‘hÎd àmßV Pmbo. ^mÐnX MVwWunmgyZ Vo AZ§V MVwX©ern¶ªV hm
CËgd gmOam Ho$bm OmV Ago. ¶m CËgdmV JUoe ñWmnZm d {dgO©Z Yw‘YS>mŠ¶mV gmOao
Ho$bo OmV Ago. Xaå¶mZÀ¶m H$mimV ÔZ, H$sV©Z, ZmMJmUo, S>’$JmUo, H$bmd§VrUrMm
ZmM BË¶mXr H$m¶©H«$‘ hmoV AgV. dmO§Ìr, H$UoH$ar, haXmg, JdB©, H$bmd§VrUr, Jwad,
nIdmOr, gm|JmS>o ¶m§Zm {~XmJr XoV AgV. B.g. 1808 À¶m EH$m nÌmV Mm¡Xm {Xdg
nmMeo Amgm‘rÀ¶m ^moOZ d X{jUogmR>r gìdrg hOma nmMeo én¶o IM© Ambm hmoVm,
Self-Instructional Agm CëboI ¶oVmo.
Material 232
am‘Zd‘r : noedoH$mbrZ
am‘Zd‘rMm hm CËgd M¡Ì Zd‘rg {dîUyZo am‘mÀ¶m ê$nmZo ‘Zwî¶mdVma YmaU Ho$bm, g‘mOOrdZ
åhUyZ lram‘ OÝ‘moËgd gmOam Ho$bm OmV Ago. CËgdmà‘mUoM ¶mbm d«V åhUyZhr ‘hÎd
hmoVo. am‘Xmgr g§àXm¶mMo ^m[dH$ hm CËgd ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV gmOam H$arV AgV. ‘amR>o NOTES
H$mimV am‘Xmgr g§àXm¶mÀ¶m am‘Zd‘r CËgdmgmR>r bmJUmao gm{hË¶, Ë¶mgmR>r XoU½¶m,
BZm‘ d dfm©gZo {Xë¶mMo AZoH$ CëboI VËH$mbrZ gmYZm§VyZ ¶oVmV. {‘aO ¶oWrb
Am³H$m~mB© d JmoqdX Jmogmdr ¶m§Zm CËgdmMm IM© Mmb{dÊ¶mgmR>r Vrg {~Ko O‘rZ
BZm‘ {Xbr hmoVr.
JmoHw$imï>‘r :
lmdU ‘{hÝ¶mÀ¶m Aï>‘rg {dîUyZo H¥$îUmÀ¶m ê$nmZo ‘Zwî¶mdVma YmaU Ho$bm åhUyZ
hm CËgd gmOam Ho$bm OmV Ago. JmoHw$imï>‘rbm CËgdmà‘mUoM d«V åhUyZhr ‘hÎd hmoVo.
B.g. 17923 ‘Ü¶o ‘hmXOr qeXo ¶m§Mo S>oè¶mg hm CËgd gmOam H$aÊ¶mV Ambm hmoVm,
Ë¶mdoir gdmB© ‘mYdamd noedo VoWo Jobo hmoVo. ‘hmXOrZo Ë¶m§Zm nmofmI ôQ> {Xbm hmoVm.
{edamÌr :
{edamÌrbm CËgdmà‘mUoM d«V åhUyZhr ‘hÎd hmoVo. qhXÿ H$mbJUZoVrb H$moUË¶mhr
‘{hÝ¶mÀ¶m H¥$îU njmVrb MVwX©erbm {edamÌr åhUVmV. VWm{n ‘mK ‘{hÝ¶mÀ¶m
H¥$îUnjmVrb MVwX©er gdmªV loð> ‘mZyZ {Vbm ‘hm{edamÌr Ago åhUV. ¶m {Xder
Cndmg H$ê$Z {~ëdd¥jmÀ¶m nmZm§Zr e§H$amMr nyOm H$amdr Am{U amÌâ OmJaU H$amdo
bmJV Ago. AmZ§Xr~mB© H$monaJmdr AgVmZm Ë¶m§Zr {edamÌr CËgd Ho$bm hmoVm. Agm
CëboI H¥$îUmOr OZmX©Z ¶mZo H$monaJmdmhÿZ nwÊ¶mg nmR>{dboë¶m nÌmV ¶oVmo.
Jm¡ar nyOm :
M¡Ì ‘{hÝ¶mVrb ewÕ V¥Vr¶og hm CËgd gmOam H$arV AgV. hm CËgd àm‘w»¶mZo
~«mh²‘U gwdmgrZr Jm¡arÀ¶m nyOZmW© hiXr - Hw§$H$dmMm H$m¶©H«$‘ H$arV AgV. ~«mh‘Um§À¶m
KamV Jm¡arMr ’w$bm§Zr nyOm Ho$br OmV Ago. ^Jd§Vamd A‘mË¶m§Zr B.g. 1750 ‘Ü¶o
‘hmamUr Vmam~mB©g {b{hboë¶m nÌmV Jm¡arÀ¶m CËgdmMm IM© Mmb{dbm nm{hOo Aer
{dZ§Vr Ho$br hmoVr Agm CëboI ¶oVmo.
d«V-d¡H$ë¶o :
Ë¶m H$mimV {Za{Zamiçm àH$maMr d«V -d¡H$ë¶o nmibr OmV AgV. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o
EH$mXer d«V, F${fn§M‘r d«V, MmVw‘m©g, ‘m¡Zd«V, ~wYmï>‘r, AXþ;I Zd‘r, à{VàXm qH$dm
àXmofd«V, aWgßV‘r d«V, {VbH$d«V, {~ëdemImd«V, dmVr bmdUo, Vwigr àX{jUm§Mr
bmoImobr KmbUo Aem AZoH$ àH$maÀ¶m d«Vm§Mo CëboI {Za{Zamiçm H$mJXnÌm§VyZ ¶oVmV.
AZwð>mZo :
Xodmb àgÝZ H$ê$Z KoÊ¶mgmR>r, Amnbr BÀN>m nyU© H$aÊ¶mgmR>r AZwð>mZo Ho$br
OmV AgV. Ë¶mMo AZoH$ CëboI ‘amR>oH$mbrZ gmYZm§VyZ ¶oVmV. {‘Pm©amOo O¶qgJmZo
{edmOramOm§À¶m nam^dmgmR>r AZwð>mZo d On ¶mgmR>r Mmaeo ~«m÷U AZwð>mZmg bmdbo Self-Instructional
Material 233
noedoH$mbrZ hmoVo. VrZ ‘{hZo AZwð>mZo Mmb{dbr. Ë¶mÀ¶m IMm©gmR>r XmoZ H$moQ>r én¶o H$mTy>Z R>odbo
g‘mOOrdZ hmoVo.
NOTES hmo‘ -hdZ :
àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ Á¶m {dYrbm qhXy Y‘r©¶m§À¶m Ym{‘©H$ OrdZmV ‘hÎdmMo ñWmZ
àmßV Pmbo hmoVo. Vmo {dYr åhUOo "¶k' hmo¶. ‘amR>oH$mimV Eo{hH$ g‘¥Õr, eÌwZme,
ì¶m{YZme, g§VmZàmßVr, AqV{Ð¶ e³VrMo H¥$nmg§nmXZ ¶m g§X^m©V ¶k Ho$bo OmV AgV.
V¡Îmar¶ AmaÊ¶H$mV Xod¶k, {nV¥¶k, ^yV¶k, ‘Zwî¶¶k d ~«÷¶k ho nmM ¶k gm§{JVbo
AmhoV. ¶kg‘¶r ~«mh²‘Um§Zm ^moOZ, X{jUm, dñÌ- Ab§H$ma BË¶mXr {Xbo OmV AgV.
em§Vr H$‘© :
‘Ü¶¶wJrZ Ym{‘©H$ d gm‘m{OH$ OrdZmV em§Vr H$‘m©bm ‘hÎd {Xbo OmV Ago. X¡Z§{XZ
OrdZmVrb g‘ñ¶m, AmOmamnmgyZ ‘w³VVm, g§H$Q>mVyZ ‘w³VVm ¶mgmR>r em§VrH$‘© H$arV
AgV. em§VrH$‘m©V hmo‘ hdZ, ~«mh²‘U ^moOZo d X{jU ¶m§Mm g‘mdoe Ago. H$ë¶mU
àm§Vr ^yH§$n Pmbm Ë¶mMr em§Vr Ho$ë¶mMm CëboI {‘iVmo.
Zdg :
Bï> H$m‘ZoMr nyVr© ìhmdr åhUyZ Xod-XodVobm {Xbobo nwOmonMmamMo A{^dMZ qH$dm
EImXm nXmW© An©U H$aÊ¶mMr à{Vkm åhUOo Zdg hmo¶. VËH$mbrZ g‘mOmV {d{dY
H$maUm§gmR>r Zdg H$ê$Z Vo ’o$S>ë¶mMo CëboI VËH$mbrZ gmYZm§VyZ ¶oVmV. ¶wÕmV {dO¶
{‘imdm ¶m§gmR>rhr Zdg Ho$ë¶mMo CëboI {‘iVmV.
VrW©¶mÌm :
‘amR>oH$mbrZ Ym{‘©H$ OrdZmV VrW©¶mÌobm ‘hÎd hmoVo. CÎmaH$m¶©, nmnjmbZ,
nwÊ¶àmßVr ¶m§gmR>r n{dÌ ZÚm, ZÚm§Mo g§J‘, g‘wÐ BË¶mXr {R>H$mUr ñZmZ H$aUo, VrW©joÌr
OmdyZ XmZY‘© H$aUo nwÊ¶H$m¶©$ ‘mZbo OmV Ago. Ë¶m‘wio gm‘mÝ¶m§nmgyZ amÁ¶H$Ë¶mªn¶ªV
gd©M bmoH$ Amnë¶m Hw$dVrà‘mUo VrW©¶mÌm H$ê$Z XmZY‘© H$arV AgV. qhXy§À¶m Y{‘©H$
joÌmV CÎmaoVrb H$mer, ‘Wwam, à¶mJ Am{U X{jUoVrb n¡R>U, dmB©, nwUo, Zm{eH$
BË¶mXtZm ‘hÎd {Xbo Jobo hmoVo. ‘wñbr‘ Y‘r©¶m§V ‘³Ho$À¶m ¶mÌobm {deof ‘hÎd hmoVo.
nwÊ¶àmßVrgmR>r ‘wñbr‘ Y‘m©Vrb ^m[dH$ bmoH$ ‘³Ho$Mr ¶mÌm H$arV AgV. àË¶oH$
‘wpñb‘mZo Am¶wî¶mV EH$Xm Var ‘³Ho$Mr ¶mÌm H$amdr Aer ‘wñbr‘ Y‘r©¶m§Mr lÕm hmoVr.
‘amR>oH$mbrZ H$mJXnÌmVyZ ¶m~m~VMo CëboI ¶oVmV. Ah‘XZJa ¶oWrb hþgoZemh nraOmXo
ho ‘³Ho$Mr ¶mÌm H$ê$Z Amë¶mMm CëboI ¶oVmo.
dg§V nyOm :
‘amR>oH$mimV, {deofV: noedoH$mimV gm‘m{OH$, Ym{‘©H$ d amOH$r¶ OrdZmV ~«m÷U
OmVrbm ‘hÎd àmßV Pmbobo hmoVo. H$mhr ~«mh²‘Um§À¶m g§nÝZ Mm[aÍ¶m‘wio, {dXdÎmm d
bmoH$mon¶moJr H$m‘m§‘wio Ë¶m§Zm Xod ‘mZyZ Ë¶m§Mr nyOm Ho$br Omdy bmJbr hmoVr. hr nyOm
dg§V F$VyV Ho$br OmV Ago, Ë¶m‘wio {Vbm "dg§V nyOm' Agohr åhUV AgV. Aem
Self-Instructional àH$maMr ~«m÷U nyOm goZmnVr qÌ~H$amd Xm^mS>o ho VioJmd ¶oWo H$arV AgV. hr àWm
Material 234
noedoH$mbrZ
noeì¶m§Zr nwT>o Mmb{dbr. {VMoM ê$nm§Va nwT>o "lmdU‘mg X{jUm g‘ma§^mV' Pmbo. g‘mOOrdZ
Ë¶mgmR>r g§nyU© ^maVmVyZ ~«mh²‘U ¶oV AgV. B.g. 1753 gmbr lmdU‘mg X{jUogmR>r
E|er hOma ~«m÷U nwÊ¶mV Ambo hmoVo. NOTES
gmd©O{ZH$ gU-CËgd :
gm‘m{OH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ dmagm {Q>H${dÊ¶mÀ¶m H$m¶m©V gUm§Zm Ym{‘©H$ d gm‘m{OH$
Ñï>rZo ‘hÎd hmoVo. ho gU dfmªMo ~mamhr ‘{hZo gmOao Ho$bo OmV AgV. JwT>r nmS>ì¶mnmgyZ
(M¡Ì à{VnXm), gUm§Zm gwédmV hmoV Ago. d¡emI ‘{hÝ¶mV AjV¥Vr¶m, AmfT>, lmdU,
^mÐnX ¶m VrZ ‘{hÝ¶m§V ZmJn§M‘r, grambeoQ>, ^mÐnX ‘{hÝ¶mV Jm¡ar-JUnVr, A{ídZ
‘{hÝ¶mV ZdamÌ-Xgam, {Xnmdbr, VwierMo b½Z, nm§¡f ‘{hÝ¶mV hmoir - a§Jn§M‘r
BË¶mXr gU gmOao H$arV AgV.
‘amR>oH$mimV g‘mOmÀ¶m gd© ñVam§Vrb bmoH$ EH$Ì ¶odyZ ho gU gmOao H$arV AgV.
Ë¶mV hH$s‘, ‘m¡bmZm, Vm§~moir ¶m ‘wpñb‘m§Mmhr g‘mdoe Ago. Jmd åhUOo EH$ Hw$Qw>§~
‘mZyZ gd© OU {‘iyZ gU gmOao H$arV AgV.
JwT>rnmS>dm :
hm gU M¡Ì ‘{hÝ¶mÀ¶m à{VnXobm ZdrZ dfm©Mm n{hbm {Xdg åhUyZ gmOam Ho$bm
OmV Ago.
Aj¶ V¥Vr¶m :
hm gU d¡emI ‘{hÝ¶mV gmOam Ho$bm OmV Ago. ¶m gUmgmR>r H§w$^ma àË¶oH$mÀ¶m
Kar ‘mVrMo H$be ZoD$Z XoV Ago.
ZmJn§M‘r :
hm gU lmdUewÕ n§M‘rg gmOam H$arV AgV. Ýhmdr dmê$imda d JmdmV ZmJ
V¶ma H$arV Ago. JmdmVrb nmQ>rb, Hw$bH$Ur©, Mm¡Jwbo ¶m§À¶m ~m¶H$m§Zm dmO§Ìr dmOdrV
Mm¡H$mV AmUÊ¶mMo H$m‘ ÝhmdrM H$arV Ago. dmê$imH$S>o ZmJmÀ¶m nyOog OmVmZm
nmQ>bmÀ¶m ~m¶H$m, hH$s‘mÀ¶m ~m¶H$m, Hw$bH$Ur© - nmQ>rb ¶m§Mo ^mD$~§X d Ë¶m‘mJo
JmdmVrb BVa ~m¶H$m OmV AgV. Ýhmì¶mno dmê$imda ZmJ V¶ma H$ê$Z VoWo ¶oB©b Vr
nyOm ¿¶mdr Aer arV hmoVr.
nmoim :
hm ~¡bm§Mm gU XoenaËdo lmdUr A‘mdñ¶m qH$dm ^mÐnX A‘mdñ¶og gmOam Ho$bm
OmV Ago. ¶m gUmgmR>r Hw§$^ma {MIbmMo ~¡b H$ê$Z KamoKar ZodyZ XoV Ago.
ZdamÌ d Xgam :
hm gU ‘hmamï´>mà‘mUoM g§nyU© ^maVmVrb EH$ àmMrZ d ‘hÎdmMm gU ‘mZbm
OmV Ago. hm gU A{ídZ ‘{hÝ¶mV Xhm {Xdg gmOam Ho$bm OmB©. ¶mVrb n{hë¶m ZD$
{Xdgm§Zm ZdamÌ d Xhmì¶m {Xdgmbm {dO¶mXe‘r qH$dm Xgam Ago åhUV. ‘amR>oH$mimV Self-Instructional
Material 235
noedoH$mbrZ hm gU amOo-gaXmam§nmgyZ gd©gm‘mÝ¶m§n¶ªV gd© OU gmOam H$arV AgV. Xgè¶mnmgyZ
g‘mOOrdZ ‘amR>o ’$m¡Om ‘mo{h‘oda OmV AgV. Xgè¶mMo {Xder ~H$ao, aoS>o ¶m§Mo ~ir XoÊ¶mMr àWm
hmoVr.
NOTES
{Xdmir :
{Xdmir hm qhXy§Mm ‘hÎdmMm gU ‘mZbm OmV Ago. ¶m {Xder gË¶^m‘mZo
lrH¥$îUmÀ¶m ‘XVrZo ZaH$mgwamMm H$m‘ê$n XoemV dY Ho$bm Am{U gmoim hOma amOH$Ý¶m§Zm
~§{XImÝ¶mVyZ gmoS>{dbo, Aer H$Wm gm§{JVbr OmVo. hm gU nmM {Xdg gmOam H$arV
AgV.
‘H$ag§H$m§V :
hm gU gmYmaU Xhm Vo Mm¡Xm OmZodmarÀ¶m Xaå¶mZ gmOam Ho$bm OmVmo. gH«$m§VrÀ¶m
AJmoXaÀ¶m {Xdgmbm ^moJr, Va Z§VaÀ¶m {Xdgmbm {H$H«$m§V Ago åhUV AgV. {H$H«$m§V
