Biology

Biology p1, p2&p3
MAKUENI COUNTY CLUSTER PREPARATORY EXAMINATION 2016

231/1
BIOLOGY
Paper 1
(Theory)
July / August 2016
Time: 2 Hours
1. The following diagram shows a specialized cell.
a) Identify the specialized cell. (1 mark)

b) State the function of the cell named in (a) above. (1mark)
2. The diagram below represents a mammalian bone.
a) State the function of the part labeled K and L ( 2mark

b) State the region of the body in which the above bone is found. (1 mark)
3. a) What is a test cross? (1 mark)
b) The figure below is a structural diagram of a portion from a nucleic acid strand.
P S P S P S P
| | | |
C G U C
Giving a reason, name the nucleic acid to which the portion belongs. (2 marks)
c) Write down the sequence of bases of the complimentary strand to that shown above. (1 mark)
4. The diagram below illustrates a physiological process that occurs in the alimentary canal of man.
Process Q
A fat molecule Fat droplets

a) Name the process Q above (1 mark)
b) Explain the biological importance of the above process. (1 mark)
c) Name the substance that helps the process named (a) above. (1 mark)
5. State the function of the following parts of the human ear.
a) Tympanic membrane (1 mark)
b) Round window (1mark)
6. What is the role of water in photosynthesis? (1 mark)
7. Name the function of the following organelles found in a cell. (2 mark)
a) Centrioles
b) Nucleolus
8. State the fluids that provide cushion in the following organs (4 marks)
Top grade predictor Page | 1

Biology p1, p2&p3
(a) Lungs ……………………………………………………………
(b) Heart ……………………………………………………………
(c) Knee ……………………………………………………………
(d) Eye ball ……………………………………………………………
9. The wings of a bird and those of a housefly adapt the two organisms to a boreal habitat.
i) Give the evolutionary process that may have given rise to these structures. (1 mark)
ii) What name is given to such structures? (1 mark)
10. Name the branch of biology that deals with the study of insects. (1 mark)
11. What are the functions of amniotic fluid? (2 marks)
12. a) What is a species? (1 marks)
b) State three principles that govern binomial nomenclature. (3marks)
13. a) Why are people with blood group AB referred to as universal recipients? (1 mark)
b) Name the antibodies in blood group O (1 mark)
14. The diagram below shows a structure in flowering plants.
State the function of each of the following parts labeled A and B after double fertilization. (2 marks)
15. Explain the role of insulin in blood glucose regulation. (2 marks)
16. The graph below represents growth of bacteria when cultured in a suitable media.
(c)
(b)
(a)
a) Name phases labeled A and C. (2 marks)

b) Account for the growth of the organism in phase (a) ( 2marks)
17. a) Name two mechanisms involved in absorption of mineral salts. (2 marks)
b) Name two differences between a monocotyledonous stem and a dicotyledonous stem (2marks)
18. State four adaptations of respiratory surfaces. (4 marks)
19. a) What is synecology (1 mark)
b) Name two abiotic factors in water that affect living organisms. (2marks)
20. Name three methods by which plants eliminate their waste. (3 marks)
21. State three similarities between Aves and Pisces (3 marks)
22. State three roles of osmosis in plants (3marks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
23. The oxidation of a certain fat is represented by chemical equation shown below.
C57H104O6 + 80 O2 → 57CO2+52H2O + Energy
a) Calculate the respiratory quotient (RQ) of the fat (2marks)
b) What is the significance of RQ? ( 2marks)
24. Study the diagram below showing a mammalian eye defect.
Retina
i) Identify the eye defect (1 mark)

ii) How can the above defect be corrected (1 mark)
25. Name two kingdoms whose members reproduce by means of spores. (2 marks)
26. a) Why are tracheids less efficient in transporting water and mineral salts. (1marks)
b) State any two adaptations of the phloem to its function. (2 marks)
27. Complete the table below (3 marks)
Disease Causative agent
Amoebic dysentry
Schistosoma Mansoni
Syphilis
28. The figure below shows blood of a person that was obtained after a test.
a) What condition is the person suffering from? (1mark)

b) Why would such a person survive better in malaria prone areas than a normal person? (2marks)
c) What is the disadvantage of acquiring such a condition? ( 1mark)
29. State two reasons why blood flow under high pressure in arteries than veins. (2 marks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/2
BIOLOGY
PAPER 2
(THEORY)
JULY / AUGUST 2016
TIME: 2 HOURS
SECTION A (40 MARKS)
Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided
1. The diagram below shows a certain cell. Use it to answer questions that follow.
a) Identify structures labeled A, B, C, and D. ( 4 marks)

b) Measure the length of the distance between X and Y. If the magnification of the cell is X 10,000. Calculate the
actual diameter of the cell between points X and Y in micrometers. Show your working. (2 marks)
c) With reason identify the kingdom from which the cell was obtained. (2marks)
2. In an experiment to investigate an aspect of digestion, two test tubes A and B were set up as shown below.
A B
Beaker Water bath (370C)

Starch + boiled ptyalin
Starch + unboiled ptyalin
The test tubes were left in the water bath for 30 minutes. The contents of each test tube were then tested for starch using
iodine solution.
a) State the aim of the experiment. (2marks)
b) What results were expected in test tubes A and B. (2 marks)
c) Account for the result in (b) above. (2marks)
d) Why was the set up left at 370C. (1mark)
e) Give an appropriate conclusion from this experiment. (1mark)

Biology p1, p2&p3
3. The diagram below indicates an organism that grows under shaded places with damp conditions. Study it and answer the
questions that follow.
Q
R
a) Name the division to which the specimen belongs. (1 mark)
b) Name the parts labeled Q, R and S. (3 marks)
c) State the functions of the parts labeled Q and S (2 marks)
d) Name the two body forms of the organism in its alteration of generations. (2 marks)
4. The diagram below shows a template strand of Deoxyribonuclenic acid molecule.
AA G T A T C G
a) i) Complete the diagram by drawing the missing complimentary strand. (1mark)
ii) Name two chemical components that make the backbone of deoxyribonuclenic acic molecule. (2marks)
b) A woman who is a carrier for haemophilia got married to normal man. Work out the genotypes of the
offsprings. Take the gene for haemophilia to be “h” (4marks)
c) Name one disorder in humans due to chromosomal mutations. (1 marks)
5. The diagram below represents recycling of nutrients in a certain ecosystem. Study it and answer the questions that follow.
Sunlight
M
I
Secondary
consumer
Produce
Dead
II
II
Mineral salts and humus

