Table of Contents

Chapter III
Chapter IV

Introduction to Public Health Engineering Chapter V

Man and basic requirements to sustain life Chapter VI

Disease Causation and Immunity Chapter VII

Epidemiology of Environment – Related Diseases Chapter VIII

Diseases caused by bacteria Chapter IX

Diseases caused by virus Chapter X

Diseases caused by fungi Chapter XI

Diseases caused by protozoa Chapter XII

Vital Public Health Indices Chapter XIV

Fertility Rates Chapter XV

Mortality Rates Chapter XVI

Morbidity Rates Chapter XVII

Population Projection Chapter XVIII

Code on Sanitation of the Philippines Chapter XIX

Environmental Health and Sanitation Forms Chapter XX

Chapter I Chapter XXI

Chapter II
INTRODUCTION TO PUBLIC HEALTH Health - is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely
the absence of disease or infirmity.
ENGINEERING
Public Health – is the art and science of:

Public Health Key Terms
 Clinical care - prevention, treatment, and management of illness and the
preservation of mental and physical well-being through the services offered by
medical and allied health professions; also known as health care.
 Determinant - factor that contributes to the generation of a trait.
 Epidemic or outbreak - occurrence in a community or region of cases of an
illness, specific health-related behaviour, or other health-related event clearly
in excess of normal expectancy. Both terms are used interchangeably;
however, epidemic usually refers to a larger geographic distribution of illness
or health-related events.
 Health outcome - result of a medical condition that directly affects the length
or quality of a person’s life.
 Preventing disease
 Prolonging life
 Promoting physical and mental health and efficiency through organized
community efforts for:
a) The sanitation of the environment
b) The control of communicable diseases
c) The education of the individual in principles of personal hygiene;
d) The organization of medical and health services for the early
diagnosis and treatment of disease; and
e) Development of the social machinery which will ensure to every
individual in the community a standard of living adequate for the
maintenance of health.
Public Health Engineering – deals essentially with the control of the environment,
with those modifications and protective and preventive measures that have been
found desirable or necessary foe providing optimum conditions for health and well-
being.

The focus of a public health intervention is to prevent and manage diseases, injuries
 Environmental Health – the total relationship of man to his physical,
and other health conditions through surveillance of cases and the promotion of:
biological, socio-economic and socio-cultural environment as it affects human
well-being. a) Healthy behaviours
b) Healthy communities
c) Healthy environments
THE HISTORY OF PUBLIC HEALTH Ten Essential Public Health Services
500 BCE 1. Monitor Health
Greeks and Romans practice community 2. Diagnose and Investigate
sanitation measures
3. Inform, Educate, Empower
4. Mobilize Community Partnership
5. Develop Plans
1840s
6. Enforce Laws
The Public Health Act of 1848 was established
in the United Kingdom 7. Link to/Provide Care
8. Assure a Competent Workplace
9. Evaluate
1970 10. Research
The Environmental Protection Agency
was founded

Lesson 2
PUBLIC HEALTH CORE SCIENCES MAN AND THE BASIC REQUIREMENTS TO SUSTAIN LIFE

Prevention
Effectiveness MAN----

 Is an individual human.
 A man belonging to a particular category (as by birth, residence, membership,
Surveillance Epidemiology or occupation).
 A bipedal primate mammal (Homo sapiens) that is anatomically related to the
PUBLIC great apes but distinguished especially by notable development of the brain
HEALTH
with a resultant capacity for articulate speech and abstract reasoning, is
usually considered to form a variable number of freely interbreeding races,
and is the sole living representative of the hominid family.

Informatics Laboratory
INDIVIDUAL HEALTH - Dimensions of individuality include the Person’s Total FUNDAMENTAL NEEDS OF A MAN
Character, Self-identity and Perceptions.
According to Virginia Henderson, a Nursing Theorist, these are the human
 Person’s total character encompasses behaviours, emotional state, attitudes, beings need:
values, motives, abilities, habits and appearances.
1. Breath
2. Nutrients
 Person’s self-identity encompasses perception of self as a separate and distinct
3. Oxygen
entity alone and in interactions with others.
4. Narrow Range of Temperature
5. Narrow Range of Atmospheric Pressure
 Person’s perceptions encompass the way the person interprets the environment 6. Elimination
or situation, directly affecting how he or she thinks, feels, and acts in any 7. Move and maintain posture
given situation. 8. Sleep and rest
9. Clothing
10. Maintaining internal environment
CONCEPT OF INDIVIDUALITY 11. Keeping self-clean
Each individual is a unique being who is different from every other human 12. Avoiding Danger
being, with a different combination of genetics, life experiences, and environmental 13. Communication
interactions. 14. Worship
15. Work
ATTRIBUTES OF HUMAN BEING 16. Play
17. Learn -
1. The capacity to think or conceptualize on the abstract level

2. Family formation Maslow’s Hierarchy of Basic Human Needs

Self -
3. The tendency to seek and maintain territory Actualization

Self - Esteem
4. The ability to use verbal symbols as language, a means of developing and
maintaining culture. Love and Belongingness

Safety and Security

Physiologic Needs
CHARACTERISTICS OF BASIC HUMAN NEEDS
All people have the same basic needs; however, each person’s needs and
reactions to those needs are influenced by the culture with which the person
identifies.
1. People meet their own needs relative to their own priorities.
2. Although basic needs generally must be met, some needs can be deferred.
3. Failure to meet needs results in one or more homeostatic imbalances, which
can eventually result in illness.
4. A need can make itself felt by either external or internal stimuli.
5. A person who perceives a need can respond in several ways to meet it.
6. Needs are interrelated.
MASLOW’S CHARACTERISTICS OF A SELF- ACTUALIZED PERSON
 Is realistic, sees life clearly and objective about owns observation
 Judge people correctly
 Has a superior perception, more decisive
 Has a clear notion on what is right and wrong
 Is usually accurate in predicting future events
 Understand art, music, politics and philosophy
 Possesses humility, listen to others carefully
 Is dedicated to some work, task, duty or vocation
 Highly creative, flexible, spontaneous, courageous and willing to make
mistakes
 Open to new ideas
 Can make decisions contrary to popular opinion
“To enjoy good health, to bring true happiness to one's family, to
bring peace to all, one must first discipline and control one's own
mind. If a man can control his mind he can find the way to
Enlightenment, and all wisdom and virtue will naturally come to him”.
- Buddha
ENVIRONMENT means anything that surrounds us. It can be living (biotic) or non-
living (abiotic) things. It includes physical, chemical and other natural forces.
SANITATION
World Health Organization states that:
"Sanitation generally refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal
of human urine and faeces.”
The term "sanitation" can be applied to a specific aspect, concept, location or strategy,
such as:
 Basic sanitation - refers to the management of human faeces at the household
level. This terminology is the indicator used to describe the target of the
Millennium Development Goal on sanitation.
 On-site sanitation - the collection and treatment of waste is done where it is
deposited. Examples are the use of pit latrines, septic tanks, and Imhoff tanks.
 Food sanitation - refers to the hygienic measures for ensuring food safety
 Ecological sanitation- an approach that tries to emulate nature through the
recycling of nutrients and water from human and animal wastes in a
hygienically safe manner.
Lesson 3  ETIOLOGY
- Derived from a Greek word aitiologia, meaning “giving a reason
DISEASES CAUSATION AND IMMUNITY for”
A disease is an abnormal condition that affects the body of an organism. It is - Is the study of the disease causation, or origination.
often construed as medical condition associated with specific symptoms and signs. THEORIES OF DISEASE CAUSATION
There are four main types of disease Before the discovery of micro-organism (bacteria by Louis Pasture in 1822-
 Pathogenic Disease 1895) several theories explaining the cause of disease were put forward time to time
 Deficiency Disease  THE GERM THEORY
 Hereditary Disease - Proposed by Robert Koch and according to this theory, there is one
 Physiological Disease single specific cause of every disease. This refers to one
relationship between the causative agent and disease.
Pathogenic microbial agents includes; viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, multicellular
organisms, and parasitic worms.
 THEORY OF EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRIAD
WHAT IS THE STUDY OF DISEASE - According to this theory, every one exposed to disease agent did
not contract the disease. This means it is not only the causative
 PATHOLOGY agent that is responsible for disease but there are another factors
- The study of essential nature of diseases and especially of the also, related to man and environment which contribute to disease.
structural and functional changes produced by them.
 MULTIFACTORIAL CAUSATION THEORY
 EPIDEMIOLOGY - This theory helps to understand the various associated causative
- The study of the distribution of a disease or condition in a factors, prioritise and plan preventive and plan measures to control
population. the disease.
- The science that deals with the inter-relationship of the various
factors and conditions which determines the frequencies and  WEB OF CAUSATION
distributions of an infectious process, a disease or physical state in - Given by Macmohan and Pugh. According to him disease never
a human community. depends upon single isolated cause rather it develops from a chain
of causation in which each link itself is a result of complex
 interaction of preceding events this chain of causation which may undiagnosed cases and carrier in the community. The waterline
be the fraction of the whole complex is known as web of causation. represents the demarcation between apparent and unapparent
diseases
 DEVERS EPIDEMIOLOGICAL MODEL
- This model is composed of four major categories of factors THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
 Human biology - epidemiological triad and include genetic - Bodies defense system against disease.
inheritance, complex physiological systems, factors related to
maturation and ageing Immune Divisions
 Lifestyle Factors - include daily living activities, customs,
 Nonspecific Defenses
traditions, health habits etc.
- Body protects itself the SAME way regardless of what is invading it
 Environmental Factors - include physical, biological, social and
- Fast-acting Response
spiritual components
- Lines of Defense
 Health care system - include availability, accessibility, 1. Skin- protective barrier
adequacy and use of health care services at all levels. 2. Fever- raises body temp. to kill infection
3. Inflammation- swelling & redness
 SPECTRUM OF DISEASE
- Spectrum of disease” is the graphical representation of variation in
 Specific Defenses
the manifestations of disease.
- Immune system attacks specific pathogen
- At one end of disease spectrum are subclinical infections which are
- Pathogen can be recognized by its antigen
not ordinarily identified and at the other end are fatal illness. In the
middle of the spectrum lie illness ranging in severity from mild to
PATHOGENS – (Things that infect you) contain antigens
severe
ANTIGENS – are like chemical markers (name tag) that tell what the pathogen is.
 ICEBERG OF DISEASE
- To this the disease can be closely related with an iceberg. The
floating tip of the iceberg represents what the physician sees in the
community i.e. clinical cases.
- The vast submerge portion of the iceberg represents the hidden
mass of disease i.e. latent, unapparent, pre-symptomatic and
 - Immunity is acquired after exposure to antigen

2 Kinds

 Active Immunity: you make antibodies in response to antigen

1. Vaccine
2. Natural exposure to pathogen

 Passive Immunity: you obtain antibodies from another source

1. Mother’s milk gives baby antibodies

White Blood Cells (WBCs) - fight infection through inactivating foreign substances Lesson 4
or cells soldiers of your defense system. EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ENBIRONMENT – RELATED DISEASES
Types of WBCs

White blood cells are produced by bone marrow & lymphatic glands COMMUNICABLE DISEASE
 Macrophages: “eat” & destroy pathogens - Are diseases which can be transmitted from the victim to a healthy person
 Lymphocytes (B-cells & T-cells) through different mediums.
- B-cells - make antibodies - All ailments which may be transmitted by any means from person to person
- T-cells - recognize & kill pathogen from animal to person.
HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS
 Contagious Disease – Implying communication by direct contract
- A retrovirus (has RNA) that targets and kills Helper T-cells (human to human)
- Leaves immune system defenseless against disease
- Develops into the disease AIDS  Infectious Disease – Indicating transmission of an infection
Acquired Immunity IMPORTANT TERMS
  Epidemic - is the incidence of a communicable disease among a number of
people to an extent that is recognized statistically as being well beyond the
JOHN SNOW
normal expectancy for the disease in a community in a definite period of time.
Is a physician and is best known for his work tracing the source of the cholera
 Endemic - if the disease is constantly present in some degree. outbreak and is considered the father of modern epidemiology.

 Epizootic - an epidemic among animals.

 Zoonosis – is an infection or an infectious disease of animals transmissible
under natural conditions to man.
 Sporadic disease – one that occurs in occasional scattered cases.
Channels of infection – are the means through which the body becomes infected by
disease-producing agents. Channels may be the respiratory tract, the digestive tract, or
the exterior surfaces of the body.
Infectious agent – is a microorganism capable of producing infectious disease under
circumstances of host and environment favouring transmission.

 Pandemic – affects large numbers of people at the same time and transcends
community boundaries. Vehicles of Infection – are the means by which infectious agents are transported in
causing disease. Water, food, insects, and inanimate objects maybe vehicles of
infection.
EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the distribution of a disease or condition in a
population, and the factors that influence that distribution.
Carrier – a person who harbor specific infectious agents without discernible clinical
EPIDEMIOLOGIST
disease but can be reservoir or source of infection.
 Concerned with WHO, WHAT WHERE, WHEN and WHY of infectious
Types of carrier
disease
- Who becomes infected? a) Healthy carrier
- What pathogens are causing the infections? b) Incubatory carrier
- Where do the pathogens come from? c) Active carrier
- When do certain diseases occur d) Convalescent carrier
- Why do some diseases occur in certain places but not in others
 Develop ways to prevent, control, or eradicate disease in populations.
Incubation Period – is the time elapsing between the entrance of an infectious agent
into the body and the appearance of signs or symptoms of the disease. The Epidemiologic Triangle

Chain of Infection – the potential for the biological agent to cause infection in a
susceptible host depends on various factors which are the following: Communicable disease occurs as a result of the interaction of the agent of
disease, the host and the environment.
 Types of infectious agents
The ecologic concept of disease is based on the following premises:
 Reservoir of infectious agents
 Mode of transmission  That the disease results from an imbalance agents and host.
 Portal of entry  That the nature and extent of the imbalance depend on the characteristic of the
 Host susceptibility host and the agents: and
 That the characteristics of agent and host and their interactions are directly
related to and dependent largely on the nature of the physical, social,
Microorganisms
economic and biological environment.
1) Bacteria – single-celled vegetative organisms
Virulence – the potential of infectious agent for causing diseases in humans. It is
2) Protozoa – single-celled animals
related to the dose of infectious agent necessary for infecting the host and causing
3) Ricketssia – similar to both bacteria and protozoa
disease.
4) Viruses – ultramicroscopic
5) Fungi – microscopic plants devoid of chlorophyll Reservoir of the Infectious Agent – is a living or non-living source of the infectious
agent and allows the pathogen to survive and multiply.

 Living reservoir – human and domestic and wild animals

ECOLOGIC CONCEPT OF DISEASE
 Non-living reservoir – water, wastewater, food, or soils
Host
Mode/Methods of Communication

1. Airborne Transmission – supposed to be the important vehicle of

infection

Agent Environment
 2. Water and Food – involved in the communication where the mouth 3. LEPROSY
and intestinal tract is the channel of infection.  Also known as Hansen’s Disease
3. Fomites – (inanimate objects that have come in contact with sick  Causative Agent: Mycobacterium leprae
person) the transmission of disease is may be considered an indirect  When a person with leprosy coughs or sneezes, they may spread droplets
contact transmission. containing the bacteria.
4. Animals
5. Insects 4. TYPHOID FEVER
 Causative Agent: Salmonella typhi
 Transmitted commonly through the consumption of drinking water or food
contaminated with the feces of people who have typhoid fever or
paratyphoid fever or of people who are chronic carriers of the responsible
DISEASES CAUSED BY BACTERIA bacteria.
1. TUBERCULOSIS
 Causative Agent: Mycobacterium tuberculosis 5. BOTULISM
 Three Distinct Types of TB:  A deadly form of food poisoning
a) Human – pathogenic to man an also to cows and guinea pigs. Mainly  Causative Agent: Clostridium botulinim
transmitted through the sputum, although any or all of the body
discharges may be infective.
b) Avian – affects bird and rabbits DISEASES CAUSED BY VIRUS
c) Bovine – in man, lungs does not affected, usually only the lymph 1. COVID – 19
glands or bones. In children, it is a result of drinking contaminated  Is an infectious disease and can cause mild to severe respiratory illness,
cow’s milk. including death
 Causative Agent: SARS-CoV-2 virus.
2. CHOLERA
 Is an acute diarrheal illness caused by infection of the intestine. 2. ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS)
 Causative Agent: Vibrio cholerae bacteria  Causative Agent: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
 Transmission is closely linked to inadequate access to clean water and  Spread from the body fluids of an infected person, including blood, breast
sanitation facilities. milk, semen and vaginal fluids.
 Can be treated and prevented with antiretroviral therapy (ART).
  Causative Agent: Coccidioides immitis and C. posadasii
3. CHICKENPOX
 Is a highly contagious disease and can cause an itchy, blister-like rash 3. TINEA PEDIS
 Causative Agent: Varicella-zoster virus (VZV)  Also called Athlete’s Foot
 The virus can be spread from person to person by direct contact, inhalation  Causative Agent: Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton
of aerosols from vesicular fluid of skin lesions of acute varicella or zoster, mentagrophytes, and Epidermophyton floccosum
and possibly through infected respiratory secretions that also may be
aerosolized. 4. HISTOPLASMOSIS
 People develop infection after breathing in microscopic fungal spores,
particularly during activities that disturb contaminated soil.
4. DENGUE  Causative Agent: Histoplasma capsulatum
 is a viral infection that spreads from mosquitoes to people. It is more
common in tropical and subtropical climates 5. PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA
 Causative Agent: Flavivirus genus  The fungus is spread through the air, from person to person. PCP is
extremely rare in healthy people, but the fungus that causes the disease can
5. INFLUENZA live in their lungs without causing symptoms.
 Highly contagious viral infection of the respiratory tract that can cause  Causative Agent: Pneumocystis jirovecii
severe illness and life-threatening complications (including pneumonia)
 Causative Agent: Influenza Virus
DISEASES CAUSED BY PROTOZOA
DISEASES CAUSED BY FUNGI 1. MALARIA
1. CANDIDIASIS  a mosquito-borne disease caused by a parasite. The parasite is spread to
 Are yeast that can be found on the skin, mucous membranes, and in the humans through bite of infected mosquitoes
intestinal tract.  Causative Agent: Plasmodium falciparum
 Causative Agent: Candida
2. CHAGAS DISEASE
2. COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS  Also known as American trypanosomiasis.
 Also called Valley Fever
  Person with this disease may experience difficulty swallowing due to  Crude Death Rate – the most common form of mortality measurement is the
enlarged esophagus. Stomach pain or constipation due to enlarged colon. crude death rate. Indicates the number of deaths occurring during the year, per
 Causative Agent: Trypanosoma cruzi 1,000 populations estimated at midyear.

3. BABESIOSIS  Divorce – this is a final legal dissolution of a marriage which confers on the
 Is caused by microscopic parasites that infect red blood cells and are parties the right to remarriage under civil, religious, or other provisions,
spread by certain ticks. according to the laws of each country
 Causative Agent: Babesia
 Live Birth – is a complete expulsion or extraction from its mother of a product
of conception, irrespective of the duration of the pregnancy, which after such
separation, breathes or shows any other evidence of life, such as beating of the
heart, pulsation of the umbilical cord, or definite movement of voluntary
muscles, whether or not the umbilical cord has been cut or the placenta is
4. CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS attached; each product of such a birth is considered live born.
 Route of Exposure: Fecal-oral, which includes person to person, animal to
 Marriage – is a special contract of permanent union between a man and a
person, waterborne, and foodborne transmission.
woman entered into in accordance with law for the establishment of conjugal
 Causative Agent: Cryptosporidium parvum. and family life.