Zd{ddmhrV ‘wbtH$Sy>Z gmOar Ho$br OmV Ago. ‘H$a g§H«$m§VrÀ¶m nd©H$mbr {VW©joÌr
OmD$Z ñZmZ d XmZY‘© Ho$bm OmV Ago. noedo H$mimVrb H$mJXnÌmVyZ, eH$am¶w³V
{ViJwi nmR>{dbo, Ago CëboI ¶oVmV.
hmoir - {e‘Jm :
{e‘Jm hm gU ’$mëJwZr nm¡{U©‘oÀ¶m {Xder gmOam Ho$bm OmV Ago. ‘amR>oH$mimV
g‘mOmÀ¶m gd©M ñVamVrb bmoH$ EH$Ì ¶odyZ hm gU gmOam H$arV AgV. JmdmÀ¶m
‘Ü¶^mJr ‘¡XmZmda hmoir noQ>drV AgV. Ë¶mgmR>r JmdmVrb H$moir hmoirMr OmJm qenrV
AgV. narQ> hmoir aMÊ¶mMo H$m‘ H$arV. nyOogmR>r bmJUmar ’w$bo, ¶oa§S>mMr nmZo d Cg
‘mir KoD$Z ¶oB©. hmoir noQ>{dÊ¶mgmR>r ‘hmamÀ¶m hmoirMm {dñVd AmUbm OmV Ago.
JmdMm nmQ>rb hmoirMr nyOm H$ar, hmoirg nmQ>bm§À¶m KaMr nmoir ~m§YrV AgV. JmdMm
Omoer nyOm gm§Jo, Ë¶m~Ôb Ë¶mbm X{jUm, Z¡dÚ d {dS>m gwnmar {‘iV Ago. JmdmVyZ
hmoirbm Oo Z¡dÚ ¶oV, Vo Z¡doÚ H$moir, Hw§$^ma, gwVma, Ýhmdr, narQ>, Mm§^ma, ‘hma ¶m§Zm
{Xbo OmV AgV. Ë¶m {Xder amÌâ hmoirÀ¶m ^modVrZoM, JmUo, gm§JmS>çm§Mr gm|Jo BË¶mXr
H$a‘UwH$sMo H$m¶©H«$‘ hmoV AgV. Mm§^ma {XdQ>r YarV Ago, {XdQ>rbm {MaJwQ>o J§wS>miÊ¶mMo
H$m‘ narQ> H$ar. nmQ>rb d BVa à{V[ð>Vm§Zm JwS>JwS>r, nmZ-gwnmar, V§~mIy AmUyZ XoÊ¶mMo
H$m‘ Ýhmdr H$arV Ago. nmQ>bm§H$Sy>Z gm§JmS>o, ZmMo, JmUmao ¶m§Zm {~XmJr {Xbr OmV Ago.
a§Jn§M‘r :
a§Jn§M‘rMm gU ‘amR>oH$mimV ‘moR>çm CËgmhmZo gmOam Ho$bm OmV Ago. bIwOr
OmYd ¶m§À¶m H$MoarV a§Jn§M‘r gmOar Ho$ë¶mMm CëboI E³³¶mZm¡ H$b‘r ~IarV ¶oVmo.
noedo Xa~mamV hmoir d a§Jn§M‘r ho gU CËgmhmZo gmOao H$bo OmV AgV. a§Jn§M‘rbm
Xa~ma âdyZ gaXma, ‘mZH$ar, nWHo$, {eboXma, H$maHy$Z BË¶mXtZm Am§‘{ÌV Ho$bo OmV
Ago. Xa~mamV ZmM-JmUo d OodU hmoD$Z Z§Va ‘mZmà‘mUo nmofmI dmQ>bo OmV AgV.
‘wpñb‘m§Mo gU-CËgd :
Self-Instructional ‘amR>oH$mimV ‘hmamï´>mV ‘wpñb‘m§Mr g§»¶m ~arM hmoVr. Vo Amnbo gU gmOao H$arV
Material 236
Ë¶m‘Ü¶o a‘OmZ, B©X, ~H$ar >B©X, ‘moha‘ BË¶mXr gUm§Mo CëboI ¶oVmV. ‘wpñb‘m§À¶m noedoH$mbrZ
ghdmgmZo AZoH$ qhXÿ Ë¶m§À¶m gU-CËgdmV gh^mJr hmoV AgV ‘wpñb‘m§Mo gU d g‘mOOrdZ
Ym{‘©H$ CËgd Mm§Jë¶m àH$mao gmOao H$aVm ¶mdoV, ¶mgmR>r amÁ¶H$V} à¶ËZ H$arV AgV.
NOTES
O¡Zm§Mo gU :
dfª à{VnXm, kmZn§M‘r, MmVw‘m©g, nm¡§f Xe‘r - nmíd©ZmW O¶§Vr, M¡Ì nm¡{U©‘m,
Aj¶ V¥Vr¶m, n¶y©fU nd©, {Xdmir, ‘hmdra O¶§Vr BË¶mXr gU O¡Z bmoH$ gmOao H$arV
AgV.
p¼íMZm§Mo gU :
‘hmamï´>mÀ¶m H$mhr ^mJm§V {¼íMZ Y‘m©Mm àgma Pmë¶mZo {IíMZ bmoH$ Amnbo gU-
CËgd gmOao H$arV AgV. Ë¶mV ZmVmi, b|Q>, JwS>µ ’«$m¶S>o, BñQ>a, nm‘g§S>o, ñdJm©amohZ,
n§Q>H$moñQ>, ‘oar, Omogo’$, nrQ>a Podr¶a BË¶mXr g§Vm§Mo O¶§Vr CËgd ¶m§Mm {¼íMZm§À¶m
gU-CËgdmV g‘mdoe hmoVm.
Ym{‘©H$ ñWio Am{U g§ñH¥$Vr g§dY©Z :
‘amR>oH$mbI§S>mV {Za{Zamiçm Ym{‘©H$ ñWim§Zm Ym{‘©H$, gm‘m{OH$, Am{W©H$ d
gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZmV ‘hÎdmMo ñWmZ hmoVo. ‘J Vo Ym{‘©H$ ñWi qhXy§Mo, ‘wpñb‘m§Mo,
{¼íMZm§Mo, nmaem§Mo qH$dm H$moUË¶mhr Y‘m©Mo Agmo. ‘§{Xa, ‘{eX, XJ}, MM© hr gd©M
Ym{‘©H$ ñWio amÁ¶H$V} gaXma, g§Om‘Xma, dVZXma, gm‘mÝ¶ OZVm ¶m gdmªÀ¶mM
^³VrMo, AmXamMo d lÕoMo ñWmZ hmoVo. Ë¶m‘wioM H$mbI§S> H$moUVmhr Agmo, amÁ¶
H$moUmMohr Agmo, amOm H$moUrhr Agmo. Ë¶mbm ¶m Ym{‘©H$ ñWim{df¶r AmXa dmQ>V
Ago. Ë¶m‘wio Ym{‘©H$ CËgd, ¶mÌm, OÌm ¶m‘Ü¶o gdmªMmM gh^mJ Ago. amOo, gaXma,
Y{ZH$ d gd©gm‘mÝ¶ OZVm ¶m Ym{‘©H$ ñWim§Zm Amnë¶m narZo ‘XV H$arV AgV.
Ë¶m‘wioM Ym{‘©H$ ñWim§Zm {d{dYm§Jm§Zr ‘hÎd hmoVo. ‘amR>mnyd© H$mbI§S>mVrb H$moard boI
d Ym{‘©H$ dmL²‘¶mVyZ ‘§{Xam§À¶m AZoH$ àH$mamMo CëboI ¶oVmV. Ë¶mV, XoD$i, ‘T>, ‘Sy>,
H$sV©Z, Xodmb¶, Y‘©ñWi, àmgmX, nwÊ¶ñWi, ^moJñWmZ BË¶mXtMm g‘mdoe hmoVm. ¶m
gd© àH$mam§Mm doJdoJiçm nÕVrZo Aä¶mg H$aVm ¶oD$ eH$Vmo. XodmMr godm H$aUmè¶m§Zm
"C{iJmMo ‘mUyg' Ago åhUV AgV. Ë¶mV nwOmar, Jwad, ’w$b~Sw>Am, Ywdm{b¶m,
^m{dUr, nwam{UH$, CnmÜ¶o BË¶mXtMm g‘mdoe Ago. Xodmb¶ C^maUo, Xodmb¶mMm {OUm}
Õma H$aUo, ’w$b~mJ, {Xdm~Îmr, Zod¡Ú, AÝZXmZ BË¶mXr ‘mÜ¶‘m§VyZ XodmMr godm H$aUo,
AÝZN>Ìmg ‘XV H$aUo, nmÊ¶mÀ¶m gmoB©gmR>r {d{har, Vio ¶m§Mr ì¶dñWm H$aUo BË¶mXr
~m~r nwÊ¶H$maH$ ‘mZë¶m OmV AgV. ‘amR>oH$mbrZ gmYZm§VyZhr ¶m~m~VMo CëboI
¶oVmV. H$mJXnÌmVrb CëboIm§‘YyZ Xod- XodñWmZ ¶m§Mr ‘hVr, ‘XV H$aUmè¶m§Mr d
Ë¶m§À¶m KamÊ¶mMr ‘m{hVr, Á¶m§À¶m ZmdmZo gZXm, nÌo, BZm‘ BË¶mXr {Xbo Agob Ë¶m§À¶m
{df¶rMr ‘m{hVr gZXnÌm§‘YyZ {‘iy eH$Vo.
‘§{Xa EH$ g§ñWm :
Ym{‘©H$ ñWim§Zm Ym{‘©H$Ñï>çm Ogo ‘hÎd {Xbo OmV Ago, Ë¶mM~amo~a Ë¶m§Zm EH$
g§ñWm åhUyZhr ‘amR>o H$mbI§S>mV ‘hÎd àmßV Pmbobo hmoVo. ‘§{Xa ¶m g§ñWoÀ¶m ^modVmbr Self-Instructional
Material 237
noedoH$mbrZ AZoH$ àH$maÀ¶m ì¶³Vr, CnH«$‘ d KS>m‘moS>r ¶m§Zm ñWmZ {Xë¶mMo VËH$mbrZ H$mJXnÌm§VyZ
g‘mOOrdZ {XgyZ ¶oVo. ‘§{XamV gwê$ Agbobo {d{dY Ym{‘©H$ {dYr d CËgd Am{U Ë¶mÀ¶mer g§~§[YV
KQ>H$; ‘§{XamV qH$dm Ë¶mÀ¶m AmdmamV Ho$bo OmUmao Ý¶m¶ - {ZdmS>o Am{U Ë¶mÀ¶m
NOTES g§~§[YV Agbobo Y‘m©{YH$mar d BVa KQ>H$; Ý¶m¶XmZmÀ¶m nÕVr ¶m§Mr ‘m{hVr VËH$mbrZ
H$mJXnÌm§dê$Z {XgyZ ¶oVo. bmoH$H$ë¶mUH$mar H$m‘mVhr Ym{‘©H$ ñWim§Mm gh^mJ hmoVm.
‘§{Xa ¶m g§ñWoÀ¶m ^modVmbr AZoH$ àH$maÀ¶m gm‘m{OH$, amOH$s¶ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ KS>m‘moS>r
KS>V AgV. Xod Am{U XoD$i ¶m§À¶m ^modVmbr {Za{Zamiçm H$maUm§Zr ^³V Jmoim hmoV
AgV. ‘§{XamÀ¶m n[agamV XodmÀ¶m AmamYZoÀ¶m {Z{‘ÎmmZo Jm¶Z, dmXZ, Z¥Ë¶, ÔZ-
H$rV©Z BË¶mXr H$bm§Mr OmonmgZm hmoV Ago. Ë¶m§Mo nma§n[aH$arË¶m {ejUhr {Xbo OmV
Ago. VËH$mbrZ {ejUmMr H|$Ðo hmoVr. ‘amR>o H$mimV ‘§{Xao, ‘{eXr, ‘Xago BË¶mXr
Ym{‘©H$ {R>H$mUr Ym{‘©H$ {ejUm~amo~aM, dmMZ-boIZ BË¶mXtMo {ejU {Xbo OmV
Agë¶mZo Ym{‘©H$ ñWio hr {ejUmMr H|$Ðo ~Zbr hmoVr. amÁ¶H$Ë¶mªMm Y‘© d Ë¶m§Mr
Ym{‘©H$ YmoaUo ¶m§Mm n[aUm‘ gm{hË¶ Am{U g§ñH¥$Vr ¶m§À¶m OS>UKS>Urda hmoV Agë¶mMo
AmT>iVo. Ym{‘©H$ ñWio hr g§ñH¥$Vr g§dY©ZmMr H|$Ðo ~Zbr hmoVr. ‘§{Xa ho {Za{Zamiçm
àH$maÀ¶m Ym{‘©H$ H$m¶m©Mo {R>H$mU hmoVo. nyOm-AMm©, nwamU -H$rV©Z, CËgd BË¶mXtMm
Ë¶mV g‘mdoe hmoVm. Ë¶m ‘Ü¶‘mVyZ ‘§{Xa ¶m g§ñWoer AZoH$m§Mm g§~§Y ¶oV Ago. Ë¶mV
nwam{UH$, ‘m§{ÌH$, Á¶mo{Vfr, H$sV©ZH$ma, nwamo{hV BË¶mXtMm g‘mdoe Ago. VgoM ‘wñbr‘
g‘mOmVrb ‘wbmUm, H$mOr, AmVma, Vm§~moir BË¶mXr godH$m§Mmhr g‘mdoe hmoVm. ‘§{Xa
¶m g§ñWoMm g§~§Y {Za{Zamiçm A§Jm§Zr {d{dY Y‘©n§Wm§er ¶oV Ago. Ë¶m‘wio ‘hmZw^md,
dmaH$ar, drae¡d BË¶mXr n§Wm§À¶m g§V, ‘h§V d gËnwéf ¶m§À¶m à¶ËZm‘wio g‘mOmÀ¶m
{d{dY ñVam§Vrb bmoH$ Jmoim hmoV AgV. Ë¶mV g‘mOmVrb ñÌr -eyÐm§Zm§Mmhr g‘mdoe
Ago. Ë¶m‘wio Y{‘©H$ joÌmV Om{VôXmMr Yma H$mhr à‘mUmV H$m hmoB©Zm ~moWQ> Pmbr
Agmdr.
dmL²‘¶ {Z{‘©Vrg àmoËgmhZ :
{Za{Zamiçm H$mbI§S>mV Ym{‘©H$VoÀ¶m OmoS>rZo dmL²‘¶rZ {Z{‘©Vr Pmë¶mMo AmT>iyZ
¶oVo. AWm©V Ë¶mMo ñdê$nhr H$mbmZwê$n ~XbV Joë¶mMo AmT>iyZ ¶oVo.
‘amR>mnyd© H$mbI§S>mV d«V - d¡H$ë¶m§Mo ‘hÎd gm§JUmao J«§W {Z‘m©U Ho$bo Jobo. Ë¶mV
e§H$a^Q>mMm d«VmH©$, d«VamO, d«V H$m¡‘wXr ho J«§W; ho‘mÐrMm MVwd©J©{M§Vm‘{U BË¶mXr à‘wI
J«§Wm§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVm. ñ‘¥{V J«§Wmdarb {Q>H$m§Mr aMZm ¶mM H$mimV Pmbr. ‘hmZw^md
g§àXm¶mMo n§Wr¶ dmL²‘¶, dmaH$ar n§WmVrb g§VdmL²>‘¶ BË¶mXr§Mr aMZm ¶mM H$mimV
Pmbr. ¶m H$mimVrb {d{dY àH$maÀ¶m dmL²‘¶m§Mm g§~§Y g‘mOmÀ¶m Ym{‘©H$ OrdZmer
hmoVm. g§Vgm{hË¶ ho Ym{‘©H$ Agbo Ë¶mV AdS§>~a, {dV§S>dmX, ¶mnojm gh¥X¶Vobm,
Am§V[aH$ ewÕr, Z¡{VH$ AmMma -{dMma ¶m§Zm ‘hÎd {Xë¶mMo AmT>iyZ ¶oVo.
noedoH$mbrZ Ym{‘©H$ OrdZmMm d noeì¶m§À¶m Ym{‘©H$ YmoaUmMm n[aUm‘ H$bm d
gm{hË¶ ¶m§Mr {Z{‘©Vr d g§dY©Z ¶mdahr Pmbobm AmT>iVmo. VËH$mbrZ g‘mOmV AZoH$
g§V, H${d, n§{S>V, emhra, haXmg CX¶mbm Ambo hmoVo. Ë¶m§Zr ‘amR>r ^mfoVyZ dmL²‘¶{Z{‘©Vr
Ho$br. VËH$mbrZ {dÛmZ, H$dr d H$bmH$ma ¶m§Zm amOml¶ {‘imbm. Ë¶m‘wio Ë¶m§Zm
àmoËgmhZ {‘imbo. Ë¶m§‘Ü¶o qhXÿ§à‘mUoM AZoH$ ‘wñbr‘ g§V H${dMm§hr g‘mdoe hmoVm.
Self-Instructional Ë¶m§Zr Amnë¶m J«§Wm§Ûmao, H$sV©ZmÛmao d e¥§Jm[aH$ gm{hË¶mÛmao qhXÿ AÜ¶mË‘mbm, ^³Vrbm
Material 238
e¥§JmamMr Pmba bmdyZ Vo OZgm‘mÝ¶m§n¶ªV nmohM{dbo. noeì¶m§Zr Amnë¶m H$ma{H$XuV noedoH$mbrZ
Ym{‘©H$, gm‘m{OH$ gU- CËgd, ~«m÷U X{jUm, ~«m÷U ^moOZo, lmdU‘mg X{jUm, g‘mOOrdZ
BZm‘, dfmªgZo ~{jgo BË¶mXtÀ¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ {dÛmZ ~«m÷U d Ë¶m§Mo H$m¶© ¶m§Mr XIb
KoVbr. Ë¶m§Zm ‘mZgÝ‘mZ d ~{jgo XoD$Z J«§W{Z{‘©Vrbm àmoËgmhZ {Xbo. NOTES
12.2.3 Am{W©H$ OrdZ :