Biology p1, p2&p3
a) Name the tropic level represented by M. (1mark)
b) Name the process represented by I, II, and III. (3 marks)
c) Name the organism involved in process II. (1mark)
d) What would happen within the ecosystem if all secondary consumers were eliminated? (3 marks)
SECTION B: (40 MARKS)

Answer questions 6 (compulsory) and either question 7 or 8 in the spaces provided
6. In an investigation two people M and N drunk some amount of strong glucose solution. Their blood sugar levels were
immediately determined and thereafter at one hour intervals for the next six hours. The results were shown in the table below.
Time (hours ) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Glucose level in mg/100ml of Person M 90 220 160 110 100 100 90
blood. Person N 110 340 320 300 260 245 215
a) In the grid provided, plot a graph for the blood glucose level against time for person M and N. (8 marks)
b) In man the normal blood sugar level is about 90ml/100ml of blood. Explain the change in the sugar level in person M during.
i) The first 4 hours. (2marks)
ii) The 6th hour. (2marks)
c) i) Suggest a possible reason for the high blood sugar in person N. (1mark)
ii) How can the high blood sugar in person N be controlled. (1 mark)
d) The pancreas and the liver work together in the regulation of glucose in the blood.
i) State the role of these organs when the concentration of glucose in blood is below normal. (2 marks)
ii) What would be the effect of removing the pancreas from the body? (1 mark)
iii) Distinguish between diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus. (2marks)
7. Describe the uptake and movement of water from the soil to the leaves of a tall plant till transpiration. (20 marks)
8. a) Describe the process of accommodation in the human eye. (10 marks)
b) Describe the mechanism of regulation of the amount of light entering the eye. (10 marks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (K.C.S.E)
231/3
BIOLOGY
PAPER 3
(PRACTICAL)
13/4 HOURS
CONFIDENTIAL
REQUIREMENTS
Each candidate should have the following:-

 One large table spoonful of millet soaked for not more than one hour labeled M.
 NaHCO3 solution.
 Measuring cylinder
 Two clean droppers
 Means of labeling
 Thermometer
 Means of timing
 0.1M HCL labeled L
 Four clean test tubes
 Pestle and mortar
 Iodine solution
 Benedicts solution
 250ml glass beaker
 A tripod stand
 Wire gauze
 Source of heat
 A white tile
 Solution of amylase /diastase enzyme labeled K
 Source of clean water.

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/3
BIOLOGY
PAPER 3
(PRACTICAL)
JULY/AUGUST 2016
13/4 HOURS
1. You are provided with specimen labeled M – soaked millet.
Grind them using pestle and mortar, adding more water to get fine solution.
Labelle four clean test tubes: A, B, C and D.
Put about 4ml of the solution into each of the four test tubes.
a) To solution in test tube A, add some few drops of iodine. Shake the solution to mix well. Pour some little solution onto a
white tile.
i) Note down the observation. (1mark)
ii) Account for your observation in (a) (i) above. (1mark)
b) Into solution in test tube B, add about 2ml of benedict‟s solution. Place it in a boiling water bath.
i) After about three minutes, record your observation. (1mark)
ii) What is your conclusion from the observation in (b) (i) above? (1mark)
c) For the remaining test tubes:-
- To test tube C, add about 3ml of solution labeled K.
- To test tube D, add 3ml of solution K and about 2ml of solution L
- Place both mixtures C and D in a water bath. Maintain the water bath at 37 oC
- Allow it to stand in the water bath for 30 minutes.
After 30 minutes, remove the test tubes. Add about 2ml of benedict‟s solution to each test tube and shake well. Place the two
test tubes in a boiling water bath. After 5 minutes record your observation in the table below.
(4marks)
Test tube observations Deductions
C
D
d) Account for your observation in test tubes C and D (4 marks)
e) i) Why was the set up placed at 370C? (1 mark)
ii) Suggest identity of solution L and K. (2marks)
2. You are provided with a photograph of F and M. Use them to answer the questions that follow
a) What type of flower is

i) F (1 mark)
Biology p1, p2&p3
ii) M (1mark)
b) Name the agents of pollination for each. (2marks)
c) State how each of them is adapted for the mode of pollination you have stated in (b) above. (4 marks)
d) Name parts labeled P,U,X and Y (4 marks
3. Below are photographs labeled B and C of organs obtained from different animals. The organs perform similar functions.
Examine them and answer the questions that follow.
a) Name the organs B and C. (2marks)

b) State the common functions performed by the organs stated above. (1 mark)
c) Name the parts labeled B1, B2 and B3 in the photograph B. (3marks)
d) i) Identify the parts labeled K1,K2,and K3 in photography C ( 3marks)
ii) Using observable features; state how the parts labeled K1 and K3 you identified in d (i) above are adapted to their
function. (4 marks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/1
THEORY
MARKING SCHEME
1. a) Sperm cell;
b) (Carries genetic material to) fertilize the ovum;
NB (b is tied to a)
2. a) K – (facet) – surface for articulation with zygapophysis of the next/ previous vertebra;
L – Offer a large area for attachment of muscles;
b) Neck region;
3. a) A genetic cross used to determine an unknown genotype;
b) Name: RNA;
Reason: has base uracil which is only found in RNA;
c) G C A G;
4. a) Emulsification;
b) Breaks down large fat /lipids substances to tiny droplets to increase surface area for enzyme lipase to work
on;
c) Bile /bile salts;
NB (c) is tied to (a)
5. a) Tympanic membrane – Converts sound waves to sound vibrations;
b) Round window – Allows fluid in the cochlea to move which ensures hairs in the cochlea are stimulated for
sound reception;
6. Water is split during photolysis to provide hydrogen ions that are used in the dark stage;
7. a) Centrioles – Involved in cell division / formation of cilia and flagella in those cell with them;
b) Nucleolus – Formation of ribosomes / RNA and DNA;
8. a) Pleural fluid;
b) Pericardial fluid;
c) Synovial fluid;
d) Vitreous / aqueous humour;
9. i) Convergent evolution;
ii) Analogous structure;
10. Entomology;
11. - Acts as a shock absorber protecting the foetus from external mechanical damage;
- Prevents the foetus from desiccation;
- Suspends the foetus allowing it to grow and move free; (any 2, 2 marks)
12. a) A group of organisms that interbreed to produce a fertile offspring;
b) Living organisms are given two names – Genus name and species name;
The genus / generic name is written first starting with a capitalized letter while the species /specific name is written in
small letters;
Names are written in italics when printed or underlined separately when in manuscript;
13. a) they do not have blood antibodies;
b) a and b;
rej. A and B.
14. A – Forms a zygote which later develops to an embryo;
B – Degenates;
NB; The embryo sac is inverted.
15. When blood sugar level is above the normal, it stimulates the liver cells; to convert excess glucose to glycogen / increase rate
of respiration/ convert glucose to fats. (Thus lowering the blood glucose level back to normal);
16. a) A – Lag phase;
C – Stationary phase;
b) - Few reproducing organisms;
- Organisms not yet adapted to environment;
17. a) - Diffuses;
- Active transport.
b)
Monocotyledonous Dicotyledonous stem
- no cambium - presence of cambium;
- no pith - presence of a pith;
- vascular bundles scattered - vascular bundles arranged in a ring;
Mark first, 2 marks
18. - Are moist to dissolve gases;
- Have a large surface area for efficient gaseous exchange;
- Are highly vascularized to transport the respiratory gases;

