NURSING RESEARCH REFRESHER REVIEW NOTES

PROFESSOR JAIDEE ROJAS

NURSING RESEARCH 2. APPLIED

● Higher level than basic research
NURSING RESEARCH ● Finds solution to problems
- is systematic inquiry designed to develop - masteral, phd
trustworthy evidence related to nursing - a study on methods for diagnosing patients with
GOAL: schizophrenia
- ENHANCE CLIENT CARE - a study on how to treat pt with insomnia
- improve nursing care: patient-centered
OUTCOME:
EVIDENCE BASED- PRACTICE
RESEARCH ETHICS
SOURCES OF RESEARCH ETHICS
-Protection of research subjects
EVIDENCE/NURSING -Priority in research is SAFETY

KNOWLEDGE RESARCH ETHICS

- CODE OF ETHICS FOR NURSES
SOURCES OF EVIDENCE/ NURSING - BON RESOLUTION NO. 220 S 2004
KNOWLEDGE - PRESERVE HEALTH AT ALL COST
1. Tradition: “usog” least reliable
2. Authority: deemed experts of the field
3. Clinical Experience: richest source NUREMBERG CODE
4. Trial and Error: least reliable: imposing harm to pt
5. Intuition: least reliable NUREMBERG CODE
6. Logical reasoning: inductive, deductive - First code; Informed consent is required
7. Disciplined research: most sophisticated method - Eugenics: they believe they were superior (hitler’s
time)
- there should be voluntary participation before
including the participant: using informed consent
PURPOSE OF NURSING
RESEARCH
PURPOSE OF NURSING RESEARCH
DECLARATION OF HELSINKI
1. BASIC DECLARATION OF HELSINKI
● Desire to expand knowledge: contribute new - Vulnerable population should receive special
information only protection
● Curiosity driven: pick your own interest and - research should not be done to normal healthy
curiosity individual
● May not necessarily lead to an invention or solution - eg: Research about DM, participant should have DM
to a problem:
- undergrad
- a study for the causative factors of cancer
- a study looking at how alcohol consumption
RESEARCH ETHICAL
impacts the brain
PRINCIPLES

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RESEARCH ETHICAL PRINCIPLES 1. QUANTITATIVE

- has a corresponding right, they are not equal
1. Beneficence and Non-maleficence
Right: Freedom from harm
- Benef: doing good: showing extra care to the pt:
holding the dying pt’s hands, staying besdie pt during
panic attacks, palying w pedia patient
- Malef: do no harm: if there’s risk of harm, IM
administration, NGT feedings, raising side rails, ET
suctioning
- Positivism (logical) paradigm: world beliefs, world
view, there exists only one reality
- Inquirer is independent from those being
researched:
- Objective
- Empirical; use of 5 senses: observing a certain
phenomena
- Logical, planned:
- Numeric values (numbers, statistics)
- Deductive (general to specific):

2. Justice 2. QUALITATIVE
Fairness; Equal risks and benefits - Naturalistic (constructivist) paradigm: there exists
- Right to fair treatment multiple realities
- Equal distribution (physical. Time) - Inquirer interacts with those being researched:
- DM vs Mood: DM first participant observation, halo-bilo sa participants
- Subjective
3. Autonomy - Human experience
Voluntary decision - Flexible
- Right to self determination - Narrative description (words)
- Inductive (specific to general): specific observations,
4. Veracity collate, form 1 general observation
Complete information
Right: Full disclosure
- truthfulness
- giving complete information: benefits and risks INFORMED CONSENT
5. Confidentiality INFORMED CONSENT
-Data not revealed: medical info not revealed to -Decision to accept or decline participation to
anyone not part of the medical team (protect medical research
info) - Protects right to self-determination
-Right: Privacy (protect personal info of the pt): do not - Principle: Autonomy
silip genitalia
*Anonimity- data is not linked to person; identifying ELEMENTS OF INFORMED CONSENT
information removed • Voluntary: principle of autonomy
- not an ethical principle, a concept only • Informed, fully understood: veracity
- eg: for med survey, optional info name age • Competent (of legal age, coherent, not in the
influence of substance): 3 criteria should be satisfied
• Signature (subject and witness)
- ensure validity of pt signature
- ensure understanding of pt (do not explain, call

PURPOSE OF NURSING the doctor)