5. TRICHOMONIASIS  Maternal Death – This is the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42
 is a very common STD days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and the site of
 Causative Agent: Trichomonas vaginalis the pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its
management, but not from accidental or incidental causes. Maternal deaths
 is usually treated quickly and easily with antibiotics. may be subdivided into two groups: direct obstetric utility, but, for the
majority of uses, absolute frequencies are not sufficient and it becomes
necessary to compute relative numbers, including crude rates, various types of
specific rates, percentages, probabilities, and other ratios.
VITAL PUBLIC HEALTH INDICES  Death – refers to the permanent disappearance of all evidence of life at any
time after live birth has taken place (postnatal cessation of vital function
DEFINITION OF TERMS without capability of resuscitation).
 Estimate – a rough or approximate calculation; a numerical value obtained
from a statistical sample and assigned to a population parameter
 Fetal Death – refers to death prior to the complete expulsion or extraction of a
product of conception from its mother, irrespective of the duration of
pregnancy. The death is indicated by the fact that after such separation, the
fetus does not breathe or show any other evidence of life, such as beating of
the heart, pulsation of the umbilical cord, and definite movement of voluntary
muscles.
 Forecast – to calculate or predict (some future event or condition) usually as a
result of study and analysis of available pertinent data
 Infant Death – this is the death of a liveborn infant who dies before
completing its first year of life.
 Long-term – Planning for long-lasting population assets – Borrowing is
usually a long-term commitment – Growth rate accrue in the future
 Neonatal Death. This is the death of a live born infant who dies during the
first 28 completed days of life. These may be subdivided into early neonatal
deaths, occurring during the first seven days of life, and late neonatal deaths,
occurring after the completion of the seventh day but before the completion of
28 days
 Perinatal Death. This is the death of a fetus or newborn infant occurring after
22 completed weeks (154 days) of gestation (the time when fetal weight is
normally about 500 g), but prior to the completion of seven days after birth
 Projection – an estimate of future possibilities based on a current trend
 Short-term – How much population would be available for next growth rate
(interest)? – Working on proposals without knowing what to expect could
result in a waste of time
 Specific Death Rate – Specific rates for different age groups are called age-
specific death rates; rates for males and females are called sex-specific death
rates, rates for particular causes of death are called cause-specific death rates.
VITAL STATISTICS
Vital Statistics is a subfield of demography and the study of characteristics of
the civilized population. It is collected through civil registration, an administrative
system used by governments to record vital events. Efforts to improve the quality of
vital statistics will be closely related to the development of civil registration systems.
Civil registration followed the practice of churches keeping such records since the
19th century.
A Vital Statistics System is defined as the total process of:
 Collecting by registration, enumeration or indirect estimation of information
on the frequency of occurrence of certain vital events, as well as relevant
characteristics of the events themselves and of the persons concerned.
 Compiling, analysing, evaluating, presenting and disseminating those data.
Basic Sources of Vital Statistics
The PSA maintains an archive of Civil Registration documents. Several basic forms
are needed to record vital events from which vital statistics were generated. These
are:
  Marriage Certificate – Municipal Form No. 101
 Certificate of Live Birth – Municipal Form No. 102  Crude Birth Rates (CBR) - measures how fast people are added to the
 Certificate of Death – Municipal Form No. 103 population through births.
 Certificate of Fetal Death – Municipal Form No. 103A
Number of registered live
births∈a year
Uses of Vital Statistics CBR= ×1,000
Midyear Population
Vital Statistics are useful for local and national authorities specifically for planning of
human, social and economic development. They use the data results in the following:
 as input for population estimation/projection for future planning
 as basis for forecasting requirements for food, housing, medical facilities,  General Fertility Rate (GFR) - is more specific rate than the crude birth rate
education and other needs of the population since births are related to the segment of the population deemed to be capable
 to carry out policy making at local levels for planning health, education of giving birth.
services, housing, etc.
 to address health inequities from communicable disease, chronic disease and B. Number of registered
injuries live births ∈a year
GFR= ×1,000
 generate “life tables” and life expectancies for many health-planning purposes Midyear Population of women
 measure progress on the sustainable development goals and other international 15−44 years old
health goals
MORTALITY RATES
 prepare polling lists for eligible voters for election purposes
 calculate the number of members of parliament for each state or province
 allocate budgets for development and for human resources  Crude Death Rate (CDR) - gives the speed with which mortality occurs in a
 calculate the number of citizens each year for administrative areas by age and given population.
sex
 provide denominator data for calculating health-related indicators Number of deaths∈a
 help to guide efficient resource allocation calendar year
CDR= × 1,000
Midyear Population

Commonly Used Formulas in Vital Statistics

 Specific Mortality Rates - show rates of dying in specific population groups.
A. FERTILITY RATES
Number of deaths∈ a specified
group∈a calendar year
Specific Mortality Rate= ×1,000
Midyear Population of the same
specified group
  Incidence Rates - measures the development of disease in a group exposed to
the risk of the disease in a period of time.

Number of disease developing

¿ a p eriod of rime
Incidence Rate= ×F
 Cause-of-Death Rate or Mortality Rate - from specific diseases or Population at risk
conditions gives the rate of dying secondary to specific causes


Prevalence Rates - measures the proportion of existing cases of a disease in
Cause−of −Death Rate= Number of d eaths a ceratin cause ¿∈a calendar year ¿ ¿ the population.
×1,000 The term “existing” refers to old and new cases of the
¿ Midyear Population
diseases.

 Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) - is defined as the number of deaths among Number of existing cases of
a specified disease
infants under one year of age in a calendar year per one thousand live births in Prevalence Rate= ×F
Population at that point∈¿ time/exam ined
the same period.
 Case
Deaths under 1 year of age
¿ a calendar year
IMR= ×1,000
Number of Midyear
deaths Population ¿
CDR= ¿ a specifies cause¿ ×1,000
¿ Number of cases of the same disease
Fatality Rate (CFR) - is the proportion of cases which end up fatality. POPULATION PROJECTION

Population projections are calculations of future birth rate, death rate and
migration of population based on their past and present conditions. They are neither
predictions, nor forecasts, nor estimates. Rather they are in between predictions and
forecasts.

C. MORBIDITY RATES In fact, they are only statements about birth rate, death rate and migration of
population at some future date, based on certain assumptions. On the other hand, a
“population forecast is a projection in which the assumptions are considered to yield a percentage increase gradually drops when the growth of the cities reach the
realistic picture of the probable future development of a population.” Generally, saturation point. This method is useful for cities which have unlimited scope
forecasts are for short term while projections are for long term. for expansion and where a constant rate of growth is anticipated.

n
pt = po ( 1+k )
Common Population Projection Formula

 ARITHMETIC FORMULA
In this method, the rate of growth of population is assumed to be Where:
constant. This method gives too low an estimate, and can be adopted for pt = population at some time∈the future
forecasting populations of large cities which have achieved saturation
conditions. po =present∨initial population

pt = po +k ∆ t k =average percentageincrease(constant )

n=period of the projection∈decade

Where:

pt = population at some time∈the future OTHER VITAL STATISTICS FORMULA

po =present∨initial population 1. BIRTH RATE

t= period of the projection ∈decades No . of live births duringthe year

2. ×1000 DEATH RATE
Midyear Population
k = population grow th rate(constant ) No . of live deaths during the year
× 1000
Midyear Population

 GEOMETRIC INCREASE METHOD 3. MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE (MMR)

This method assumes that the percentage of increase in population
from decade to decade is constant. This method gives high results, as the No . of Maternal deaths duringthe year
×1000
No. of live births during the year
4. STILL BIRTH RATE (SBR) 9. PRE-NATAL MORTALITY RATE (PM RATE)
No . of Still births during the year No .of still births∧Infant deaths
× 1000
No . of live births duringthe year + ¿ No . of still births duting the year of less than7 year
×1000
No . of live births duringthe year

5. EARLY NEO-NATAL MORTALITY RATE (ENMR) 10. SEX RATIO AT BIRTH (MALE FEMALE)

No . of infant death less than 7 days No . of Females

× 1000
during the year No . of Males
×1000
No . of live births during the year

6. NEO-NATAL MORTALITY RATE (NM RATE) 11. AGE SPECIFIC DEATH RATE

No . of infant death less than 29 days No . of Deaths∈a particular

during the year age group
×1000 ×1000
No . of live births during the year Midyear population of
same age group

7. LATE NATAL MORTALITY RATE (LNM RATE)

CODE ON
No . of infant deaths of SANITATION OF THE PHILIPPINES (P.
7 days−29 days
No . of live births duringthe year
×1000
D. 856)
8. POST NATAL MORTALITY RATE (PNM RATE) Presidential Decree No. 856 (PD 856) otherwise known as the Code on
No . of deaths of Sanitation of the Philippines state that the health of the people, being of paramount
29 days−1 year importance, all efforts of public services should be directed towards the protection
×1000
No . of live births duringthe year
and promotion of health and with the advance in the field of sanitation in recent
years, there arises the need for updating and codifying our scattered sanitary laws to
ensure that they are in keeping with modern standards of sanitation and provide a
handy reference and guide for their enforcement. This Code was signed and approved
by former President FERDINAND E. MARCOS, year 1995.
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND SANITATION FORMS
 EHS Form No. 101 – Sanitary Permit
 EHS Form No. 102-A – Health Certificate for Food Handlers
 EHS Form No. 102-B – Health Certificate for Non – Food Handlers
 EHS Form No. 103-A – Sanitary Inspection of Food Establishment
 EHS Form No. 104 – Sanitary Standard Rating Sticker
 EHS Form No. 104-A – Excellent 90% - 100%
 EHS Form No. 104-B – Very Satisfactory 70% - 89%
 EHS Form No. 104-C – Satisfactory 50% - 69%
 EHS Form No. 105-A – Luminous green
 EHS Form No. 105-B – Luminous yellow
 EHS Form No. 105-C – Red Orange
 EHS Form No. 106 – Transfer Permit
 EHS Form No. 107 – Sanitary Order
 EHS Form No. 108 – Compliance to Sanitary Order Issued
 EHS Form No. 109 – In house record for food operations
 EHS Form No. 110 – Renewal of Sanitary Permit
 EHS Form No. 111 – Request for classification/upgrading
 EHS Form No. 112 – Mission Order
 EHS Form No. 113 – Official Receipt
 EHS Form No. 114 – Sanitary Complaint
 EHS Form No. 115 – Incident Report and Hearing *
 EHS Form No. 116 – Food Establishment Index Card
 EHS Form No. 118 – Notice of Hearing
 EHS Form No. 121 – Sanitary Survey
Chapter I
GENERAL PROVISIONS
Title
The title of this Code is "Code on Sanitation of the Philippines".
Definition of Terms
Whenever any of the following words or terms is used herein or in any rule or
regulation issued under this Code, it shall have the meaning given it in this section, as
follows:
a) Code - Code on Sanitation of the Philippines.
b) Department - The Department of Health.
c) Secretary - The Secretary of Health.
d) Regional Director - an official who heads a Regional Health Office.
e) Local Health Authority - an official or employee responsible for the
application of a prescribed health measure in a local political subdivision.
f) Health Officer Provincial, City or Municipal Health Officer
 g) Engineer - A Sanitary Engineer.
h) Section - any section of this code unless the term refers to other statutes which
are specifically mentioned.
Functions of the Department of Health
The Department shall have the following powers and functions:
a) Promoting and preserving people's health and raising health standards in the
Philippines;
b) Extend health services to rural areas and provide medical care to those in
poverty;
c) Develop, administer and coordinate public health, preventive, curative and
rehabilitative programs, medical care, health and medical education services.;
d) Improve medical practice, quality of health services, and programs to ensure
better health services for people;
e) Help local health agencies develop public health programs and promote
medical and public health research;
f) The DOH should issue permits to establish and operate hospitals, clinics,
dispensaries, schools of nursing, midwifery, clinical laboratories, and blood
banks.;
g) Set standards rate of fees for health, medical, laboratory, and other public
health services.; and
h) Performs such other functions as may be provided by law.
Authority of the Secretary
In addition to the powers and authority of the Secretary which are provided by
law, he is likewise empowered to promulgate rules and regulations for the proper
implementation and enforcement of the provisions of this Code.
Authority of the Bureau of Directors
The Bureau Directors shall be responsible for staff activities involving the
development of plans, programs, operating standards and management techniques in
their respective field of assignment.
Authority of the Regional Directors
The Regional Directors shall administer health functions in their regions,
implement policies, standards and programs involving health services; and enforce
the provisions of this Code and the rules and regulations promulgated by the
Secretary under this Code.
Authority of the Health Officers
The health officers shall administer health functions in areas under their
jurisdiction and enforce the provisions of this Code and the rules and regulations
promulgated by the Secretary under this Code.
Miscellaneous Provisions
a) International treaties, agreements and conventions - The Republic of the
Philippines recognizes international treaties, agreements and conventions on
public health, but their provisions must not conflict with the Constitution,
existing laws or any provision of the Code.
 b) Rights and proceedings - The Code does not affect any proceedings or rights
commenced before its effectivity. However, matters of procedure and rights
arising after this Code's effectivity must conform to its provisions.
c) Delegation of power and assignment of duty - The Code grants public health
officers power and duty, which can be exercised by a deputy or agent of the
official, unless otherwise provided.
d) Language required - Written notices, reports, statements, and records required
by the Code must be written in English or Pilipino.
e) Mailing of notices - Notices required to be sent must be sent through the
postal service, and an affidavit of the official or employee who mailed the
notice is prima facie evidence that the notice was sent as prescribed herein.
f) Condemnation and seizure of property - The owner of any property that is
formally condemned or taken by authorities in the sake of public health is not
entitled to compensation.
g) Command responsibility - The duty vested in a health officer is also the
responsibility of the superiors of the health office under the principle of
command responsibility.
Chapter II
WATER SUPPLY
Prescribed Standards and procedures
Standards for drinking water and their bacteriological and chemical
examinations, together with the evaluation of results, shall conform to the criteria set
by the National Drinking Water Standards.
a) Disinfection of water supply facilities shall be required for the following:
 Newly constructed water supply facilities.
 Water supply facility that has been repaired/improved.
 All existing water facilities that exceeded the bacteriological value set by
the Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water.
 All water facilities that require continuous disinfection.
 Drinking water collected from a doubtful source.
b) Disinfectant
Chlorine shall be used as the main water disinfectant.
Approval and Permit
The approval of the Secretary or that of his duly authorized representative is required
in the following cases:
a. Sites of water sources before their construction;
b. Delivery of water to consumers from new or recently repaired water systems;
c. Operation of a water system after an order of closure was issued by the
Department;
d. Plans and specifications of water systems of subdivisions and projects prior to
the construction of housing units thereat; and
e. Certification of potability of drinking water.
Types of water examination required
  Initial Examination - The physical, chemical and bacteriological e. The installation of booster pump to boost water direct from the water
examinations of water from newly constructed systems or sources are required distribution line of a water supply system, where low-water pressure prevails
before they are operated and opened for public use. is prohibited.

 Periodic Examination – Interval of water examination of existing sources

shall not be longer than 6 months for bacteriological and physico-chemical
Chapter III
shall be conducted every 6 months.
FOOD ESTABLISHMENTS
Other Protective Measures
SANITATION REQUIREMENTS FOR OPERATING A FOOD
To protect drinking water from contamination, the following measures shall be
ESTABLISHMENT
observed:
Sanitary Permit
a. Washing clothes or bathing within a radius of 25 meters from any well or
other source of drinking water is prohibited. a. No person or entity can operate a food establishment without a permit from
the local health office. The term "food establishment" means an establishment
b. No artesian, deep or shallow well shall be constructed within 25 meters from where food or drinks are manufactured, processed, stored, sold or served.
any source of pollution. b. The fees payable on application for permits and upon the issuances, renewal
and noting of such certificates shall be in such amounts as the City of
c. No radioactive sources or materials shall be stored within a radius of 25 Municipal Authority may by resolution impose.
meters from any well or source of drinking water unless the radioactive source c. Noting of Permit - Within 14 days after any change in the ownership or
is adequately and safely enclosed by proper shielding. occupancy of any establishment, the new occupant shall apply to the City or
Municipal Health Officer to have such change noted in the records and on the
d. No person charged with the management of a public water supply system shall permit certificate which he shall produce for the purpose and shall pay the
permit any physical connection between its distribution system and that of any corresponding fee in respect of such noting.
other water supply, unless the latter is regularly examined as to its quality by
those in charge of the public supply to which the connection is made and d. The sanitary permit must be posted in a conspicuous place and shall be
found to be safe and potable. available for inspection by health and other regulatory personnel
 e. Every City or Municipality shall keep a record of all establishments in respect
of which permits have been issued and of all permit certificates and renewals
thereof.
f. The record shall in every case show the following:
1. The name and address of the holder of the permit who in every case
shall be the actual occupier of the establishment;
2. The location of the establishment;
3. The purpose or purposes for which the permit has been issued;
4. The date the first permit was issued and the dates of any renewal
thereof;
5. Every change of occupation and management of the establishment
since the first permit was issued; and
6. Conditions under which the permit was issued or any renewal thereof
granted.
Health Certificate
No person must be employed in a food establishment without a health
certificate issued by the city/municipal health officer after physical and medical
examinations and immunizations.
Quality and Protection of Food
a. All meat must come from licensed slaughterhouses inspected and approved by
veterinarians or regulatory authorities, and processing should be done in an
approved manner.
b. Fish, shrimp, prawns, shellfish, seaweeds, brackish water foods, surface water
foods and foods from aquaculture farms or ponds must not be contaminated
by sewage, chemicals, radioactive waste or other toxic substances.
c. Vegetables and fruits should come from safe sources without night soil,
sewage, or toxic chemicals.
d. Food sources should not be procured from sources or areas known to have
been affected by radioactivity.
e. Milk and fluid milk products must be obtained from sources approved by the
local health authority, sterilized, pasteurized, or heated.
Preparation, Storing and Serving of Food and Drink
a. Food must be protected from contamination such as dust, flies, rodents, and
other vermin’s while being stored, stored, and prepared.
b. Food should be washed properly before being served and cooked
c. Food to be served cold shall be kept at a temperature below 7 ° C .
d. Cooked food intended to be served hot shall be kept at a temperature not
lower than 60 ° C .
e. Employees should use utensils to reduce hand contact with food, such as
tongs, forks, spoons, spatulas, scoops, and chopping boards.
STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS
 FLOORS
a. Floors should be constructed of concrete or other impervious material,
graded and drained, and rounded off to a height of 3 inches (7.62 cm)
from the floor.
 WALLS
a. Walls subject to wetting shall be constructed to a height of not less
than 2 meters (79 inches).
 b. The internal walls shall be painted in light colours or treated with such
other wall finish as the health authority may prescribe.
c. Waters of flower vases shall be kept clean and changed at least onve
every three days.
 CEILINGS
a. All ceilings or, if no ceiling is provided, the entire under-surface of the
roof shall be dust-proof and washable.
b. The ceiling of rooms in which food is prepared or packed or in which
utensils or hands are washed shall be smooth, non-absorbent and
painted in light color.
 LIGHTING
a. Illumination should be of sufficient intensity to enable effective
inspection and cleaning, and should be suitable for the purpose of the
room or place.
b. The minimum illumination intensity in rooms where food is prepared
or packed must be 20 foot-candles, while in premises where food is
consumed, it must be 5 foot-candles. Intensities must be measured at a
point 30 inches (76.20 cm.) above the floor.
c. Other areas or working surfaces:
 100 foot candles (1076 lux) – seeing tasks requiring discrimination
of fine details under conditions of fair contrast.
 50 foot candles (538 lux) – seeing tasks requiring discrimination of
details under conditions of moderate contrast.
 10 foot candles (107.6 lux) – casual seeing tasks.
 5 foot candles (53.8 lux) – rough seeing tasks.
 VENTILATION
a. Natural air supply in any workroom shall not be less than 0.005 cubic
meters per second per person while in rooms where work is demanding
ventilation rate of 0.015 cubic meters per second per person is
required.
b. In the absence of effective natural ventilation, mechanical ventilation
with airflow from a clean area, and discharging in such a manner as
not to create a nuisance, shall be provided
c. Canopies, air ducts, fans or other appliances shall be provided as
required by the health authority in particular circumstances;
 All exhaust systems must be vented to the outside atmosphere,
however air can be recirculated if it has gone through appropriate
cleaning equipment and is pure and safe to use again.
 Ideal temperature for all work areas is 26.67 ° C(80℉ ).
 OVERCROWING
 Floor space, aisles, passageways, and areas to which customers have access
must be unobstructed and sufficient to allow movement without contamination of
food.
a. Dining room areas
WATER SUPPLY
a. A minimum of 40 liters per capita per day shall be maintained
b. Water pressure shall be maintained at 1.41 kpscm (20 psi).