Biology p1, p2&p3
- Are thin walled for fast diffusion of gases / for gases to take short diffusing distance;
19. a) Study of inter – relationships between all species of organisms in a particular area and their environment;
b) - PH;
- Oxygen concentration
- Co2 concentration
- Mineral ions;
- Light penetration;
- Temperature;
Mark first two only ( 2 marks)
20. - Diffusion;
- Exudation;
- Deposition;
- Leaf fall;
- Transpiration;
Mark first three only (3 marks)
21. - Closed circulatory system
- Endoskeleton;
- Scales;
- Streamlined body;
Mark first three only (3 marks)
22. - Uptake of water by roots;
- Movement of water from cell to cell;
- Opening and closing of stomata;
- Feeding in insectivorous plants;
( )
23. a) RQ = ;
=
b) It gives the type of substrate undergoing respiration;
It gives the type of respiration taking place;
24. a) Myopia / short sightedness
b) Wearing diverging / concave lens/ spectacles;
25. - Fungi;
- Plantae;
26. a) Due to the presence of perforated cross walls between one cell to the other which hinder smooth flow of
water and mineral salts;
b) - Presence of companion cells for provision of energy;
- Presence of cytoplasmic strands/ filaments for translocation;
- Presence of plasmodesmata for communication channels;
27.
Disease Causative agent.
Entamoeba histolytica;
Schistomiasis;
Treponema pallidium;
28. a) sickle cell trait; rej. Sickle cell anaemia
b) Malaria parasite; cannot survive in the sickle cell/ the abnormal cell;
c) The blood haemoglobin tends to precipitate when oxygen concentration is low reducing further the capacity
to carry oxygen;
29. - Arteries have a narrower lumen/ thicker muscular walls that maintain pressure;
- (The left ventricle of) the heart pumps blood under high pressure to arteries;

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/2 BIOLOGY
PAPER 2: THEORY
MARKING SCHEME
1. a) A cell membrane / plasmalemma/plasma membrane;
B cytoplasm;
C nucleolus;
D nuclear membrane;
b) Drawing magnification = ;
10,000 =
Object length =
= 7.5 micrometer
c) Animalia;
Reason
Absence of cell wall / irregular shape / centralized nucleus/ absence of chloroplast;
2. (a) to investigate the effect of heat on enzyme ptyalin
(b) A: - Iodine solution turned blue- black;
B: - brown – colour of iodine remained;
(c) A: - boiling denatured enzyme ptyalin, hence no enzyme to hydrolyse starch to maltose;
B: - Enzyme ptyalin hydrolysed starch to maltose; hence iodine test for starch is negative;
(d) Optimum temperature for enzyme action// normal human body temperature for enzyme action;
(e) Enzymes are denatured at temperatures beyond optimum;
3. a) pteridophyta
b) Q – Adventitious roots; rej root alone
R – Rhizomes;
S – Sori/sorus;
(c) Function
Q – Anchorage / absorption of water;
S – Reproduction;
(d) Gametophyte;
Sporophyte;
4. a) i)
T C A T A G C
ii) Deoxyribose sugar/ 5 carbon sugar;

Phosphate molecule;
b)
Genotype X HX h X X HY ;
Gametes
XH Xh XH Y
Offspring X HX H X HY XH Xh nXhY
c) Down‟s syndrome/ turners syndrome/ klinefelters syndrome;

NB For gametes to score the circle should be complete.
For crossing lines to score – the lines should not enter the circle or be hanging. The lines should not cross before
touching the circle
5. a) primary consumer;
b) I Predation / feeding;
II Decomposition / decay;
III Absorption;

Biology p1, p2&p3
c) (Saprophytic) bacteria / fungi;
d) Primary consumer will increase in number; leading to over grazing; hence number of producers will reduce;
6. a) BLOOD SUGAR LEVEL AGAINST TIME
b) i) Blood sugar level rises rapidly in the first hour; due to absorption of glucose from ileum into blood stream;
ii) Blood sugar level then starts declining as the person secrets insulin hormone (from the pancreas); which
stimulates the liver cells to convert excess glucose into glycogen; (to lower blood glucose level)
c) i) failure of the pancrease to secrete sufficient hormone insulin; which acts on the liver cells to lower the blood
sugar level when it rises above normal;
ii) Regular intravenous injection of insulin; (so as to lower the blood sugar level);
d) i) The pancreas secretes glucagon hormone; which stimulates the liver cells to raise blood sugar level by
reducing oxidation of glucose/stimulates the conversion of stored glycogen to glucose.
ii) There would be no secretion of the hormone insulin; hence the blood sugar level would rise far above normal resulting
into diabetes mellitus;
iii) Diabetes mellitus – is a kidney disorder due to insufficient or no secretion of insulin by the pancreas, leading
to high blood sugar level. (Hence presence of glucose in urine);
Diabetes insipidus – kidney disorder due to failure of the pituitary gland to secrete enough antidiuretic hormone; hence
little or no water re – absorption in the kidney tubules; (Mark as a whole)
7. Water exists as a thin film in the soil between soil particles; the concentration of cell sap is greater than that of the
surrounding solution in the soil; thus drawing water molecules across the cell wall and membrane into the root hair cells; by
osmosis; water drawn into the root hair cell dilutes the cell sap/ makes it less concentrated than that in the adjacent cell into
the cortex cell; water then moves into the cortex cell; by osmosis; upto the endodermis where it passes through by active
transport; then into the root xylem ( xylem vessels of the root); the root xylem vessels conduct the water up to xylem of stem;
then into the xylem of the leaves;
Water rises up the stem by root pressure (in the xylem vessels); capillarity ; cohesion and adhesive forces; makes water
molecules move as a continuous uninterrupted column in the xylem vessels up to the leaves;