RESEARCH *WITNESS: ENSURE VALIDITY OF SIGNATURE

PURPOSE OF NURSING RESEARCH

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CHARACTERISTICS OF Eg: The effect of caffeinated coffee to nurses

bedside performance
NURSING RESEARCH DV: bedside performance
IV: caffeinated coffee
CHARACTERISTICS OF NURSING RESEARCH
1. Systematic: Eg: The effect of substance abuse to development
- follows step by step procedure of schizophrenia
A. Conceptual Phase: DV: Development of schizophrenia
- First and most important step: identify a IV: substance abuse
problem
B. Design and planning: Eg: The effect of maternal age to infants birth
- Select research and sampling design weight
C. Empirical: DV: maternal age
- Collection of data; most time consuming part, IV: birthweight
most magastos Extraneous: diet, nutrition, amount of stress,
D. Analytical: comorbidities, no. Of prenatal care, substance abuse,
- Data analysis genetics
E. Disseminating:
- Utilize findings in practice: last step 3. Empirically Stable:
(Publication of Findings: 2nd to the last step) - measurable and can be observed using 5 senses

2. Control: 4. Generalizability:
- all variables except those that are - can be applied to other settings
tested/experimented upon are kept constant to
minimize bias

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
- presumed cause; being manipulated
CHAPTER 1:
- antecedent variable
INTRODUCTION
DEPENDENT VARIABLE CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
- presumed effect; researchers want to understand,
explain or predict 1. RESEARCH PROBLEM
- the one being measured CURIOSITY AND INTEREST OF THE RESEARCHER
- outcome variable, criterion variable SOURCES:
Clinical experience
EXTRANEOUS VARIABLE Literature (previous studies)
- can affect the study outcome Issues (social)
- “contaminants” External sources
- confounding, uncontrollable, interfering Nursing
Theory
Eg: The effect of preboards anxiety to student’s
PNLE scores. 2. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
DV: students PNLEs cores • AIM OF THE STUDY
IV: Preboards anxiety GOAL: GENERAL
OBJECTIVE: SPECIFIC
SHOULD BE: SPECIFIC, MEASURABLE,