noedoH$mbrZ Am{W©H$ OrdZmMm AmT>mdm KoVmZm VËH$mbrZ eoVr d Ë¶mda AmYm[aV
Agbobo {d{dY ì¶dgm¶, JmdJmS>çmVrb AbwVoXma d ~bwVoXma ¶m§Mo nma§n[aH$
ì¶dmgm¶, H$mnS>{Z{‘©Vr d Ë¶mÀ¶mer g§~§[YV {d{d{Y ì¶dgm¶, ~m§YH$m‘ d Ë¶mÀ¶mer
g§~§[YV ì¶dgm¶, bîH$a d Ë¶mÀ¶mer g§~§[YV, {d{dY ì¶dmgm¶, ì¶mnma, ì¶mnmar g§K,
dmhVwH$sMr gmYZo, MbZì¶dñWm, gmdH$ma d noT>çm BË¶mXr AZoH$ KQ>H$m§Zm ‘hÎd hmoVo.
Ë¶m gdmªMm ‘mJmodm KoVm AmnUmg noedoH$mbrZ Am{W©H$ OrdZmMo Xe©Z hmoVo. S>m°. gmonmZ
Omdio ¶m§Zr noedoH$mbrZ ‘hmamï´>mMm Am{W©H$ B{Vhmg ¶m nwñVH$mV noedoH$mbrZ Am{W©H$
OrdZmMm ‘mJmodm KoVbm Amho. Ë¶mV AZoH$ KQ>H$m§da àH$me Q>mH$bobm AmT>iVmo.
eoVr ì¶dgm¶ :
àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ ^maV Xoe hm H¥${fàYmZ Amho. Ë¶mg ‘hmamï´>hr AndmX Zmhr.
IoS>Uo åhUOo eoVr H$aUo. Á¶m {R>H$mUr eoVr Ho$br OmVo Ë¶mg IoS>o Ago åhUVmV. IoS>o hm
^maVr¶ AW©ì¶dñWoMm nm¶m ‘mZbm OmVmo. eoVr H$aUmam ‘amR>m, j{Ì¶ AWdm H$moUË¶mhr
OmVrMm-Y‘m©Mm Agbm Var Ë¶mbm Hw$i Ago åhUV AgV. Hw$i ¶m eãXmMo An^«§e
ê$n åhUOo Hw$U~r. Ë¶m‘wio eoVr H$aUmè¶mbm Hw$U~r Ago åhUÊ¶mMm àKmV nS>bm.
eoVr H$aUmè¶m§Mo VrZ dJ© H$bo OmV AgV. n{hbm dJ© {‘amgXmam§Mm, Xþgam dJ© CnatMm
d {Vgam dJ© ‘Zwam§Mm. {‘amgXma ho O{‘ZrMo d§ena§amJV ‘mbH$ AgV. B{VhmgmÀ¶m
{Z¶©Zamiçm H$mimVrb gmYZm§‘YyZ eoVr~m~VMo CëboI ¶oVmV. ‘hmamï´>mÀ¶m B{VhmgmV
àm‘w»¶mZo {ednyd©H$mb, {edH$mb d noedo H$mb ¶m {d{dY H$mbI§S>mVrb eoVr, eoVrMo
ñdê$n, Ë¶mVrb CËnmXZo Am{U eoVrMm amÁ¶mÀ¶m Am{W©H$ OrdZmVrb gh^mJ ¶m§Mm
‘mJmodm KoVm ¶oVmo.
noedoH$mimVhr eoVr hmM ‘hmamï´>mÀ¶m AW©ì¶dñWoMm H$Um hmoVm. ‘hmamï´>mVrb
ZÚm§À¶m Imoè¶m CÀMàVrMr eoVr Ho$br OmV Ago. ‘hmamï´>mVrb O‘rZ gm‘mÝ¶nUo
S>m|Jami, JdVmi d H$miçm ‘mVrMr gnmQ> Aem VrZ dJmªV {d^mJbr OmVo. ¶m{edm¶
O{‘ZrMo AZoH$ àH$mam§V dJuH$aU Ho$bo OmV Ago. Ë¶mV CV‘, ‘Ü¶‘ d H${Zð;
VgoM {OamB©V d ~mJm¶rV Aerhr {d^mJUr H$aVm ¶oVo. noedoH$mimV eoVO{‘ZrMo
eoar O‘rZ, Hw$aU O‘rZ, ~mJ O‘rZ d Am‘amB© O‘rZ Ago {d^mJ Ho$bo OmV AgV.
‘hmamï´>mVrb eoVr CËnmXZmMo XmoZ h§Jm‘ hmoVo. doJdoJiçm h§Jm‘mV doJdoJir {nHo$
KoVbr OmV AgV. eoVr‘Ü¶o {Za{Zamiçm àH$maMr YmÝ¶o, Vob{~¶m, nmbo^mÁ¶m, ZJXr
{nHo$, ’$io ¶m§Mo CËnmXZ Ho$bo OmV Ago. eoVr hm eoVH$è¶m§À¶m CXa{Zdm©hmMm ‘hÎdmMm
ì¶dgm¶ hmoVm. eoVrbm OmoSy>Z Ho$bm OmUmam newnmbZ d Xþ½Y ì¶dgm¶ hmo¶. eoVrnmgyZ
{‘iUmam ‘hgyb hm amÁ¶mÀ¶m CËnÝZmMo EH$ ‘hÎdmMo gmYZ hmoVo. Ë¶m‘wio amÁ¶H$V}
{Za{Zamiçm ‘mJmªZr eoVrbm àmoËgmhZ XoV AgV. eoVH$è¶m§Zm {Za{Zamiçm ñdê$nmV
‘XV H$arV AgV. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o, eoVrÀ¶m {Za{Zamiçm H$m‘mgmR>r VJmB© XoUo. XþîH$mi, Self-Instructional
Material 239
noedoH$mbrZ ‘hmnya, ¶wÕ BË¶mXtgma»¶m g§H$Q>mV gaH$maH$Sy>Z eoVH$è¶m§Zm ‘XV {Xbr OmV Ago.
g‘mOOrdZ AZoH$ doim eoVH$è¶m§Zm gmè¶mV gyQ> {Xbr OmV Ago. noedoH$mimVhr O‘rZ‘hgyb ho
gaH$maÀ¶m CËnÝZmMm ‘hÎdmMm òmoV hmoVm. Ë¶m‘wio A{YH$m{YH$ O‘rZ‘hgyb {‘imdm
NOTES ¶mgmR>r gaH$ma {Za{Zamiçm ‘mJmªZr à¶ËZ H$arV hmoVo. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o Or‘ZrMr ‘moOUr H$aUo,
{VMr àVdmar H$aUo, Ë¶mda ¶mo½¶ arVrZo H$a AmH$maUo. BË¶mXrgmaIr H$m‘o ‘hgyb
{d^mJm‘m’©$V Ho$br OmV AgV. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o àm‘w»¶mZo "Jmd' ¶m ‘yb^yV ‘hgwbr KQ>H$mH$S>o
{deof bj {Xbo OmV Ago. eoVrMm ‘hgyb dgyb H$aÊ¶mgmR>r nmQ>rb d Hw$bH$Ur© ho
nma§n[aH$ dVZXma H$m‘ H$arV AgV. nmQ>bmÀ¶m H$m‘m‘Ü¶o gmamdgwbr hm Ogm EH$
^mJ hmoVm. Ë¶mMà‘mUo A{YH$m{YH$ O‘rZ bmJdS>rImbr AmUÊ¶mgmR>r à¶ËZ H$aUo ¶m
H$m‘Mmhr g‘mdoe Ho$bm OmV Ago. JmdmV em§VVm gwì¶dñWm amIUo, Ý¶m¶XmZ H$aUo,
g§H$Q>àg§Jr JmdmMo ajU H$aUo BË¶mXr H$m‘o nmQ>rb H$arV Ago. åhUyZM Ë¶mbm JmdMm
nmoqeXm {H§$dm amOm åhUV.
~bwVoXmar :
‘amR>oH$mbrZ ‘hmamï´>mV Jmdm‘Ü¶o àm‘w»¶mZo Mma gÎmm H$m¶©aV hmoË¶m. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o
dVZXma, ~mam ~bwVoXma d AR>am AbwVoXma, {‘amgXma d Cnar ¶m§Mm g‘mdoe Ago.~bwVoXmar
nÕVr ho J«m‘rU OrdZmMo EH$ ‘hÎdmMo d¡{eï>ç ‘mZbo OmVo. ~bwVoXmam§‘Ü¶o CËnmXH$
ì¶dgm¶m~amo~aM godm ì¶dgm¶m§Mmhr g‘mdoe Ago. Va AbwVoXma ho àm‘w»¶mZo Ym{‘©H$
d gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZmer g§~§[YV godm XoV AgV. Ë¶m‘wioM JmdmÀ¶m Am{U n¶m©¶mZo
amÁ¶mÀ¶m Am{W©H$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZmV ~bwVoXma d AmbwVoXma ¶m§Zm ‘hÎdmMo ñWmZ
hmoVo. ho gd© KQ>H$m§Mr OmonmgZm eoVrda hmoV Ago. VgoM Ë¶m§Mo ì¶dgm¶hr àm‘w»¶mZo
eoVrH$m‘mer {ZJ[S>V hmoVo. ~bwVoXmar nÕVrhr ^maVr¶ bmoH$OrdZmMm ‘hÎdmMm AYma
‘mZbr OmVo. àmMrZ H$mir Ý¶m¶{ZdmS>m H$aUmar J«m‘g{‘Vr ApñVËdmV hmoVr. {Vbm
n§MH$mê$H$s åhQ>bo OmB©. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o Hw§$^ma, bmohma, Ýhmdr, gwVma, narQ> ¶m§Mm g‘mdoe Ago.
~bwVoXmarbm JmdmÀ¶m gm‘m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ d Am{W©H$ OrdZmV ‘hÎdmMo ñWmZ hmoVo.
~bwVoXmam§Zm df©â JmdH$è¶m§Mr {Za{Zamiçm àH$maMr H$m‘o H$amdr bmJV. Ë¶m~Xë¶mV
Ë¶m§Zm ‘mo~Xbm åhUyZ dfm©H$mR>r ~bwVo {Xbo OmV Ago. Ë¶m{edm¶ OodU, H$mnS>, bwJS>r,
IU, n¡gm BË¶mXr ñdê$nmVhr EonVrZwgma ‘mo~Xbm {‘iV Ago.
JmdmVrb ~bwVoXmam§‘Ü¶o àm‘w»¶mZo ‘hma, ‘m§J, Mm§^ma, gwVma, Hw§$^ma, bmohma,
BË¶mXtMm g‘mdoe Ago. ¶mn¡H$s ‘hma hm JmdMm dVZXmahr Ago Am{U godH$hr Ago. Vo
Amnmë¶m ì¶dgm¶mer g§~§[YV CËnmXH$ d godm Aem XmoZhr ñdê$nmV H$m‘o H$arV AgV.
Ë¶m§À¶m ¶m H$m‘mMo ñdê$n àm‘w»¶mZo eoVr ì¶dgm¶mg nwaH$ Ago.
‘hma :
‘hma hr ‘hmamï´>mVrb EH$ ‘hÎdmMr OmV hmo¶. Ë¶m§Zm A§Ë¶O, A{VeyÐ, YaUrMo
nyV, ^y¶mb BË¶mXr Zmdm§Zr AmoiIbo OmVo. noedoH$mbrZ ‘hmamï´>mÀ¶m gm‘m{OH$ OrdZmV
‘hmam§Zm Añn¥í¶ g‘Obo OmV Ago. JmdÀ¶m dVZXmam§‘Ü¶o ‘hmamMm g‘mdoe Ago.
Ë¶mbm gaH$mar JmdH$è¶m§Mr Aer XmoZhr ñdê$nmMr H$m‘o H$amdr bmJV. ‘hmamÀ¶m
gaH$mar H$m‘m‘Ü¶o O§JbmMr amIU H$aUo, Mmoa d eÌy ¶m§À¶mnmgyZ JmdmMo ajU H$aUo,
Self-Instructional JmdmV ¶oUmè¶m OmUmè¶m§da bj R>odUo, Jmoim Pmbobm ‘hgyb gaH$mamV âÊ¶mg ‘XV
Material 240
H$aUo BË¶mXr H$m‘m§Mm g‘mdoe Ago. ‘hmam§Zm gaH$mar H$m‘mÀ¶m ‘mo~Xë¶mV gaH$mamVyZ noedoH$mbrZ
BZm‘ O‘rZ {‘io. Aem O{‘Zr hS>H$mo, hS>moim, ‘hmaH$s ¶m ZmdZo AmoiIë¶m OmV. g‘mOOrdZ
