As (Complete) Formua Sheet

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AS LEVEL COMPLETE UPGRADED SYLLABUS FORMULA SHEET
(UNIT &Physical Quantities ) Seven S.I Base quantities and units Chapter#1
Quantity Unit Symbol
Mass kilogram Kg
Distance Meter m
Time Second s
Current ampere A
Temperature Kelvin K
Amount mole mol
Light Intensity Candela Cd
Derived quantites with their base units
Quantity Unit base unit

Velocity meter / second m/s
Acceleration meter / squared second m/s2
Force newton(N) kg·m / s2
Pressure pascal(Pa) kg·m-1 s-2
Energy joule(J) kg⋅m2⋅s−2
Voltage volt(V) kg⋅m2⋅s−3⋅A−1
Power watt(W) kg⋅m2⋅s−3
Resistance ohm(Ω) kg⋅m2⋅s−3⋅A−2
Mathematical Prefixes
Name Symbol Scaling factor
Tera T 1012
Giga G 109
Mega M 106
Kilo k 103
Deci d 10-1
Centi c 10-2
Milli m 10-3
Micro µ 10-6
Nano n 10-9
Pico p 10-12
A-Level Physics with IRFAN YASIR 0300-6045447

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(Measurments) Chapter#2
Quantity Accuracy Instrument
1 cm Tape
Length 0.1 cm Ruler
0.01 cm Vernier caliper
0.001 cm Micrometer screw
gauge
1 cm3 Measuring cylinder
Volume 0.05 cm3 Pipette/burette
0.5o Protractor
Angle
1 min Clocks
Time 1.01 sec Stopwatch
1.02 x-axis scale Time base of c.r.o
o
1C Thermometer
o
Temperature 0.5 C Thermocouple
P.d. 0.01 V Voltmeter

0.01 A Ammeter
Current 0.000 Galvanometer
1A
Uncertainty calculations
Absolute, fractional and percentage uncertainty
We use ± to show an error in measurement
Assume we measure something to be (208 ± 1.0) mm in length...
1.0 mm is the absolute uncertainty
1/208 is the fractional uncertainty(0.0048)
0.48 % is the relative (percent)
uncertainty Combiningun certainties

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ACADEMY
Rules To determine the uncertainty of a calculated value...
For addition and subtraction, add absolute uncertainties If U=X+Y then δU=δX + δY
If U =X-Y then δU=δX + δY
For multiplication and division add fractional uncertainties Similarly if
U=XY then δu/u = δx/x +δY/Y

Similarly if U=X/Y δu/u = δx/x +δY/Y
When using exponents, multiply the fractional uncertainty by the exponent
Similarly if U=Xn then δu/u=n δx/x

Rules for Uncertainty
Adding andSubtracting
add the absolute uncertainties e.g. (20.5 ± 0.1 cm) +( 7.2 ±0.2cm) = 27.7 ±0.3cm
Multiplying and Dividing
add the percentage uncertainty e.g. (3.2±3%) × (2.4 ±1%) = 7.7 ±4% = 7.7 ±0.3
Exponents
multiply the percentage uncertainty by the
exponente.g. (5.0 ±2%)3 = 125.0 ±6% = 125.0±7.5
Multiplying or dividing by a constant

multiply or divide the uncertainty by the constante.g.
10T = 18.2 ±0.3s; T = 1.82 ±0.03s
Multiplying or dividing by a constant does not change

The percentage uncertainty e.g.
6× 5.0 ±2% = 30.0 ±2%

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(Kinematics)
Chapter # 3
For uniform motion of a body in a straight line with uniform acceleration
V= u+at
S = ut+1/2at2
v2 = u2 +2as
Vav = (u+v)/2 (Only for uniform velocity)
Vav = total displacement/total time( For any type of motion)

Projectile motion:
Summary of formulas:
Horizontal distance: Vertical distance:

dx = vx. t dy = ut +1/2gt2
Horizontal speed: Vertical Speed:
Vx=vcosθ vy=vsinθ
or
dx= vcosθ. t
Height of projectile:
H=u2sinθ2/2g
Time of flight:
T= 2usinθ/g( Time of flight)
T= usinθ/g( Time for maximum height)
Range of projectile:
R = u2sin2θ/g

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Dynamics Chapter #4
Force is the rate of change in momentum

F= ma =m(v-u)/t
Impulse= change in momentum = ∆P = Fxt
Collisions
m1u1+m2u2=m1v1+m2v2 When 2 objects collide and DON’T stick
m1u1+m2u2 =(m1+m2)v When 2 objects collide and stick together
mtotal utotal=m1v1+m2v2 When 1 object breaks into 2objects
Relative speed before collision = relative speed after collision

u1 -u2 = v2 –v1
For elastic collision

Momentum before Collision = Momentum after Collision
m1u1+m2u2=m1v1+m2v2
Kinetic energy before collision = kinetic energy after collision

1/2m1u12 + 1/2m2u22 = 1/2m1v12 +1/2m2v22
For inelastic collision
Kinetic energy beforecollision ≠ kinetic energy aftercollision