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ATTAINABLE, REALISTIC, TIME BOUND
3. RESEARCH QUESTION
- used in typical research: BASIC
- POPULATION
- INDEPENDENT VARIABLE (manipulated)
- RELATIONSHIP (inc, dec, more, less)
- DEPENDENT VARIABLE (measured)
CLINICAL QUESTION
- used in clinical research: EVIDENCE-BASED
PRACTICE, APPLIED
- POPULATION
- INTERVENTION (new treatment you want to prove
effective)
- COMPARISON (existing treatment, traditional or
false treatment: placebo)
- OUTCOME (results)
Research Q: PIRD:
How does childrens obesity increase risk of
cardiovascular diseases?
Clinical Q: PICO:
How does nurses use of egg crate mattress differ
from ordinary foam mattress in preventing pressure
ulcers
4. DEFINITION OF TERMS
1. OPERATIONAL- HOW THE TERM IS USED IN
THE STUDY
2. CONCEPTUAL- UNIVERSAL MEANING;
DICTIONARY MEANING, OFFICIAL
Eg: Ope: COVID 19 AFFECTS THE PSYCHOSOCIAL
WELL BEING OF THE COLLEGE STUDENTS
Eg: Conce: COVID 19 IS A RESPIRATORY MEDICAL
CONDITION THAT HAS THE FF S/SX:
5. HYPOTHESIS
PREDICTED RELATIONSHIP OF VARIABLES,
EDUCATIONAL GUESS, EXPECTATIONS
DIRECTIONAL NONDIRECTIONAL
- look at relationship
1. DIRECTIONAL
Increase/ decrease; more/ less
- 1-tailed:
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- children with high IQ is less sociable than with lower
IQ
2. NON-DIRECTIONAL
Associated with; related to, difference
- 2-tailed
SIMPLE COMPLEX
- count number of variables
3. SIMPLE
- Reflects relationship between two variables
- 1 independent and 1 dependent variable
- cigarette smoking is associated with the
development of esophageal cancer
-people who always drink coca cola on a daily basis
is likely to develop obesity
4. COMPLEX
- Reflects relationship between more than two
variables
- 2 or more independent and dependent variables
- cigarette smoking and drinking alcohol are
associated with the development of esophageal
cancer
- people who always drink coca cola on a daily basis
is likely to develop obesity and DM
CHAPTER 2:
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE
Review of what is already known about the topic
CHARACTERISTICS:
COMPREHENSIVE
UP TO DATE: 5 years
PARAPHRASED: not copy paste
BALANCED (NO BIAS)
Electronic Database:
- CINAHL: Cummulative Index to Nursing and
Allied Health Literature:
- MEDLINE: Medical Literature Online:
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- COCHRANE: most abundant electronic
database for research
TYPES OF DATA
- best data: neither, it depends on the type of study
1. PRIMARY:
ORIGINAL STUDY (THESIS, JOURNAL)
2. SECONDARY:
REPORTS SYNTHESIZING/ BASED ON PRIMARY
STUDY (BOOK, PUBLISHED STUDIES)
- Summarized
CHAPTER 3:
METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
BASIC CONCEPTS
1. BIAS- something that causes error; low validity
2. VALIDITY: you measure what you intend to
measure
1. INTERNAL- Less bias and confounding
variable (Blinding and randomization)
- higher internal validity, higher accuracy
2. EXTERNAL- How generalizable the findings
are
3. RELIABILITY: same setting, same results
consistency of he instruments being used
4. BLINDING
SINGLE BLIND: subjects don’t know the
treatment
DOUBLE BLIND: subjects and the researchers
don’t know the treatment
- 3rd party will give envelopes to the researchers
TYPES OF BIAS
Recall bias:
- respondents memories of the past (socially
unacceptable topics) whether the client is lying or not;
FALSE MEMORIES
Selection bias:
- Under-presented or over-presented samples;
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Eg: USE OF SPECIAL CHOCOLATE MILK INCREASE
STUDENTS IQ
Experimental: top 10 students> special choco milk >
QUIZ = 10/10
Control: bottom students > bear brand > QUIZ = 8/10
*** To eliminate selection bias, use randomization
Observation bias (hawthorne effect):
- participants in a study are aware that they are being
observed by researchers
Confirmation bias:
- favoring information that confirms previously
existing beliefs or biases
- left handed ppl, and researcher is left handed
***THE HIGHER THE BIAS, THE LOWER THE
ACCURACY***
THREATS TO INTERNAL VALIDITY
1. Selection bias: to eliminate, use randomization
2. Maturation: caused by physiologic changes; to
eliminate use control group
- USE OF SSD (silver sulfadiazine) IMPROVES THE
WOUND HEALING RATE IN 14 DAYS
- Experimental: SSD 14 DAYS > 16 CM WOUND>
REMASURED AFTER 14 DAYS> 12 CM = Not totally
confident if SSD really was the one to cause smaller
wounds.
- Control: 14 DAYS Sebo De Macho > REMEASURED
AFTER 14 DAYS> 14 CM=
- BREASTFEEDING IMPROVES THE INFANTS
LENGTH IN 14 DAYS
- Experimental: 54 CM > 14 DAYS BM> 59 CM
- Control: 54 CM> 14 DAYS FORMULA MILK> 57 CM
= Correct ang experimental.
3. Instrumentation change: inaccurate reading of
instruments used
- 1st PULSE OXIMETER READING 98%
- 2nd PULSE OXIMETER READING: 36%
RESEARCH DESIGN
-Said to be the architectural backbone of the study
-overall plan for obtaining answers
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-tend to be highly structured and controlled
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
• In depth study of phenomena: human experiences,
subjective
• Data collected is narrative; no statistics involved
• Data collection is interview (semi- structured)
A. STRUCTURED (most rigid)
B. SEMI-STRUCTURED (more flexible, follow
up q)
C. UNSTRUCTURED (freedom)
• Researcher is involved with the participant
(participatory action research)
1. PHENOMENOLOGICAL
● Lived experiences of a person
● Ends with data saturation: no new information
obtained
● Data collection is interview
- exploring the lived experiences of women
undergoing breast biopsy
- phenomenology study on nurses lived experiences
in understanding the comfort of children at the
end-of-life
- examining the lived experiences of mothers with
terminally ill toddler children
2. ETHNOGRAPHICAL
- Studies culture or tribe
- Language, beliefs, tradition, artifacts
- Data collection: immersion
- a study on health and hygiene needs, strategies,
and well-being of an Aeta indigenous community in
the Philippines
- Holmes O’Byrne and Gastaldo conducted
ethnographic fieldwork in three gay bathhouses in
two Canadian metropolitan areas to explore how
sexual desire intersects with the bathhouse
environment and with health imperatives
2. GROUNDED THEORY
- Focused on Human Experiences
- Social PROCESS and psychological stages about a
particular event
Strive to generate an explanation
- the experience of postpartum depression: a
grounded theory study
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- why couples break up during valentine’s day
4. CASE STUDY
- Generates in-depth, multi-faceted understanding
of a complex issue in its real-life context.
- military operations and the PTSD recovery process
- the negative influence of instagram and distorted
body image
- covid-19 and related anxiety cases among college
students
5. HISTORICAL
- Explore and explain the meanings and phenomenon
at a particular point of time in the past.
- Manocchio conducted a social historical analysis of
nursing in the culturally diverse frontier setting in
California in the mid 1900s.
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
EXPERIMENTAL:
There is manipulation (administration of independent
variable)
- beneficial
- massage, music therapy, guided imagery
- the effected of caffeinated coffee to nurses bedside
performance
NON-EXPERIMENTAL:
- There is no manipulation
- you will look for participants whose independent
variable is already inherited
-harmful: smoking
- unethical: drugs, substance use
- the effect of substance abuse to development of
schizophrenia
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- the effect of maternal age to infants birth weight

