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CAIE AS LEVEL
PHYSICS (9702)
SUMMARIZED NOTES ON THE SYLLABUS
CAIE AS LEVEL PHYSICS (9702)
Mass of a person 70 kg
1.3. Multiples
Multiple Prefix Symbol
10 12 Tera T 2. Measurement Techniques
109 Giga G
106 Mega M Quantity Accuracy Instrument
103 Kilo k Length 1 cm Tape
0.1 cm Ruler
Submultiples 0.01 cm Vernier caliper
0.001 cm Micrometer screw gauge
Submultiple Prefix Symbol Volume 1 cm3 Measuring cylinder
10−3 Milli m 0.05 cm3 Pipette/burette
10−6 Micro μ
Angle 0.5o Protractor
10−9 Nano n
Time 1 min Clocks
10−12 Pico p
0.01 sec Stopwatch
x-axis scale Time base of c.r.o
1.4. Estimations Temperature 1oC Thermometer
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CAIE AS LEVEL PHYSICS (9702)
Example: A supply of peak value 5.0 V and of frequency 50 Hz 2.6. Micrometer Screw Gauge
is
connected to a c.r.o with time-base at 10 ms per division
and Y-gain at
5.0V per division. Which trace is obtained?
1 1
Divisions = = =2
F × T imebase 50 × 10 × 10−3
Percentage uncertainty
= Δxx × 100% = 5%
Combining errors:
When values added or subtracted, add absolute error
2x+y 2x−y 2Δx+Δy
If p = 3 or p = 3 , then
Δp =
3
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CAIE AS LEVEL PHYSICS (9702)
1
s= 2 (u + v ) t v 2 = u2 + 2as
3. Kinematics
3.1. Linear Motion
Distance: total length moved irrespective of direction
Displacement: distance in a certain direction
Speed: distance traveled per unit time, no direction
Velocity: the rate of change of displacement
Acceleration: the rate of change of velocity
Displacement-time graph:
Gradient = velocity
s = ut + 12 at2 and u = 0 s = 12 at2
i.e. h = 12 at2
Gradient = th2 = 12 g
Accel. = 2 × Gradient
Graph
levels off as
it reaches
Uniform acceleration and straight-line motion equations: terminal
velocity
v = u + at
s = ut + 12 at2 s = vt − 12 at2
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CAIE AS LEVEL PHYSICS (9702)
Continues
to curve as
Displacement
it
accelerates
Graph
curves as it
decelerates
and levels
off to Component of Velocity
terminal Horizontal Vertical
velocity
Without air Increases at a constant
Acceleration Straight line Constant
Resistance rate
With air Decreases to Increases to a constant
Graph Resistance zero value
curves
down to
zero 3.6. Motion of a Skydiver
because
the
resultant
force
equals zero
4. Dynamics
4.1. Newton’s Laws of Motion
First law: if a body is at rest it remains at rest or if it is
in
motion it moves with a uniform velocity until it is acted on
by
resultant force or torque
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CAIE AS LEVEL PHYSICS (9702)
may
be converted into other forms of energy e.g. heat
Measured in kilograms Measured in Newtons
Scalar quantity Vector quantity 4.6. Collisions in Two Dimensions
Constant throughout the universe Not constant
W = mg
4.3. Momentum
Linear momentum: product of mass and velocity
p = mv
Force: rate of change of momentum
mv − mu
F =
t
Principle of conservation of linear momentum: when
bodies in a
system interact, total momentum remains
constant provided no
external force acts on the system.
mA uA + mB uB = mA vA + mB vB
(relative velocity before collision ) = − (relative velocity after collision )
uA − uB = vB − vA
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CAIE AS LEVEL PHYSICS (9702)
Equal in magnitude
Parallel but in opposite directions
Separated by a distance d
Moment of a Force: product of the force and the
perpendicular
distance of its line of action to the pivot
Pressure = ρgh
the presence
of another mass.
Forces on charge in electric fields: a region of space
where a
charge experiences an (attractive or repulsive)
force due to the
presence of another charge.
6. Work, Energy, Power
Upthrust: an upward force exerted by a fluid on a
Law of conservation of energy: the total energy of an
submerged or
floating object
isolated
system cannot change—it is conserved over
Origin of Upthrust:
time. Energy can be
neither created nor destroyed, but
Pressure on Bottom Surface > Pressure on Top Surface
can change form e.g. from g.p.e
to k.e
∴ Force on Bottom Surface > Force on Top Surface
⇒ Resultant force upwards
Frictional force: force that arises when two surfaces rub 6.2. Work Done
Always opposes relative or attempted motion
Always acts along a surface Work done by a force: the product of the force and
Value varies up to a maximum value displacement
in the direction of the force
Viscous forces:
A force that opposes the motion of an object in a W = Fs
fluid;
Work done by an expanding gas: the product of the force
Only exists when there is motion.