Number of persons Area per person SEWAGE DISPOSAL AND DRAINAGE

using dining rooms Sq. Meter Sq. Feet
Below 25 1.12 12 a. All sewage discharged from food establishment shall be disposed in a
25 to 74 1.02 11 public sewerage system, in a manner complying to Waste Disposal of
75 to 149 0.93 10 Department of Health Circular No. 220, s. 1974 implementing P. D. 522
150 to 500 0.84 9 and Chapter XVII of P. D. 856.
More than 500 0.74 8
REFUSE DISPOSAL

 CHANGEROOMS
a. There must be adequate and suitable lockers or other facilities for the
orderly storage of clothing and personal belongings of employees or
persons engaged or employed in the premises, and separate changing
rooms for each sex if there are four or more persons engaged or employed.
 WASH – HAND BASINS
a. Be supplied with hot and cold or tempered running water at
minimum temperature of 37.8 ℃(100 ℉ )
 TOILET FACILITIES
a. Minimum height of ceiling – 2.5 m
b. Lighting – not less than 10 foot – candles (107.6 lux)
c. Natural Ventilation – window space shall be at least 10% of the
floor area of the toilet room.
a. Refuse cans may be used in food-preparation areas for immediate use
only.
b. Storage refuse cans, filled and empty, shall be in a designated space
separate from food-handling operations.
c. These cans shall be constructed and maintained as to be vermin-proof and
easily cleaned.
d. Cans containing refuse shall be tightly covered at all times, except during
actual use in food-handling areas.
e. Holding bins may likewise be used, provided they are constructed of
impervious, readily-cleaned materials, and fitted with tight-fitting covers.
f. Where refuse cans are used, a space separated from the food-handling
spaces and adjacent to the refuse-can storage space shall be provided for
cleaning them. This space shall be equipped with scrubbing-brushes,
cleansing agents, steam or hot water under pressure, and a hose fitted with
adjustable nozzle.
VERMIN CONTROL
a. Spaces where food and drinks are stored, prepared and served shall be so
constructed and maintained as to exclude vermin.
b. Door screens should be made of non-corrosive wire 16-mesh or finer and
tight-fitting.
c. Owners, operators, or administrators must maintain a vermin abatement
program in their establishments, or the local health agency will undertake the
work at their expense.
d. Foodstuffs, utensils, food preparation and cleaning equipment must be
protected from toxic chemical substances during disinfecting operations.
e. Vermin control in public places is the responsibility of provincial, city or
municipal governments.
f. Vermin abatement programs must be approved by the local health authority.
REQUIREMENTS REAGRDING EQUIPMENTS AND UTENSILS
 WASHING OF UTENSILS
a. They shall be scraped and pre-rinsed to remove food articles.
b. They shall be thoroughly cleansed in warm water at 49 ℃ (120 ℉)
with soap or detergent.
c. If running water is not used, the wash-water shall be changed
frequently.
 BACTERICIDAL TREATMENT
Eating and drinking utensils and equipment, after thoroughly cleaned,
shall be subjected to one of the following bactericidal treatments:
a. Immersion for at least half a minute in clean hot water at a
temperature of at least 77 ℃ ( 170 ℉ )
b. Immersion for at least one minute in a lukewarm chlorine solution
50 – 100 ppm;
c. Immersion in water with iodine solution 12.5 ppm for 1 minute.
DRY STORAGE OF NON-PERISHABLE FOODS
Non-perishable foods shall be stored in the following manner:
a. Designated spaces, lockers, cupboards, racks, shelves and containers shall be
used for storage.
b. All spaces, lockers and cupboard shall be constructed of materials of the same
quality as used for food-preparation and food-serving operations. Containers
shall be made of metal fitted with tight covers.
c. The recommended temperature range for dry stores is 50-60_C (10-15_C)
except where dry foods for immediate use are stored in the preparation and
servicing spaces.
REFRIGERATED STORAGE AT PERISHABLE FOOD
 Frozen Food – not more than −12 ℃(10 ℉ )
 Meat and Fish - 0−3 ℃(32.38 ℉ )
 Milk and Milk products - 5−7 ℃( 40−45℉ )
 Fruits and Vegetables – 7−10 ℃(44−50℉ )
FOOD SERVICING OPERATIONS
These operations should be in accordance with the following requirements:
 a. Hand contact with food or drink should be avoided, and sugar should be
served in covered containers or packages for single service.
b. The surfaces of containers and utensils, including glasses and tablewares,
which come in contact with food and drink shall not be handled.
c. Disposable cups, plates, spoons and other single-service containers and
utensils must be purchased in sanitary cartons and stored in a clean, dry place
until used. Handling must be done so that the hand does not touch the surface
in contact with food or drink.
d. Clean cloths, napkins, spoons, towels, and other cloth equipment should be
stored in clean places, while soiled linens should be stored in a closed bin or
locker marked.
EVAULUATION OF FOOD ESTABLISHMENT
a. Sanitary Inspection - The Provincial, Municipal or City Health Officer
must inspect and evaluate every food establishment requiring a permit at
least every six months and make as many additional inspections and re-
inspections as necessary to enforce the provisions of this Chapter.
b. Service Of Notice - The Health Officer of the Province, Municipality or
City may issue a notice to the holder of the permit, the manager or
occupier to take remedial action within the time specified in the notice. If
the terms of the first notice are not complied with, the Health Officer may
issue a second notice to the holder of the permit, the manager or occupier
to show why the permit issued in respect of the food establishment should
not be revoked.
c. Revocation Of Permits - The Health Officer can revoke a permit if the
terms of two notices have not been complied with or the failure to comply
is not excusable.
d. Summary Suspension Of Permits - The Health Officer may suspend a
permit if he finds unsanitary or unhealthy conditions in the operation of a
food establishment, which constitutes a hazard to public health. Written
petitions must be filed to receive a hearing as soon as possible.
e. Appeals - The person or panel conducting the hearing may confirm,
modify or reverse the decision appealed from, which decision shall be
final.
f. Power Of Entry - The Sanitary Inspector or authorized officer of the
Department of Health or of the Provincial, Municipal or City Health
Officer may enter any premises engaged in the manufacture, preparation
or packing of any article of food for sale or any of the purposes referred to
in this Code for inspection or any other action necessary for administration
of this Code.
SPECIAL PROVISIONS
 Groceries or "Sari-Sari" Stores
a. No grocery or sari-sari store shall be established within a distance of
25 meters from any source of contamination.
b. All foods which require no further cooking before they are eaten shall
be protected from contamination while in countries or showcases.
 Bakeries.
a. Delivery trucks and carts of bakery products shall always be kept clean
and sanitary.

 Dairies
a. No dairy shall keep unhealthy or infected cows, carabaos or goats for
the production of milk, or feed them unwholesome food which
produces impure or unwholesome milk.
b. No animals used for the production of milk shall be allowed to graze
on land which has been contaminated by radioactivity.
c. No dairy shall sell unwholesome milk that has not been previously
pasteurized or otherwise sterilized.
 Ice Plants
a. Only potable water shall be used in the manufacture of ice.
b. In storing and transporting ice intended for public consumption,
precautionary measures shall be taken to protect the ice from sources
of contamination.
 Ambulant Food Vendors
a. These vendors shall sell only bottled food drinks, biscuits and
confectionaries.
b. It is prohibited for food vendors to sell food that requires the use of
utensils.
 Oyster Beds
a. Oysters shall be planted and grown only in areas approved by the
Secretary or his duly authorized representatives and in places duly
licensed by the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources.
b. Oysters offered for sale, if not originating from approved areas, shall
be confiscated and destroyed by the local health authority.
 Fish Marketing Areas
a. Only fresh and wholesome fish products shall be sold.
b. Fish caught in radioactive zones as well as in areas contaminated by
toxic substances or high in mercury count as determined by the health
authorities shall be condemned and not be allowed for public
consumption.
c. The selling, distribution and buying of fish caught through the use of
explosives and chemicals are prohibited.
CLASSIFICATION OF FOOD ESTABLISHMENT
 Class A – rating shall not be lower than 90%
 Class B – not lower than 70%
 Class C – not lower than 50%
Chapter IV
MARKETS AND ABATTOIRS
PRESCRIBED STANDARDS OF CONSTRUCTION FOR MARKETS
 SITE REQUIREMENTS
a) Shall be located 50 meters (164 feet) from schools, religious
institutions, and other public gathering places and 25 meters (82
feet) from abattoirs and other possible sources of contamination.
b) Shall be easily accessible to the public and conveyances or
vehicles.
c) Markets shall not be located in areas subjected to flooding
 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
The following are the requirements in the construction and maintenance of
markets and their premises
a) MATERIALS – the material used for construction shall be
durable and resistant to wear and corrosion.
b) SIZE
 STALL – minimum area of each stall shall be 3.10 square
meters (33.35 square feet).
 AISLE – minimum width of each aisle shall be 1.20 meters
(3.94 feet).
c) WALLS AND PARTITIONS – Shall be constructed of
impervious and non – toxic materials to a height of not less than
1.22 meters (4 feet) from the floor.
d) DISPLAY TABLES AND COUNTERS – Shall be made entirely
open beneath 75 cm (2.5 feet) in height, without drawers, and shall
be made and kept smooth and clean.
e) LIGHTING – All areas where readily perishable foods are
displayed for sale shall be provided with 20 foot – candle (215.2
lux) intensity of illumination.
f) VENTILATION – The relative humidity within the building shall
be maintained at 60%. The building shall be provided with
effective and suitable ventilation to maintain a temperature of
26.7 ℃ ( 80 ℉ ) .
g) SPACE REQUIREMENT – There shall be a minimum area of
0.74 square meters (8 square feet) of open space per customer.
 FENCE – For security purposes, markets shall be enclosed by fence with a
height of at least 2 meters (6.5 feet) and gates with lock.
 STALLS
a) Tables used in stalls for food, fish, shellfish, meat, and entrails
shall be elevated to at least 0.75 m (2.5 feet) from the floor.
b) Tables used in stalls for vegetables, fruits, grains, and groceries
shall be elevated to at least 0.46 m (1.5 feet) from the floor.
SANITARY FACILITIES REQUIREMENTS FOR MARKETS
 WATER SUPPLY
a) There shall be sufficient supply of potable water in the market
either from the public main water supply or from an approved
source.
b) Water supply shall be maintained at a pressure of 138 KPa (20 psi).
c) Water supply of 40 liters per capita per day shall be provided and
maintained based on the number of vendors and average number of
customers per day.
 SEWAGE DISPOSAL AND DRAINAGE
 a) There shall be sufficient drainage facilities in the market and its
premises. At least one floor drain shall be provided in every 46.5
square meters (500 square feet) of floor area.
b) Pipe diameter for drainage purposes shall not be less than 15 cm (5
inches).
SPECIFIC SANITARY REQUIREMENTS FOR SUPERMARKETS
 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
a) Ceiling – Shall have a minimum height of 3 meters (10 feet).
b) Lighting – All areas shall be provided with at least 20 foot –
candles (215.2 lux) intensity of illumination.
PRESCRIBED STANDARDS OF CONSTRUCTION FOR ABATTOIRS
c) Space Requirements – Floor space of at least 1 square meter
(10.76 feet) of open space per customer shall be provided to permit
easy movement
d) Aisles – All aisles shall have a minimum width of 1.5 meters (4.92
feet) to facilitate smooth flow of customers.
 SECTIONING – Divided into different sections according to the type of
merchandise. Signs shall be provided above each shelf at least 10 cm (4
inches) high with clear legible letters.
a) Readily Perishable Food – Stored at a temperature of 7 ℃( 45 ℉)
. a) 50 foot – candles (538 lux) at all inspection and workrooms
b) Refrigerated Food
1. Chilled food products shall be maintained between
0 ℃ ¿ 4 ℃.
2. Frozen Food products shall be maintained at a temperature
below 0 ℃ .
3. The rule of First – In First – out shall be strictly
implemented.
 DRY STORAGE – Goods shall be stored at least 20 cm (8 inches) above the
floor to facilitate cleaning of the storage area. Humidity shall not be more than
60%.
 LOADING AND UNLOADING AREA – at least 30 foot – candles.
 SITE REQUIREMENTS
a) The site shall be at least 200 meters away from residential areas,
schools, churches and places of public assembly.
b) The construction and maintenance of abattoirs shall conform to
sanitary standards prescribed by the Department of Health and
National Meat Inspection Commission (NMIC).
 DOORS – At least 1.5 meters width.
 LIGHTING
Artificial light intensity shall not be less than the following:
b) 10 foot – candles (107.6 lux) at chilling rooms
c) 20 foot – candles (215.2 lux) in other areas of the establishment
  EQUIPMENT – Shall be installed 30 cm from walls
SITE REQUIREMENTS
 HOLDING PENS – Minimum area of 2.23 square meters per cattle and 0.6 a) The area provided for a community laundry shall be at least 500 square meters
square meters per swine and located only in places designated under existing zoning laws and
ordinances.
 AISLE – The minimum width of aisle shall be 1.20 meters (4 feet).
REQUIREMENTS FOR CONSTRUCTION

a) Minimum area for each stall is 2 square meters.

Chapter V b) Height of stall shall be 1.0 meters
PUBLIC LAUNDRY c) Each stall shall be provided with 2 laundry trays
d) Minimum width of aisles between stalls is 1.5 meters and 0.1 m higher than
the flooring.
PRESCRIBED STANDARDS OF CONSTRUCTION
SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS
 TOILET – Minimum floor area of 1.20 square meters and a minimum
dimension of 0.90 meters. The following requirements shall be enforced:

a) All articles to be laundered coming from hospitals and infected sources shall
 WALLS – Minimum height of 2 meters from starting from the floor.
be treated by exposure to a sufficient quantity of hot water detergents or by
other effective means of disinfection.
 PARTITIONS WALLS – Shall have a height of 2 meters and terminates 30
cm above the floor
b) All linen, bed clothes, pajamas, towels, bed sheets, pillow cases, etc. that have
come in contact with any form of radioactivity should be isolated in a certain
 ILLUMINATION
area and monitored by Radiation Safety personnel before sending these
Hallways, exits, stairways and dining rooms 20 foot candles articles for laundry. If any amount of radioactive contamination is found, the
Toilet and Bathrooms 10 foot candles affected article should be set aside and the radioactivity allowed to completely
decay before said article is sent for laundry.
Kitchen, storage and supply rooms 20 foot candles
Outdoor pathways 2 foot candles
 c) All articles for delivery to the laundry shall be kept in containers which shall
be kept closed until the articles are removed at the laundry.
Acceptable Noise Levels
Type of Room
(decibels)
d) Laundry vehicles shall be kept clean and sanitary at all times.
Classroom 35 to 40
Hearing Test Rooms Less than 40
e) A separate room shall be used solely for receiving, sorting, marking or Music Rooms Less than 40
handling unwashed articles. Health rooms Less than 45
Canteen 50 to 55
f) Diapers must be protected from pathogenic organisms and from chemical School sites (outside noise
Less than 70
substances which are irritating to the skin of the infant. Laundered diapers for level)
delivery shall be packed in sealed sanitary containers.
 Distance from Property Line to Public Places
a) 50 meters from cemeteries and memorial parks or other places of
Chapter VI interment;
SCHOOL SANITATION AND HEALTH SERVICES b) 200 meters from bars. Cocktail lounges. Karaoke and sing-along
joints. Abattoirs. markets, movie houses, billiard and pool halls,
bowling alleys, video machines, amusement and recreational places
The Code on Sanitation of the Philippines applies to various educational
and the like;
institutions, including public and private schools, sectarian and non-sectarian schools,
c) 1000 meters from jails, night clubs, cabarets, disco houses. Massage
seminaries, review centers, graduate schools, special schools for people with
clinics and sauna baths, motels, booking outlets of racetracks and lotto,
disabilities, foreign schools, technical/vocational schools, special training or trade
cockpits. And other places of vice.
schools, training centers, day care or child care centers, nursery and kindergarten
schools, and children's institutions. However, certain institutions are exempted. STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS
SITE REQUIREMENTS a) The building should be designed to receive the maximum amount of
natural light in the classrooms and corridors, as well as adequate
 Location
supplementary artificial lighting.
a) The school site shall be located away from disturbances and places
b) School buildings must not be used for private residences or other purposes
which give undesirable influences.
that interfere with the proper functioning of the school.
b) Noise level at school shall not exceed 70 decibels.
 c) Healthful air condition shall be provided through effective ventilation, a) Air Space – Each student should be allotted not less than 1.00 square
either natural and/or mechanical ventilation meters floor area and not less than 3 cubic meter airspace.
d) The construction of the school building shall be in conformity with the
b) Windows and other openings
provisions of the National Building Code.
 Windows and other openings shall have an area equivalent to
but not less than 1/5 of its floor space;
 WALLS AND CEILINGS
 Windows shall have an aggregate opening area of not Less than
a) Ceilings – reflection factor at least 80%
50% of the gross floor area;
b) Upper walls – Reflection factor shall not be less than 50% and painted
 The sill must be about 1 meter high from the floor and the head
in light color.
at least 20 cm. below the ceiling.
c) Lower walls – Shall have a darker shade than the upper wall and a
reflection factor between 25% and 40%. c) Mechanical Ventilation
 Air-conditioning units - A 1.50 HP air conditioner for every 50
Reflection Factors of Paints of Various Tints cu. m. room volume shall be provided;
Classification Reflection Coefficient (%)  Exhaust fan and blowers – A 25 cm diameter blower fan per 35
Gloss Mill White 74 to 82 cubic meters of room volume shall be provided.
Flat Mill White 78
Light Cream 74  LIGHTING
Light Pink 67
Light Yellow 65
Light Blue 61 Minimum lighting level Foot Candle Lux
Light Buff 58
Light Gray 49
Light Green 47 Drafting, computer, typing, sewing rooms, room
50 538.00
Medium Blue 38 for partially mute children and those who lip read
Medium Gray 30
Red 13 Classrooms, study halls, laboratories, dissecting
30 322.80
rooms, office, art rooms and shops

 VENTILATION Reception rooms, gymnasiums, swimming area 20 215.20

 Auditoriums (not for study), cafeterias, stairways 10 107.60 i. The seats shall be set with a distance of at least 75 cm. from the
side and back walls of the classroom and 2 meters from the
Corridors 5 53.80 blackboards.
 CLASSROOM AND OTHER ROOMS OF THE SCHOOL ii. An aisle of 75 cm shall be maintained in the middle, between the
a) Size of the classroom – The minimum dimension of the room shall be right and left seats.
7 meters by 9 meters to accommodate a maximum of 59 students. iii. The back seats shall be placed not farther than 9 meters from the
blackboards/whiteboards.
b) The height of the walls of the room shall not be less than 3 meters for
non – air conditioned rooms. c) Chalkboard/Whiteboard

c) Every school shall be provided with a rest room/faculty room where i. No chalkboard/whiteboard shall be placed on the wall where the
faculty members can stay and study their lessons or rest during their window is used for lighting the room.
break time. ii. The bottom of the chalkboard/whiteboard shall be adjusted just
above the level of the eyes of the students while seated.
 CLASSROOM EQUIPMENT iii. Chalkboard/whiteboard shall not reflect light.

a) Seat and Desk Adjustment
Seats shall be movable, adjustable and adaptable for varying pattern of
arranging the seats in the classroom to accommodate for such factors as left
handedness, sight and hearing problems, and variation in teaching technique.
i. The location of the student in the room shall depend on his hearing
and vision.
ii. Diagonal Seating is sometimes advisable to secure better lighting
b) Seat Arrangement
 SCHOOL GROUNDS - Adequate space for playground shall be provided for at
least 40 students per session.
SANITARY FACILITIES REQUIREMENTS
 TOILET FACILITIES
a) In pre-schools and elementary schools, there shall be enough low toilet
seats with the height of 35 cm for the small children.
b) Toilet rooms shall be provided in all floors of the building
c) Shall have good ventilation either by windows or exhaust fan.