‘hmam§Zm gaH$mar H$m‘~amo~aM JmdH$è¶m§Mrhr H$m‘o H$amdr bmJVo. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o JmdmV
hmoUmè¶m ^m§S>UmV ‘Ü¶ñVr H$aUo. eoV‘moOrUr ~m~VÀ¶m dmXmV gmj XoUo, Am‘§ÌUo d NOTES
{Zamon nmohM{dUo. JmdmVrb ‘¥Vm§Mr ‘m{hVr ZmVodmB©H$m§Zm XoUo. ~|Xÿa, {e‘Jm, Xgam,
Vwier {ddmh BË¶mXr gUm§À¶m àg§Jr {Za{Zamiçm àH$maMr H$m‘o H$aUo. CXmhaUmW©,
~|XþamÀ¶mdoir KamoKar VmoaUo ~m§YUo. ¶m {d{dY àH$maÀ¶m H$m‘~Ôb Ë¶mbm {Za{Zamiçm
ñdê$nmV ‘mo~Xbm {‘iV Ago. CXmhaUmW© b½Zàg§Jr ganU ’$moS>ë¶m~Ôb d PmS>bmoQ>
Ho$ë¶m~Ôb Ë¶mg b½Z ‘mbH$mH$Sy>Z OodU, IU d Zmai {‘io, ZdaXod doerVyZ àdoe
H$aVmZm Ë¶mbm doerV AS>{dÊ¶mMm h³H$ ‘hmambm Ago. Ë¶mdoir Ë¶mg nQ>H$m d H$mhr
n¡go {‘iV AgV. ‘hmam§Zm {‘iUmao ~bwVo ho ‘hmamï´>m‘Ü¶o {Za{Zamiçm {R>H$mUr doJdoJio
{‘iV Ago. H$mhr {R>H$mUr drg ‘U YmÝ¶, ‘J ghm nm¶br YmÝ¶ {‘io, H$mhr {R>H$mUr
~¡b d Am¡V ¶m§À¶m g§»¶oZwgma ~bwVo {‘io. ‘hmambm "{gVmXodrMr nyOm, gdm©, CS>Vr
nmQ>r, nod~wS>' BË¶mXr ñdê$nmVhr ~bwVo {‘iV Ago. "{gVmXodrMr nyOm' åhUOo ÁdmarMr
H$mT>Ur H$aVmZm eoVH$è¶mZo ‘hmam§gmR>r {eëbH$ R>odbobo Xhm {V’$Ur amZ.
gdm© :
emoVmVrb {nH$mMr H$mT>Ur Pmë¶mZ§Va eoVmV {eëbH$ am{hbobo {nH$. Vo ‘hmambm
{‘iV Ago.
CS>Vr nmQ>r :
eoVH$è¶mÀ¶m Iiçm‘Ü¶o YmÝ¶ C’$UVmZm ‘hmambm ~bwVo åhUyZ {‘iUmao nmQ>râ
YmÝ¶.
nod~wS> :
nodm‘Ü¶o gmR>dbobo YmÝ¶ H$mZ KoVë¶mZ§Va Oo YmÝ¶ nodmÀ¶m Vimbm {eëbH$ amhmV
Ago Vo YmÝ¶ åhUOo nod~wS>, Vo KoÊ¶mMm h³H$$ ‘hmambm Ago. n§Mnmbdr:- ‘hmamï´>mVrb
‘hmamMo XodH$ n§MnmbdrMo Ago. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o nmMPmS>m§À¶m nmbdrMm g‘mdoe Ago. nwUo d
Zm{eH$ {OëhçmVrb ‘hma, n§Mnmbdr‘Ü¶o, Am§~m, qnni, ê$B©, e‘r d Om§^yi ¶m§Mr
nyOm H$arV. gmVmam {OëhçmV ~m^yi, dS>, Om§^yi, Am§~m d ê$B© ¶m§Mr nyOm H$arV
AgV. ¶mMm AW© n§Mnmbdr ho ‘hmam§Mo Xod Agmdo.
‘m§J :
‘m§J hr ‘hmamï´>mVrb gd© ^mJm§V AT>iUmar EH$ ‘hÎdmMr ì¶dgm{¶H$ O‘mV.
~bwVoXmam§À¶m ¶mXrV ‘hmam§À¶m ImbmoImb ‘m§Jm§Mo ñWmZ hmoVo. ‘m§Jmg eoVrÀ¶m Cn¶moJmMm
‘hÎdmMm ~bwVoXma ‘mZbo OmB©. ‘m§Jm§Mr eoVr Cn¶moJr H$m‘o åhUOo eoVH$è¶mg bmJUmao
XmoaI§S>, ‘wñŠ¶m, AmoÂ¶mÀ¶m Xmoè¶m, Xmdr, H$mgao, Jmo’$Ur, ‘moQ>oMm ZmS>m, gm§S>Xmoa BË¶mXr
V¶ma H$aUo. ‘m§JmMo Xþgao H$m‘ åhUOo JmdmVrb gd© Hw$Qw>§~m§Zm Ho$agwUr d PmS>Ê¶mMo PmSy>
nwa{dUo. H$mhr doim ‘m§J ho XodmnwT>o qeJmS>o dmO{dUo d S>’$ dmO{dUo hr H$m‘ohr H$arV
AgV. ‘m§Jmg eoVH$ar Xhm Q>³Ho$$ ~bwVo XoV Ago. ‘m§Jm§Zm {‘iUmao ~bwVo ho gd© {R>H$mUr Self-Instructional
Material 241
noedoH$mbrZ gmaIo Zgo. ho ~bwVo eoVH$è¶mÀ¶m EonVrà‘mUo d ‘m§JmÀ¶m H$m‘mda Agb§~yZ Ago. H$mhr
g‘mOOrdZ JmdmVyZ b½Z ‘mbH$mÀ¶m Kamg d ‘m§S>dmg VmoaU ~m§YÊ¶mMo H$m‘ ‘m§J H$arV. Ë¶m~Ôb
Ë¶mg OodU d nmoiçmÀ¶m gUmÀ¶mdoir nmoir {‘io. nmoiçmMo {Xder nmQ>bmMo ~¡b
NOTES {‘a{dÊ¶mMo H$m‘ ‘m§J H$arV AgV.
Mm§^ma :
noedoH$mbrZ ‘hmamï´>mVrb ~bwVoXmam§V Mm§^ma ¶m ‘hÎdmÀ¶m ~bwVoXmamMm g‘mdoe
hmoVm. eoVH$è¶m§Zm H$mVS>r ‘moQ>m, dmXçm, AmgyS>, BË¶mXr. KmoS>çm§Mo ImoJra d bJm‘ d
BVa CnH$aUo; amoOÀ¶m dmnamVrb OmoS>o, H$mVS>r ~wXbo d BVa dñVy BË¶mXtMr {Z{‘©Vr
Mm§^ma H$arV Ago. Ë¶mgmR>r Vmo amoI n¡go KoV Ago. H$mVS>r ‘moQ>m XþéñV H$aUo, KmoS>çm§Mo
bJm‘, eoVH$è¶m§À¶m Mnbm BË¶mXtMr XþéñVr Aer H$m‘o Mm§^ma ~bwË¶mV H$arV Ago.
Mm§^mambm JmdmVyZ {‘iUmao ~bwVo ho à{Vdfm©bm Xhm én¶o Ago. eoVH$è¶m§H$Sy>Z eoH$S>m
Xhm Q>³Ho$$ ~bwVo {‘io. Ë¶mÀ¶m H$m‘mMm {dMma H$ê$Z d eoVH$è¶mÀ¶m EonVrZwgma ~bwVo
{‘io. EH$m Am¡Vm‘mJo Mma nm¶ë¶m YmÝ¶ Ë¶mg {‘io O‘rZ ~mJm¶V Agob Va EH$m
Am¡Vm‘mJo AmR> nm¶br YmÝ¶ eoVH$ar Mm§^mambm XoV AgV. JwèhmimÀ¶m {XdgmV Ë¶mbm
XaamoO nmM én¶o, Cg d WmoS>m Jyi {‘io.
gwVma :
gwVma hm eoVrer {ZJ[S>V Agbobm EH$ ‘hÎdmMm ~bwVoXma hmoVm. gwVmambm gyÌYma,
~T>B©, ~m§qT>J BË¶mXr Zmdm§Zr AmoiIbo OmV AgV. gwVma eoVrgmR>r bmJUmar Hw$Xi,
H$moino, {V’$U, Am¡VmMr XþéñVr, ’$mdS>o, Hw$èhmS> BË¶mXr§gma»¶m Am¡Omam§Mo Xm§S>o, bmH$S>r
Zm§Ja, ‘moQ>oMo MmH$, ~¡bJmS>r BË¶mXr V¶ma H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Vmo n¡gm qH$dm YmÝ¶ KoV Ago.
¶m{edm¶ KamMo bmHy$S>H$m‘, XadmOo, Im§~ B‘maVrMo bmHy$S>H$m‘, ZXr nma H$aÊ¶mgmR>r
bmJUmè¶m Zmdm V¶ma H$arV. gwVmambm dfm©bm Xhm én¶o ~bwVo {‘iV Ago. Ago
Agbo Var ~bwË¶mMo ñdê$n AZoH$ {R>H$mUr doJio hmoVo. eoVH$è¶m§H$Sy>Z Ë¶mg drg ‘U
YmÝ¶m‘mJo ghm nm¶br, EH$hOma no§T>çm§‘mJo drg n|T>çm {‘iV AgV. Va H$mhr {R>H$mUr
doJdoJiçm YmÝ¶hr {‘io. gwVmambm nmoiçmÀ¶m gUmÀ¶m àg§Jr Vob, ‘rR>, Jyi Am{U
~¡bm§À¶m qeJmVrb H$S>~moir {‘iV. eoVH$è¶mÀ¶m Kar b½Z Agob Va gwVmambm eobm,
nmJmoQ>o, X{jUm Am{U H$moaS>m {eYm {Xbm OmB©. b½Zm‘Ü¶o damVrÀ¶mnwT>o bmH$S>r KmoS>m
ZmM{dÊ¶mMo H$m‘hr gwVma H$arV.
Hw§$^ma :
Hw§$^mamMm ì¶dgm¶ àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ ApñVËdmV Amho. JmdmÀ¶m MmdS>rV
àdmem§Zm nmUr {nÊ¶mgmR>r bmJUmam ‘mVrMm S>oam Hw§$^ma nwadrV Ago. gU-CËgdmV,
‘mVrÀ¶m nUË¶m, ‘mVrMo ~¡b, Xgè¶mbm KQ> d KQ>mMr ‘mVr, g§H«$mVrg gwJS>r, JmS>Jr,
‘S>H$s, PmH$Ur, bmoQ>o, Vmo ~bwË¶mV ~ZdyZ XoV Ago. ‘mÌ ‘moR>o am§OUmgmR>r ghm nm¶br
YmÝ¶ Ë¶mg {‘io. CVa§S>rgmR>r bmJUmar ‘moR>r JmS>Jr Vmo amoI n¡emV XoV Ago. BVa
~bwVoXmam§à‘mUo Hw§$^mambmhr ~bwVo {‘iV Ago. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o I§S>r‘mJo EH$-XmoZ nm¶ë¶m YmÝ¶
Hw§$^mamg {‘io. g§H«$m§VrÀ¶m gwJS>m~Ôb JmS>Jo ^ê$Z YmÝ¶ {‘io. b½Zàg§Jr ~mohbm V¶ma
Self-Instructional H$aÊ¶mMo H$m‘ Vmo H$ar. Ë¶mdoir Ë¶mg b½ZKamVyZ MmoirMm IU, nmJmoQ>o Am{U H$moaS>m
Material 242
{eXm d nËZrg gmS>r {‘io. Hw§$^ma ‘mVrÀ¶m ^m§S>çm§~amo~a {dQ>m, H$m¡b, àdmem§gmR>r noedoH$mbrZ
bmJUmao ‘moR>o am§OU BË¶mXr ~Z{dV Ago. Ë¶mMo Vmo amoI n¡go KoV Ago. {dQ>m§Mr qH$‘V g‘mOOrdZ
nmM én¶m§V EH$ hOma {dQ>m Aer hmoVr.
NOTES
bmohma :
bmohma hm eoVr ì¶dgm¶mer g§~§[YV ‘hÎdmMm ~bwVoXma hmoVm. eoVH$è¶m§Zm bmJUmar
gd© bmoI§S>r AdOmao bmohma V¶ma H$arV Ago. Ë¶mgmR>r bmJUmao bmoI§S> d H$moigm
eoVH$ar nwa{dV Ago. eoVH$è¶mH$S>o AgUmar Hw$Xi, nhma, {dim, Iwanr, Hw$èhmS>,
BË¶mXr eoVrMr AdOmao dfmªVyZ XmoZ doim eodQy>Z XoV Ago. JmdmVrb {Za{Zamiçm
ì¶dgm{¶H$m§Mr AdOmao eodQ>Ê¶mMo qH$dm Ë¶m§Zm Yma bmdÊ¶mMo H$m‘ bmohma H$arV Ago.