✔ Lacks either control or randomization

1. EXPERIMENTAL- - 1-2 groups

- Strongest design - 1 group: series pre-test and post-test design
Three elements: - 2 groups: assigned
1. Manipulation: administration of IV
2. Randomization: random assignment to 1 group only
experimental and control groups to avoid bias
3. Control: for basis of comparison, false
treatment, placebo

TRUE: strongest

✔ Manipulation

✔ Randomization

✔ Controlled
2 groups: same c post-test and pre-test but with no
- groups: 2-4 groups randomization

PRE-EXPERIMENTAL: weakest

✔ Manipulation

✔ Lacks both controlled and randomization

- 1 group
- 1 pre test and post test

QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL

✔ Manipulation

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2. NON- EXPERIMENTAL
- No manipulation Prospective approach: Longitudinal data collection
A. Descriptive (observational research) Retrospective approach: Cross sectional data
- weakest; exploration of phenomena collection
- gather characteristics, occurrence , prevalence
Eg: HIV CASES FROM JAN-OCT 2022: 12, 859
Through Sexual Contact: 11, 157, 96-97%:
- males having sex with the males highest risk:
bottom (receiver)
- females having sex with the females least risk
Through Infected Needle: 82
Through Mother To Child: 32
No Data On Mode Of Trans: 175

B. Descriptive correlational
- studies the realtionship of variables that co-exist
- positive correlational: directly proportional
- negative correlational: inversely proportional
Eg: The relationship between height and weight.
C. Descriptive comparative
- Studies cause and effect of variables without
manipulation, by comparing 2 groups
- Eg. The difference in level of self-esteem between
adopted and non-adopted children
- IV: adoption status
- DV: level of self-esteem
IDENTIFYING SAMPLE AND POPULATION
Element: The basic unit that represents whatever is
being sampled and from which survey data are to be
gathered
Sample: Specific group that the researcher will
collect data from
Population: Entire group that the researcher wants
to draw conclusions about.

Eg: DISASTER PREPAREDNESS AMONG UP

MANILA STUDENTS
Element: individual UP manila
Sample: CN, CM, CAS, Satellite Campus
Population: Entire UP Manila students

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CALCULATING FOR SAMPLE - NOT RANDOMIZED, BIASED

SLOVIN’S FORMULA
N 1. Convenience:
----------------- - accidental and incidental sampling; selection of the
1 + N (e) 2 most readily available people or objects for a study;
N: population weakest
n: sample - grocery giveaways paper
1: constant
E: margin of error, if no value: 0.052 2. Quota:
- breakdown by percentage then using convenience
sampling
- 30 males, 30 females

3. Purposive:
- handpicked; criteria

4. Snowball:
- network sampling; referral
- sensitive, socially unacceptable

TYPES OF RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS:

TYPES OF SAMPLING 1. Questionnaire: most common
PROBABILITY 2. Interview: semi-structures
-RANDOMIZED, NO BIAS 3. Observation:
4. Records: charts, etc
1. Simple random: 5. Delphi technique: invited experts to critique your
- elements selected at random instrument
- draw lots, fish bowl, bingo 6. Biophysiologic measure:
- most laborous a) In vivo (inside): no extracted specimen: BP,
ct scan, xray, o2 sat
2. Stratified random: b) In vitro (outside): there is extracted
- divided into subgroup, called strata, get specimen: serum chem, urinalysis, hba1c,
representative from each subgroup lumbar tap, dssm
- UP Manila> CN, CM, CAS, CPH> 10 each
- divide per subgroup and get rep each subgroup

3. Cluster: CHAPTER 4:
- multi-staging, choose group rather than individual
- UP Manila> CN, CM, CAS, CPH DATA ANALYSIS
4. Systematic: CHAPTER 4: ANALYSIS OF DATA
- every kth (eg every 5th element) or member of the STATISTICS
population is selected for the sample after a random 1. Descriptive- summarizes characteristics of data
start is determined set; describes
- Kth= (N/n) popu over sample 2. Inferential- testing hypothesis by measuring
statistical sample: 2 way anova
NON- PROBABILITY

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DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS MEASURES OF VARIABILITY

Range:
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY: - The amount between the smallest and largest
Mean: Average value item in the set.
Median: Central or middle value: no 2 median: only 1 - highest value subtract lowest value
Mode: Value that appears most often: 2 modes
Variance:
- How spread out the data is. A small number
for the variance means the data set is tightly clustered
together and a large number means the values are
more
spread apart.
- Reference point: N=1

Standard deviation:
- How tightly the data is clustered
around the mean (the average).
- A small SD indicates that the data is tightly
MEASUREMENT OF VARIABLES clustered — will also have a taller bell curve; a large
Non-Parametric SD tells that the data is more spread apart.
1. Nominal: classifying into categories no ranking
involved
- sex, marital status, religion