Toilet Structural Requirements

 i. Minimum Space Requirements refuse/solid waste shall be done on a daily basis or more frequently as
necessary.
Unit Square meters/Unit
Toilet 1.50
Lavatories 1.10
Urinals 1.10

b) Weekly Duties
ii. Minimum Height of Toilet Ceiling – 2.50 meters
iii. Lighting – not less than 10 foot – candles (107.60 lux) Dusting walls, cleaning high places, washing floors and baseboards
iv. Natural Ventilation – Window space shall be at least 25% of the floor area and cleaning of carpets by vacuum shall be done at least on a weekly basis or
of toilet room more frequently as necessary.
v. Mechanical Ventilation – Use of exhaust fan
c) Monthly Duties
 Hand – Washing Facilities
Cleaning light fixtures, lawn mowing or grass-cutting, removing marks
from walls and washing glass windows shall be done at least on a monthly
a) Lavatories shall be installed inside the toilet room and shall be provided
basis or more frequently as necessary.
with water and soap

b) Schools without piped system shall provide two large buckets and dipper
for pouring water SAFETY REQUIREMENTS

c) Minimum of 100 liters of water for every 50 students.
 Schedule for School Housekeeping
a) Daily Duties
Maintenance and cleaning of pathways and grounds, floors, carpets,
lavatories, toilets, showers, mirrors, lockers, furniture, counters, rails, chalk
and marker pen rails, boards, desks, chairs, and collection and disposal of
a) School buildings with 2 or more storeys shall have stairways of at least 1.8
meters wide located on each side of the building to ensure safe entrance
and exit of students and school personnel
b) Corridors shall have a minimum width of 1.8 meters.
c) School buildings of 2 or more stories must have fire escapes and all paths
leading to them must be clear of obstructions.
d) Two doors of at least 1 meter wide and 2 meters high shall be provided. If
only one door is constructed, the door shall be at least 2 meters wide.
 e) School electrical wiring must be regularly checked and repaired or e) The application must be filed by the medical/paramedical/scientific
replaced if it is damaged or defective. institution and not by a funeral establishment or individual.
f) Fire drills and earthquake drills shall be held at least once a month. f) Cadavers must be properly embalmed and certified by the embalmer.
g) In cases involving medico-legal issues, clearance must be obtained
from the chief of police or prosecutor with jurisdiction.
h) Application forms, along with the death certificate and certifications
from the local health officer and police, must be properly completed
before submission.
SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS FOR SPECIAL SCHOOL i) A transit permit must be obtained, and the payment receipt must be
 DONATION OF HUMAN ORGANS FOR MEDICAL. SURGICAL AND attached to the application.
SCIENTIFIC PURPOSES j) The cadaver or its parts should only be used for the specified scientific
purposes and not disposed of in any other manner.
For the purpose of this Section, the provisions of Republic Act No. k) After serving their purposes, the cadavers must be given a decent
7170 otherwise known as the Organ Donation Act of 1991 as amended by burial by the applicant institution, which is responsible for all related
Republic Act No. 7885 dated February 20. 1995 shall be applied and enforced expenses.
in these implementing rules and regulations. l) The school must post a list of unclaimed cadavers in public places for
at least three consecutive days and obtain a certification of publication.
 USE OF REMAINS FOR MEDICAL STUDIES AND SCIENTIFIC
RESEARCH
 REQUIREMENTS FOR MEDICAL/PARAMEDICAL SCHOOLS AND
a) Unclaimed cadavers of persons who died of/or with a dangerous
SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTIONS STORING PRESERVED BODIES FOR
communicable disease shall not be permitted to be utilized for medical
SCIENTIFIC PURPOSES.
studies.
b) In case the person died from non- communicable disease, a
a) Location: The morgue can be a separate structure or part of a medical or
certification shall be secured that he cadaver has been unclaimed for
paramedical building, ensuring strict privacy.
48 hours after death.
b) Size: The size of the morgue should accommodate the number of cadavers
c) Applications for the use of cadavers must be submitted to the regional
to be stored. Compartments with specific dimensions and drainage
health director for approval.
systems should be provided. The disposal of cadavers must adhere to
d) Only paramedical institutions authorized by the Commission on
sanitation regulations.
Higher Education (CHED) are qualified to apply for permission to use
cadavers.
 c) Lighting and Ventilation: Sufficient window area and ventilation should
be provided, ensuring proper lighting and airflow. Exhaust ducts should be
installed in the ceiling or close to it.
d) Temperature: The morgue should maintain a room temperature of around
26°C to 28°C.
Chapter VII
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE SECRETARY AND THE LOCAL
GOVERNMENT UNIT
a) The Secretary shall have the following powers and functions:
 Formulates policies, standards, guidelines and programs for the
promotion and protection of workers' health.
 Prescribes a list of Threshold Limit Values of
atmospheric/environmental contaminants as a guide in appraising
health hazards and evaluating control measures.
 Develops standards regarding other concentrations of short
intermittent duration capable of causing acute impairment to
health.
 Prescribes control measures to eliminate/minimize industrial
contaminants and infectious diseases caused by processing or
handling industrial products or waste.
b) LOCAL HEALTH AUTHORITY
 Provides for the mandatory appointment of a provincial, city or
municipal health officer and who shall perform both the sanitary
and public health functions.
 Exercises jurisdiction over the enforcement of the Sanitation Code
including its implementing rules and regulations in their localities
subject to the standards set by the Department.
 Issues licenses/business permits and suspends or revokes the same
for any violations of the conditions upon which said licenses or
permits had been issued, pursuant to existing laws or ordinances.
 Enforces all laws, ordinances, rules and regulations relating to
sanitation and public health.
 Directs Local Health Officer to prepare and submit yearly reports
to the Department.
c) LOCAL HEALTH OFFICER
 Leads the sanitary and industrial hygiene inspection of all
industrial establishments to determine their compliance with the
sanitation code and its implementing rules and regulations.
 Coordinates with other government agencies relative to the
implementation of these implementing rules and regulations.
 Attends to complaints related to industrial hygiene and
recommends appropriate measures for immediate compliance.
 Refers/elevates to higher authority unsolved issues in relation to
industrial hygiene.
RESPONSIBILITIES OF EMPLOYER, EMPLOYEES AND HEALTH AND
SAFETY COMMITTEE
a) Responsibilities of Employer
 Employers must provide, install, and maintain control measures
and protective equipment in good condition, inform employees
 about hazards, and conduct regular hearing tests for employees
working in noisy areas.
 Employers should take measures to keep noise levels within
acceptable limits, and if alternative protection is used, employers
should request a permit from the Department.
 Finally, personal protective equipment and/or barriers should be
provided when necessary for employee safety.
b) Responsibilities of Employer
 Strictly observe and practice the use of personal protective
equipment and other control measures in accordance with the
provision.
 Observe the proper use and maintenance of equipment provided to
them by their employers.
 Report, potential health hazards present in the working
environment to company's health and safety committee.
 Cooperate in the conduct of health and safety programs and
inspection.
c) Responsibilities of the company’s health and safety committee
 Plans and develops health maintenance and accident prevention
programs for the establishment.
 Implements the health maintenance and accident prevention
programs in accordance with the set government rules and
regulations.
 Reviews reports of inspection, accident and illness investigations
and implementation of program.
 Submits progress reports to the manager/employer on a quarterly
basis.
 Provides necessary assistance to government inspecting authorities
during the conduct of inspection.
 Initiates and supervises health and safety trainings for employees.
REQUIREMENTS IN THE OPERATION OF INDUSTRIAL
ESTABLISHMENTS SANITARY FACILITIES
 WATER SUPPLY
a) An adequate potable water supply approved as to source and
distribution.
b) Standard drinking water facilities readily accessible to all
employees and approved type of drinking water facilities shall be
provided to all employees in the ratio of one (1) facility for every
fifty (50) employees.
 SEWERAGE SYSTEM
a) Completely treated effluent if conforming to the quality standards
prescribed by Environmental Management Bureau-Department of
Environment and Natural Resources (EMB-DENR) may be
discharged into a body of water.
b) Storm water shall be discharged to a storm sewer; only sanitary
sewage shall be discharged to a sewerage system.
c) Properly designed grease traps shall be installed in establishments.
 SEPTIC TANK
a) It shall be generally rectangular in shape. When a number of
compartments are used, the first compartment shall have the
capacity from one half (1/2) to two thirds (2/3) of the total volume
of the tank and shall be water-tight.
b) It shall be built of concrete, either pre-cast or poured-in-place.
c) It shall not be constructed under any building and within 25 meters
from any source of water supply.
 DISPOSAL OF SEPTIC TANK EFFLUENT
 a) The effluent from septic tank shall be discharged into a subsurface
soil, absorption field where applicable or shall be treated with
some type of purification device.
 DISPOSAL OF INDUSTRIAL WASTES
a) All toxic and hazardous wastes including nuclear wastes incident
to the operation of the industrial plant shall be collected, stored or
disposed of in a manner that will prevent health hazards, nuisance
and pollution (DAO 29 - RA 6969)
 COMPLIANCE WITH THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES FOR HAZARDS
a) The air quality within the workplace shall be in accordance with
the Threshold Limit Values for Hazards as adopted by the
Department from the American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists - Threshold Limit Values (ACGIH-TLVs).
 Facilities Required Adequate and suitable toilet and bath facilities for
both male and female employees at the;
a) Where the number of female employees exceeds one hundred
(100), one (1) toilet for every twenty (20) female employees up to
the first one hundred (100) and one (1) for every thirty (30)
thereafter.
b) Where the number of male employees exceeds one hundred (100)
one (1) toilet for every twenty-five (25) males up to the first one
hundred (100) and one (1) more for every forty (40) thereafter.
c) Where the number of males employed exceeds five hundred (500),
it is sufficient to provide one (1) toilet for every sixty (60) males.
 The following minimum standards shall be strictly observed:
a) The minimum space provided for a rest room for ten (10) workers
shall be six (6.0) square meter and for each additional employee,
the minimum addition shall be at least point two (0.2) square
meter.
b) Bathing/washing facilities shall include a supply of clean running,
hot and cold or warm water; soap; clean towels; or other suitable
means of cleaning or drying.
c) If toilet and bath facilities for one sex adjoin those for the other
sex, the approaches shall
d) Be separate and toilet and bath facilities for each sex shall be
properly indicated partition shall be made of concrete or other
similar permanent materials.
 WORKROOMS AND WORK EQUIPMENT
a) All places of employment and all workrooms, including machinery
and equipment shall be kept clean and sanitary.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL
 PHYSICAL HAZARDS – Where noise levels are above the TVLs, one or
more of the following control measures shall be adopted:
a) Engineering Control
i. Substitution with quieter moving parts of machines, materials or
processes.
ii. Proper and regular maintenance of machinery
iii. Increase the distance or construct barriers between the work area
and the noise source
b) Administrative
i. Change of job Schedule
 ii. Rotation of workers
iii. When noise exposure cannot be controlled adequately by
environmental changes, the use of hearing protection by workers is
necessary.
 VIBRATION
a) Application of layer of material with high internal losses over the
surface of the vibrating element.
 HEAT AND COLD STRESS
a) Use of thick clothing, gloves and shoes.
b) Use of aluminized reflective clothing.
 ILLUMINATION
a) A minimum of twenty (20) lux (2-foot candles) shall be provided
for yards, roadways, and outside thorough fares.
b) A minimum of fifty (50) lux (5-foot candles) shall be provided
for passageways, corridors, stairways warehouses, storerooms for
rough and bulky materials.
c) A minimum of I 00 lux (10-foot candles) must be provided for
engine and boiler rooms, passenger and freight elevators, crating
and boxing departments, receiving and shipping rooms,
storerooms, locker rooms, toilets and washrooms.
d) A minimum of 200 lux (20-foot candles) should be provided for
moderate discrimination of details, such as for medium
assembling, rough bench and machine work, testing, sewing,
canning, meatpacking, and lumber and veneering.
e) A minimum of 300 lux (30-foot candles) should be provided for
close discrimination of details, such as for medium bench and
machine work, inspection, fine testing, flour grading, leather
finishing and weaving cotton goods or light-colored cloth/goods, or
for office desk work with intermittent reading and writing.
f) A minimum of 500 to 1,000 lux (50-to-100-foot candles) must be
provided for discrimination of fine details in conditions of a fair
degree of contrasts for long assembling, bench and machine work,
inspection, polishing, wood-working, weaving, and other
prolonged close office desk work.
g) A minimum of 1,000 lux (100-foot candles) must be provided for
discrimination of extremely fair details under poor contrast
conditions, such as instrument, jewelry and watch manufacturing,
tobacco products, make-up and proof-reading in printing plants,
and sewing dark-colored cloth products.
Note:
1 foot candle = 10.76 lux
 RADIATION
a) Provisions for ionizing and non-ionizing radiations shall follow the
standards set by the Philippine Nuclear Research Institute (PNRl) and
the Radiation Health Service (RHS) of the Department.
 GENERAL VENTILATION
a) The natural air supply in any workroom shall in no instance be less
than 0.45 cubic meters per second per person. A ventilation rate of 0.90
cubic meters per second per person is desirable in workrooms in which
the work is arduous.
b) 0.61 meter/second for inlets between 2.44 to 3.66 meters above the
floor.
c) 2.54 meter/second for inlets between 3.66 to 4.88 meters above the
floor.
 d) 5.08 meter/second for inlets more than 5.49 meters above the floor.
e) The amount of air recirculates in workrooms shall not exceed seventy-
five (75%) percent and in plants and dining rooms shall not exceed
fifty (50%) percent.
f) Air circulated in workrooms shall be supplied through air inlets
arranged, located and equipped so that workers are not subjected to air
velocities exceeding 1.02 meter per second except under special
circumstances specified in this IRR.
 LOCAL EXHAUST VENTILATION
a) The air velocity and/or rate of air flow required through a hood, booth
enclosure, and other points of ventilation and through the pipes shall
be maintained at all times whenever the machine or process for which
the ventilation is applied is in operation or use.
 CHEMICAL HAZARDS
a) Substitution of toxic substances to non-toxic substances shall be
applied in cases where it is possible and less hazardous processes shall
be utilized whenever applicable.
b) Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) shall be provided by
manufacturers/distributors/ suppliers and shall be made available to
agencies/workers upon request.
c) Isolation/enclosure/interposing of a barrier between a hazard and those
who might be affected by the hazard shall be applied.
d) PPE shall be worn by workers.
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
 BIOLOGICAL AGENTS
a) Proper personal protective equipment with special emphasis on gloves,
masks, aprons, and water-resistant shoes like rubber boots shall be
worn by workers at all times.
b) Control measures shall be provided to eliminate or control the
transmission of infectious diseases through processing or handling of
industrial products or wastes.
 ERGONOMICS
a) Male workers shall not be allowed to lift, carry or move any load more
than 50 kg and female workers over 25 kg. Weight over 50 kg shall be
handled or carried by more than one worker; by mechanical means; or
with appropriate back support.
 MONITORING
a) Measurement of the various hazards shall be done at regular intervals
according to the guidelines set by the Department as well as by the
Department of Labor and Employment.
b) Working environment measurement shall include temperature,
humidity, pressure, illumination, ventilation, concentration of
substances and noise.
c) The working environment measurement shall be performed by the
medical and safety personnel who have taken adequate training and
experience in working environment measurement.
d) In the event of inability to perform the working environment
measurement, the employer shall commission the Department or the
Department of Labor and Employment, to perform the measurement.
e) The employer shall carry out the working environment measurement in
indoor or other workplaces where hazardous work is performed and
shall keep a record of such measurement which shall be made
available to the enforcing authority.
a) Eye and Face Protection
b) Respiratory Protection
c) Head Protection
d) Hair Protection
e) Hand and Ann Protection
f) Hearing Protection
g) Safety belts, Life lines and Safety Nets
 h) Use of safety shoes
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH SERVICES
This section shall apply to all industrial establishments including government-
owned or controlled corporations.
 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH SERVICES - Without prejudice to the
responsibility of each employer for the health and safety of the workers in his
employment, and with due regard to the necessity for the workers to
participate in matters of occupational health and safety.
 ORGANIZATION AND PREVENTIVE SERVICES – maybe organized
by:
1. The establishment/undertaking
2. Government authorities or official services recognized by the
Bureau of Working Conditions, DOLE and Department
3. Social security institution
4. Any other bodies authorized by the Bureau of Working Condition,
DOLE and the Department
 EMERGENCY HEALTH SERVICES – every employer covered by this
IRR shall keep in his workplace at least the minimum quantity of emergency
and essential medicines, medical supplies and facilities for the use of the
workers employed in the establishment.
 EMERGENCY HOSPITAL – An employer may not establish emergency
hospital or dental clinic in his workplace as required in this IRR provided
there is a hospital and dental clinic which is located not more than five (5)
kilometers away from the workplace.
 CONTRACTS FOR OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH SERVICES – Contracts
for occupational health practitioner services entered into by employer shall
only be with occupational health practitioners and/or occupational health
clinics accredited by Bureau of Working Conditions, DOLE and the
Department.
 TRAINING AND QUALIFICATIONS OF HEALTH PERSONNEL – An
occupational health practitioner, as defined under Rule I, Section I, of this IRR
must have all of the following qualifications:
a) a graduate of an advanced training course in occupational health
and safety conducted by the Bureau of Working Condition, DOLE,
the College of Public Health of the University of the Philippines,
or any institution/organization duly authorized/accredited or
recognized by the former;
b) must have had at least five (5) years’ experience in the field of or
practice of occupational health and safety;
c) must be duly certified/accredited by the Bureau of Working
Condition, DOLE: and
d) Must have registered with the DOLE-Regional Office concerned.
 DUTIES OF THE HEALTH PERSONNEL
a) Organizes, administers and maintains an occupational health
service program integrating therein an occupational safety program
b) Monitors the work environment for health hazards through
periodic inspection of the workplace.
c) Prevents diseases or injuries in the workplace by establishing
proper medical supervisions over substance used, processes and
work environment.
d) Maintains and analyze records of all medical cases and to prepare
and submit to the employer annual medical reports as required by
this IRR
  OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PROGRAM - Aside from the responsibilities
of the employer under Rule IIL. Section l, of this IRR the employer shall
organize and maintain an occupational health program to achieve the
following objectives:
a) Assess the workers' physical, emotional and psychological assets
as well as his liabilities in order to facilitate his proper placement
and ensure the suitability of individuals according to their physical
capacities, mental abilities and emotional make-up in work which
they can perform with an acceptable degree of efficiency without
endangering their own health and safety and that of their
coworkers;
b) Protect employees against health hazards in their working
environment in order to prevent occupational as well as non-
occupational diseases;
c) Assure adequate medical care of ill and injured workers;
d) Encourage personal health maintenance and physical fitness and
proper nutrition practices
The Health Program shall include the following activities:
 Maintenance of a healthy work environment by requiring occupational health
personnel to conduct regular appraisal of sanitary conditions, periodic
inspection of premises, including all facilities therein, and evaluate the
working environment in order to detect and appraise occupational health
hazards and environmental conditions affecting comfort and job efficiency;
Health Examinations
 Entrance or pre-employment
 Periodic or Annual Examination
 Special Examination
 Transfer Examination
 Separation Examination
Chapter VIII
PUBLIC SWIMMING OR BATHING PLACES
GENERAL SANITARY REQUIREMENTS FOR PUBLIC SWIMMING OR
BATHING PLACES
 WATER SUPPLY
a) All portions of the water distribution system serving the swimming pool
