SENSOR LAB

MINI-PROJECT REPORT

GROUP MEMBERS

1. Akash Pandey (82)

2. Naveen Pandey (83)
3. Om Pathak (88)
4. Harsh Patil (91)

Department of Information Technology

TSEC, Mumbai - 400 050

University of Mumbai
(Academic Year 2023-24)
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction 1-2
1.1. Origin of the Report
1.2. Purpose of the Report
1.3. Scope of the Report
1.4. Background of the Report

2. Understanding the concept of Intercultural Marriages 3-4

2.1. Overview of Automated Irrigation Systems
2.2. Sensor Technologies for Soil Moisture Monitoring
2.3. Control Strategies and Algorithms
2.4 . Wireless Communication Protocols
2.5. Challenges and Opportunities
3. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION 5-8
3.1. System Architecture
3.2. Hardware Setup
3.3. Software Development
3.4. System Integration
4. Result 9
4.1. Sensor Readings and Control
4.2. User Interface and Interaction

5. Conclusion 10
1. INTRODUCTION

This chapter establishes the purpose, premises & background of the Survey Report.

1.1. The Origin of the Report

This Sensor Project Report was prepared as a part of the third year engineering syllabus for the
subject of Wireless Technology by the students of the Information
Technology Department of Thadomal Shahani Engineering College, affiliated to the
University of Mumbai.

1.2. Purpose of the Report

The purpose of this report is to document the development, implementation, and functionality of
an automated irrigation sensor system. The project aimed to address the need for a convenient and
efficient solution for home-based irrigation, leveraging advancements in sensor technology and
automation.

1.3. The Scope of the Report

• Limited Testing and Validation: Due to time constraints or resource limitations, formal testing
procedures may not have been exhaustive, potentially limiting the depth of validation for the
system's performance and reliability.
• Scope of Sensors and Functionality: The report may not cover all possible sensor types or
functionality scenarios, leading to a narrower perspective on environmental monitoring and
irrigation control capabilities.
• Absence of Comparative Analysis: The report may lack a comparison with existing automated
irrigation systems or alternative approaches, limiting insights into the uniqueness and
effectiveness of the developed solution.
1.4 Background of the Report

The background of this report is rooted in the pressing need for efficient irrigation solutions in
both agricultural and domestic settings. Traditional manual watering methods are often plagued
by inefficiencies such as water wastage, inconsistent watering schedules, and labor intensiveness.
As populations grow and water resources become increasingly scarce, there is a growing
imperative to develop technologies that promote sustainable water usage while enhancing user
convenience. The motivation behind this project stems from a desire to address these challenges
by leveraging advancements in sensor technology and automation. By developing an automated
irrigation sensor system, we aim to provide users with a convenient and reliable solution for
managing their irrigation needs. This background underscores the importance of this project in
contributing to the development of innovative solutions for water conservation and efficient
agricultural practices.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Overview of Automated Irrigation Systems

Automated irrigation systems have gained significant attention in recent years due to their
potential to optimize water usage and improve crop yields. These systems utilize various sensors
and actuators to monitor soil moisture levels, weather conditions, and plant water requirements,
enabling precise control over irrigation schedules and water delivery. Research in this area has
focused on exploring different sensor technologies, control algorithms, and communication
protocols to develop robust and efficient irrigation systems suitable for diverse agricultural
environments.

2.2 Sensor Technologies for Soil Moisture Monitoring

A critical component of automated irrigation systems is the soil moisture sensor, which provides
real-time data on soil moisture levels to inform irrigation decisions. Capacitive, resistive, and
dielectric-based sensors are commonly used for soil moisture monitoring, each offering unique
advantages and limitations in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, and cost-effectiveness. Recent
studies have investigated novel sensor designs and calibration techniques to enhance the
accuracy and reliability of soil moisture measurements, improving the overall performance of
automated irrigation systems.
2.3 Control Strategies and Algorithms

Effective control strategies are essential for optimizing irrigation schedules and ensuring
efficient water usage. Proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control, fuzzy logic, and model
predictive control (MPC) are among the control algorithms commonly employed in automated
irrigation systems. These algorithms utilize sensor data to adjust irrigation parameters such as
water flow rate, duration, and frequency in response to changing environmental conditions and
crop water requirements. Research in this area has focused on refining control algorithms to
achieve greater precision, adaptability, and energy efficiency in irrigation operations.

2.4 Wireless Communication Protocols

Wireless communication plays a crucial role in enabling remote monitoring and control of
automated irrigation systems. Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Zigbee, and LoRaWAN are among the wireless
communication protocols commonly used for transmitting sensor data and receiving commands
from a central control unit or mobile application. Studies have explored the performance
characteristics, range, and power consumption of different communication protocols to identify
the most suitable options for various deployment scenarios, ensuring reliable connectivity and
seamless integration with existing infrastructure.