¶m H$m‘{edm¶ bmohma Zmdm§gmR>r bmJUmao bmoI§S>r gm{hË¶ nwa{dV Ago. KmoS>çm§Mo aW,
Q>m§H$gmirVrb gm{hË¶ BË¶mXr nwa{dÊ¶mMo H$m‘ bmohma H$arV Ago. bmohmambm Ë¶mÀ¶m
H$m‘mÀ¶m ‘mo~Xë¶mV eoH$S>m nmM Q>³Ho$$ ~bwVo XoV Ago. eoVrMr bmoI§S>r AdOmao, aW,
~¡bJmS>r, Zmdm BË¶mXr V¶ma H$aÊ¶mV Ë¶mMm hmVI§S>m Ago. hr H$m‘o Vmo amoI n¡gm KoD$Z
H$arV Ago.
AbwVoXma :
Á¶m§À¶m H$m‘dmMyZ eoVH$è¶mMo ’$mago AmS>V Zgo Aem§Zm AbwVoXma Ago åhUV.
na§Vw gm§ñH¥${VH$Ñï>çm Ë¶m§Mo H$m‘hr ‘hÎdmMo hmoVo. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o H$moir, Vobr, qenr, H$mgma,
Vm§~moir, dmUr, nQ>doJma (aoer‘mMm ì¶dgm¶ H$aUmao), AmÎma qH$dm gwJ§Yr, a§Jmar,
~wê$S>, Jdir, H$bmb, gmoZma BË¶mXr ì¶dgm{¶H$m§Mo VËH$mbrZ AW©ì¶dñWoV ‘hÎdmMo
¶moJXmZ hmoVo. Ë¶m§Mo ì¶dhma amoIrZo MmbV AgV.
H$bmb :
H$bmb ‘hUOo Xmê$Mr {Z{‘©Vr d {dH«$s H$aUmao bmoH$. noedoH$mimV Xmê$ {dH$Umè¶m§Zm
H$bmb Ago åhQ>bo OmB©. Ðmj, ‘mohmMr ’$io ¶m§nmgyZ Xmê$ ~Z{dbr OmV Ago. Xmê$À¶m
XþH$mZmda H$moVdmbmMr d gaH$mar A{YH$mè¶m§Mr ZOa Ago. bmoH$m§‘Ü¶o Xmê$ {nÊ¶mMo
àm‘U dmT>bo d Ë¶m‘wio JwÝhoJmar dmTy> bmJbr. ¶m JwÝhoJmarbm Amim KmbÊ¶mgmR>r
noedo gaH$maZo ¶m H$bmbm§Zm Xmê$À¶m ^Å>çm ~§X H$aÊ¶mMo hþHy$‘ H$mT>bo hmoVo. Xmê$
{nÊ¶m~m~VMm JwÝhm {gÕ Pmë¶m‘wio AZoH$m§Zm X§S> d {ejm Ho$ë¶mMr CXmhaUo AmT>iyZ
¶oVmV. noR> nmaJmd ¶oWrb ~mimOr Ym|S>Xod Hw$bH$Ur© ¶mZo gwamnmZ Ho$ë¶mZo nwÊ¶mVrb
~«m÷Um§Zr Ë¶mbm ‘moR>r {ejm Ho$br hmoVr. IoS>Mo nmQ>rb {dR>moOr gwbVmZnwao ¶m§Zr Xmê$
{nÊ¶mMm JwÝhm Ho$ë¶m‘wio Ë¶mbm gdmB© ‘mYdamdm§Zr Xhm hOma én¶o JwÝhoJmar AmH$mabr
hmoVr.
H$mnS> ì¶dgm¶ :
H$mnS> {dUH$m‘mÀ¶m ì¶dgm¶mV gmir, H$moï>r, YZJa, O§J‘, nQ>doH$ar ¶m bmoH$m§Mm
g‘mdoe hmoVm. gwVr H$mnS>, bmoH$ar H$mnS>, aoe‘r H$mnS> {Za{Zamiçm bmoH$m§H$Sy>Z {dUbo
OmV Ago. Mm¡b ¶oWo aoe‘r H$mnS>Z{‘©VrMm ì¶dgm¶ hmoVm. Vmo g§nwï>mV ¶oV hmoVm.
Vmo nwÝhm C{O©VmdñWog AmUÊ¶mgmR>r Am§J«o gaXmam§Zr à¶ËZ Ho$bo hmoVo. B.g. 1734 Self-Instructional
Material 243
noedoH$mbrZ ‘Ü¶o bI‘mOr gmVnwË¶m, ¶OmOr ^mdoH$a, ha~mOr ^§S>mar, Ym|S>moOr H$mOdm ¶m§Zr
g‘mOOrdZ Mm¡b ¶oWo ‘mK KmVbm hmoVm. H$mnS>mMm ì¶dgm¶ hm nm§an[aH$ nÕVrZo Mmb{dbm OmV
Ago. Á¶mMm ì¶dgm¶ Ë¶mZMo H$amdm Agm {eañVm hmoVm. aoe‘r dñÌo ^maVmVyZ {Z¶m©V
NOTES Ho$bo OmV Ago. noedoH$mimV ‘mJmda H$m‘ H$aUmè¶m§Mm ‘moR>m dJ© ‘hmamï´>mV CX¶mbm
Ambm hmoVm. ‘Ü¶¶wJrZ ^maVmV H$mnS>-CÚmoJ hm gdmªV ‘hÎdmMm Am{U bmoH${à¶
CÚmoJ hmoVm. H¥${f-ì¶mgm¶mda AmYm[aV hm CÚmoJ hmoVm. ^maVmV hmoUmè¶m H$mngmÀ¶m
CËnmXZm‘wio H$mnS>{Z{‘©VrMo N>moQ>o d ‘moR>o CÚmoJ Cô am{hbo hmoVo. H$mnyg {Z{‘©VrnmgyZ
H$mnS>{Z{‘©Vrn¶ªV H$mngmda AZoH$ à{H«$¶m Ho$ë¶m OmV AgV. noedoH$mimV ZmJnya
¶oWrb g’o$X{bZZMo H$mnS>, ~èhmUnya ¶oWrb {MQ>mMo H$mnS>, Am¡a§Jm~mXoVrb {‘l aoe‘r
dñÌ, gwVr OarMr dñÌo ¶m§Zm Xoer d naXoer ~mOmanoR>oV ‘mJUr Ago. ‘amR>oH$mimV
YmoVa V¶ma H$aUmar AZoH$ {R>H$mUo hmoVr. Ë¶mV àm‘w»¶mZo gmgdS>, gwno, Q>mH$ir BË¶mXr
{R>H$mUr YmoVaOmoS>çm V¶ma hmoV AgV. VgoM ‘hoída, ZmJnya, n¡R>U, gmobmnya, Amï>r,
Mm§XdS> ¶m noR>m§‘YyZ YmoVam§Mr {dH«$s hmoV Ago. ‘hoídamg V¶ma hmoUmè¶m YmoVaOmoS>çm§Mr
qH$‘V Xhm én¶m§nmgyZ 15 én¶m§n¶ªV hmoVr Ago {XgVo. {eamo^yfU åhUyZ nJS>r, nmJmoQ>o
¶m§Zm ‘hÎd hmoVo. Ë¶mMo AZoH$ àH$ma Ë¶mH$mimV AmT>iyZ ¶oVmV. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o nJmoQ>o, {VdQ>,
‘§{Xb, ’o$Q>m, ê$‘mb BË¶mXtMm g‘mdoe Ago. {VdmgmR>r {MQ>mMo H$mnS> dmnabo OmV
Ago. ¶m gd© dñVy ’¡$Onya, Zm§XoS>, OmbZm, emhXm OwÝZa, YZ~mX, BË¶mXr {R>H$mUr V¶ma
hmoV Ago. hmV‘mJ ì¶dgm¶mMo à‘wI H|$Ð åhUyZ gmobmnya, ‘mbdU, T>dioída, ZmJnya,
~èhmUnya à{gÕ hmoVo. YZJa d gZJa ho ‘|T>çm§nmgyZ {‘iUmè¶m bmoH$ar nmgyZ Km|JS>çm
{dUÊ¶mMm ì¶dgm¶ H$arV AgV. noedoH$mbrZ gaXma, OhmJraXma d amOKamÊ¶mVrb
CÀMHw$brZ bmoH$ aoe‘r dñÌ dmnarV AgV. H$moH$UmVrb Mm¡b à‘mUoM Xoemda n¡R>U d
¶odbo ¶oWo aoe‘r dñÌmMm ì¶dgm¶ ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV MmbV Ago. aoe‘r dñÌm‘Ü¶o, JOZr,
VmnVm, ‘b‘b, BbMm BË¶mXr dñÌm§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVm. OarÀ¶m dñÌmMo CËnmXZ nwUo d
Zm{eH$ ¶oWo MmbV Ago. {H$ZImn, ~mXbr, {Mam hr OarMr dñÌo noedmB©V dmnabr OmV
AgV. ‘mbdU ¶oWo bwJS>r d MmoiIU V¶ma hmoV AgV. H$mngmÀ¶m CËnmXZmnmgyZ
H$mnS>{Z{‘©Vr d ~mOmanoR>on¶ªVÀ¶m à{H«$¶oV, H$mnyg qnOUmao, gyV H$mVUmao, H$mnS>
{dUUmao, H$mnS>mbm a§J XoUmao, H$nS>o {dH$Umao, H$nS>o {edUmao, H$nS>o YwUmao Aer {d{dY
àH$maMr H$m‘ H$aUmao bmoH$ na§naoZo Amnbo ì¶dgm¶ H$arV AgV.
nmWadmQ>m§Mm ì¶dgm¶ :
noedoH$mbrZ ‘hmamï´>mV nmWadQ>mMm ì¶dgm¶ ApñVËdmV hmoVm. Kam§Mr H$m‘o,
{d{hatMr ~m§YH$m‘o, Viçmg XJS>r q^V ~m§YÊ¶mMr H$m‘o, ‘§{Xam§Mr ~m§YH$m‘o, lr‘§Vm§À¶m
dmS>çm§Mr ~m§YH$m‘o ¶m {Za{Zamiçm àH$maÀ¶m ~m§YH$m‘m‘Ü¶o XJS>r H$m‘mer nmWadQ>m§Mm
g§~§Y hmoVm. H$mJXnÌm§‘YyZ AZoH$ nmWadQ>m§Mo, Ë¶m§À¶m H$m‘mMo, Ë¶m{df¶rÀ¶m VH«$marMo
CëboI ¶oVmV. nmWadQ> d J§d§S>r ho JmdmVrb XodimV ~{hamo~m, ‘arAmB©, {dR>mo~m ¶m§À¶m
‘yVr© KS>dyZ ~g{dV AgV.
ì¶mnma :
Self-Instructional ‘hmamï´>mV IwîH$sÀ¶m d Ob‘mJm©Zo ì¶mna MmbV Ago. ‘hmamï´>mÀ¶m g‘wÐ {H$Zmè¶mda
Material 244
‘w§~B©, Mm¡b, Xm^moi, amOmnya hr ‘moR>r ~§Xao Va ZmJmoR>Uo, ‘hmS>, {MniyU, aËZm{JJar, noedoH$mbrZ
d|Jwb©o, ‘mbdU BË¶mXr bhmZ ~§Xao hmoVr. ~§XamVrb ‘mbmMr Zo-AmU b‘mU d d§Omar g‘mOOrdZ
bmoH$ ~¡bm§À¶m nmR>rdê$Z H$arV AgV. Ë¶m§À¶mnmer hOma-hOma, XmoZ-XmoZ hOma
~¡bm§Mm Vm§S>m Ago. naXoem§VyZ ~§Xamda ¶oUmao, ‘rR>, gmIa, H$mnS>, gwnmar, Imo~ao, IOya NOTES
BË¶mXr OrÝZg Xoemda AmUbm OmV Ago. Va Xoemdarb YmÝ¶, hiX, Jyi {‘aMr BË¶mXr
‘mb ~§Xamda OmV Ago. {Za{Zamiçm {R>H$mUr Agboë¶m ZmŠ¶m§da OH$mV dgyb Ho$br
OmV Ago. Ë¶mgmR>r XaJmoUr, XaJmS>m, Xa~¡b Aer ^mfm dmnarV AgV. Ë¶mZwgma OH$mV
AmH$mabr OmV Ago.
qhXþñWmZÀ¶m {H$Zmè¶m {H$Zmè¶mZo bmHy$S>, Zri, qS>H$, Zmai, gwnmar d H$mnS> ¶m§Mr
{Z¶m©V H$arV AgV. B§½b§S>‘Yrb bmoI§S> qhXþñWmZmV AmUbo OmV Ago. KmQ>‘mJm©À¶m
‘mb dmhVwH$sgmR>r JmS>m, dmnabm OmV Ago. ‘mZdr àdmem§gmR>r KmoS>m, JmS>r, nmbIr,
‘oUm ¶m§Mm Cn¶moJ Ho$bm OmV Ago. ZÚm§‘YyZ hmoS>çm d Zmdm ¶m§Mm dmna Ho$bm OmV Ago.
bîH$amer g§~§[YV ì¶dgm¶