and auxiliary facilities shall be protected against backflow.
 FOOD AND DRINKS
a) Handling, storage and serving of food and drinks in the establishment shall
be in accordance with Chapter III -"Food Establishments".
 SEWAGE DISPOSAL AND DRAINAGE
a) The sanitary sewer serving the swimming pool and auxiliary facilities
(applicable also to all other public swimming and bathing places) shall
discharge to the public sewer system, or in the absence thereof in a manner
complying with Chapter XVII - "Sewage Collection and Disposal, Excreta
Disposal and Drainage"
 DRESSING ROOMS
a) Partitions between dressing compartments shall terminate not less than 10
centimeters (4 inches) above the floor to permit flushing of the entire floor
area.
 b) Lockers when provided shall be set either in solid masonry bases 10
centimeters (4 inches) high or on legs with bottom of locker at least 25 .4
centimeters (10 inches) above the floor.
 WATER CLOSETS, SHOWERS, URINALS, AND LAVATORIES
a) All public swimming or bathing places with outdoor bathing facilities
shall have at least one shower for every 50 persons.
b) The use of solutions containing 0.30 parts per million to 0.60 parts per
million of available chlorine shall be used as a foot wash for the
prevention of “athlete's foot". Bathers are required to rinse their feet in
such a solution before entering the pool.
 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
a) Public swimming pools and bathing places establishments shall be
provided with two types of refuse receptacles or containers made of
impervious materials, one for biodegradable and one for non-
biodegradable. The number of receptacles shall be determined by the local
health officer.
b) Burying of garbage or solid waste in the beach/sand shall be prohibited.
 VERMIN CONTROL
a) A vermin abatement program shall be maintained in public swimming and
bathing places by the operators or admm1strators. If they fail, neglect or
refuse to maintain a vermin abatement program, the local health agency
shall show cause to the operators or administrators to undertake such
work.
b) The procedure and frequency of vermin abatement program shall be
determined and approved by the local health office base on the provisions
of Chapter XVI “Vermin Control."
STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS FOR PUBLIC SWIMMING OR BATHING
PLACES
 SITE REQUIREMENTS
a) Swimming pools shall be located in areas where airborne
contamination by dust, algal spores, leaves, etc., is reduced to a
minimum. It shall not be less than 2 meters from the side of the
property line and back alignments and 3 meters from a road alignment.
 PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS
a) For New Establishment – No person shall begin construction of a
public swimming pool/bathing place without first submitting the plans
and specifications to the local health office for review. All plans shall
be submitted in duplicate copies
b) For Existing Establishment – Existing public swimming pool or
bathing places already operating before the issuance of these rules and
regulations shall be evaluated by the local health office concerned.
Any additional construction, renovation alteration or improvement in
the establishment shall conform to the requirements of these
implementing rules and regulations.
SPECIFIC STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS FOR PUBLIC SWIMMING
POOLS AND BATHHOUSES
 GENERAL STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS - All corners formed by
the intersection of walls and floors shall be rounded.
 DESIGN AND STRUCTURAL STABILITY
a) The minimum water depth in the swimming pool shall be 91
centimeters (3 feet) except for special purpose swimming pools or for
restricted or recessed areas in general swimming which are set aside
primarily for the use of children.
b) The maximum depth at the shallow end of the swimming pool shall
not exceed 107 centimeters (3. 5 feet) except for competitive or special
purpose swimming pools.
 DEPTH MARKING AND LINES
a) The depth of water must be marked on the vertical wall of the
swimming pool, on the edge of the deck or walk next to the swimming
pool, at maximum and minimum points, at 1.50 meters (5 feet) and at
intermediate 31 centimeters (1 foot) increments, spaced at not more
than 7.60 meters (25 feet) intervals measured peripherally. The depth
in the diving areas must also be appropriately marked.
 DEPTH MARKS
a) Depth markers shall be in numerals of 10.20 centimeters (4 inches)
minimum height, and in such a color that contrast with the
background. Where depth markers cannot be placed on the vertical
walls above the water level, other means shall be used. The markings
shall be plainly visible to persons in the swimming pool.
 LANE LINES
a) Lane lines or other markings on the bottom of the swimming pool shall
be a minimum of 25.4 centimeters (10 inches) in width and in such a
color that contrast with the background.
 OUTLETS
a) Outlet openings of the screen in the floor of the pool shall be at least 4
times the area discharge pipe or provide sufficient area so that the
maximum velocity of the water passing the screen will not exceed 46
centimeter per second (1.50 feet per second).
b) The minimum width of grate opening shall be 1.30 cm. (0.50 inch),
and the maximum not over 2.54 centimeters (1 inch).
c) In swimming pools with deep water at or near one end, multiple outlets
shall be provided where the width of the pool is more than 9.10 meters
(30 feet). In such cases, outlets shall be spaced not more than 9.10
meters (30 feet), nor more than 4.60 meters (15 feet) from side walls.
 INLETS
a) Inlets from the circulation system shall be flushed with the pool wall
and submerged at least 30.50 centimeters (12 inches) below the water
level.
b) Where the distance across the shallow portion of the swimming pool is
more than 4.60 meters (15 feet), multiple inlets shall be provided, so
spaced that each inlet will serve a linear distance of not more than 4.60
meters (15 feet).
 SLOPE OF BOTTOM
 a) The slope of the bottom of any portion of the swimming pool having a
water depth of less than 1.50 meters (5 feet) shall not be more than
30.50-centimeter (I foot) m 3.70 meters (12 feet) and said slope shall
be uniform. In portions with a depth greater than 1.50 meters (5 feet),
the slope shall not exceed 30.50 centimeter (1 foot) in 0.90 meter (3
feet).
 SIDE WALLS
a) Walls of a swimming pool shall be either vertical for water depth of at
least 1.80 meters (6 feet) or vertical for a distance of 0.90 meter (3
feet) below the water level below which the wall may be curved to the
bottom with a radius not greater than the difference between the depth
at that point and 0.90 meter (3 feet), provided that vertical interpreted
to permit slopes not greater than 30 centimeters (1 foot) horizontally
for each 1.50 meters (5 feet) of depth of side wall (11 degrees from
vertical).
b) Safety ledges when provided on vertical walls in the deep portion of
the swimming pool shall be not over 10.0 centimeters (4 inches) wide,
at least 1.20 meters (4 feet) below the water surface, and shall slope
1.30 centimeters (1/2 inch) in 10.0 centimeters (4 inches) toward the
pool.
 OVERFLOW GUTTERS
a) Overflow gutters shall be required on all swimming pools having a
surface area of greater than 1.49 square meters (1,600 sq. feet). Pools
having a surface area of less than 149 square meters shall be provided
either with overflow gutters or skimmers.
b) The gutter shall be capable of continuously removing 50% or more of
the recirculated water and return it to the filter.
c) The opening into the gutter beneath the coping shall be not less than
IO centimeters (4 inches) and the interior of the gutter shall be not Jess
than 7. 60 centimeters (3 inches) wide with a depth of at least 7.60
centimeters (3 inches).
d) The overflow edge or lip shall be rounded and not thicker than 6 .40
centimeters (2 1/2 inches) for the top 5. 1O centimeters (2 inches).
e) The overflow outlets shall be provided with outlet pipes that shall in
any case be at least 5.10 centimeters (2 inches) in diameter.
 SKIMMERS
a) Skimmers are allowed on public swimming pools with not more than
149 square meters (1,600 square feet) of water surface area, provided
that approved handholds are installed and sufficient motion to the pool
water is induced by the pressure return inlets.
b) At least one skimming device shall be provided for each 46.50 square
meters (500 sq. feet) of water surface area or fraction thereof. Where 2
or more skimmers are required, they shall be so located as to minimize
interference with each other and to insure proper skimming of the
entire pool surface.
c) Handholds shall consist of bull-nosed coping not over 6.40 centimeters
(2-l/2 inches) thick for the outer 5.0 centimeters (2 inches) or an
approved handhold. The handholds must be no more than 23
centimeters (9 inches) above the normal water line.
 RECIRCULATION SYSTEMS
 a) A recirculation system, consisting of pumps, piping, filters, water
conditioning, and disinfection equipment and other accessory
equipment shall be provided which will clarify and disinfect the
swimming pool volume of water in eight hours or less, thus providing
a minimum turnover of at least three times in 24 hours except that the
recirculation rate shall be increased to provide a 6 hours turnover for
swimming pools subjected to heavy bather loads.
 PIPING
a) All piping shall be designed to reduce friction losses to a minimum
and to carry the required quantity of water at a maximum velocity not
to exceed 183 centimeters per second (6 feet per second).
 STRAINER
a) Strainers shall be corrosion-resistant with openings not more than 0.30
centimeter (0.125 inch) in size providing a free flow area at least four
times the area of pump suction line and shall be readily accessible for
frequent cleaning.
b) A vacuum-cleaning system shall be provided. when an integral part of
the circulation system, sufficient connections shall be located in the
walls of swimming pool, at least 20.30 centimeters (8 inches) below
the water line.
c) A rate-of-flow indicator, reading in liters per minute, shall be installed,
preferably on the swimming pool return line, so that the rate of
circulation and backwash rate will be indicated. The indicator shall be
capable of flows measuring at least 1.50 times the design flow rate,
accurate within I 0% of true flow, and easy to read.
 PUMPS
a) The pump or pumps shall be capable of providing flow adequate for
backwashing of filters.
b) If the pump or suction piping be located above the overflow level of
the pool, the pump shall be self- priming.
 USER LOADING
a) For the purposes of computing user loading, the portion of the
swimming pool 1.50 meters (5 feet) or less in depth shall be designated
as the "swimming" area.
b) 0.90 square meter (10 square feet) of pool water surface area shall be
provided for each non- swimmer expected at time of maximum load.
c) 2.20 square meters (24 square feet) shall be provided for each
swimmer expected at time of maximum load.
d) 28.00 square meters (300 square feet) of pool water surface area shall
be reserved around each diving board or diving platform and this area
shall not be included in computing the area of the swimming section.
 FILTERING MATERIALS
a) Filtering material shall consist of at least 50 centimeters (20 inches) of
screened, sharp filter sand with an effective side between 0.40
millimeter and 0.55 millimeter, and a uniformity coefficient not
exceeding 1.75, supported by at least 25.40 centimeters (IO inches) of
graded filter gravel.
b) Anthracite having an effective size between 0.60 millimeter and 0.80
millimeter, with a uniformity coefficient of not greater than 1.80 may
be used in lieu of the sand.
 UNDERDRAIN SYSTEM
 a) At least 30 centimeters (12 inches) of freeboard shall be provided
between the upper surface of the filter media and the lowest portion of
the pipes or drains that serve as overflow during backwashing.
 DIATOMACEOUS • EARTH-TYPE FILTERS
a) The design rate of filtration shall not be greater than 81 liters per
minute per square meter (2.0 gallons per minute per square foot) of
effective filtering surface without continuous body feed, and not
greater than 102 liters per minute per square meter (2.50 gallons per
minute per square foot) with continuous body feed.
 FILTER TYPES
a) Pressure type filters shall be designed for a minimum working pressure
of 3 .52 kilograms per square centimeter (50 pounds per square inch)
with a four to one safety factor.
b) Vacuum type filters shall be designed to withstand the pressure
developed by the weight of the water contained therein and closed
vacuum-type filters shall, in addition, be designed to withstand the
crushing pressure developed under a vacuum of 63.50 centimeters (25
inches) of mercury with a safety factor of 1.50 in both instances.
c) The septa or elements that support the filter-aid shall be of corrosion-
resistant materials. The septa shall be constructed to be resistant to
rupture under condition of the maximum differential pressure between
influent and effluent which can be developed by the circulating pump
and of adequate strength to resist any additional stresses developed by
the cleaning operation.
 LADDER, STEPS AND STAIRS
a) STEPS
i. Steps or ladders shall be provided at the shallow end of the
swimming pool if the vertical distance from the bottom of the pool
to the deck or walk be over 60 centimeters (2 feet).
ii. Recessed steps or ladders shall be provided at the deep portion of
the swimming pool, and, if the pool is over 9.0 meters (30 feet)
wide, such steps or ladders shall be installed on each side.
iii. Steps leading into the swimming pool shall be of non-slip design
and shall have a minimum tread of 30 centimeters (12 inches) and
a maximum rise or height of 25 .40 centimeters (10 inches). There
shall be no abrupt drop off or submerged projections into the pool,
unless guarded by handrail.
b) LADDERS
i. There shall be a clearance of not more than 13 centimeters (5
inches) or less than 8 centimeters (3 inches) between any ladder
and the pool wall.
ii. If steps be inserted in the walls or if step holes be provided, they
shall be of such design that they may be cleaned readily and shall
be arranged to drain into the pool to prevent the accumulation of
dirt thereon. Step holes shall have a minimum tread of 13
centimeters (5 inches) and a minimum width of 36 centimeters (14
inches).
 DECKS AND WALKWAYS
a) A continuous deck at least 1.50 meters (5 feet and preferably 8 feet or
more) wide shall extend completely around the swimming pool. The deck
shall be sloped away from the pool to drain at a grade of 2.0 to 3.1
centimeters per meter (0.25 inch to 0.375 inch per lineal foot) and shall
have a non-slip surface.
 DIVING AREAS
a) At least 4.60 meters (15 feet) of unobstructed headroom shall be provided
above diving boards.
b) Horizontal separations of 5 meters (10 feet) shall be provided between
diving boards and side walls except that this may be reduced to 2.40
meters (8 feet) for surface boards.
 DISINFECTANT AND CHEMICAL FEEDERS
a) The feeder shall be capable of supplying at least the equivalent of one-half
kilogram of chlorine per eight hours for each 37,800 liters (one pound of
chlorine per eight hours for each I 0,000 gallons) of swimming pool
capacity under conditions of operation to be anticipated at the proposed
installation. This requirement may be reduced for special purpose
swimming pools.
b) The feeder shall have a graduated and clearly marked dosage adjustment
to provide flows from full capacity to 25% of such capacity. The device
shall be capable of continuous delivery within I 0% of the dosage at any
setting.
 LIGHTING AND VENTILATION
a) Where underwater lighting is used, there shall not be less than 5.38 watts
per square meter (0.50 watt per square foot) employed on the swimming
pool water surface area. Such lights shall be spaced to provide
illumination so that all portions of the pool, including the bottom may be
clearly seen without glare.
b) Area lighting shall provide at least 6.45 watts per square meter (0.60 watt
per square foot) of deck area. If such lighting is used for night swimming,
the lighting within the swimming pool area shall provide at least
21.52watts per square meter (2 watts per square foot) of pool area with 2-
foot candles of illumination.
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS AT PUBLIC SWIMMING OR BATHING PLACES
Every swimming pool or bathhouse shall be equipped with a standard 24-unit
first aid kit that shall be kept filled and readily accessible for emergency use.
 LIFESAVING EQUIPMENT
a) One or more light but strong poles (bamboo, wood or polyvinyl) with
blunted ends not less than 3.7 meters (12 feet) in length, for reaching or
assisting rescued persons.
b) One or more throwing ring buoys not more than 38 centimeters (15
inches) in diameter having 18 meters (60 feet) of 48 millimeters (3/16
inches) rope attached, placed on racks at strategic points adjacent to the
pool.
c) One unit of lifesaving equipment shall be required for a 200 square meters
of water surface area or a fraction thereof. One additional unit shall be
provided for each additional 200 square meters, or major fraction thereof,
of water surface area.
 d) Periods of permissible use when a lifeguard is on duty shall be
prominently posted or when no lifeguard service is available, a warning
sign shall be placed in plain view and shall state "Warning No Lifeguard
on Duty" with clearly legible letters, at least 10 centimeters (4 inches)
high. In addition, the sign shall also state "Children Are Prohibited “To
Use the Pool without an Adult in Attendance."
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS AT PUBLIC NATURAL BATHING PLACES
The following safety measures shall be prominent for public natural bathing
places
 Lifeguards
a) Public bathing beaches shall have one or more lifeguards on duty
during bathing hours. He must be a holder of a nationally recognized
life-saving certificate.
b) There shall be an assigned lifeguard for every 100 bathers in a
confined area with one guard in a tower for every 90 meters of beach
plus one guard in a boat for every 180 meters in the swimming area.
 Life Ring
a) Every public bathing beach shall be provided with sufficient number
of life rings 40 cm (16 inches) in diameter with 23 meters (76 feet) of
0.50 cm (20 inches) main line attached to each
b) When not in use shall be hung on racks equipped with 3 or 4 pins
placed some 25 cm apart in triangle or diamond formation on which
rope can be coiled without sinking.
 Life boats
a) Every public bathing beach shall be provided with at least one square –
sterned boat equipped with oars, oar locks and life ring, ready for use
b) Shall patrol the outer fringe of bathers, one boat to every 180 meters
(600 feet) of beach.
STANDARD REQUIREMENTS FOR DETERMINING THE WATER
QUALITY OF PUBLIC SWIMMING AND BATHING PLACES
SWIMMING POOLS AND BATHHOUSES
 Chemical and Physical Quality of water in swimming pool or bathhouse.
a) Excess Chlorine – The amount of chlorine, calcium hypochlorite,
or other chlorine compounds used for swimming pool or bathhouse
disinfection must not be less than 0.50 parts per million or more
than 1.0 parts per million. A testing kit for measuring the
concentration of the disinfectant must be provided at each
swimming pool/bathhouse.
b) Acidity/Alkalinity – The swimming pool water at all times shall
show that the hydrogen ion content (pH) is not below 7.4 or above
7.8.
BACTERIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF WATER IN SWIMMING POOL OR
BATHHOUSE
a) Bacterial Count – 15% of the samples must contain more than 200 bacteria
count per ml, or show positive test for coliform organisms in any of the five
10 ml. portions of a sample, or more than 1.0 coliform organism per 50 ml. of
sample when the membrane filter test is used. All primary fermentation tubes
 showing gas must be confirmed and all samples must be collected,
dechlorinated and examined.
b) Preparation of Bottle for Sampling – All samples of chlorinated swimming
pool or bathhouse water shall be collected in bottles containing 0.10 ml of a 3
% solution of sodium thiosulfate for every 100 ml. of water sample.
c) Collection of Samples – Samples shall be collected only when the pool is in
use and preferably during periods of heaviest bathing loads during the day. At
least one sample shall be collected every week.
NATURAL BATHING PLACES
a) Marine and Estuarine Waters. For marine water, total coliform shall not
exceed 1,000 MPN per 100 ml of water sample, fecal coliform shall not
exceed 200 MPN per l 00 ml of water sample, and a pH range of 6.0 - 8.5.
REQUIREMENTS FOR BATHERS
a) All persons using the swimming pool or bathhouse shall be required to take a
cleansing shower bath by using soap and thoroughly rinsing off soap suds,
before entering the pool room or bathhouse.
b) Any person having a skin disease, sore or inflamed eyes, cold, nasal or ear
discharges, or any communicable disease must be excluded from using a
public swimming pool or bathhouse.
c) Spitting, spouting of water, blowing of nose etc., in the pool shall be strictly
prohibited. Bathers shall be instructed that the overflow gutter is provided for
expectoration.
d) Persons intoxicated with liquors and drugs shall be prohibited from using the
swimming pool or bathhouse.
REQUIREMENTS FOR PERSONNEL
a) No person shall be employed in a public swimming or bathing place without
an updated health certificate (EHS Form 102-B; light green color) issued by
the local health office. This certificate shall be issued only after the required
physical and medical examination and immunization are performed.
b) The health certificate shall be renewed at least once a year. Health certificate
is non-transferable and shall be clipped visibly (except for lifeguards) in the
upper left portion of the garment of the employee while working.
RESPONSIBILITY OF THE OPERATOR OF PUBLIC SWIMMING OR
BATHING PLACES
a) Operators shall comply with all the sanitary requirements and standards for
public swimming or bathing places stated in these implementing rules and
regulations.
b) Assign a qualified attendant, trained in first aid and resuscitation who shall be
on _duty at all times when the swimming or bathing place is in operation, and
shall be in full charge of bathing and have authority to enforce all rules of
safety and sanitation.
c) Employ a competent and trained lifeguard who shall be on duty at all times
when the swimming or bathing place is in operation.
 d) Posting and updating of Sanitation Standard Rating Sticker, sanitary permit
and health certificates. iii. Minimum Height of toilet ceiling – 2.50 meters
iv. Lighting – not less than 10 foot – candles (107.6 lux)
v. Natural Ventilation – Window space shall be at least 25% of
Chapter IX the floor area of toilet room
Rest Area, Bust Terminals, Bus Stops and Service Stations vi. Mechanical Ventilation – Use of exhaust fan