2.5 Challenges and Opportunities

Despite the advancements in sensor technology and control algorithms, several challenges
remain in the development and implementation of automated irrigation systems. These include
sensor calibration, power management, data security, and scalability. Addressing these
challenges requires interdisciplinary research efforts and collaboration between academia,
industry, and government agencies. Opportunities for future research include exploring advanced
sensing techniques, integrating machine learning algorithms for predictive irrigation control, and
developing sustainable irrigation solutions tailored to specific agricultural contexts and water
resource constraints.
3. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

3.1 System Architecture

The design of the automated irrigation sensor system revolves around a modular architecture
comprising hardware components and software modules. The hardware components include the
Arduino UNO R3 SMD microcontroller, soil moisture sensor, relay module, HC05 Bluetooth
transceiver module, mini submersible pump, jumper wires, and breadboard. These components are
interconnected to form a cohesive system that enables real-time monitoring and control of
irrigation activities. The software modules encompass firmware for the Arduino microcontroller,
a mobile application for remote control and monitoring, and any additional scripts or algorithms
required for data processing and decision-making.

3.2 Hardware Setup

The hardware setup involves connecting the various components according to the system
architecture. The Arduino microcontroller serves as the central processing unit, interfacing with
sensors and actuators via digital and analog input/output pins. The soil moisture sensor is
connected to the Arduino analog pins to measure soil moisture levels, while the relay module is
used to control the mini submersible pump. The HC05 Bluetooth module facilitates wireless
communication between the Arduino and the mobile application, enabling remote control of
irrigation operations.
Fig 3.1

Fig 3.2
3.3 Software Development

Software development encompasses writing code for the Arduino microcontroller and developing
the mobile application for remote monitoring and control. The Arduino firmware includes routines
for reading sensor data, implementing control algorithms, and communicating with the Bluetooth
module. The mobile application, developed using platforms such as RemoteXY, provides a user-
friendly interface for viewing real-time sensor readings and toggling the relay module to activate
or deactivate the pump. Additionally, any backend scripts or algorithms for data processing and
decision-making are implemented to enhance the functionality and intelligence of the system.

3.4 System Integration

System integration involves assembling the hardware components, uploading the firmware to the
Arduino microcontroller, and configuring the mobile application for seamless communication with
the Arduino via Bluetooth. Integration also entails fine-tuning the system parameters, such as
sensor thresholds and control algorithms, to achieve optimal performance and efficiency. Once
integrated, the system undergoes final validation to ensure all components function harmoniously
and meet the specified requirements for automated irrigation control.
 Fig 3.3

Fig. 3.4 Fig. 3.5

4. RESULT

The results of the automated irrigation sensor system implementation demonstrate its functionality
and performance in real-world conditions. Through rigorous testing and validation, key outcomes
and observations have been obtained, as outlined below:

4.1 Sensor Readings and Control

The system successfully acquires real-time sensor readings, including soil moisture levels,
temperature, and humidity, providing users with valuable insights into environmental conditions.
The soil moisture sensor accurately measures soil moisture content, enabling precise monitoring
of soil moisture levels. Users can remotely control the irrigation process via the mobile application,
toggling the relay module to activate or deactivate the submersible pump as needed.

4.2 User Interface and Interaction

The mobile application provides an intuitive user interface for viewing sensor readings and
controlling irrigation operations. Users can easily monitor environmental parameters and adjust
irrigation settings in real time, enhancing convenience and flexibility. The interactive features of
the app enable seamless communication with the Arduino microcontroller via Bluetooth,
facilitating remote monitoring and control from anywhere with an internet connection.
5. CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the development and implementation of the automated irrigation sensor system
represent a significant step towards addressing the challenges associated with manual irrigation
practices. By leveraging sensor technology, wireless communication, and intelligent control
algorithms, the system offers a holistic solution for efficient and sustainable water management in
both agricultural and domestic settings.

Throughout the project, key objectives were successfully achieved, including the design of a
modular system architecture, integration of diverse hardware components, development of user-
friendly software interfaces, and rigorous testing to validate system functionality and reliability.
The system's ability to provide real-time monitoring of soil moisture levels, temperature, and
humidity, coupled with remote control capabilities via a mobile application, enhances user
convenience and flexibility in managing irrigation activities.

The results obtained from testing and validation demonstrate the system's responsiveness,
accuracy, and adaptability under various environmental conditions. By maintaining optimal soil
moisture levels and minimizing water wastage, the system contributes to improved plant health,
increased crop yields, and reduced environmental impact. Furthermore, the system's scalability
and potential for future enhancements position it as a versatile tool for addressing evolving
agricultural needs and advancing water conservation efforts.

Looking ahead, continued research and innovation in automated irrigation technology hold
promise for further optimizing water usage, increasing agricultural productivity, and mitigating
the effects of climate change on global food security. By collaborating with stakeholders across
academia, industry, and government, we can continue to refine and expand the capabilities of
automated irrigation systems, ultimately paving the way towards a more sustainable and resilient
agricultural future.