2. Ordinal: represents rank/order

- scales: likert scale, wong baker scale, pain scale
- educational degrees: elem, high school, college

Parametric
1. Interval: can specify both ranking and distance
- no absolute zero: can be negative, zero has still
meaning
- temperature

2. Ratio: highest level

- has absolute zero: kapag 0, 0 na talaga: HR, BP, RR
- V/S (except temp) height, weight, age, storm signal

NON-PARAMETRIC DATA
(NOMINAL AND ORDINAL)
CHI SQUARE
KRUSKAL WALLIS

PARAMETRIC DATA
(INTERVAL AND RATIO)
T TEST-
F TESTING ANOVA

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POST-TEST illness caused by a novel coronavirus now called

severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
1. _______ as a testable statement of a potential Most infected people will develop mild to
relationship between two or more variables. moderate illness and recover without
A. Research hypothesis hospitalization. This type of definition is termed
B. Research experience as:
C. Research problem A. Operational definition
D. Research crisis B. Conceptual definition
C. Theoretical definition
2. Blue print of Research work is known as _______ D. Constructive definition
A. Sampling design
B. Research design 7. Lemuel’s study mentioned that COVID- 19
C. Research hypotheses lockdowns can significantly decrease students’
D. Research approach psychological well-being, this part of the study is
called?
3. The longitudinal research approach mainly deal A. Hypothesis
with _____ B. Abstract
A. Horizontal research C. Research question
B. Vertical Research D. Significance of the study
C. Short-term research
D. Long-term research 8. In the same study, the independent variable is?
A. COVID-19
4. What is a cross-sectional design? B. COVID- 19 lockdowns
A. A comparison of two or more variables C. Students
longitudinally D. Psychological well-being
B. A design that is devised when the researcher is in a
bad mood. 9. Based on the study, “Effects of COVID-19
C.The collection of data from more than one case lockdowns on students’ psychological well-being,”
at one moment in time. which of the following is the dependent variable?
D. Research into one particular section of society, e.g. A. COVID-19
the middle classes. B. COVID- 19 lockdowns
C. Students
Situation: Lemuel is a senior nursing student who D. Psychological well-being
is formulating a study on the Effects of COVID-19
lockdowns on students’ psychological well-being. 10. All aminoglycosides are nephrotoxic.
Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside. Therefore,
5. The following are identified limitations of the streptomycin is nephrotoxic.
study except: A. Basic reasoning
A. The researcher is only given three months to finish B. Action research
the study C. Deductive reasoning
B. Data collection methods has some missing D. Inductive reasoning
elements
C. The study has financial constraints 12. Vitamin A deficiency causes emphysema. Most
D. The researcher is given wide access to conduct cases of emphysema are caused by cigarette
literature review. smoking. Benzopyrene in cigarettes induces
vitamin A deficiency. Therefore, cigarette smoking
6. In the same study, COVID-19 is defined as an causes vitamin A deficiency that causes

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emphysema. This is an example of:
A. Basic reasoning
B. Action research
C. Deductive reasoning
D. Inductive reasoning
12. "Internal validity" refers to:
A. Whether or not there is really a causal
relationship between two variables.
B. Whether or not the findings are relevant to the
researchers' everyday lives.
C. The extent to which the researcher believes that
this was a worthwhile project.
D. How accurately the measurements represent
underlying concepts.
13. The term 'external validity' is concerned with:
A. The question of whether the results of a study
can be generalized beyond the specific research
context.
B. Whether the research question is judged to be a
good research question by those outside the study.
C. The question of whether or not social scientific
findings are applicable to people's every day, natural
social settings.
D. An ambiguous concept whose meaning depends
on how it is defined.
14. If a study is "reliable", this means that:
A. The methods are outlined in the methods
discussion clearly enough for the research to be
replicated.
B. The measures devised for concepts are stable
on different occasions.
C. The findings can be generalized to other social
phenomena
D. It was conducted by a reputable researcher who
can be trusted.
15. The findings from a study of young single
mothers at a university can be generalized to the
population of:
A. All young single mothers at that university
B. All single mothers in all universities
C. All young women in that university
D. All young single mothers in that society
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16. Which of the following statements represents
the complex hypothesis?
A. Male patients have higher satisfaction with nursing
care as compared to their female counterparts.
B. Social support, balanced diet, and regular
exercise decrease the incidence of postpartum
depression.
C. Music therapy reduces pain perception during
surgery
D. There is significant positive correlation between
years of experience and level of nurses’ job
Satisfaction
17. Which one is called non-probability sampling?
A. Quota sampling
B. Cluster sampling
C. Systematic sampling
D. Stratified random sampling
18. Determining the sample interval (represented
by k), randomly selecting a number between 1 and
k, and including each kth element in your sample
are the steps for which form of sampling?
A. Cluster sampling
B. Stratified random sampling
C. Simple random sampling
D. Systematic sampling
19. In which of the following non-random
sampling techniques does the researcher ask the
participants to identify other potential research
participants?
A. Quota
B. Purposive
C. Snowball
D. Convenience
20. Interviewing customers as they exit the
grocery store is what type of sampling?
A. Quota
B. Purposive
C. Snowball
D. Convenience
21. In an experimental study looking at classical
music exposure and reading ability in children,
which of the following
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is the independent variable? A. Nominal