c) HAND WASHING FACILITIES – Lavatories shall be installed in

SANITARY FACILITIES REQUIREMENTS
convenient places and as near as practicable to the toilet room.
 TOILET FACILITIES
a) GENERAL REQUIREMENTS d) DRINKING FACILITIES – Drinking fountains or equivalent
i. Toilet facilities shall be easily accessible to the customers and drinking facilities with a minimum ratio of 1: 100 commuters or
personnel passengers or customers during the peak hour of operation shall be
ii. Adequate lavatories shall be provided within or adjacent the provided.
toilet rooms
iii. Toilet rooms shall be completely enclosed, properly lighted and e) WATER SUPPLY
ventilated by windows or forced air removal.  Accordance in Chapter II “Water Supply”
 A minimum of forty (40) liters of water per capita per day shall
b) TOILET REQUIREMENTS be maintained.
i. The local officer shall approve the following as recommended  Running water, under adequate pressure, shall be provided in
by the sanitary engineer all areas where food is prepared, processed, or handled and
 Plans of the toilet where food equipment and utensils are washed. Water pressure
 All plumbing connections shall be maintained at 138 KPa (20 psi).
 Individual sewage disposal system, sub-surface
absorption system or other treatment device. f) SEWAGE DISPOSAL AND DRAINAGE - All other pertinent
ii. Minimum Space Requirements provisions of the implementing rules and regulations of Chapter XVII
- Unit Square Meters/Unit "Sewage
Toilet Room 1.50 Collection and
Wash-hand Basin 1.11
Urinals 1.11
 Disposal, Excreta Disposal and Drainage", of the Code on Sanitation
of the Philippines, PD. 856, is hereby adopted and made part of these
implementing
g) SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
 Every room and waiting area shall be provided with at least two (2)
refuse receptacles or containers with swing covers, one each for
biodegradable and non-biodegradable materials. It shall be lined
with black colored trash bags for non-biodegradable and green
colored trash bags for biodegradable materials. The establishment
personnel shall collect refuse daily.
 All other pertinent provisions of the implementing rules and
regulations of Chapter XVIII - "Refuse Disposal" of the Code on
Sanitation of the Philippines, PD. 856, is hereby adopted and made
part of these rules and regulations.
h) VERMIN CONTROL
 Rooms, toilet rooms, and other openings to outdoor space shall be
effectively screened, unless air-conditioned.
 All below grade openings such as windows, lighting and
ventilation shall be rat-proofed. Likewise, all openings in the
exterior walls, fountains, ground or first floor and roof shall be rat-
proofed.
 The growth of bush, weeds, and grass shall be controlled to prevent
harborage of ticks, bugs, and other noxious/ harmful insects.
 All other pertinent provisions of the implementing rules and
regulations of Chapter XVI - "Vermin Control" of the Code on
Sanitation of the Philippines (P.O. 856) is hereby adopted and
made part of these rules and regulations.
i) LIGHTING
 In waiting or pre-departure rooms or areas in bus terminals bus
stops and rest areas, a minimum illumination intensity of 10-
foot candles (107 .6 lux) shall be provided.
 In rooms where food is prepared or packed or in which utensils
or hands are washed, there shall be minimum illumination
intensity of 20-foot candles (215.2 lux); in premises where
food is consumed, there shall be a minimum illumination
intensity of 5-foot candles (53.8 lux).
 Intensities of illumination shall be measured at a point 75 cm
(30 inches) above the floor the lighting intensity shall be
measured by a light meter (foot candle meter or lux meter).
j) VENTILATION
 Ventilation must be provided effectively to maintain a
comfortable and suitable environment. Natural air supply must
not be less than 0.005 cubic meter per second per person, and
in rooms where work is demanding, 0.015 cubic meter per
second per person is required.
 The amount of air circulated in workrooms shall not exceed
seventy five percent (75%) and in dining rooms shall not
exceed fifty percent (50%).
  Air circulated in workrooms shall be supplied through air inlets
arranged, located, and equipped so that the workers are not
subjected to air velocities exceeding 1 meter per second.
 In all workrooms, outside air shall be provided at the rate of
0.008 cubic meter per second per person or one-half air change
per hour whichever is greater.
 Effective provision shall be made for securing and maintaining
a reasonable temperature. Ideal temperature in all work areas is
26.67'C (80°F)
SPECIFIC SANITARY REQUIREMENTS FOR REST AREAS
a) Area requirement for parking shall accommodate a minimum of 5 buses or ten
(10) cars at one time or not less than 250 square meters.
b) Ambulant vendors may be allowed in the premises provided they comply with
the requirements of Chapter Ill - "Food Establishments" of the Code on
Sanitation of the Philippines (P.D. 856) and its implementing rules and
regulations.
c) Waiting sheds for commuters shall be of adequate size to comfortably
accommodate a minimum of thirty (30) persons. Floors shall be of smooth,
concrete finish or made of impervious and non-slip materials adequately
graded to drain and adequately provided with seats.
SPECIFIC SANITARY REQUIREMENTS FOR BUS TERMINALS
a) Ambulant food vendors may be allowed to sell inside its premises or inside its
buses provided they comply with the requirements of Chapter II - "Food
Establishments"
b) Waiting area with sitting facilities for commuters shall accommodate a
minimum of one hundred fifty (150) passengers. Floors shall be smooth,
concrete finish, and made of impervious, non-slip materials, maintained clean
and in good condition at all times.
c) Area requirement for parking shall accommodate a minimum of five (5) buses
at one time or not less than 250 square meters.
SPECIFIC SANITARY REQUIREMENTS FOR BUS STOPS
a) Only food establishments with a minimum rating of at least a satisfactory
rating shall be allowed to operate within the premises of bus stops.
b) Ambulant food vendors may be allowed to sell inside its premises or inside its
buses provided they comply with the requirements of Chapter II - "Food
Establishments"
c) Refuse receptacles for biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes with inner
bag linings of black and green, respectively, shall be provided for in all areas.
SPECIFIC SANITARY REQUIREMENTS FOR SERVICE STATIONS
a) Service stations shall be located in areas designated under the zoning laws of
the locality.
b) Toilet, hand-washing and drinking facilities shall be adequate and available
for use at all times by customers.
c) A grease trap shall be provided in every service station.
Chapter X
CAMPS AND PICNIC GROUNDS
SITE REQUIREMENTS Two way, parking on one side 9.0 28
 LOCATION Two way, parking on both sides 11.0 34
a) The establishment shall be at least 300-meter (984 feet) radial
distance away from densely populated areas (e.g., commercial,
residential, institutional and industrial area)
b) There shall be buffer zone of at least 5 meters (16.4 feet) in width
located on all boundaries and planted with trees spaced at least 1.5 II. Minimum Road Curvature
meters (4.9 feet) apart.
Road Curvature Meter Feet
Centerline of roads 12 40
c) The property lines of the establishment shall be at least 3 meters
Centerline of roads, cars with 30
(9.84 feet) from any road alignment. 15 (Radius)
trailers up to 9 meter (30 feet) (Radius)
Turning Circles 24 80
 Road System
a) The road system within the establishment shall be laid out with (Diameter) (Diameter)
proper width and gradient and provided with storm culverts of
sufficient size. A shoulder of at least 60 centimeters (2 feet) wide
SANITARY STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS
on each side of the road is needed.
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
b) Road gradients shall not exceed 6 percent. The following tables
given below are the minimum width of roads and curvatures. The plans, standards, and guidelines on building design, construction, use,
occupancy and maintenance shall be in accordance with the National Building Code
I. Minimum Road Width of the Philippines (P.D. 1096) and its’ implementing rules and regulations, the Civil
Code of the Philippines and other existing local laws and ordinances.
Road Width Meter Feet
 WALLS AND CEILINGS
One way, No parking 3.0 to 5.0 10 to 16 a) Walls and partitions inside the sanitary facilities shall have a smooth
One way, parking on one side 6.0 19 and impervious material extending up to 1.80 meters (6 feet) in height
Two way, no parking 6.0 to 8.0 19 to 25 starting from the floor. All walls and partitions that exceed the said
 height shall be painted with light color or shall be furnished with light-
colored, smooth and non-toxic material.
b) Partition walls between water closets shall have a height of at least 2
meters (6.56 feet) and terminates 30 centimeters (1 foot) above the
floor.
 WINDOWS AND DOORS
a) Rooms which are not provided with artificial ventilation system shall
be provided with window/s with opening space of not lesser than 10 %
of the floor area of the room and which shall open directly to a clear
space.
b) Windows of toilet rooms shall be so located above eye-level and shall
be provided with No. 15-meshscreen unless otherwise air-conditioned.
 FLOORS
a) All floors within the sanitary facility shall be constructed of concrete
or any impervious, easily cleaned and non-toxic material.
b) Where floors are constructed of wood with dovetailed or tongue and
groove floorboards, it shall be clamped together and laid firmly.
c) Floor coverings such as vinyl tiles, wood parquet, linoleum, or any
similar materials shall be fixed to the floor with cement or any suitable
adhesive materials. Carpets, when used, shall be maintained in a clean
and satisfactory condition.
 VENTILATION
a) Air-conditioning units: provide 1.5 Horsepower (6,000 BTU/hour)
air-conditioner for every 50 cubic meter room volume or any
fraction thereof.
b) Exhaust fans or blowers:
i. Bedrooms - provide an exhaust fan with a minimum fan
diameter of 25.4 centimeters per cubic meter room volume
or any fraction thereof (or equivalent minimum cubic meter
of air per minute at 10 air changes per hour).
ii. Storage and Supply Rooms - provide an exhaust fan with a
minimum fan diameter of 15.24 centimeters per 35 cubic
meter room volume or any fraction thereof (or equivalent
minimum cubic meter of air per minute at 3 air changes per
hour).
iii. Kitchen, Dining, and Study room - provide an exhaust fan
with a minimum fan diameter of 15.24 centimeters per 35
cubic meter room volume or any fraction thereof (or
equivalent minimum cubic meter of air per minute at 3 air
changes per hour).
iv. Toilets and Bathroom - provide an exhaust fan with a
minimum fan diameter of 15.24 centimeters per 35 cubic
meter room volume or any fraction thereof (or equivalent
minimum cubic meter of air per minute at 3 air changes per
hour).
v. Air circulation of the room - provide an exhaust fan with a
minimum fan diameter of 15.24 centimeters per 35 cubic
meter room volume or any fraction thereof (or equivalent
minimum cubic meter of air per minute at 3 air changes per
hour).
SAFETY REQUIREMEMTS
a) The safety and comfort of tourists, guest and personnel shall be the utmost
consideration by the operator of the establishment
 b) The establishment shall provide emergency medicines, medical supplies,
equipment and services
c) There shall be provision of emergency exits, lights and power supply in the
establishment.
d) Water shall be made safe by boiling for at least 2 minutes, or by using
chemical or any other approved means of disinfection during emergencies,
calamities, or possible contamination of drinking water.
SPECIAL PROVISIONS
 CARAVAN/MOBILE HORNE CAMPS
a) A caravan/mobile home camp shall have a land area of not less than 1
hectare.
b) Caravan/mobile home located near any structure or between adjacent
trailers shall have a clearance of at least 3 meters (9.80 feet) and shall not
be closer than 6 meters (19.7 feet) from any road, paths, or other public
areas.
c) An open space of not less than 8% of the area of the establishment but not
less than 240 square meters (2582 square feet) shall be provided for
enjoyment and recreation of the occupants, tourists, or guests.
d) There shall be provision for water supply connection for each trailer
emplacement. A caravan/mobile home water supply tapping connection
shall have at least 20-millimeter diameter (3/4 inches) pipe projecting to at
least 10 centimeters (3.90 inches) above the ground.
e) The water distribution system including storage and pumping equipment
shall be designed for the maximum or peak demand. A contained
caravan/mobile home shall be regarded with four fixture units per space
with a fixture unit taken as 28.5 liters per minute (7 .4 U.S. gallons per
minute).
 TENT CAMPS
a) There shall be a clearance of at least 2 meters (6.56 feet) between adjacent
tents. Roads, pathways, or other public gathering areas shall not be closer
than 6 meters (19.70 feet) to tent emplacements.
b) A tent shall not be erected within 3 meter (9.80 feet) distance from any
building, nor shall any rope or any fastening material of a tent be tied or
placed at a distance of 1 meter (3.28 feet) from any building, fence, or
public facility.
c) A sanitary hand-type pump or faucet with proper wastewater drainage to
prevent ponding shall be provided within 25 meters (82 feet) with a ratio
of one (1) outlet for every ten (10) tent emplacements.
d) The minimum area for a picnic ground shall be 1000 square meters.
e) There shall be a clearance of not less than 3 meters (9.84 feet) between
adjacent sheds or any individual picnic facility.
f) The ground where these structures are erected shall be preferably leveled
and located on flat clearings or on a ground with a gradient not exceeding
six (6) percent.
 COTTAGES AND DWELLING HOUSES
a) Cottages and similar dwelling houses located inside the establishment
shall be constructed, operated and maintained in accordance with Chapter
IV - "Hotels, Motels, and Apartments, Lodging, Boarding or Tenement
Houses, and Condominiums"
b) Beds and blankets shall be provided in every room used for sleeping
purposes. Beds or similar facilities shall be spaced not closer than one (I)
meter both laterally and end to end. It shall be elevated to at least 0.3
meter (1 foot) from the floor. If double deck beds are used, they shall be
spaced 1.20 meters (3.90 feet) both laterally and end to end. The
minin1urn clear space between the lower end of the deck to the upper deck
 shall not be less than 0.70 meters (2.30 feet). Triple deck bed shall be
prohibited.
 RECREATIONAL AND OTHER FACILITIES AND AMENITIES
a) Amusement/recreational facilities (e.g., playgrounds, swimming pools, or
play courts) shall be located at a distance of not less than 6 meters (19.68
feet) from any individual picnic facility and at least 25 meters (82 feet)
from any tent or trailer emplacement, cottage and similar dwelling house
for reasons of privacy and prevention of hazard.
b) No animal stockade shall be located within 25 meters (82 feet) from any
food establishment or where food is prepared and served or any place or
room used for habitation.
c) There shall be at least one laundry shop and one restaurant in the
establishment.
RESPONSIBILITY OF THE OPERATOR
 Comply with all the requirements and standards as stated in these
implementing rules and regulations.
 Ensure the state of sanitation of the establishment.
 Promote good personal hygiene among his employees and ensure updating of
their health certificates.
 Ensure the safety and comfort of all guests and employees in the
establishment.
 Provide adequate and appropriate sanitary facilities, personal protective
equipment, and necessities to promote safety and sanitation in the
establishment.
 Renew the sanitary permit every year.
 Assist the health authorities in conducting inspection of the establishment.
 Hire competent and qualified individual to work in the establishment.
 Provide regular training programs and instructions to all employees on health,
sanitation and safety, conservation of the environment, and proper operation
and maintenance of the establishment.
Chapter XI
DANCING SCHOOLS, DANCE HALLS AND NIGHT CLUBS44
These implementing rules and regulations shall apply to all dancing
schools/studios, dance halls, discos, night/day clubs, bars, cabarets, folk houses,
karaoke bars, videoke bars, music lounges, and similar venues. The rules aim to
establish guidelines and standards for these establishments and their personnel to
ensure compliance and promote safety and orderliness.
STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS
 SITE REQUIREMENTS
a) Dancing schools, dance halls and night clubs shall be located only in
areas or zones designated by existing laws or ordinances or regulations
b) It shall be located preferably in areas far from schools and churches.
 FLOORS
a) Floors shall be constructed of smooth and easily cleaned materials and
shall be maintained in good condition.
b) Floors in bathrooms and other areas subject to wetting shall be
constructed of impervious and non-slip materials.
 WALLS AND CEILINGS
 a) Walls and ceilings shall be painted or made of flat non-glare reflecting
materials.
b) Walls shall be finished with paneling wallpaper or other wall covers
that can be easily cleaned without damaging the surface.
 LIGHTING
a) Where natural ventilation is provided, window space shall be at
least 25% of the floor area opening to a clear space
b) Fog, mist or other disco gimmicks, shall be allowed to be used
provided the ventilation is efficient enough to absorb the fog
within a minute period and provided that additives used is not
adulterated or do not cause or produce annoyance or irritation to
the dancers/clients

Areas Lighting Level  DANCE HALLS/AREAS

Hallways, exits, stairways,
5 foot candles (53.8 lux) a) A minimum of 1.0 square meter floor area shall be provided for
elevators and escalators
Dance halls, dressing rooms, every dancer in dance halls.
supply rooms, lobbies, 10 foot candles (107.6 lux) b) Dancing area shall in no case be smaller than 20 square meters in
lockers, bathrooms and toilets floor area.
Storage rooms 20 foot candles (215.1 lux)
Supplemental Illumination in  EGRESS
30 foot candles (322.8 lux)
mirrors a) Dancing schools, dance halls, night clubs and similar
establishments shall provide 2 egress for their
 SOUND AND VIBRATION patrons/customers/students/trainees/talents
a) Sound – absorbing materials shall be installed in all areas where b) Front doors shall be at least 2.0 meters wide ad opening outward.
sound is produced to decrease reverberation. c) All egress shall lead and connect to clear areas
b) Anti – vibration mountings shall be utilized for sound producing
equipment REQUIREMENTS REGARDING FUNCTION ROOMS IN NIGHT CLUBS
c) Total enclosure of the establishment or the area where sound and AND OTHER SIMILAR ESTABLISHMENTS
vibration are produced shall be required to prevent the escape of
noise that may disturb the neighboring occupants  Minimum floor area shall be at least 15 square meters including a bar,
d) Employees working in areas where sound level exceeds 75 kitchenette/sushi bar and hand washing facility.
decibels shall be provided with hearing equipment.  The room shall have a minimum sitting capacity of eight (8) persons at one
time.
 VENTILATION
  Food preparation, handling, serving and storage and vermin control shall be in
accordance with the provision of Chapter II - "Food Establishments" of the
Sanitation Code of the Philippines (P.D. 856) and its implementing n1les and
regulations.
 The total floor area of all function roo1ns shall not be more than one-half (1/2)
of the floor area of the establishment.
REQUIREMENTS FOR PERSONNEL
 General Requirements for Personnel
a) All personnel shall wear clean and presentable working garments.
They shall observe good personal hygiene and practices. Smoking is
allowed only in designated areas, however, drinking alcoholic
beverages while working shall not be allowed except for employees
who require such in their nature of work. Use of prohibited drugs is
strictly prohibited. All personnel shall observe proper decorum while
working.
 Dance Instructors or Instructresses
a) No dance instructor/instructress shall be allowed to work in an
establishment without an updated health certificate issued by the local
health officer.
b) The health certificate shall be renewed at least every year or as often as
required by the local health officer.
 Entertainers
a) No entertainer shall be allowed to work in an establishment without an
updated health certificate issued by the local health officer.
 Food Handlers
a) No person shall be employed as food handler in any establishment
without a health certificate issued by the local health officer. The
health certificate shall be issued only after the required physical and
medical/laboratory examinations and immunizations. The local health
office prior to the issuance of the health certificate shall provide
briefings to the recipient.
b) The health certificate shall be renewed at least every year or as often as
required by local ordinance.
REQUIREMENTS FOR DANCE STUDENTS/TRAINEES/ TALENTS
a) Dancing schools/studios shall require prospective students/trainees/talents to
submit a medical certificate from a government physician certifying that
he/she is physically for the dancing lessons.
RESPONSIBILITY OF THE OPERATORS OF DANCING SCHOOLS OR
STUDIOS
a) Post the sanitary permit and sanitation standard rating sticker in a conspicuous
part of the establishment for public guidance;
b) Renew the sanitary permit every year;
c) Make sure that all employees possess updated health certificates;
d) Assist the local health office during the conduct of inspection; and
e) Maintain the cleanliness and safety of the establishment and premises.
RESPONSIBILITY OF THE OPERATORS OF NIGHT CLUBS AND
SIMILAR ESTABLISHMENTS
a) Renew the sanitary permit annually; Employ only personnel with up-to-date
health certificate and make sure that the VD clearance of club hostesses/hosts
 are obtained at least every two (2) weeks. Provide first-aid kit for emergency Some key provisions of Chapter 12 include:
use;
b) Report to the local health officer accidents and notifiable diseases among 1. Licensing and Registration - Tonsorial and beauty establishments are
employees and clients; required to obtain the necessary licenses and permits from the appropriate
c) Assist the local health officer in the campaign for the prevention and control regulatory agencies to operate legally.
of STD, AIDS and other diseases;
d) Conduct drills for emergencies and provide emergency lights to all egress; 2. Sanitary Requirements: - The chapter sets forth specific standards for the
Provide control measures to reduce the exposure of employees and patrons to cleanliness and sanitation of the premises, equipment, tools, and supplies used
physical hazards; in these establishments. Regular cleaning, disinfection, and maintenance are
e) Make sure that there are no private rooms or separate compartments for public necessary to ensure a hygienic environment.
use in the establishment except those used for lavatories, dressing rooms, bars
and kitchens; and 3. Waste Management - Proper waste disposal practices, such as the
f) Maintain the cleanliness and safety of the establishment and premises. segregation and appropriate disposal of solid and liquid wastes, are outlined to
prevent the spread of disease and maintain cleanliness.