1/2m1u12+1/2m2u22 ≠ 1/2m1v12 +1/2m2v22
Momentum Momentum in one Dimension Momentum in 2-Dimension
P =mxv m1u1+m2u2=m1v1+m2v2
∆P = mv– mu (Same direction) m1u1+m2u2 =(m1+m2)v
∆P =mv + mu (Opposit direction) mtotal utotal=m1v1+m2v2
F = ∆P/t u1 -u2 = v2 –v1

In the x direction:
F = Density x Area x (Speed)2 1/2m1u12 + 1/2m2u22 = 1/2m1v12 +1/2m2v22 m1v1i = m1v1f cosθ + m2v2f cosφ
 In the y direction:
0 = m1v1f sinθ - m2v2f sinφ

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Forces & vectors Chapter #5
Force on an Inclined Plane
mgsinϴ is the component of the weight pulling the mass down the ramp.
F = ma = mg sinθ , a = g sinθ
𝑚𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃−𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
F = ma = mg sinθ – Friction , 𝑎 𝑚
Horizontal Pulley Vertical pulley
The net force acting on the body A

Fnet = m1g – T , m1a = m1g – T ----(i)
The net force acting on the body B For m2
Fnet = T , m2a = T -------(ii) Fnet = W2 –T , m2a = m2g – T
By Solving eq (i) and (ii)
T = m2g – m2a
For m1
a Fnet = T-W , m1a = m1g – T
T = m1g – m1a
Resolving of Forces Horizontal component of forces
Vertical component of forces

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Moment Chapter # 6
Moment = force x displacement
Moment = FdSinɵ
Principle of Moment
Clockwise moment = Anticlock wise Moment
F1xd1 = F2xd2
Torque of a Couple
Conditions for equilibrium of a system
There are two conditions:

 The sum of all moments equals = 0
 The sum of all forces equals = 0

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WORK, Energy, Power Chapter # 7
WORK:
Work = Force x displacement = F x d
Work = f.dCosɵ
Work done = ΔK = Change in kinetic energy = 1/2mv2 – 1/2mu2
Work done = P x ∆V = P x(V2 – V1)
Energy:
Kinetic Energy Potential Energy Elastic Store Energy
K.E = 1/2mv2 P.E = mgh Es = 1/2Kx2
Gases: k.e >p.e. K.E + P.E = ET

Liquids: k .e . ≈ p .e ∆K + ∆U = 0
Solids: k. e. < p.e. ∆K = -∆U
.
Effeciency = Energy output / Energy input
Power:
Power = workdone /time , P =W/t
Power =Force x velocity , power =F.V
Effeciency = Power out put / power input

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Pressure
Chapter#8
Pressure = Force/Area , P = F /A
Variation of pressure with depth , P = ρgh
Total Pressure
PT = Pa +ρgh, where Pa is atmospheric pressure
Up thrust = (P2-P1)A = ΔP.A = ρgh.A Since(A.h=Volume)
Up thrust = Vρg
Archimedes’ principal
For an object floating on liquid: weight = up thrust
F1/A1 = F2/A2
Total pressure of Manometer
Gas Pressure = Atmospheric Pressure + ρgh
Density:
Density = Mass / Volume , ρ = M/V
Alloys – a solid mixture of two or more metals
Mass of Alloy = ρAVA+ρBVB
Density of Alloy = ρAVA+ΡBVB / VTotal

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Deformation of solid Chapter#9
Hook’s Law: F = K.x
Springs in series and parallel Combinations:
Spring in Series combination Spring in Parallel combination
Total Extension XT = X1 + X2 Total Extension 1/ XT = 1/X1 + 1/ X2
Total Spring Constant 1/KT = 1/k1 + 1/k2 Total Spring Constant KT = k1 + k2
Extension: X X/2 2X 3X/2

Spring Constant: K 2K K/2 2K/3
Stress = force/area , σ = F/A

Strain = Change in length / original length , Strain = ∆L/L
Young Modulu’s = Stress/Strain , E = F/A x ∆L/L
Energy Stored = 1/2F.X = 1/2KX2

Energy Density = ½ Stress x Strain
Force & Extension Graph Stress & Strain Graph

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Electric field Chapter#10
Electric field strength is the force per unit charge , E = F/Q
The Electric field strength is given by , E = V/d
The potential difference is the work done per unit charge
P.D = Work/ Charge , V = W/Q
The kinetic energy of an electron having charge e, accelerated through a

potential difference V is
1/2mv2 = V.Q
An Electron –volt (ev) is the energy gained by an electron when it is being

accelerated through a potential difference of one electron.
1ev =1.6 x10-19J
Fundamental unit of charge, e = 1.6 x10-19C
An electron has charge –e and a proton has charge of +e
Work done = VxQ

Fxd = V x Q , mgxd = Vx Q
V/d = F/Q
F = QxV/d

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Current & Electricity

Chapter #11
Current = Charge/Time , I = Q/T
Current due to n’ no charge of particles: I = nq/t
Total current: I t = I + + I- , Total current = 2nQ/t
Drift speed: I = nAVQ so V = I/nAQ
Potential = work/ charge E.m.f = work/ charge