A. Classical music B. Ordinal
B. Books C. Interval
C. Classical music exposure D. Ratio
D. Reading ability of children
28. ICP value is an example of what level of
22. You design a study to test whether changes in measurement?
exam room temperature have an effect on PNLE A. Nominal
scores. Which is the dependent variable? B. Ordinal
A. Exam room temperature C. Interval
B. PNLE D. Ratio
C. Exam room
D. PNLE Scores 29. ______ is a qualitative research approach that
involves observing variables in their natural
23. He knows that certain patients who are in a environments or habitats in order to arrive at
specialized research setting tend to respond objective research outcomes
psychologically to the conditions of the study. A. Phenomenological research
This is referred to as B. Ethnographical research
A. Bias C. Grounded theory
B. Hawthorne effect D. Pre-experimental research
C. Halo effect
D. Horns effect 30. Sample selection bias is a threat to internal
validity that occurs when:
24. Which of the following items refer to the sense A. One group is exposed to a sudden change outside
of closure that Raphael experiences when data the scope of the study.
collection ceases to yield any new information? B. The groups in which individuals are assigned
A. Saturation are not random.
B. Precision C. The treatment and control groups influence each
C. Limitation other in some way.
D. Relevance D. Participants are tested repeatedly on the same
material.
25. In the following set of data, which of the
following is the median? 65 55 89 23 35 14 56 55
A. 35 EVALUATIVE EXAM
B. 14 1. Qualitative researches often have emergent
C. 55 research design which means that:
D. 29 A. Research design regarding data collection and
analysis may depend on the course of data
26. In the following set of data, which of the collection and associated processes
following is the mode? 65 55 89 23 35 14 56 55 B. Topics that are poorly understood by most people
A. 65 can also be addressed by changing research design
B. 55 C. Qualitative researchers are required to strictly
C. 89 follow guidelines decided prior to data collection
D. 56 D. The design involves combination of both
quantitative and qualitative approaches
27. In the four levels of measurement, the
sequence of variables is established except? 2. The use of triangulation can be seen in which

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 NURSING RESEARCH REFRESHER REVIEW NOTES
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specific type of research? the researcher checks on:

A. Clinical research A. Construct validity
B. Descriptive qualitative research B. External validity
C. Mixed method research C. Internal validity
D. Participatory action research D. Internal reliability

3. Scope in a particular study is best defined as 8. True experimental researches generally have
A. Overall coverage of the research higher internal validity due to the fact that there
B. Stipulated exclusions of the study are no threats related to temporal ambiguity. This
C. Possible limitations of the study is because experimental research design is
D. Probable weakness that the study will possess inherently:
A. Highly controlled
4. Hawthorne effect can be illustrated by which of B. Manipulative
the following research situations? C. Prospective
A. Nurses decide to surf the net while answering D. Retrospective
pretest on HIV
B. Nurses frequently perform hand hygiene after 9. The use of opinion polls survey to determine the
knowing that their supervisor is scheduled for selected population’s attitude over time can be
observation classified as which type of longitudinal research
C. Researchers decide to distribute the design?
questionnaires to nurse respondents in the non-busy A. Cohort
hours of the morning time B. Follow up
D. Two participants of the control group decide to C. Panel
withdraw from the study D. Trend

5. In terms of hierarchical evidences, the research
design that provides accurate conclusive
evidences would be:
A. Randomized controlled trial
B. Descriptive
C. Correlational
D. Quasi- experimental
6. Researches have higher external validity when:
A. They have been replicated several times by
previous studies
B. They have limited homogenous sample
C. Threats related to selection, loss of respondents,
history and maturation are reduced.
D. The statistical power is enhanced by larger sample
taken out from the population
7. The researcher determined a significant
difference in the level of pain of laboring mothers
who received tactile stimulation and those who
did not. To establish that it is indeed tactile
stimulation that is responsible in pain reduction,
10. The control group in an experiment usually
receives the
A. Active element of the intervention
B. Higher intensity of the treatment
C. Manipulated intervention
D. Usual standard procedure
11. Which of the following is the main advantage
of a non-experimental research design?
A. It can gather information to several variables in
larger sample from a population in a short period
of time
B. It can testify the validity of conclusions due to
homogeneity of samples under investigation
C. It contains counterfactual that strengthens internal
validity of findings
D. Stronger conclusions are generated due to a highly
controlled effect on confounding variables.
12. Lack of randomizations in experiments often
leads to
A. Higher generalizability