Biology p1, p2&p3
As water vaporizes from the spongy mesophyll cell their cell sap becomes more concentrated than adjacent cells; thus this
increases the osmotic pressure of the spongy mesophyll cells; as a result water flows into the spongy mesophyll cells from the
surrounding cells; which in turn take in water from the xylem vessels in the leaf veins; this creates a pull// suction force //
transpiration pull; that pull the stream of water from the xylem vessels in the stem and roots;
The transpiration pull maintains a continuous column of water from the roots to the leaves; (21/20 marks)
8. a) Accommodation of distant object (far vision)
The ciliary muscles relax; the suspensory ligaments contract and pulled tight ;the lens then becomes (thinner); light from
distant object is less refracted the focused on the fovea; and then interpreted in the brain;
Accommodation of a close object (near vision)
The ciliary muscle contract; the suspensory ligaments relax; the lens then become thicker (more spherical); light from
close object is greatly refracted and focused on the fovea; and then interpreted in the brain;
b) Light enters the eye through the pupil; the radial and circular muscles in the iris control the size of the pupil,
depending upon light intensity ;the muscles work antagonistically.
In bright light (high light intensity) ;the amount of light entering the eye should be low; hence the pupil should be
narrow; radial muscles of the iris relax; the circular muscles contract ; the pupils becomes smaller; while the iris enlarges
thus less light enters the eye;
In dim light/ low light intensity; radial muscles in the iris contract; the inner circular muscles relax; the iris becomes
smaller while pupil enlarges more light enters to the eye;

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/3 BIOLOGY
PAPER 3: PRACTICAL
JULY 2016
MARKING SCHEME
1. a) i) Solution turns blue – black in colour;
ii) Indicates presence of starch in the solution;
N.B (ii) is tied to (i)
b) i) No change in colour/ no colour change/ colour maintained blue/ that of benedict‟s solution;
ii) Absence of reducing sugar/ monosaccharides;
N.B (ii) is tied to (i)
c)
Test tube Observation Deduction
C Solution turns yellow/orange/brown; Presence of reducing sugars/
monosaccharides;
D No colour change/ colour of benedicts solution Absence of reducing sugars;
remains.
d) C – Starch solution was hydrolysed or broken down; to monosaccharide by solution K;

D – The starch solution was not hydrolysed or broken down; because solution L must have prevented hydrolysis by K;
e) This is the best temperature for human enzymes to work;
ii) K – Amylase/ diastase enzyme;
L – Hydrochloric acid;
Acc: enzyme inhibitor.
2. a) F – Insect pollinated/ hermaphrodite/bisexual/ complete flower;
M – Wind pollinated /unisexual/incomplete/staminate flower;
b) F – Insect;
M – Wind;
c) F - Brightly coloured petals to attract insects;
- Landing platforms onto which insects land during pollination;
- Nectar guides to direct the insect to the nectaries;
- Anthers placed at a different position to stigma to prevent self-pollination;
Mark any 2, ( 2 marks)
M - Anthers hanging outside the flower to facilitate being blown by wind;
- Anthers borne on long filaments so as to sway in the wind;
- Filaments are versatile so as not to break in the wind;
Mark any 2, (2 marks)
d) p – Style;
U – Corolla / petals;
X – Filaments;
Y – Anther;
3. a) B – Lungs
Reject - Lung/ Lung and heart
C – Gills/ Gill
Reject – Gill structure 2 marks
b) Gaseous exchange
Excretion of carbon (IV) oxide.
Reject – Breathing or Respiration 2 marks maximum 1mk
c) B1 – Ring cartilage/ ringed cartilage;
Ring of cartilage / cartilaginous ring;
Reject - Rings of cartilage/ ring alone
B2 – (Left) Lung.
Reject – right Lung.
B3 – Heart 3 marks
d) K1 – Gill raker(s)
Reject - raker alone
- Wrong spelling
Biology p1, p2&p3
K2 – Gill arch/ Bar
Reject - arch / bar alone
- Wrong spelling
K3 – Gill filaments
Reject - filament alone
Gill lamallae
Wrong spelling
Note
 Wrong spelling in d(i) ; mark d(ii)
 Gill is lacking in d (i) mark d (ii)
3 marks
d) (ii) K1
Rake like/pointed/tooth like/ needle like/ projections; for trapping/ filtering / seeping solid particles from reaching the
filaments;
K3
Long/ many / numerous; for gaseous exchange;
NB
 Function tied to feature
 Feature not tied to function.
Reject – thin / sharp
Toothed/teethed
4 marks
Grand total 13 marks

Biology p1, p2&p3
CENTRAL KENYA NATIONAL SCHOOLS JOINT MOCK - 2016
231/1
BIOLOGY
PAPER 1
(THEORY)
JULY/AUGUST, 2016
TIME: 2 HOURS
1. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow:
(a) Identify the above apparatus. (1mk)

(b) State the function of the above apparatus. (2mks
(c) Name an apparatus that can be used for catching insects on barks of trees or rock surfaces. (1mk
(d) Name the branch of Biology that deals with the study of birds. (1mk)
2. The table below shows organisms in a given habitat.
Organism Number
Small fish 75
Algae 1942
Mosquito larvae 1200
King fisher 10
Water weed 1695
Water snail 75
(a) Calculate the total number of producers. (1mk)
(b) Name the organisms that could be both primary and secondary consumers. (1mk)
(c) Name the process through which energy from the sun is incorporated in the ecosystem. (1mk)
(d) State why decomposers are not included in the food chain. (1mk)
3. What is nitrogen fixation? (1mk)
4. Study the diagram and use it to answer the questions that follow.
Mention the equivalent of the following in the mammalian breathing system.