KmoS>Ximer g§~§[YV CÚmoJ:
noedoH$mimV àm‘w»¶mZo KmoS>Ximda â hmoVm. KmoS>XimÀ¶m C^maUrÀ¶m {Z{‘ÎmmZo
‘moR>çm à‘mUmV Am{W©H$ CbmT>mbr hmoV AgV. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o, ZÚm§À¶m H$mR>r Hw$aUo, KmoS>çm§Mr
n¡Xmg H$aÊ¶mMm ì¶dgm¶, ImgJr nmJm§Mr {Z{‘©Vr, ~maJra, {eboXma ¶m joÌmV H$m‘mMr
g§Yr, KmoS>çm§À¶m nmJmer g§~§[YV H$‘©Mmar dJmªMr {Z{‘©Vr, Pmbr hmoVr.
g¡Ý¶mer {ZJ[S>V Agbobo CÚmoJ :
noeì¶m§Zr Ho$bobm gÎmm{dñVma, Ë¶m§À¶m ‘mo{h‘m ¶m Ñï>rZo ¶wÕmgmR>r Amdí¶H$
AgUmar hË¶mam§Mr {Z{‘©Vr, dmhVwH$sÀ¶m gmYZm§Mr {Z{‘©Vr, Vmo’$m§Mr {Z{‘©Vr ¶m {Z{‘ÎmmZo
AZoH$ H$mamJra, ‘Oya ¶m ì¶dgm¶mV gm‘mdbobo hmoVo.
gmdH$mar qH$dm noT>r ì¶dgm¶ :
noedoH$mimV gmdH$mar qH$dm noT>rMm ì¶dgm¶ ‘moR>çm à‘mUmda MmbV Ago.
gd©gm‘mÝ¶ bmoH$ H$O© KoV AgV. Ë¶mMà‘mUo VËH$mbrZ N>ÌnVr, noedo, Ë¶m§Mo gaXma,
g§ñWm{ZH$ ho XoIrb gmdH$mam§H$Sy>Z H$O© KoV Agë¶m~m~VMo AZoH$ CëboI ¶oVmV.
H$mJXnÌm§‘YyZ AZoH$ gmdH$ma d noT>r ì¶dgm{¶H$ ¶m§Mo CëboI ¶oVmV. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o ~m~wOr
ZmB©H$ ~mam‘VrH$a, dmB©Mo d¡Ú, Omoer, MmgH$a, amñVo, Am|H$ma, Xr{jV, nQ>dY©Z,
{^S>o, nam§Ono, JmS>Jri, AZJi, JÐo, Vm§~doH$a, Vwier~mJdmbo, XmVma, {MiyUH$a,
ZmJnya‘Yrb {V‘mOr H$mio, ‘wYmoOr H$mio, YañH$a, ì¶§H$moOr noaS>r, {Pnao nQ>dY©Z
BË¶mXtMm g‘mdoe hmoVm.
H$O© XoVmZm {heo~ MmoI {b{hbobo AgV. gmdH$marÀ¶m ì¶dhmamer g§~§[YV H$O©nÌ,
H$O©amoIm, JhmUIV BË¶mXr H$mJXnÌm§Mo CëboI ¶oVmV. noeì¶m§Zm ¶wÕ ‘mo{h‘m H$mT>VmZm
n¡em§Mr JaO ^mgV Ago. Aemdoir Ë¶m§Zm nwÊ¶mVrb AZoH$ gmdH$mam§H$Sy>Z n¡gm C^m
H$amdm bmJo. nwÊ¶mV amhUmao AZoH$ gmdH$ma noedo d Ë¶m§À¶m gaXmam§Zm H$O©nwadR>m H$arV Self-Instructional
AgV. Vwier~mJdmbo BË¶mXr gmdH$mam§Mm g‘mdoe Ago. Material 245
noedoH$mbrZ H$Om©À¶m ì¶mOmMo Xa :
g‘mOOrdZ gmdH$mar ì¶dhmamV ì¶mOmMm Xa ‘hÎdmMm hmoVm. WmoS>çm H$mimgmR>r {Xboë¶m
aH$‘m§Zm ì¶mO H$‘r Ago. ì¶mOmMm Xa gmaIm Zgo. H$mhr doiog EH$ Q>³³¶mnmgyZ Xhm
NOTES Q>³³¶m§n¶ªV ì¶mOXa AmH$mabm OmV Ago. ImOJr ì¶³Vr¨Zm dgVy VmaU KodyZM H$O© {Xbo
OmV Ago. H$Om©À¶m ì¶dhmam‘Ü¶o dmXmamoIm (dMZ{MÇ>r), eaH$V amoIm (CËnÝZmMm AYm©
^mJ XoÊ¶mMr H$~wbr.), hþ§S>r qH$dm damV BË¶mXtMm g‘mdoe Ago.
MbZì¶dñWm :
noeì¶m§Zr ‘wKb ZmÊ¶m§à‘mUoM Mm§XrMm én¶m à‘mU^yV ‘m§S>bm hmoVm. noedoH$mimV
‘hmamï´>mV H$mhr Q>m§H$gmir ApñVËdmV hmoË¶m. Ë¶m§Zm Ë¶m Ë¶m Jmdm§À¶m Zmdmdê$Z ZmUr
AmoiIbr OmV Ago. Ë¶mV, a{h‘Vnwar, ‘bH$mnwar, ~mJbH$moQ>r, bmVwar, Xm¡bVm~mXr
BË¶mXr§Mm g‘mdoe Ago. H$mhr ZmUr Ë¶mdarb {MÝhm§dê$Z AmoiIbr OmV AgV.
Ë¶m‘Ü¶o {Ìewir, ’$aer, {ngmMo {MÝh Agbobm Vwè¶mMm én¶m BË¶mXr. VgoM noeì¶m§Zr
H$mhtZm ImgJr ñdê$nmV ZmUr nmS>Ê¶mMo nadmZo {Xbo hmoVo. én¶mÀ¶m bhmZ ^mJm§Mr
ZmUr nmS>br hmoVr. Ë¶mV, Mm§XrMr AYobr, nmdbr, Va Vm§ã¶mMm n¡gm ¶m§Mm g‘mdoe
Ago.
12.3 gmam§e
noedoH$mbrZ g‘mOOrdZ ¶m àH$aUmV gVamì¶m ~ AmR>amì¶m eVH$mVrb
g‘mOOrdZmVrb {d{dY KQ>mH$m§Mm ‘mJmodm KoVbm Amho. Ë¶m ‘Ü¶o {ednyd©H$mi,
{edH$mi d noedoH$mi Agm AT>mdm KoÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ Ho$bobm Amho. ¶m {d{dY H$mimVrb
gm‘m{OH$, Am{W©H$ d gm§ñH¥$[VH$ OrdZmda àH$me Q>mH$bm Amho. Ë¶m‘wio ¶m {d{dY
H$mimVrb ~XbmMr à{H$¶m, doJionU d gmå¶ bjmV ¶oÊ¶mg ‘XV hmoD$ eHo$b.
Self-Instructional
Material 246
noedoH$mbrZ
12.4 ‘hÎdmMo eãX g‘mOOrdZ
NOTES
n§MH$méH$s : n§MH$méH$r hr àmMrZ H$mimVrb Ý¶m¶{ZdmS>m H$aUmar JmdmVrb
EH$ J«m‘g{‘Vr ApñVËdmV hmoVr. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o Hw§$^ma, bmohma, Ýhmdr, gwVma, narQ>
¶m ~bwVoXmam§Mm g‘mdoe Ago. ~bwVoXmarbm JmdmÀ¶m gm‘m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ d
Am{W©H$ OrdZmV ‘hÎdmMo ñWmZ hmoVo.
~bwVo : JmdVrb {Za{Zamio ~bwVoXma JmdmVrb eoVH$ar d BVam§Mr JmdH$è¶m§Mr
{Za{Zamiçm àH$maMr H$m‘o df©â H$arV AgV. H$m‘mMm ‘mo~Xbm åhUyZ
dfm©H$mR>r H$m‘mMm Omo ‘mo~Xbm ~bwVo {Xbo OmV Ago Ë¶mbm ~bwVo åhUV.
nod~wS> : nodm‘Ü¶o gmR>dbobo YmÝ¶ H$mZ KoVë¶mZ§Va Oo YmÝ¶ nodmÀ¶m Vimbm
{eëbH$ amhV Ago Vo YmÝ¶ åhUOo nod~wS>. Vo KoÊ¶mMm h³H$ ‘hmambm Ago.
doR>{~Jmar : JmdmVrb X{bV dJ© d VËg‘ bmoH$m§Zm dVZXma, Ym{‘©H$ ñWio ¶m
{R>H$mUr H$m‘ H$amdo bmJo. Ë¶m H$m‘mMm H$moUVmhr ‘mo~Xbm {Xbm OmV Zgo.
{dZm ‘mo~Xbm H$m‘ H$aÊ¶mÀ¶m nÕVrg doR>{~Jma Ago åhUV.
n§Mnmbdr : ‘hmamï´>mVrb ‘hmam§Mo XodH$. ‘hmamï´>mVrb ‘hma {Za{Zamiçm nmM
dZñnVtÀ¶m nmZm§Mr XodH$ åhUyZ nyOm H$arV AgV.
bmoH$^«‘ : noedoH$mb Am{U VËH$mbrZ g‘mO ¶m§Mm {dMma H$aVm VËH$mbrZ
g‘mOmV Y‘© d Ym{‘©H$ ~m~r ¶m§Zm AZÝ¶gmYmaU ‘hÎd àmßV Pmbo hmoVo.
VËH$mbrZ g‘mOmV ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV AkmZ hmoVo, Ë¶m‘wio àË¶oH$ ~m~rMm g§~§Y
Xod, Y‘©, eHy$Z, J«hXem, ^wVo - IoVo BË¶mXter OmoS>bm OmV Ago.
OmVH$ H$‘© : hm g‘ma§^ àm‘w»¶mZo ‘wbJr n{hë¶m§Xm ~mim§VnUmgmR>r Amnë¶m
d{S>bm§À¶m Kar OmVo. Ë¶mdoir nwÌ OÝ‘mZ§Va gmOam H$arV AgV. Ë¶mZ§Va
g‘ma§^mg Amboë¶m nwamo{hVmbm X{jUm XodyZ g‘ma§^ g§nV Ago.
Ho$ednZ : ‘amR>oH$mbrZ g‘mOmV nVr {ZYZmZ§Va ghJVZmbm n¶m©¶ åhUyZ
Ho$ednZmÀ¶m ‘mJm©Mm Adb§~ Ho$bm OmV Ago. {dYdoMm H$M~§Y nVrÀ¶m
~§YZmg H$maUr^yV hmoVmo, Aer g‘OyV Agë¶mZo nVrÀ¶m {ZYZmZ§Va nËZrMo
Ho$g nVrÀ¶m edm~amo~a OmirV AgV.
d«V-d¡H$ë¶o : ‘amR>oH$mbrZ g‘mOmV nwÊ¶àmßVrgmR>r {Za{Zamiçm àH$maMr d«V
-d¡H$ë¶o nmibr OmV AgV. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o EH$mXer d«V, F$frn§M‘r d«V, MmVw‘m©g,
‘m¡Zd«V, ~wYmï>‘r, AXþ…I Zd‘r, à{VàXm qH$dm àXmofd«V, aWgßV‘r d«V,
{VbH$d«V, {~ëdemImd«V, dmVr bmdUo, Vwigr àX{jUm§Mr bmoImobr KmbUo
BË¶mXr.
C{iJmMo ‘mUyg : ‘Ü¶¶wJmV {Za{Zamiçm àH$mao XodmMr godm H$aUmè¶m§Zm
C{iJmMo ‘mUyg Ago åhUV AgV. Ë¶mV nwOmar, Jwad, ’w$b~Sw>Am, Ywdm{b¶m,
^m{dUr, nwam{UH$, CnmÜ¶o BË¶mXtMm g‘mdoe Ago.
{ddmhmMo àH$ma : ‘Zw d ¶mkdëŠ¶ ¶m ñ‘¥{V J«§Wm§‘Ü¶o b½ZmMo AZoH$ àH$ma
gm§{JVbobo AmhoV. Ë¶mV ~«h²‘, X¡d, Amf©, àmOnË¶, Agya, J§Yd©, amjg,
{nemÀM ¶m§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVm. Self-Instructional
Material 247
noedoH$mbrZ A§Ë¶oï>r : A§Ë¶oï>r àoVmdarb g§ñH$ma hmo¶. ‘mZdr OrdZmVrb EH$ ‘hÎdmMm
g‘mOOrdZ g§ñH$ma åhUOo A§Ë¶g§ñH$ma hmo¶. qhXy Y‘u¶m§V ‘¥Ë¶yZ§Va ‘mZdr earamMr VrZ
àH$mam§Zr {dëhodmQ> bmdbr OmV Ago. Ë¶mV XhZ, X’$Z d {dgO©Z ¶m§Mm
NOTES g‘mdoe hmoVm. ~«m÷U d VËg‘ d[að> dJm©V XhZ{dYr H$arV AgV, Va BVa
OmVr§‘Ü¶o X’$Z{dYr Ho$bm OmB©. gmYy -g§Ý¶mer ¶m§Mr àoVo nmÊ¶mV {dg{O©V
Ho$br OmV.
dg§V nyOm : noedoH$mimV gm‘m{OH$, Ym{‘©H$ d amOH$r¶ OrdZmV ~«m÷U
OmVrbm ‘hÎd àmßV Pmbobo hmoVo. H$mhr ~«m÷Um§À¶m g§nÝZ Mm[aÍ¶m‘wio, {dÛÎmm
d bmoH$mon¶moJr H$m‘m§‘wio Ë¶m§Zm Xod ‘mZyZ Ë¶m§Mr nyOm Ho$br OmD$ bmJbr hmoVr.
hr nyOm dg§V F$VyV Ho$br OmV Ago. Ë¶m‘wio {Vbm "dg§V nyOm' Agohr åhUV
AgV.
~bwVoXma- AbwVoXma : ‘Ü¶¶wJrZ JmdJmS>çm‘Ü¶o {Za{Zamiçm ì¶dgm[¶H$m§Mm
g‘mdoe Ago. Ë¶m§Zm ~bwVoXma- AbwVoXma qH$dm H$mê$- Zmê$ Ago åhUV. H$mê$
qH$dm ~bwVoXmam§‘Ü¶o - ‘hma, ‘m§J, Mm§^ma, gwVma, Hw§$^ma, bmohma, narQ> ¶m§Mm
g‘mdoe hmoV Ago. Va Zmê$ qH$dm AbwVoXma :- H$moir, Vobr, qenr, H$mgma,
Vm§~moir, dmUr, nQ>doJma (aoer‘mMm ì¶dgm¶ H$aUmao), AmÎma qH$dm gwJ§Yr,
a§Jmar, ~wê$S>, Jdir, H$bmb, gmoZma ¶m§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVm.
H$bmb : H$bmb hm VËH$mbrZ g‘mOmV Xmê$Mr {Z{‘©Vr d {dH«$s H$aUmao bmoH$
hmoV. noedoH$mimV Xmê$ {dH$Umè¶m§Zm H$bmb Ago åhQ>bo OmB©.