4. Personnel Qualifications - Tonsorial and beauty establishments must employ

personnel who have the necessary qualifications and training to provide safe
and quality services to customers. These personnel should be knowledgeable
Chapter XII about sanitation practices, infection control, and safety protocols.
TONSORIAL AND BEAUTY ESTABLISHMENTS
5. Safety Measures - The chapter emphasizes the importance of safety in these
Chapter 12 of PD 856, titled “Tonsorial and Beauty Establishments,” focuses establishments. It covers guidelines for handling chemicals, electrical
on the regulations and guidelines governing establishments that provide services equipment, and sharp tools to prevent accidents or injuries to both customers
related to personal grooming, hairstyling, and beauty treatments in the Philippines. and personnel.

This chapter aims to ensure the safety, cleanliness, and hygienic practices in
6. Inspections and Enforcement - Regulatory agencies have the authority to
tonsorial and beauty establishments to protect the health and well-being of customers.
conduct inspections of tonsorial and beauty establishments to ensure
It outlines the requirements and standards that these establishments must adhere to in
compliance with the established standards. Violations may result in penalties,
terms of facilities, equipment, sanitation, and personnel qualifications.
fines, or closure of the establishment.
SLENDERIZING SALONS
a) Provide one water closet for each gender for every 30 customers (work-
outers).
b) Provide one shower room for each gender for every 30 customers (work-
outers).
c) Provide one (1) drinking fountain for each gender for every 50 customers
(work-Outers).
 Minimum Toilet Space Requirement:
a) Water Closet - 1.50 square meters/unit
b) Lavatories - 1.11 square meters/unit
c) Urinals - 1.11 square meters/unit
d) Minimum Height of Ceiling – 2.50 meters.
 Lighting – not less than 10 foot-candles (107.6 Lux)
 Natural Ventilation window space shall be at least 10% of the floor area of the
toilet room
 Mechanical Ventilation provide a 15.24 centimeter diameter exhaust fan per
10 cubic meter room volume, (or equivalent minimum cubic meter of air per
minute at 3 air changes per hour). Mechanical exhaust system shall be
connected to the light circuits of windowless toilet and bathroom.
VENTILATION
a) Natural and/or mechanical ventilation, which shall be effective and suitable to
maintain comfort and safety of customers, shall be provided in all areas of the
establishment.
b) In the absence of an effective natural ventilation, Mechanical ventilation with
airflow from a clean area and discharged in such manner as not to create
naissance, shall be provided with the following:
1. Air-conditioning Units provide 1.50 Home Power (6000 BTU/hour)
air-conditioner for every 50 cubic
2. Exhaust Fan or Blowers
 For barber shops, beauty parlors, tattooing shops, slenderizing
salons provide a 25.40 centimeter diameter blower fan per 35
cubic meter room volume (or equivalent minim cubic meter of
air per minute at 10 air changes per hour)
 For storage shop supply rooms-provide a 15.24 centimeter
diameter blower fan per 35 cubic- meter room, volume (or
equivalent minimum cubic meter of air per minute at 10 air
changed per hour).
 For toilets and bathrooms provide a 15.24. centimeter diameter
exhaust fan per 10 ou m room volume (or equivalent minimum
cubic meter of air per minute at 10 air changes per hour)
Mechanical exhaust systems shall be connected to the light
circuits of windowless bathrooms
Air circulation in the room of the establishment shall be supplied through air
inlets arranged, located and equipped so that the personnel and guests! Customers are
not subjected to air velocities exceeding 102 meter per second.

Chapter XIII
MASSAGE CLINIC AND SAUNA BATH ESTABLISHMENTS
Chapter 13 of PD 856, titled “Massage Clinics and Sauna Bath
Establishments,” focuses on the regulations and guidelines governing establishments
that offer massage therapy services and sauna bath facilities in the Philippines. The
chapter aims to ensure the safety, hygiene, and proper practices within these
establishments for the well-being of the clients.
Here is a summary of some key provisions within Chapter 13:
1. Licensing and Registration - Massage clinics and sauna bath establishments
are required to obtain the necessary licenses and permits from the appropriate
regulatory agencies to operate legally. This ensures that they meet the
prescribed standards and qualifications.
2. Sanitary Requirements - The chapter outlines specific standards for the
cleanliness and sanitation of the premises, equipment, and supplies used in
these establishments. Regular cleaning, disinfection, and maintenance are
necessary to maintain a hygienic environment.
3. Personnel Qualifications - The establishments are required to employ
personnel who have the necessary qualifications and training in massage
therapy and sauna bath services. This ensures that the services provided are
safe and of high quality.
4. Safety Measures - The chapter emphasizes the importance of safety within
massage clinics and sauna bath establishments. Guidelines for handling
equipment, such as massage tables and sauna bath facilities, are provided to
prevent accidents or injuries to clients and staff.
5. Code of Ethics - The chapter may include provisions related to the
professional conduct and ethics of massage therapists and staff within these
establishments. This promotes professionalism, respect for client privacy, and
the protection of client rights.
6. Inspections and Enforcement - Regulatory agencies have the authority to
conduct inspections of massage clinics and sauna bath establishments to
ensure compliance with the established standards. Violations may result in
penalties, fines, or closure of the establishment.
LIGHTING
a) All rooms shall be provided with illumination of sufficient intensity to permit
effective inspection and cleaning in accordance with the DOH general
illumination standards.
b) Massage, reception, office and other rooms shall be provided with a minimum
of ten (10) foot-candle (107.6 lux) illumination.
ILLUMINATION
a) Sauna bath rooms shall have a minimum level of illumination of five (5) foot-
candle (53.8 lux).
b) All lightings shall be reasonably free from glare and distributed so as to avoid
shadows.
 c) In the absence of effective natural ventilation, mechanical ventilation with
airflow from a clean area and discharged in such manner as not to create a
nuisance, shall be provided with the following:
 Air-conditioning units-provide 1.50 horse power (6,000 BTU/ hr) air
conditioner for every 50 cubic meter room volume, b. Exhaust fans or
blowers
 Massage rooms provide a 25.40 centimeter diameter blower fan per 35
cubic meter room volume. Toilet and bathroom- provide a 15.24
centimeter diameter exhaust fan per 10 cubic meter room volume.
Mechanical exhaust systems shall be connected to the light circuits of
windowless bathrooms.
d) Air circulated in the room of the establishments shall be supplied through air
inlets arranged, located and equipped so that the personnel and customers are
not subjected to air velocities exceeding 1.02 meter per second.
SANITARY FACILITIES REQUIREMENT
Toilet, Bath and Handwashing Facilities
a) Sanitary handwashing, bath and toilet facilities shall be available for every
five (5) massage tables, there shall be at least 1 handwashing facility with hot
(at least 48.9°C or 120°F) and cold water, 1 shower room, and 1 water closet.
b) One (1) shower room, one (1) water closet, one (1) lavatory and one (1) urinal
shall be provided for every five (5) customers in the sauna bath. Individual
lockers shall likewise be famished.
Chapter XIV
HOTELS, MOTELS AND APARTMENTS, LODGING, BOARDING OR
TENEMENT HOUSES, AND CONDOMINIUMS
Chapter 14 of PD 856, titled "Hotels, Motels and Apartments, Lodging,
Boarding, or Tenement Houses, and Condominiums," focuses on the regulations and
guidelines governing various types of accommodations in the Philippines. The
chapter aims to ensure the safety, cleanliness, and proper management of these
establishments to protect the health and welfare of guests and residents.
Here is a summary of some key provisions within Chapter 14:
1. Licensing and Registration - Hotels, motels, apartments, lodging houses,
boarding houses, tenement houses, and condominiums are required to obtain
the necessary licenses and permits from the appropriate regulatory agencies to
operate legally. This ensures compliance with prescribed standards and
regulations.
2. Sanitary Requirements - The chapter outlines specific standards for the
cleanliness and sanitation of the premises, rooms, common areas, and facilities
within these accommodations. Regular cleaning, disinfection, and
maintenance are necessary to provide a safe and hygienic environment for
guests and residents.
3. Fire Safety - Fire safety measures, such as the installation of fire alarms, fire
extinguishers, and emergency exits, are emphasized to ensure the safety of
occupants in case of fire emergencies. Compliance with fire codes and
regulations is required.
 4. Waste Management - Proper waste disposal practices, including the
segregation and appropriate disposal of solid and liquid wastes, are outlined to
maintain cleanliness and prevent the spread of disease.
5. Security Measures - The chapter may include provisions related to security
and guest safety, such as the installation of security systems, the presence of
security personnel, and the implementation of security protocols to protect
guests and residents.
6. Inspections and Enforcement - Regulatory agencies have the authority to
conduct inspections of these accommodations to ensure compliance with the
established standards. Violations may result in penalties, fines, or closure of
the establishment.
TOILET, BATHROOM AND HANDWASHING FACILITIES
Every room of hotels/motels and other similar establishments shall be
provided with toilet, lavatory and bathing facilities in accordance with the following:
a) The water closet shall be seat type made of vitreous china or equivalent
material Lavatory shall be of vitreous china or enameled cast iron or other
approved material and provided with tap and sufficient.
b) Water Bath tub and/or shower shall be provided. The bath tub shall be made
of smooth, non-absorbent material and shall be free from concealed fouling
surface.
c) The bathroom shall always have toilet tissue and one set of towels and soap
per guest per day.
d) Water pressure of 20 psi must be available twenty four (24) hours for both the
lavatories and shower! Bathtub. Hot water with not less than 49°C (120) in
temperature shall be provided at least four (4) hours in the morning and three
(3) hours at night. Schedule of hot water service shall be posted in all
bathrooms
e) The bathroom shall be sanitized before the guest room is rented to the next
guest.
SPECIAL PROVISIONS
The following provisions are applicable:
a) Hotels and Motels
1. The storage, preparation and serving of food to customers shall be in
accordance with the standards prescribed in Chapter III of this Code.
2. Customers shall be provided with clean linen such as bed sheets,
pillow cases, towels and napkins.
3. When rooms or cabins are vacated, their toilets or baths shall be
sanitized and clean and fresh linen shall be provided before the room
or cabin is rented for occupancy.
b) Condominium The following conditions are applicable:
1. The choice for sites should consider availability of bus and taxi
transportation services.
2. Nearness to place of work, schools, police stations and clinics.
3. Availability of low-cost goods.
4. Parking facilities and playgrounds for children.
5. Facilities for refuse disposal and cleanliness of buildings, and
6. Efficiency of lifts.
Chapter XV
PORT, AIRPORT VESSELS AND AIRCRAFT SANITATION
Chapter 15 of PD 856 (Presidential Decree No. 856), also known as the
“Sanitation Code of the Philippines,” likely covers guidelines and regulations related
to maintaining cleanliness and sanitation in ports, airports, vessels (ships and boats),
and aircrafts (airplanes). The chapter aims to ensure the health and safety of
individuals using these transportation facilities and prevent the spread of diseases.
Some key aspects that might be discussed in this chapter could include:
1. Sanitation requirements - The chapter may outline specific sanitation
requirements for port facilities, airports, vessels, and aircrafts. This could
include guidelines for waste disposal, cleaning procedures, water supply,
hygiene practices, and pest control measures.
2. Inspection and certification - The chapter may describe the process of
inspecting and certifying the sanitation standards of ports, airports, vessels,
and aircrafts. There may be provisions for regular inspections conducted by
relevant authorities to ensure compliance with the regulations.
3. Disease prevention - Given the importance of preventing the transmission of
diseases, the chapter might address measures to control and manage infectious
diseases in these transportation settings. This could involve protocols for
reporting and responding to disease outbreaks, as well as the implementation
of quarantine measures, if necessary.
4. Emergency preparedness - The chapter may emphasize the importance of
having emergency plans and procedures in place to handle sanitation-related
incidents or emergencies. This could involve coordination with local health
authorities and other relevant agencies to effectively respond to situations that
could affect public health.
MINIMUM SPACE REQUIREMENT
 Minimum height of toilet ceiling shall be 2.50 meters.
 Lighting shall not less than 10 foot-candle (107.6 lux)
 Natural Ventilation - window space shall be at least 25% of the floor area of
toilet room.
 Mechanical Ventilation - use of exhaust fan.
HAND WASHING FACILITIES
 Installation of Lavatories
a) Lavatories shall be installed in convenient places and as near as
practicable to the toilet room.
b) The number of lavatories shall be accordance with Tables 1. 2 and 3 under
sub-section 5.5.1
 Walls and Ceilings
a) Walls and partitions inside the sanitary facilities shall have a smooch
and impervious material extending up to 1.80 meters (6 feet) in height
starting from the Boor. All walls and partitions that exceed the said
height shall be painted with light color or shall be furnished with light-
colored, smooth and non-toxic material.
 b) Partition walls between water closets shall have a height of at least two
(2) meters (6.56 feet) and terminates thirty (30) centimeters (1 food)
above the floor
VENTILATION
a) All rooms shall be provided with natural and/or mechanical ventilation, which
shall be effective and suitable to maintain comfort and safety to all personnel
and passengers. The natural air supply in any room or workplace shall in no
instance be less than 0.005 cubic meter per second per person. In rooms where
work is demanding, a ventilation rate of 0.015 cubic meter per second per
person is required.
Chapter XVI
VERMIN CONTROL
Chapter 16 of PD 856, also known as the “Sanitation Code of the Philippines,”
does indeed cover “Vermin Control.” Below is a summary of the key points from
Chapter 16:
1. Purpose - The chapter aims to control and eliminate vermin, which includes
rats, mice, cockroaches, flies, mosquitoes, and other pests that can spread
diseases and pose a threat to public health.
2. Responsibilities - The local government units, specifically the City/Municipal
Health Office and Barangay Health Center, are responsible for implementing
vermin control programs in their respective areas. They are tasked with
monitoring and controlling the breeding and proliferation of vermin.
3. Identification and Evaluation - The chapter outlines methods for identifying
and evaluating vermin infestations. This includes inspections, surveillance,
and assessments of public and private areas, including residential,
commercial, and industrial establishments.
4. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) - The code promotes the use of
Integrated Pest Management strategies, which involve a combination of
preventive measures, environmental management, and targeted pesticide use.
IPM focuses on long-term solutions and reducing reliance on chemical
treatments.
5. Vector Control Measures - The code provides guidelines for controlling
specific vermin vectors such as rats, mice, cockroaches, flies, and mosquitoes.
These measures include proper waste management, elimination of breeding
sites, application of approved pesticides, and community education and
participation.
6. Pesticide Management - The chapter emphasizes the responsible and safe use
of pesticides. It requires the registration and proper labeling of pesticides, as
well as training and certification of individuals handling and applying these
chemicals. It also prohibits the use of highly toxic pesticides and encourages
the use of safer alternatives.
7. Collaboration and Information Dissemination - The code highlights the
importance of collaboration among different government agencies, private
sector entities, and the community in implementing vermin control programs.
 It promotes the sharing of information, conducting public awareness Chapter XVII
campaigns, and providing educational materials to raise awareness about
SEWAGE COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL, EXCRETA
vermin-related health risks.
DISPOSAL AND DRAINAGE
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR VERMIN ABATEMENT PROGRAM
Scope of Supervision of the Department
A vermin abatement program implemented at the local level shall include the
following strategies: The approval of the Secretary or his duly authorized representative is required in the
following matters:
 it must be community wide and community participated
 It must be technically coordinated  Construction of any approved type of toilet for every house including
 It must be continuing community toilet which may be allowed for a group of small houses of light
 It must be basically a partnership between the private and the government materials or temporary in nature;
sectors; and  Plans of individual sewage disposal system and the sub-surface absorption
 Preferably utilize indigenous technology and resources to attain self-reliance. system, or other treatment device;
 Location of any toilet or sewage disposal system in relation to a source of
A vermin abatement program shall include any or a combination of the following
water supply;
vermin control methods as maybe necessary
 Plans, design data and specifications of a new or existing sewerage system or
 Environmental sanitation control sewage treatment plant;
 Naturalistic control  The discharge of untreated effluent of septic tanks and/or sewage treatment
 Biological and genetic control plants to bodies of water;
 Mechanical and physical control  Manufacture of septic tanks; and
 Chemical control  Method of disposal of sludge from septic tanks or other treatment plants.
 Integrated control Operation of Sewage Treatment Works Private or public sewerage systems
shall:

 Provide laboratory facilities for control tests' and other examinations needed;
 Forward to the local health authority operating data, control tests and such
other records and information as may be required;
  Inform the local health authority in case of break-down or improper
functioning of the sewage treatment works; and
 Provide for the treatment of all sewage entering the treatment plant.
Requirements in the Operation of Sewerage Works and Sewage Treatment
Plants
The following are required for sewerage works and sewage treatment plants.
 All houses covered by the system shall be connected to the sewer in areas
where a sewerage system is available.
 Outfalls discharging effluent from a treatment plant shall be carried to the
channel of the stream or to deep water where the outlet is discharged.
 Storm water shall be discharged to a storm sewer, sanitary sewage shall be
discharged to a sewerage system carrying sanitary sewage only; but this
should not prevent the installation of a combined system.
 Properly designed grease traps shall be provided for sewers from restaurants
or other establishments where the sewage carries a large amount of grease.
SEPTIC TANKS
Where a public sewerage system is not available, sewer outfalls from
residences, schools, and other buildings shall be discharged into a septic tank to be
constructed in accordance with the following minimum requirements:
a) It shall be generally rectangular in shape. When a number of compartments
are used, the first compartment shall have the capacity from one-half to two-
thirds of the total volume of the tank.
b) It shall be built of concrete, whether pre-cast or poured in place. Brick,
concrete blocks or adobe may be used.
c) It shall not be constructed under any building and within 25 meters from any
source of water supply.
 DISPOSAL OF SEPTIC
Tank Effluent The effluent from septic tanks shall be discharged into a sub-
surface soil, absorption field where applicable or shall be treated with some type of a
purification device. The treated effluent may be discharged into a stream or body of
water if it conforms to the quality standards prescribe by the National Water and Air
Pollution Control Commission.
SANITARY PRIVIES
The privy recommended for use is the sanitary privy. It shall conform with the
following minimum requirements:
a) It shall consist of an earthen pit, a floor covering the pit, and a water-sealed
bowl. It shall be so constructed in order that fecal matter and urine will be
deposited into the earthen pit which shall be completely fly-proof.
b) The pit shall be at least one meter square.
c) The floor should cover the pit tightly to prevent the entrance of flies. It shall
be constructed of concrete or other impervious material.
d) The water-sealed bowl shall be joined to the floor so as to form a water-tight
and insect proof joint.
e) A suitable building shall be constructed to provide comfort and privacy for the
users of the privy.
f) Wooden floors and seat risers shall not be used.
DRAINAGE
 Responsibility of cities and municipalities
a) It shall be the responsibility of all cities and municipalities to provide
and maintain in a sanitary state and in good repair a satisfactory
system of drainage in all inhabited areas where waste water from
buildings and premises could empty without causing nuisance to the
community and danger to public health.
b) Connection to the municipal drainage system Buildings or premises
producing waste water shall be connected to the municipal drainage
system in all areas where it exists.
Special Precaution for Radioactive Excreta and Urine of Hospitalized Patient
a) Patients given high doses of radioactive isotope for therapy should be given
toilet facilities separate from those used by "non-radioactive" patients.
b) Radioactive patients should be instructed to use the same toilet bowl at all
times and to flush it at least 3 times after its use.
Chapter XVIII
REFUSE DISPOSAL
Chapter 18 of Presidential Decree 856 (PD 856), also known as the “Code on
Sanitation of the Philippines,” pertains to refuse disposal. PD 856 is a comprehensive
law that outlines guidelines and regulations to ensure public health and sanitation in
the country.
The key points covered in Chapter 18 on refuse disposal are as follows:
1. Responsibility - The chapter emphasizes the responsibility of individuals,
households, communities, and local government units in managing and
disposing of refuse properly. It highlights the importance of adopting
appropriate waste management practices to prevent health hazards and
maintain cleanliness.
2. Collection and transportation - The chapter outlines the procedures for the
collection and transportation of refuse. It encourages the establishment of an
efficient and regular waste collection system, preferably operated by the local
government units. It also highlights the need for proper handling and
transportation of refuse to minimize environmental and health risks.
3. Segregation and recycling - PD 856 promotes the segregation of waste at the
source to facilitate recycling and resource recovery. It encourages the
establishment of recycling facilities and the implementation of recycling
programs to minimize the volume of waste sent to disposal sites.
4. Sanitary landfill - The chapter emphasizes the establishment and proper
management of sanitary landfills for the disposal of non-recyclable and non-
reusable waste. It provides guidelines for the design, operation, and
maintenance of sanitary landfills to ensure the protection of public health and
the environment.
5. Dumping and open burning - PD 856 strictly prohibits the dumping of
refuse in public places, bodies of water, and other unauthorized areas. It also
prohibits open burning of waste, as it can release harmful pollutants and pose
health risks. The chapter emphasizes the need for proper waste disposal
methods to prevent pollution and maintain cleanliness.