(a) Bell far……………………………………………………………… (1mk)
(b) Balloon……………………………………………………………… (1mk)
(c) Rubber sheet………………………………………………………… (1mk)
5. Name the structure for gaseous exchange in
(a) Tadpole …………………………..…………………………………. (1mk)
(b) Grasshopper………………………………………………………….. (1mk)
6. The diagram below shows a transverse section of a spinal cord.
Dorsal root White matter
Sense organ
(skin) pricked A
Sharp pin
acts as stimulator
B Gray matter D
C Forearm
with drawn

Biology p1, p2&p3
Name the parts labelled A – D. (4mks)
7. The diagram below shows the point of focus of light from an object.
Name the eye defect shown above. (1mk)

8. Below is a diagram of a human tooth.
(a) Identify the type of the tooth. (1mk)

(b) State the function of the above tooth. (1mk)
9. (a) State two modes of heterotrophic nutrition by which organisms obtain their food. (2mks)
(b) Explain why emulsification is not a chemical digestion. (1mk)
10. A process that occurs in some organisms is represented by the equation below.
C6H12O6  2C2H5 oH + 2O2 + Energy
K
(a) Name the process. (1mk)
(b) State the name of the compound K. (1mk)
(c) State the economic importance of the above reaction in Kenyan industries. (2mks)
11. State the significance of respiratory quotient (RQ). (1mk)
12. What is the importance of laying eggs in long strands of slipperly jelly-like substance in animals that exhibit external
fertilisation. (3mks)
13. Below is across section of a fruit.
(a) Name the type of placentation shown. (1mk)

(b) Identify the parts labelled A. (1mk)
14. Explain why athletes practicing at high altitude zones have a higher number red blood cells than those at sea level.
(2mks)
15. Name the blood vessel that transports blood;
(a) From small intestines to the liver. (1mk)
(b) To the ileum. (1mk)
16. Name the tissue in plants that is responsible for transport of carbohydrates. (1mk)
17. Give one structural difference and similarity between a mitochondrion and a chloroplast. (2mks)
18. What is the function of the following parts in a microscope? (2mks)
(a) Condenser.
(b) Diaphragm.
19. What is the importance of fixation in preparation of temporary slide? (1mk)

Biology p1, p2&p3
20. What is the significance of seed dormancy? (3mks)
21. State two advantages of metamorphosis to the life of an insects. (2mks)
22. Potato cylinders were weighed and kept in distilled water overnight. They were then reweighed.
At the beginning At the end
2.5g 2.4g 2.7g 3.0g 3.1g 3.2g

(a) Calculate the average mass of the potato cylinders at the end of the experiments.
(Show your working). (2mks)
(b) Explain why the mass of the cylinders had increased. (3mks
23. Explain why the garden pea plant was preferred by Gregor Mendel in his crossing experiments. (3mks)
24. Give two structural differences between DNA and RNA molecules. (2mks)
25. Name two substances that are excreted through diffusion process in plants. (2mks)
26. (a) Arrange the following nitrogenous waste products in order of decreasing toxicity:
urea, uric acid and ammonia. (1mk)
(b) Explain why desert animals excrete their nitrogenous wastes in form of uric acid. (1mk)
27. Name one waste product that is transported in the blood but not removed by the kidneys. (1mk)
28. A student collected a plant with the following features:
- Vascular bundles in the stem were scattered with no cambium.
- Fibrous root system.
Name the sub-division and the class to which the above plant belonged. (2mks)
Sub-division
Class
29. Write the kingdoms to which the following organisms belong. (3mks)
Plasmodium
Bat
Yeast
30. The wings of a bird and that of insects are analogous structures.
(a) What are analogous structures? (2mks)
(b) Name this type of evolution. (1mk)
31. Name a vestigial structure found in:
(a) Man. (1mk
(b) Whale. (1mk)
32. (a) Name the hard body covering found in organisms of the phylum arthropoda. (1mk)
(b) Give two uses of the structure mentioned in (a) above. (2mks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/2
BIOLOGY
PAPER 2
(THEORY)
JULY/AUGUST, 2016
TIME: 2 HOURS
SECTION A: (40 MARKS)
Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided:
1. In a certain plant species which is normally green, a recessive gene for colour (n) causes the plant to be white when present in
homozygous state such plants die at an early stage; The plants are pale green in colour when in heterozygous state and
grow to maturity.
(a) Give a reason for the early death of plants with homozygous recessive gene. (1mk)
(b) If a normal green plant was crossed with the pale green plant, what would be the genotypes of the F 1 generation (use punnet
square to work out the answer) (3mks)
(c) If seeds from the heterozygous plants were planted and the resulting seeds planted, work out the phenotypic ratio of plants
that would grow to maturity. (3mks
(d) Explain the occurrence of the pale green colour in the heterozygous plants. (1mk)
2. Below is a diagram showing the forearm bones and muscles covering them?
(a) Name the bones represented by T, X, Y and Z. (2mks)

(b) Name the joint formed between:
(i) T and X. (1mk)
(ii) Y and X. (1mk)
(c) Name the muscles labelled P and R. (1mk)
(d) What happens to each muscle as the arm is straightened. (1mk)
(e) Name two strengthening tissues in woody stems. (2mks)
3. The diagram below shows how the iris and pupil of a human eye appear under different conditions.
(a) Name the structures labelled X and Y. (2mks)

(b) State the condition that leads to the change in appearance shown in the diagram labelled B. (1mk)
(c) Describe changes that lead to the appearance of iris and pupil as shown in the diagram labelled B. (4mks)
(d) What is the significance of the changes described in C above? (1mk)
4. The following set up was used to investigate a physiological process in life.
(a) (i) Name the physiological process that was being investigated. (1mk)
(ii) What is the representative of the visking tubing in life? (1mk)
(b) (i) State the observation that would be made in the visking tubing after few minutes. (1mk)
(ii) Explain why similar results were not obtained inside the beaker. (2mks)
(c) State the roles of the process being investigated in mammals. (3mks)
5. The table below compares the approximate concentration of certain substances in plasma glomerula filtrate and urine.