A. Imbrb àíZm§Mr WmoS>³¶mV CÎmao {bhm.
1. JmdJmS>çmVrb dVZXmam§Mr H$m‘o ñnï> H$am.
2. ‘amR>oH$mbrZ gmd©O{ZH$ gUm§{df¶r ‘m{hVr {bhm.
3. ~bwVoXmam§{df¶r ‘m{hVr {bhm.
4. nooedo H$mimVrb noT>r ì¶dgm¶? Q>rn {bhm.
5. noedoH$mimVrb Ym{‘©H$ ñWim§Mo ‘hÎd ñnï> H$am.
6.H$mnS>-CÚmoJm{df¶r ‘m{hVr {bhm.
1. noedoH$mbrZ JmdJmS>çm{df¶r g{dñVa ‘m{hVr {bhm.
2. noedoH$mbrZ gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZm{df¶r ‘m{hVr {bhm.
3. JmdmÀ¶m Am{W©H$ OrdZmVrb ~bwVoXmam§Mo ‘hÎd ñnï> H$am.
Self-Instructional
Material 248
1. ^mdo dm. H¥$., ‘hmamï´>mMm gm‘m{OH$ B{Vhmg : noedoH$mbrZ ‘hmamï´>, daXm
àH$meZ nwUo, {Vgar Amd¥Îmr, gßQ>|~a 2010
2. AmnQ>o -AmoVwaH$a am. {d., (g§nm). ‘hmamï´>mMm nÌê$n B{Vhmg, nwUo 1963
3. Jdir nr. E., noedmH$brZ OmVr¶ g§Kf©, àMma àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya
4. Mm’o$H$a Zm. Jmo., noedmB©À¶m gmdbrV, Am¶ g§ñH¥$Vr àog, nwUo, 1937
5. {MQ>Urg H¥$.Zm. ‘Ü¶¶wJrZ ^maVr¶ g§H$ënZm Am{U g§ñWm, nwUo 1976
6. Omoer e§. Zm. ‘amR>mbrZ g‘mOXe©Z, nwUo, 1960.
7. e|S>o gmo. am. ‘amR>oH$mbrZ Ym{‘©H$ OrdZ, AjaboU§ àH$meZ gmobmnya, Owb¡
2012