6. Penalties - The chapter specifies the penalties for violations of the provisions
on refuse disposal. Offenders can be fined or imprisoned, depending on the
severity of the violation. These penalties aim to enforce compliance with
waste management regulations and deter improper refuse disposal practices.
SANITARY REQUIREMENTS FOR RECOVERED MATERIALS
 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
a) Sorting, picking, recovering, or retrieving of refuse/solid waste shall be
permitted only under strict supervision of the local health office.
b) Recovered or retrieved bottles or other articles of glass shall be cleaned
and disinfected in a manner prescribed by the local health officer.
c) All clothes, rags, beddings, upholstered furniture or any textile of cotton,
kapok, wool, plastic, foam or other similar material shall be retrieved only
when sanitizing equipment to treat such articles is provided. Such
materials shall be sanitized prior to reuse or recycling.
d) The permit holder shall keep an accurate record by weight, volume, or
numerical count, as appropriate, of the articles recovered and the
disposition of all these articles. Such record shall be available for
inspection by authorized personnel of the local government unit.
SANITARY PERMIT
a) No person or entity desiring to engage in the recycling and collection and/or
disposal of junk, old, used or second hand material of any kind including rags,
clothing, paper, rubbish, bottles, rubber, plastic iron, brass, copper or other
metal, furniture, motor parts, or any other article whose condition renders it
particularly useless so as to be classified as junk, shall operate without a
sanitary permit issued by the local health officer.
b) Application and renewal of sanitary permit shall be in accordance with sub-
section 3.2 of these implementing rules and regulations.
c) Sanitary permit shall be issued only for the collection of any waste food,
damaged food, or condemned or retained food products by junk dealers if it
will be used for composting purpose or other approved disposal method,
provided the storage (temperature control) shall be in accordance with these
implementing rules and regulations.
Chapter XIX
Nuisances and Offensive Trades and Occupations
Chapter 19 of Presidential Decree 856 (PD 856), also known as the “Code on
Sanitation of the Philippines,” addresses nuisances and offensive trades and
occupations. This chapter provides guidelines and regulations to prevent and control
activities that may pose health risks, cause discomfort, or be offensive to the public.
Definition of Terms As used in this Chapter, the following terms shall mean and
include:
a) Nuisance - Anything that injures health, endangers life, offends the senses or
produces discomfort to the community.
b) Offensive trades or occupations - These are the following:
1. Soap boiling;
2. Guts cleaning;
3. Boiling of offal, bones, fat or lard; (Permissible if process is performed
in a public slaughterhouse under prescribed regulations.)
4. Manufacturing of glue or fertilizer;
 5. Skin curing;
6. Scrap processing;
7. Manure storing;
8. Lime burning;
9. Lye making; and
10. Any manufacturing process in which lead, arsenic, mercury,
phosphorous, or other poisonous substance is used.
Types of Nuisances For the purpose of this Chapter, the following shall be considered
nuisances:
1. Public or private premises maintained and used in a manner injurious to
health;
2. Breeding places and harborages of vermin;
3. Animals and their carcasses which are injurious to health;
4. Accumulation of refuse;
5. Noxious matter or waste water discharged improperly in streets;
6. Animals stockage maintained in a manner injurious to health;
7. Excessive noise; and
8. Illegal shanties in public or private properties.
The key points covered In Chapter 19 on nuisances and offensive trades and
occupations are as follows:
1. Prohibited activities - PD 856 identify certain activities as nuisances and
prohibit their practice. These activities include discharging sewage or waste
into public places, water bodies, or drainage systems, as well as causing
obstructions or pollutions that may endanger public health or safety.
2. Noise control - The chapter addresses noise pollution and sets limits on noise
levels generated by construction activities, industrial operations, public
entertainment venues, and other sources. It emphasizes the need for
soundproofing measures and time restrictions to minimize the impact of noise
on public health and well-being.
3. Maintenance of premises - The chapter emphasizes the responsibility of
individuals and establishments to maintain their premises in a clean and
sanitary condition. It outlines guidelines for the proper disposal of waste,
provision of adequate sanitary facilities, and regular cleaning and maintenance
practices.
4. Penalties - PD 856 specifies penalties for violations of the provisions on
nuisances and offensive trades and occupations. Offenders can face fines or
imprisonment, depending on the nature and severity of the violation. These
penalties aim to ensure compliance with regulations and discourage activities
that may endanger public health or cause discomfort.
WALLS, PARTITIONS AND CEILINGS
a) Rooms in areas where excessive noise or vibration is produced shall have
sound-resistant walls extending to the ceiling.
b) Walls or wall covering shall not have open spaces or cracks that would
provide harborage of vermin.
c) Walls and partitions inside the sanitary facilities shall be of smooth and
impervious material with a minimum height of two (2) meters (6.56 feet)
starting from the floor. All walls that exceed the said height shall be light-
colored.
 d) Partition walls between water closets shall have a height of at least two (2)
meters (6.56 feet) and terminates thirty (30) centimeters (1 foot) above the
floor.
e) All ceilings shall be made of smooth, light-colored and non-toxic material.
WINDOWS
a) Every room intended for use, not provided with artificial ventilation system,
shall be provided with a window or windows with a total free area of openings
equal to at least ten percent (10 %) of the floor area of the room, to which it
shall open directly to a clear space.
FLOORS
a) All floors shall be constructed of concrete or any impervious, easily cleaned
and non-toxic materials.
b) Where the floors are constructed of wood with dovetailed or tongue and
groove floorboards, it shall be clamped together and laid in a firm foundation.
c) Floor coverings such as vinyl tiles, wood parquet, linoleum, or any other
similar materials shall be fixed to the floor with cement, glue, or any suitable
adhesive material. Carpets, when used, shall be maintained in a clean and
satisfactory condition.
d) There shall be sufficient floor space for comfort and for carrying out duties
effectively and efficiently. Working spaces, stairways, aisles, or any
passageways shall have a least dimension of 1.20 meters to permit free
unobstructed movement of persons.
VENTILATION
a) Natural and/or mechanical ventilation, which is effective and suitable for
comfort and safety of clients and personnel, shall be provided in all areas of
the establishment.
b) When natural ventilation is provided, a room intended for use shall be
provided with a window or windows with a total free area of openings equal
to at least ten percent (10%) of the floor area of the room, and such window
shall open directly to a clear space.
c) In the absence of effective natural ventilation, mechanical ventilation shall be
provided such as follows:
 Air-conditioning units provide 1.5 Horsepower (6,000 BTU/ hour) air-
conditioner for every 50 cubic meter room volumes.
RESPONSIBILITIES OF OWNERS, MANAGERS OR OPERATORS
The Owners, managers or operators of establishments shall:
a) Secure a sanitary permit from the local health authority before establishing
and operating their business or trade;
b) Remove daily all injurious by-products and wastes;
c) Prevent the escape of industrial impurities and adopt methods to render them
innocuous;
d) Maintain working establishments and their premises clean and sanitary at all
times;
e) Store all materials properly to prevent emission of noxious or injurious
effluvia.
Chapter XX
Pollution of the Environment
 Chapter 20 of Presidential Decree No. 856, also known as the “Code on
Sanitation of the Philippines,” addresses the topic of “Pollution of the Environment.”
Here’s a summary of the key points covered in this chapter:
1. General Provisions - The chapter begins with general provisions that define
pollution and outline the responsibility of individuals, organizations, and
government agencies to prevent and control pollution of the environment.
2. Air Pollution - This section focuses on the prevention and control of air
pollution. It emphasizes the importance of maintaining air quality standards
and addresses various sources of air pollution, including industrial emissions,
vehicle emissions, and open burning. It also establishes guidelines for the
control of air pollution, such as the installation of pollution control devices
and the proper management of industrial processes.
3. Water Pollution - The chapter discusses the prevention and control of water
pollution. It covers measures to protect water sources, regulate wastewater
discharges, and ensure proper sanitation practices. It emphasizes the need for
sewage treatment facilities and the proper disposal of industrial and hazardous
waste to prevent contamination of water bodies.
4. Land Pollution - This section addresses the prevention and control of land
pollution. It focuses on the proper management and disposal of solid waste,
including household garbage, industrial waste, and toxic substances. It
emphasizes the importance of waste segregation, recycling, and the
establishment of sanitary landfills.
5. Noise Pollution - The chapter also includes provisions related to noise
pollution. It sets noise standards and regulations to minimize excessive and
harmful noise levels. It covers various sources of noise pollution, including
industrial activities, construction sites, and public gatherings. It highlights the
need for noise reduction measures and the enforcement of noise control
regulations.
6. Environmental Impact Assessment - This section emphasizes the
importance of conducting environmental impact assessments (EIAs) for
projects that may have significant environmental consequences. It outlines the
requirements for EIAs, including the preparation of an environmental impact
statement and public consultation processes.
SITE REQUIREMENTS
a) The establishment, premises and facility shall be located only in areas or
zones designated by existing laws or ordinances for that type of establishment.
b) Suitable warning devices in workplaces where hazardous substances are
manufactured, handled, stored, transported and disposed shall be installed to
alert the personnel in case of the liberation of dangerous quantities of such
substances.
WATER SUPPLY
a) The water shall be adequate and potable whether from a public or private
water supply system. The quality of drinking water used shall be in
accordance with the Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water.
b) All drinking water sources shall have a certificate of potability of drinking
water issued by the local health officer.
c) A minimum of 40 liters of water per capita per day shall be maintained.
d) The source, delivery, operation, examination and protective measures for
drinking water supply shall be in accordance with the provisions of Chapter II
 “Water Supply” of the Code on Sanitation of the Philippines (PD. 856) and
its’ implementing rules and regulations.
SPECIFIC PROVISIONS
 Pesticide and Fertilizer Establishments
a) No pesticide and fertilizer establishment shall operate without securing
appropriate clearances from concerned agencies as required under P.D.
856, P.D. 1151, P.D. 1586, P.D. 1144, R.A. 6969 and other relevant
laws and regulations.
b) Every employer shall provide the workers with personal protective
equipment (PPE), protective shields and barriers whenever necessary.
All PPE shall be of the approved design and construction appropriate
for the exposure or the work to be performed. Agricultural chemicals
shall be handled and used only by trained personnel.
c) Pesticides used in public health shall be handled only by accredited
urban pest control applicators.
d) The pertinent provisions of Chapter XVI- “Vermin Control” of the
Code on Sanitation of the Philippines (P.D. 856) and its implementing
rules and regulations shall be enforced.
AUTHORITY OF THE SECRETARY
The Secretary is authorized to promulgate rules and regulations for the control
and prevention of the following types of pollution:
1. Pollution of pesticides and heavy metals;
2. Pollution of food caused by chemicals, biological agents, radioactive
materials, and excessive or improper use of food additives;
3. Non-ionizing radiation caused by electronic products such as laser beams or
microwaves;
4. Noise pollution caused by industry, land and air transport and building
construction;
5. Biological pollutants including the causative agents of intestinal infections;
6. Pollution of agricultural products through the use of chemical fertilizers and
plant pesticides containing toxic chemical substances and unsanitary
agricultural practices; and
7. Any other type of pollution which is not covered by the provisions of
Republic Act 3931, the Rules and Regulations of the National Water and Air
Pollution Control Commission, the provisions of Presidential Decree No. 480
and the rules and regulations of the Radiation Health Office of the Department
of Health which is likely to affect community Health adversely.
Chapter XXI
DISPOSAL OF THE DEAD PERSONS
BURIAL GROUNDS REQUIREMENTS
The following requirements shall be applied and enforced:
 a) It shall be unlawful for any person to bury remains in places other than those
legally authorized in conformity with the provisions of this Chapter.
b) A burial ground shall at least be 25 meters distant from any dwelling house
and no house shall be constructed within the same distance from any burial
ground.
c) No burial ground shall be located within 50 meters from either side of a river
or within 50 meters from any source of water supply.
BURIAL REQUIREMENTS
The burial remains is subject to the following requirements:
a) No remains shall be buried without a dead certificate. This certificate shall be
issued by the attending physician. If there has been no physician in
attendance, it shall be issued by the mayor, the secretary of the municipal
board, or a councilor of the municipality where the death occurred. The death
certificate shall be forwarded to the local civil register within 48 hours after
death.
b) Shipment of remains abroad shall be governed by the rules and regulations of
the Bureau of Quarantine.
c) Graves where remains are buried shall be at least one and one-half meters
deep and filled well and firmly.
d) The cost of burial of a dead person shall be borne by the nearest kin. If the kin
is not financially capable of defraying the expenses or if the deceased had no
kin, the cost shall be borne by the city or municipal government.
e) The burial of remains in city or municipal burial grounds shall not be
prohibited on account of race, nationality, religion or political persuasion.
f) If the person who issues a death certificate has reasons to believe or suspect
that the cause of death was due to violence or crime, he shall notify
immediately the local authorities concerned. In this case the deceased shall not
be buried until permission is obtained from the provincial or city fiscal. If
these officials are not available the permission shall be obtained from any
government official authorized by law.
g) Except when required by legal investigation or when permitted by the local
health authority, no unembalmed remains shall remain unburied longer than
48 hours after death.
h) When the cause of death is a dangerous communicable disease, the remains
shall be buried within 12 hours after death. They shall not be taken to any
place of public assembly. Only the adult members of the family of the
deceased may be permitted to attend the funeral.
DISINTERMENT REQUIREMENTS
Disinterment of remains is subject to the following requirements:
a) Permission to disinter remains of persons who died of non-dangerous
communicable diseases may be granted after a burial period of three years.
b) Permission to disinter remains of person who died of dangerous
communicable diseases may be granted after a burial period of five years.
 c) Disinterment of remains covered in paragraphs "a" and "b" of this Section
may be permitted within a shorter time than that prescribed in special
cases, subject to the approval of the Regional Director concerned or his
duly authorized representative.
d) In all cases of disinterment, the remains shall be disinfected and places in
a durable and sealed container prior to their final disposal.
FUNERAL AND EMBALMING ESTABLISHMENTS
These establishments are subject to the following requirements:
 Scope of inclusion for the purposes of this Section, requirements prescribed
herein shall be applied and enforced to funeral chapels, embalming
establishments and morgues.
 Sanitary permit - No establishment mentioned in the preceding paragraph
shall be operated without a sanitary permit issued by the Secretary or his duly
authorized representative. This permit shall be revoked in case of any
violation of the provisions of this Chapter and the rules and regulations
promulgated by the Secretary.
 Classification Funeral establishment shall be classified in three (3) categories
which are described as follows:
a) Category I - Establishments with chapels, and embalming facilities
and offering funeral services.
b) Category II - Establishments with chapels and offering funeral
services but without embalming facilities.
c) Category III - Establishments offering only funeral services from the
house of the deceased to the burial ground.
 Sanitary requirements
a) For funeral chapels- The requirements prescribed for places of public
assembly in this Code shall be applied.
b) For embalming and dressing rooms
1. They should be constructed of concrete or semi-concrete materials
with sufficient space to accommodate five bodies at one time.
2. The floors and walls shall be made of concrete or other durable
impervious materials.
3. Ventilation and lighting should be adequately provided.
4. Embalming shall be performed on a table made of a single marble
slab or other equally impervious materials. It shall be so
constructed that all washings and body fluids shall flow to a drain
connected to the waste piping system of the building.
5. Embalming and assistants shall use rubber gloves when working.
6. Washing facilities with soaps, detergents and germicidal solutions
shall be provided for use of the following personnel.
LICENSING AND REGISTRATION PROCEDURES
The licensing and registration of undertakers and embalmers are subject to the
following requirements:
a) Issuance of license to practice
 1. Any person who desires to practice undertaking or embalming shall be
licensed to practice only after passing an examination conducted by
the Department.
2. Licensed undertakers or embalmers shall practice undertaking or
embalming in accordance with requirements prescribed by the
Department.
3. Licensed undertakers or embalmers shall display their licenses
conspicuously in the establishments where they work.
b) Issuance of certificates of registration
1. An undertaker or embalmer shall apply annually for a registration
certificates and pay an annual registration fee of twenty-five pesos to
the Regional Health Office concerned.
2. The first registration certificate issued shall cover the period from the
date of issuance to the last day of the current year. Subsequent
certificates shall bear the date of January 1 of the year of issue and
shall expire December 31 of the same year.
3. Certificates of registration shall be posed conspicuously in
establishments concerned.
c) Exemption Government and private physicians may perform embalming
without license and registration certificates as exigencies require.
AUTOPSY AND DISSECTION OF REMAINS
The autopsy and dissection of remains are subject to the following requirements:
a) Person authorized to perform these are:
1. Health officers;
2. Medical officers of law enforcement agencies; and
3. Members of the medical staff of accredited hospitals.
b) Autopsies shall be performed in the following cases:
1. Whenever required by special laws;
2. Upon orders of a competent court, a mayor and a provincial or city
fiscal;
3. Upon written request of police authorities;
4. Whenever the Solicitor General, provincial or city fiscal as authorized
by existing laws, shall deem it necessary to disinter and take
possession of remains for examination to determine the cause of death;
and
5. Whenever the nearest kin shall request in writing the authorities
concerned to ascertain the cause of death.
c) Autopsies may be performed on patients who die in accredited hospitals
subject to the following requirements:
1. The Director of the hospital shall notify the next of kin of the death of
the deceased and request permission to perform an autopsy.
2. Autopsy can be performed when the permission is granted or no
objection is raised to such autopsy within 48 hours after death.
3. In cases where the deceased has no next of kin, the permission shall be
secured from the local health authority.
4. Burial of remains after autopsy After an autopsy, the remains shall be
interred in accordance with the provisions in this Chapter.
DONATION OF HUMAN ORGANS FOR MEDICAL, SURGICAL AND
SCIENTIFIC PURPOSES
 Any person may donate an organ or any part of his body to a person, a
physician, a scientist, a hospital or a scientific institution upon his death for
transplant, medical, or research purposes subject to the following requirements:
a) The donation shall be authorized in writing by the donor specifying the
recipient, the organ or part of his body to be donated and the specific purpose
for which it will be utilized.
b) A married person may make such donation without the consent of his spouse.
c) After the death of a person the next of kin may authorize the donation of an
organ or any part of the body of the deceased for similar purposes in
accordance with the prescribed procedure.
d) If the deceased has no next of kin and his remains are in the custody of an
accredited hospital, the Director of the hospital may donate an organ or any
part of the body of the deceased in accordance with the requirement
prescribed in this Section.
e) A simple written authorization signed by the donor in the presence of two
witnesses shall be deemed sufficient for the donation of organs or parts of the
human body required in this Section, notwithstanding the provisions of the
Civil Code of the Philippines on matters of donation. A copy of the written
authorization shall be forwarded to the Secretary.
f) Any authorization granted in accordance with the requirements of this Section
is binding to the executors, administrators, and members of the family of the
deceased.
b) Cadavers containing large amounts of radioactive isotopes should be labeled
properly identifying the type and amount or radioactive isotopes present and
the date of its administration.
c) Before autopsy is performed, the Radiation Health Officer or his duly
authorized representative should be notified for proper advice. The pathologist
and/or embalmer should be warned accordingly of the radioactivity of the
cadaver so that radiation precautions can be properly enforced.
d) Normal burial procedures, rules and regulations may be carried out on the
above mentioned cadavers provided that their amount of radioactivity has
decayed to a safe level which will be determined by the Radiation Health
Officer or his authorized representative.
e) Cremation If cremation is performed without autopsy, there is no handling
problem; otherwise, autopsy precautions should be strictly enforced.
Precautions should be taken to prevent any possible concentration of
radioactivity at the base of the stack of the crematorium.

SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS FOR SAFE HANDLING OF CADAVERS

CONTAINING RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES

a) Cadavers containing only traces (very small dose) of radioactive isotope do

not require any special handling precautions.