and the
change in volume of gas
Its magnitude increases with the speed of the object
Centre of gravity: point through which the entire weight W = P ⋅ δV
of the
object may be considered to act
Couple: a pair of forces which produce rotation only Condition for formula: temperature of gas is constant
To form a couple:
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CAIE AS LEVEL PHYSICS (9702)
The change in distance of the piston, δx, is very small Power: work done per unit of time
therefore it is assumed that P remains constant
Work Done
P ower =
Time Taken
∴ W = ma.s ∴ P = Fs s
T = F ( t ) &
v =
s
t
1 2 ∴ P = Fv
v 2 = u2 + 2as ⟹ as = (v − u2 )
2
the
input energy
∴ W = 12 mv 2
Useful Energy Ouput
∴ W = mg.s
s in direction of force = h above ground
∴ W = mgh
Compressive force
6.6. Internal Energy Act towards each other, object squashed
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CAIE AS LEVEL PHYSICS (9702)
F = ke
Where k is the spring constant; force per unit extension
Series Parallel
1 1 1
kE
= k1
+ k2
kE = k1 + k2
1
W = kΔL2
Attach weights to end of wire and measure extension 2
8. Waves
Displacement: distance of a point from its undisturbed
position
Amplitude: maximum displacement of particle from
undisturbed
position
Period: time taken for one complete oscillation
Frequency: number of oscillations per unit time
T
7.4. Stress, Strain and Young’s Modulus Wavelength: distance from any point on the wave to the
next
exactly similar point (e.g. crest to crest)
Stress: force applied per unit cross-sectional area Wave speed: speed at which the waveform travels in the
direction
of the propagation of the wave
F -2
σ= A in Nm or Pascals
Progressive waves transfer energy from one position to
another
Strain: fractional increase in original length of wire
ε= e
l no units
8.2. Deducing Wave Equation
Young’s Modulus: ratio of stress to strain Distance
Speed =
Time
σ -2
E= ε in Nm or Pascals Distance of 1 wavelength is λ and time taken for this is
T
Stress-Strain Graph:
1
= λ( )
λ
∴ v =
T T
1
f= T so
v = fλ
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CAIE AS LEVEL PHYSICS (9702)
8.4. Intensity
Rate of energy transmitted per unit area perpendicular to
direction
of wave propagation.
Power
Intensity =
Cross Sectional Area
Longitudinal Waves
Oscillations of wave particle parallel to direction of
propagation
Polarization cannot occur
E.g. sound waves
Change in wavelength leads to change in frequency
Observed frequency (f0 ) is different from actual
frequency
(fs ); related by equation:
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CAIE AS LEVEL PHYSICS (9702)
fs v
f0 =
v ± vs
observer
Destructive
Phase difference = odd λ2
9. Superposition
9.1. Principle of Superposition
When two or more waves of the same type meet at a
point, the
resultant displacement is the algebraic sum of
the individual
displacements
9.3. Two-Source Interference
9.2. Interference and Coherence
Interference: the formation of points of cancellation and
reinforcement where 2 coherent waves pass each other
Coherence: waves having a constant phase difference
Constructive
Phase difference = even λ2
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CAIE AS LEVEL PHYSICS (9702)
Air Columns:
incident and
reflected sound waves at the water surface.
Between 2 adjacent nodes, particles move in phase and Node always formed at surface of water
they are out
of phase with the next two nodes by π
Stationary waves will be produced by the direct and Stores energy Transmits energy
reflected waves
in the string. Have nodes & antinodes No nodes & antinodes
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CAIE AS LEVEL PHYSICS (9702)
9.7. Diffraction
Diffraction: the spreading of waves as they pass through
a
narrow slit or near an obstacle
For diffraction to occur, the size of the gap should be
equal to the
wavelength of the wave.
d sin θ = nλ
ax
λ=
D
Points:
Where a = split separation
D = distance from slit to screen
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CAIE AS LEVEL PHYSICS (9702)
F
t
E= q
L
E= V vol. of container = LA t= v
d
v
W =VQ
V2
P = V I P = I2R P = R
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CAIE AS LEVEL PHYSICS (9702)
Resistance ↑
11.4. Resistance
Resistance: ratio of potential difference to the current
Ohm: volt per ampere
V = IR
Resistivity: the resistance of a material of unit
cross-
sectional area and unit length
ρL
R=
Semi-Conductor Diode
Non-ohmic conductor
Low resistance in one direction and infinite resistance
in
opposite
E = I(R + r)
Ohm’s law: the current in a component is proportional to Kirchhoff’s 1st law is another statement of the law of
the
potential difference across it provided physical conservation of charge
conditions (e.g.
temp) stay constant.
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CAIE AS LEVEL PHYSICS (9702)
V V V
= +
R R1 R2
1 1 1
= +
R R1 R2
I3 = I1 + I2
divider used to
compare potential differences
12.7. Deriving Effective Resistance in Potential difference along the wire is proportional to the
Series length of
the wire
Can be used to determine the unknown e.m.f. of a cell
This can be done by moving the sliding contact along the
From Kirchhoff’s 2nd Law: wire until
it finds the null point that the galvanometer
shows a zero
reading; the potentiometer is balanced
E = ∑ IR
Example: E1 is 10 V, distance XY is equal to 1m. The
IR = IR1 + IR2
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CAIE AS LEVEL PHYSICS (9702)
E2 L2
E2
β− β+
Helium
Fast-moving
Electro-
Identity
nucleus electron/positron magnetic
Symbol 4 0 0
2 He − 1 e + 1 e γ
Charge
+ 2 − 1 + 1 0
Relative
Mass 4 1/1840 0
V of Light
Slow Fast
Speed (3 × 108 ms-
(106 ms-1) (108 ms-1) 1)
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CAIE AS LEVEL PHYSICS (9702)
Quark Models:
Proton Neutron
2 Up & 1 Down 1 Up & 2 Down There are other families under Hadrons too
Hadrons are a part of composite particles
+ 23 + 2
3 − 1
3 = +1 + 23 − 1
3 − 1
3 =0
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CAIE AS LEVEL
PHYSICS (9702)