V = W/Q E.m.f = W/Q
Ohm’s Law: V = IR
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑅
Potential Divder: Vout = 𝑅 𝑅
Potential Divder: V1/V2 = R1/R2
Power
Input Power Power dissipated Power dissipated

P = V.I P= V2/R P = I2R
Effeciency = Poutput /powerinput
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐼 𝑅 𝑅
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 (𝑛) ×1 %
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 I (𝑅 𝑟) 𝑅 𝑟
Resistance =
Internal Resistance – the loss of potential difference per unit current in the source, when current
passes through the sourc
E.M.F(E) = IR + Ir
Kirchhoff’s Law:
1st Law
Current coming towards junction = Current away from junction
2nd Law
E.M.F = Sum of the Potential difference
E = V1 + V2 +V3

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WAVES
Chapter#12
Speed, v = λ / T = (1 / T)λ = fλ
Intensity = Power/Area
Intensity α(amplitude)2.
Intensity α1/(Distance)2
Intensity α(Frequency)2
Phase Difference (ɸ):
for two sources that are IN PHASE:

if the P.D = nλ, where n = 0,1,2,3……then waves INTERFERE CONSTRUCTIVELY.
if the P.D = (n+ 1 /2)λ, where n = 0,1,2,3……then waves INTERFERE DESTRUCTIVELY
Equation relating x, λ,D, a:
Diffraction Grating d =1/N N= No of diffraction lines per mm

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Stationary Waveforms on a String
Stationary Waveforms in a Close Air Columns
Stationary Waveforms in an Open Air Columns

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Fundamental frequency for stretched strings:
Fundamental frequency for close pipes:
Fundamental frequency for open pipes:
The Doppler’s Equation
fo = fsv/v+vs (When source move away from observer)

fo = fsv/v-vs (When source move towards observer)

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Nuclear and Partical Physics

Chapter # 13,14
Alpha Decay:
Beta negative Decay :
Beta Positive Decay:

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Beta positive and negative decay

As (Complete) Formua Sheet

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SALT

Quantity Unit base unit

A-Level Physics with IRFAN YASIR 0300-6045447

Quantity Accuracy Instrument

P.d. 0.01 V Voltmeter

Absolute, fractional and percentage uncertainty

We use ± to show an error in measurement

Assume we measure something to be (208 ± 1.0) mm in length...

1.0 mm is the absolute uncertainty

1/208 is the fractional uncertainty(0.0048)

0.48 % is the relative (percent)

uncertainty Combiningun certainties

A-Level Physics with IRFAN YASIR 0300-6045447

Rules To determine the uncertainty of a calculated value...

If U =X-Y then δU=δX + δY

For multiplication and division add fractional uncertainties Similarly if

U=XY then δu/u = δx/x +δY/Y

When using exponents, multiply the fractional uncertainty by the exponent

Similarly if U=Xn then δu/u=n δx/x

Multiplying and Dividing

exponente.g. (5.0 ±2%)3 = 125.0 ±6% = 125.0±7.5

Multiplying or dividing by a constant

Multiplying or dividing by a constant does not change

6× 5.0 ±2% = 30.0 ±2%

A-Level Physics with IRFAN YASIR 0300-6045447

For uniform motion of a body in a straight line with uniform acceleration

Vav = total displacement/total time( For any type of motion)

Horizontal distance: Vertical distance:

Horizontal speed: Vertical Speed:

T= 2usinθ/g( Time of flight)

T= usinθ/g( Time for maximum height)

A-Level Physics with IRFAN YASIR 0300-6045447

Force is the rate of change in momentum

Impulse= change in momentum = ∆P = Fxt

m1u1+m2u2=m1v1+m2v2 When 2 objects collide and DON’T stick

m1u1+m2u2 =(m1+m2)v When 2 objects collide and stick together

mtotal utotal=m1v1+m2v2 When 1 object breaks into 2objects

Relative speed before collision = relative speed after collision

For elastic collision

Kinetic energy before collision = kinetic energy after collision

For inelastic collision

Kinetic energy beforecollision ≠ kinetic energy aftercollision

Momentum Momentum in one Dimension Momentum in 2-Dimension

∆P = mv– mu (Same direction) m1u1+m2u2 =(m1+m2)v

∆P =mv + mu (Opposit direction) mtotal utotal=m1v1+m2v2

F = ∆P/t u1 -u2 = v2 –v1

A-Level Physics with IRFAN YASIR 0300-6045447

Forces & vectors Chapter #5

Force on an Inclined Plane

Horizontal Pulley Vertical pulley

The net force acting on the body A

Resolving of Forces Horizontal component of forces

Vertical component of forces

A-Level Physics with IRFAN YASIR 0300-6045447

Moment = force x displacement

Conditions for equilibrium of a system

There are two conditions:

A-Level Physics with IRFAN YASIR 0300-6045447

WORK, Energy, Power Chapter # 7

Work done = P x ∆V = P x(V2 – V1)

Kinetic Energy Potential Energy Elastic Store Energy

K.E = 1/2mv2 P.E = mgh Es = 1/2Kx2

Gases: k.e >p.e. K.E + P.E = ET