Biology p1, p2&p3
Substance % in plasma Glomerular filtrate % urine
Water 90 90 94
Protein 6.5 0 0
Urea 0.03 0.03 1.8
Glucose 0.1 0.1 0
(a) Account for the absence of
(i) Glucose in urine. (1mk)
(ii) Protein in glomerular filtrate. (1mk)
(b) Why is percentage of urea highest in urine? Give two reasons. (2mks)
(c) How would the composition of urine differ from the one given above in case of:
(i) High protein diet. (2mks)
(ii) Streneous exercise. (2mks)
Answer question 6 (Compulsory) and either question 7 or 8 in the spaces provided after question 8.
6. In an experiment to investigate the effect of heat on germination of seeds, eleven bags each containing 50 bean seeds were
placed in a water-bath maintained at 90ºC. After 2 minutes, a bag was removed and the seeds contained in it planted.
The number that germinated was recorded. The procedure used for the beans was repeated for acacia seeds. The results
obtained were as shown in the table below.
Times Number of seeds that germinated
(minutes) Beans seeds Acacia seeds
0 50 0
2 50 0
4 46 1
6 35 2
8 10 28
10 1 36
12 0 41
14 0 44
16 0 47
18 0 48
20 0 50
(a) Using a suitable scale and on the same axes, draw graph of time in hot water against number of seeds that germinated for each
plant. (8mks)
(b) (i) After how many minutes would you expect 50% of acacia seeds exposed to the hot water to germinate. (1mk)
(ii) What was the minimum number of minutes after exposure of bean seeds to hot water was there no germination?
(1mk)
(c) From the graphs, which one of the two types of seeds was more sensitive to heat influence on germination? (1mk)
Give a reason for your answer. (1mk)
(d) Explain why the ability for the,
(i) bean seeds to germinate decline with time of exposure to heat. (2mks)
(ii) acacia seeds to germinate improved with time of exposure to heat. (3mks)
(e) What results would be expected if the temperature of water was maintained at:-
(i) 100ºC. (2mks)
(ii) 5ºC. (2mks)
7. (a) Describe the photosynthetic theory of opening and closing of the stomata. (10mks)
(b) Describe the regulation of blood sugar level in man. (10mks)
8. Describe the nitrogen cycle. (20mks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/3
BIOLOGY
PAPER 3 (PRACTICAL)
CONFIDENTIAL
Requirements:
1. Glucose 5% Solution X 10mls per student
2. Starch powder 5%
3. Iodine solution.
4. Benedicts solution.
5. Biurets reagent.
6. Test tubes (3)
7. Means of heating.
8. Test tube holders.
9. Maize seedling with at least 2 leaves and should have the remnants
of the maize grain.
NB:
- Mix equal volumes of glucose and starch powder to form solution X.
- Provide every student with 10mls of solution X in a test tube.
- Biuretes reagents (0.75gm of copper sulphate crystals in a litre of
2M of potassium hydroxide).
- Germinate maize plant to have at least 3 leaves.
- Provide each student with a maize seedling labelled specimen Q.

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/3
BIOLOGY
PAPER 3
(PRACTICAL)
JULY/AUGUST, 2016
TIME: 1¾ HOURS
1. The photographs labelled K, L, M, N and P below are bones obtained from a mammal. For each of the bones K, L and
M, two views are shown.
(a) Identify the bones and name the part of the mammalian body from which each was obtained. (5mks)
(b) Name the parts labelled 1, 2 and 4. (3mks)
(c) Name the bones that form a joint with bone K at its anterior and posterior end
and in each case name the type of joint they form. (4mks)
Anterior end.
(i) Bone(s) ……………………………………………………………………..
(ii) Type of joint ………………………………………………………………..
Posterior end.
(i) Bone(s) ……………………………………………………………………..

Biology p1, p2&p3
(ii) Type of joint ………………………………………………………………..
(d) State the function of the structure labelled 6 in bone P. (1mk)
2. You are provided with specimen Q.
(a) (i) Draw and label the specimen. (5mks)
(ii) State the magnification. (1mk)
(b) State the function of any three parts you have labelled in (a) above. (2mks)
(c) (i) Name the class to which specimen Q belongs to. (1mk)
(ii) Give the reason for your answer above. (1mk)
(d) What type of germination is exhibited by specimen Q? (1mk)
3. You are provided with a sample of food labelled X and solution J (iodine solution), solution K (Benedicts solution) and
solution L (Biurets reagent). Carry out tests on the food sample to identify the type of food substance present.
(13mks)
Food being Procedure Observations Conclusion
tested for

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/1 –
BIOLOGY
PAPER 1
MARKING SCHEME
1. (a) Bait trap; ¹
(b) Attracting ¹; and trapping small crawling animals ¹;
(c) Pooter; ¹
(d) Ornithology; ¹
2. (a) 1942 Algae
+1695 Water weed
3,637 ¹
(b) Small fish; ¹
(c) Photosynthesis; ¹
(d) They are able to feed on any trophic level and are not fed on by
any other organism; ¹ They can act on any trophic level while They are
not led on by other organism.
3. The convertion of atmospheric nitrogen into a form that can be utilized by plants; ¹
4. (a) Rib cage; ¹
(b) Lung; ¹ rej; lungs.
(c) Diaphragm; ¹
5. (a) Gills
(b) Tracheoles.
6. (a) Sensory neurone/afferent neurone; ¹
(b) Motor neurone/efferent neurone; ¹
(c) Effector organ/biceps; ¹
(d) Ventral root; ¹
7. Long sightedness; ¹
8. (a) Canine; ¹
(b) Tearing; ¹
9. (a) Holozoic, parasitism¹, saprophytism, symbiosis; Any two
(b) It involves breakdown of fats into small fat droplets which is a
mechanical activity; ¹ The fats are not chemically charged.
10. (a) Anaerobic respiration; ref. respiration alone.
(b) Alcohol/ethanol;
(c) - Brewing; ¹
- Bread baking; ¹
- Making of yoghurt; Any 2 x 1
11. - Indicates type of respiration; ¹
- Indicates substrate being respired; ¹
12. - To protect eggs from being eaten by¹ predators;
- Separate eggs for proper aeration; ¹
- For attachment onto water plants; ¹
- Protects the eggs from dehydration;
- Floating of eggs on water; Any 3 x 1
13. (a) Parietal;
(b) A – Ovules/seeds; Reject ovule/seed.
14. - At high altitude atmospheric pressure is low; hence low oxygen concentration; ¹
- Athletes body responds by increasing the number of red blood cells/Haemoglobin; ¹
- To increase oxygen carrying capacity to tissues; ¹ Any 2 x 1
15. (a) Hepatic portal vein; ¹
(b) Mesenteric artery; ¹
16. Phloem; ¹
17. Similarity
Both are bound by a double membrane; ¹
Difference
Mitochondion Chloroplast
- Inner membrane is folded - Inner membrane not folded; ¹
- Has matrix (and cristae) - Has grana (and stroma) ; ¹ (Mark as a whole;)
18. (a) Concentrate light on the specimen on the stage; ¹
(b) Regulates amount of light passing to the condenser; ¹
19. To make soft tissues firm; ¹
20. - Allows enough time for dispersal; ¹
- Allows seed to escape adverse environmental conditions; ¹