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 NURSING RESEARCH REFRESHER REVIEW NOTES
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B. Robust representativeness
C. Stronger inferences
D. Weaker conclusions
13. The nurse aims to determine the effectiveness
of carotid massage in decreasing heart rates of
clients. Baseline heart rate levels were recorded
before carotid massage and were continually
determined in the following timings post carotid
massage: 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes and
finally 60 minutes. In terms of time dimensions, it
is categorized as:
A. Cross-sectional
B. Crossover
C. Descriptive
D. Longitudinal
14. An experimental research aims to determine
the effect of simulated family presence through
pre-recorded videos in the agitation levels of
demented clients in the mental health unit. The
study is best recognized as quasi-experimental
research in design when:
A. Every resident was randomly assigned to either
becoming experimental or control group
B. The level of agitation was checked before and after
simulated family presence with prerecorded family
videos
C. The prerecorded family videos were shown to the
experimental group only and not to the control group
D. The two groups of demented clients did not
undergo randomization
15. In terms of quantitative research design’s
features, experimental studies often have:
A. Active introduction of an intervention to the
experimental group
B. Limited control of confounding/ extraneous
variables
C. Performance of an intervention at a single point in
time only
D. The retrospective approach of data collection
16. A group of researchers has implemented a
smoking prevention program in a group of
adolescents to promote cognitive and behavioral
impact on a healthy lifestyle. The independent
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variable of the study is:
A. Cognitive and behavioral influence after the
program
B. Group of adolescents
C. Healthy lifestyle
D. Smoking prevention program
17. Which of the following statements about
research design is accurately stated?
A. It details how the study will contribute and how the
people will benefit from it
B. It is a framework of methods and procedures
that specify the activities used to collect and
analyze data
C. It is the process of collecting and analyzing the
variables under investigation
D. It outlines the problem that addresses the gap and
background of the study
18. Prospective correlational research design
always starts with the identification of the
A. Confounding variable
B. Dependent variable
C. Independent variable
D Pre-test
19. The “why” questions in researches cannot be
answered by which of the following research
designs?
A. Correlational
B. Descriptive
C. Quasi-experimental
D. True experimental
20. The statement of the problem consists of
A. Main problem statement and subproblems
B. Problem identification and scope of the problem
C. Purpose and significance of the study
D. Scope and delimitations
21. The students formulate a hypothesis that
states, “There is no significant relationship
between patients’ knowledge, attitude, and skills
on a diabetic diet, and their compliance on
prescribed home insulin” is described as
A. Alternative, non-directional
B. Null, complex
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C. Null, directional
D. Null, simple
22. The hypothesis states, “There is no significant
relationship between community’s disaster
preparedness and its resiliency towards recent
earthquake.” Which of the following is true in line
with this hypothesis?
A. Community’s resiliency towards recent earthquake
becomes the independent variable
B. It is a complex and null hypothesis
C. It is non-directional alternative hypothesis
D. The independent variable is community’s
disaster preparedness
23. The null hypothesis that states, “There is no
significant relationship between community’s
disaster preparedness and its resiliency towards
recent earthquake” is accepted. This indicates:
A. Absence of a relationship
B. Directional relationship
C. Indirect relationship
D. Presence of a relationship
24. The hypothesis is stated as “The lesser
motivated nurses are, the higher is their job
burnout level.” The implied direction of the
relationship is
A. Absent
B. Direct
C. Inverse
D. Not indicated
25. When justifying that the research topic is
indeed a problematic situation that demands a
solution, the research topic is presented in the
introduction:
A. Objectives
B. Research background
C. Research gap
D. Statement of the problem
26. The research professor teaches a class on
research classifications. The professor wants to
evaluate whether the students have an adequate
understanding of the topic. According to the goal,
research is classified as applied when which of
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the following topics is identified?
A. Hypertensive client’s profile in selected
communities in Pampanga: A basis for community
health nursing practice
B. Effectiveness of audiovisual therapy as a
distraction method in reducing labor pain: A
randomized controlled trial
C. Professional core competencies and their
relationship to key performance indicators for patient
safety outcomes
D. Nurses’ knowledge, attitudes and skills towards
care of COVID-19 positive patient.
27. The nurse researcher is currently working on
the nurses’ burnout level during the COVID-19
pandemic period. According to the approach of
investigation, the research is classified as:
A. Applied
B. Basic
C. Descriptive
D. Experimental
28. The nurse researcher is interested in studying
the evolution of nurses’ documentation. She is
planning to coordinate with the hospital’s record
section to allow her to view previous data entry in
several medical records. According to the
approach, this research is classified as:
A. Applied
B. Descriptive
C. Experimental
D. Historical
29. A male client is being interviewed as part of
qualitative research. During the interview, the
client is offended by the remarks made by the
researcher. Due to that, reason, the client
suddenly decides to stop and asks that he may be
allowed to go. The appropriate decision to take in
that particular moment is based on which of the
following components of informed consent?
A. Confidentiality page
B. Nature of commitment
C. Right to withdraw
D. Voluntary consent
30. Likert type of scale of measurement, in each
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statement where respondents have to answer in technique is known as:

several categories of agreement/ disagreement is A. Systematic sampling
generally regarded as: B. Cluster sampling
A. Nominal C. Stratified sampling
B. Ordinal D. Multi-stage sampling
C. Interval
D. Ratio 36. Homogeneity of samples taken out form a
population is likely a possibility when which of the
31. Asking a client to rate the current of pain from following sampling techniques is used?
a scale of 1-10 is actually a variable in which level A. Purposive sampling
of measurement? B. Quota sampling
A. Nominal C. Snowball technique
B. Ordinal D. Fishbowl technique
C. Interval
D. Ratio 37. Before the researcher performs simple
random sampling of accessible college students
32. The researcher lists down all the scores that in a university, it is important for the researcher to
students had from a 50 item examination. These create first a:
scores are categorized in which level of A. Sampling frame
measurement? B. Quota
A. Nominal C. Research instrument
B. Ordinal D. Statistical guide on analysis
C. Interval
D. Ratio 38. Which form of reasoning is the process of
drawing a specific conclusion from a set of
33. Which of the following is a nominal level premises?
variable? A. Rationalism
A. Body temperature, skin turgor, capillary refill time B. Deductive reasoning
B. Weight, skin color, number of bowel sounds C. Inductive reasoning
C. Sex, blood type, place of work D. Probabilistic
D. Height, weight, body mass index
39. _____ is the idea that knowledge comes from
34. The researcher is interested in conducting a experience
phenomenological study on the lived experiences A. Rationalism
of individuals working as commercial sex workers. B. Deductive reasoning
Although it is difficult to ask them to voluntarily C. Logic
agree, getting to encourage one participant to D. Empiricism
recruit more that he knows to join the research
occurs by which type of sampling? 40. Which scientific method often focuses on
A. Quota sampling generating new hypothesis and theories?
B. Purposive sampling A. Deductive method
C. Snowball sampling B. Inductive method
D. Volunteer sampling C. Hypothesis
D. Pattern method
35. The researchers lists all universities in Quezon
City and randomly selects a school that becomes 41. All of the following are common
the basis for selecting needed respondents. This characteristics of experimental research except:

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A. It relies primarily on the collection of numerical who do not.

data C. Teaching one meditation technique to patients
B. It can produce important knowledge about cause with anxiety disorders will be better than teaching
and effect multiple techniques.
C. It uses the deductive scientific method D. The ability to meditate causes lower anxiety in
D. It rarely is conducted in a controlled setting or patients with anxiety disorder than those who do
environment not meditate.

42. Qualitative research is often exploratory and 47. Which of the following are consistent with the
has all of the following characteristics except: constructivist paradigm? Select all that apply.
A. It is typically used when a great deal is already 1. Subjectivism is valued.
known about the topic of interest 2. Natural laws exist.
B. It relies on the collection of non-numerical data 3. Time and place are important.
such as words and pictures 4. Generalizability is valued.
C. It is used to generate hypothesis and develop 5. Knowledge is gained through observable facts.
theory about phenomena in the world A. 1, 3, 4
D. It uses the inductive scientific method B. 2, 3, 5
C. 1, 3
43. A positive correlation is present when D. 2, 5
A. Two variables move in opposite direction
B. Two variables move in same directions 48. Which type of research allows researchers to
C. One variable goes up and one goes down be neutral observers?
D. Several variables never change A. Qualitative research
B. Ethnographic research
44. The correlation between intelligence test C. Quantitative research
scores and grades is: D. Case studies
A. Positive
b. Negative 49. Which of the following phrases would be found
C. Perfect in a report of a quantitative study?
D. They are not correlated. A. "A convenience sample was chosen?"
B. "The phenomenon studied was?"
45. Which one of the following statements about C. "Data were analyzed and interpreted?"
hypothesis is most accurate? D. "Researchers sought to explore the meaning of the
A. Hypotheses represent the main idea to be studied hospital experience?"
and are the foundations of research studies.
B. Hypotheses help frame a test of the validity of a 50. What is the first step in the qualitative research
theory. process?
C. Hypotheses provide the means to test nursing A. Data analysis
theory. B. Sample
D. A hypothesis can also be called a problem C. Review of literature
statement. D. Study design

46. Which research hypothesis is most testable?

A. There is a relationship between meditation and
anxiety disorders.
B. Patients with anxiety disorders who learn
meditation techniques have less anxiety than those

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