SYBA मराठ्यांचा इतिहास-2

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SYBA मराठ्यांचा इतिहास-2

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àH$aU 4 : N>ÌnVtMr àemgZì¶dñWm 89

àH$aU 5 : N>ÌnVr g§^mOramOm§Mr H$m‘{Jar 107

àH$aU 6 : ‘amR>çm§Mo ñdmV§Í¶¶wÕ 123

àH$aU 7 : ‘amR>m gÎmoMr nwZñWm©nZm d {dñVma 135

àH$aU 9 : ‘amR>m gÎmoMr nwZñWm©nZm 171

àH$aU 10 : Xþgao ~mOramd noedo Am{U ‘amR>m gÎmoMm AñV 187

àH$aU 11 : noedoH$mbrZ àemgZì¶dñWm 205

7.2.2 ~miOr {dídZmW noedo ¶m§Mm CX¶ : Mm¡WB© gaXoe‘wIrÀ¶m

7.2.3 n{hbo ~mOramd noedo Am{U ‘amR>mgÎmoMm CÎma d X{jUoVrb

7.4 ‘hÎdmMo eãX

7.5 gamdmgmR>r àíZ

7.6 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$

nm{ZnVMm aUg§J«m‘ NOTES

8.2 {df¶ {ddoMZ

8.2.1 ~mimOr ~mOramd D$’©$ ZmZmgmho~ noedo

8.2.2 nm{ZnVMo {Vgao ¶wÕ :

5. ‘amR>çm§À¶m X{jUoVrb eÌy§Zr nwÝhm S>moHo$ da H$mT>bo :

8.2.3 ‘amR>çm§À¶m nam^dmMr H$maUo :

8.4 ‘hÎdmMo eãX

8.5 gamdmgmR>r àíZ

8.6 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$

‘mYdamd noedo Am{U X{jUoVrb amOH$maU

noedo ‘mYdamd Am{U h¡Xa g§~§Y

9.2.2 Zmam¶Uamd d gdmB© ‘mYdamd noedo Am{U ~ma^mB© ‘§S>i

9.2.3 aKwZmWamd Am{U ~ma^mB© g§Kf© :

9.5 gamdmgmR>r àíZ

10.2.1 ‘hmXOr qeXo ZmZm ’$S>Udrg :

10.2.2 ‘amR>m-B§J«O g§Kf©

10.2.3 Xþgao ~mOramd noedo Am{U ‘amR>m gÎmoMm AñV

dgB©À¶m VhmÀ¶m AQ>r :

10.4 ‘hÎdmMo eãX

10.6 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$

11.2 {df¶ {ddoMZ

noeì¶m§Mm ’$S>, H$Moar qH$dm H$m¶m©b¶ :

11.2.2 ‘amR>m ‘§S>i

11.2.3 noedoH$mbrZ àemgZì¶dñWm :

11.4 ‘hÎdmMo eãX

11.5 gamdmgmR>r àíZ

11.6 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$

12.2 {df¶ {ddoMZ :

12.2.2 gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZ :

12.2.3 Am{W©H$ OrdZ :

bîH$amer g§~§[YV ì¶dgm¶

12.5 gamdmgmR>r àíZ

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