Biology p1, p2&p3
- Allows embryo time to mature; ¹ 3x1
21. - Adult and larva exploit different food niches; ¹
- They do not compete for food; ¹
- Pupa can survive adverse conditions; ¹
- It prevents overcrowding; ¹ Any 2 x 1
9.3
22. (a) 3 + 3.1 + 3.2 ¹   3.1g ; ¹
3
(b) Cells sap is hypertonic to the surrounding water; ¹
Cells absorb water by omosis; ¹ increasing in size; ¹
23. - It matures very fast; ¹

- Show a variety of contrasting characteristics; ¹
- Produces very many seeds; ¹
- Can be self and cross pollinated; Any 3 x 1
24. D.N.A R.N.A

- Double stranded - Single stranded; ¹
- Has nitrogenous bases adenine, - Has nitrogenous organic; ¹
guanine, cytosine and thymine. bases, adenine, guanine,
cytosine and Uralic.
- Has deoxyribose sugar - Has ribose sugar; ¹
25. Carbon (IV) oxide; ¹
Oxygen; ¹
Water vapour; Any 2 x 1
26. (a) Ammonia, urea, uric acid; ¹
(b) It requires little amount of water to eliminate/excrete; ¹
27. Carbon (IV) oxide;
28. Angiospermaphyta; ¹
Monocotyledonae; ¹
29. Protoctista; ; ¹
Animalia; ¹
Fungi; ¹
30. (a) Those structures that have different embryonic origins; ¹ but have evolved/modified to perform similar/same
functions; ¹
(b) Convergent evolution; ¹
31. (a) Appendix/Caecam/Coccyx; ¹
(b) External hind limbs; ¹
32. (a) Exoskeleton; ¹
(b) Provides a large surface for muscles attachments; ¹
Protects internal organs from injury; ¹
Prevent entry of harmful micro-organism; ¹
Protects inner tissues from dehydration; ¹ Any 2 x 1

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/2
BIOLOGY
PAPER 2
MARKING SCHEME
1. (a) Lack chlorophyll hence cannot photosynthesis;
(b) ♂ X ♀
Parental phenotype: Green plant Pale green plant;
Parental genotype: NN X Nn
N N N N
Pun Net Square
N NN N
n Nn Nn
(c) Parental phenotype: Pale green Pale green;

Parental genotype Nn X Nn
N n N n
N n N
Parental gametes n
Fusion
NN Nn Nn nn
Green Pale Pale White
green green
Phenotypic ratio 1 green: 2 pale green: (reject 1: 2)

Phenotypic ratio 1 green: 2 pale green; reject 1: 2 without phenotyre.
(d) Due to incomplete dominance;
2. (a) T – Scapula
X – Humerus Z – Radius
Y – Ulna
(b) (i) Ball and socket joint;
(ii) Hinge joint;
(c) P – Triceps;
R – Biceps;
(d) Biceps muscle relaxes as triceps muscle contracts;
(e) Xylem tissue.
Collenchymas tissue.
Parenchyma tissue.
Sclerenchyma tissue. (1mk each)
3. (a) Pupil – X;
Iris - Y;
(b) Dim light; Low light intensity.
(c) Radial muscles contract; while circular muscles relax;
There is less tension and the pupil widen; allowing more light into the eye;
(d) It allows more light into the eye/more light enters the eye;
4. (a) (i) Diffusion.
(ii) Cell membrane.
(b) (i) Starch solution turns blue/black.

Biology p1, p2&p3
(ii) Starch molecules are bigger in size; hence cannot pass through the
small pores in the membrane of the visking tubing.
(c) - Absorption of digested food substances.
- Gaseous exchange.
- Excretion.
- Reabsorption of substances in the kidney tubules.
5. (a) (i) It is completely reabsorbed selectively in the proximal converted tubule.
(ii) Proteins have big molecules that cannot be ultra filtered in the glomerulus.
(b) - All the urea is excreted since it has no use in the body i.e. it is toxic.
- A lot of water is reabsorbed in the dictal convoluted tubule leaving much urea. Urea is actively secreted into
the tubules;
(c) (i) Urea concentration will increase due to increase in deamination process; to eliminate excess amino
acids.
(ii) The concentration of urea will go down; because some urea will be excreted through sweating;
6. (a)
(b) (i) 7 - 8;
(ii) 11 - 12;
(c) Beans seeds;
Reason.
Because the curve is steeper than that of acacia/more seeds are germinating on exposure to hot water for a short
time;
(OWTTE)
(d) (i) Destruction of the embryo by heat;
Destruction/denaturing of enzymes;
(ii) They were dormant; heat broke dormancy; the more the heat the better the effect;
(e) (i) (Comparatively) fewer/no bean seeds will germinate; but more/all acacia seeds will germinate;
(ii) Comparatively all/most bean seeds will germinates;
No acacia seeds will germinate;
7. (a) Describe the photosynthetic theory of opening and closing of the stomata. (10mks)
(b) Describe the regulation of blood sugar in man. (10mks)
(a) During the day photosynthesis takes place in the guard cells, due topresence of light; there is formation of sugars/glucose
in the guard cells; accumulation of sugars in the guard cells raises their osmotic pressure; this makes the guard cells to gain
water by osmosis from the neighbouring epidermal cells; these cells become turgid and bulge; causing the stomata to open;
During the night there is no photosynthesis due to the absence of light; no sugar formation in the guard cells; the osmotic
pressure of the guard cells decrease; guard cells lose water by osmosis to the neighbouring epidermal cells; they become
flaccid and their walls shrink; making the stomata to close; Total 12mks; maximum 10mks.
(b) Regulation of blood sugar.
When the blood sugar rises, it is detected by the hypothalamus; which stimulates the pancreas; to release insulin; through the
blood the insulin gets to the liver; where it stimulates the conversion of excess glucose to glycogen and fats which are stored;
the insulin also enhances rapid breakdown of glucose in the muscle cell; these events leads to a fall in blood sugar back to
normal; When the blood sugar is low, the hypothalamus; stimulate the pancreas to release glucagon; which via the
bloodstream; get to the liver, where it stimulates the liver to convert glycogen to glucose; and fats to glucose; there is also less
breakdown of glucose in the cells; leading to a rise in the blood sugar level back to the norm; total 14mks, maximum 10mks.
8. This is recycling of nitrogen compounds in nature; Tree nitrogen in the air cannot be used by plants; but has to be
converted into ammonium compounds; and nitratesin order to be reabsorbed; It is done in the following ways.
- The atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen combine to form nitric and nitrous acids; The acids combine with minerals in the soil;
to form nitrates that are absorbed; Fixation of nitrogen is done by nitrogen fixing bacteria; called Rhizobium; This bacteria
lives in root nodules; of leguminous plants; These bacteria absorb the nitrogen and convert it into nitrates; which are used by
the plants; other free living bacteria in the soil; like Azotobacter absorb nitrogen and then it is absorbed by the soil; Nitrifying
bacteria; like nitrosomonas; and nitrocucous are also nitrifying bacteria; when plants and animals did; they decompose;
releasing the ammonium compounds which are converted by nitrifying bacteria into nitrates and then nitrites; which are then
absorbed by the plants; which are then absorbed by the plants; However there are some bacteria that, convert
nitrates into nitrogen gas; which escapes back into the atmosphere; These are known as denitrifying bacteria; examples are
pseudomonas and dentrificans; They reduce the nitrates to obtain oxygen gas. (Accept the diagram to cycle for
nitrogen whose arrows are properly pointed. Ref. to KCSE Paper).

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/3 –
BIOLOGY
PAPER 3
MARKING SCHEME
1. (a) Bone Identity of the bone Where found
K Humerus Arm/foreleg/front leg
Upper limb/fore limb
(rej: hand/fore arm)
L Scapula/shoulder blade Shoulder/pectoral/region
(rej: fore limb at the shoulder girdle).
M Femur/Thigh bone Leg/hind limb/hind leg/
Upper hind/limb/thigh
Upper part of the leg.
N Tibia/skin bone Leg/hind limb/hind leg
Leg/lower hind limb
(acc. Lower part of the leg)
P Ulna radius/Radius ulna Arm (fore limb/lower
(rej: ulna/radius alone arm/fore/leg
or ulna, radius) (rej: lower part of fore arm)
(acc lower fore limb)
(b) 1. Condyles rej. Condyle
2. Glenoid cavity
3. Patella groove (Rej. Patella or groove alone
Rej: Groove of patella)
(c) Bone (s) scapula/shoulder blade.
Ball and socket.
(d) Large S.A. for muscle attachment/tendous/ligaments.
Limit movement of ulna and radius.
Limit movement at the joint/acts as a stopper.
Prevent over stretching of lower arm.
2. (a) (i)
(ii) Magnification = x ½ to 2; (1mk)

(b) Foliage leaf for photosynthesis gaseous exchange;
coleoptile – protect foot foliage leaf;
Adventitious root – support/anchorage/uptake; of water.
Pericarp – protects the grain from dessication; Any three (1mk)
(c) (i) Monocotyledonae;
(ii) Parallel venation;
Presence of sheath (which attaches the leaf to the stem).
(d) Hypogeal germination; 3. (13mks)
Food Procedure Observations Conclusion
Starch; Iodine solution J added to the Black/blue Starch present;
food sample/OWTTE; Black
Dark blue;
Reducing Benedict solution L added Colour changes to orange brown/reddish
sugar; (OWTTE) ; brown ;
Test tube in hot water (rej: Green X, red X) Reducing sugars
both/boiled/heat/warm; present;
Protein  Biuert‟s reagent No colour change/colour change to rown/colour of
solution L added OWTTE; Biuret reagent remains/black colour remained; Protein
Absent;
Biology p1, p2&p3
KIRINYAGA CENTRAL SUB-COUNTY EFFECTIVE FORTY JOINT EXAMINATION – 2016
231/1
BIOLOGY
PAPER 1
(THEORY)
JULY/AUGUST, 2016
TIME: 2 HOURS
1. (a) Define the term growth. (1 mark)
(b) Name the tissue in plants responsible for:
(i) Primary growth. (1 mark)
(ii) Secondary growth. (1 mark)
2. Two potato cylinders were carefully dried on a blotting paper and weighed. Each piece weighed 2 grams. One was placed in
each test tube as shown in the diagram below.
(a) After 48hrs, which potato cylinder will be heavier. Explain. (2 marks)
(b) Name the substance whose movement was responsible for the weight changes in the potato cylinder you identified in (a)
above. (1 mark)
(c) Name the process which was responsible for the movement of the substance you identified in (b) above. (1 mark)
3. Why are the following steps taken when preparing across section of a leaf for viewing under the microscope?
(a) Cutting thin section. (2 marks)
(b) Placing the section in water. (2 marks)
4. Below is the dental formula of a mammal.
0 0 3 2
i , c , pm , m
4 0 3 3
(a) What is the total number of teeth? (1 mark)
(b) (i) What is mode of feeding in the mammal? (1 mark)
(ii) Give one reason for your answer above. (1 mark)
5. Below is a diagram of a mature embryo sac.
(a) Name the parts labelled.

(i) W …………………………………………………………….. (1 mark)
(ii) Z ……………………………………………………………… (1 mark)
(b) Give the name of the part of the seed formed when the part labelled X fuses with one of the male nucleus. (1 mark)
6. The table below shows approximate numbers of organisms found in an ecosystem.
Type of organism Numbers
Grasshoppers Many
Hawks 3–4
Snakes 15 – 30
Green plants Very many
Lizards 80 – 120
(a) Using the information in the table draw a pyramid of numbers. (3 marks)
(b) Explain what would happen to the other organisms if all the lizards suddenly died off. (2 marks)
7. The diagram below show single circulation a fish.

Biology p1, p2&p3
(a) Write down the names of the parts labelled U and V. (2 marks)
(b) Explain the main disadvantage of this type of circulation. (1 mark)
8. Mr. Juma has sued Serenity Hospital on grounds that their child was wrongly identified such that they got the wrong one.
The child is blood group O. Mr. Juma is blood group AB while Mrs. Juma is heterozygous blood group A.
(a) Work out the possible blood group of their offsprings. (4 marks)
(b) Is Mr. Juma justified in his claims? (1 mark)
9. (a) Name the bacteria found in the root nodules of leguminous plant. (1 mark)
(b) What is the role of the bacteria named in (a) above? (1 mark)
10. (a) Which substance in the cigarettes smoke may cause lung cancer. (1 mark)
(b) The table below shows differences in air breathed in and out.
Gas Volume of air breathed in Volume of air breathed out
Oxygen 21.00 16.00
Carbon (IV) oxide 0.04 4.00
What is the reason for there differences. (2 marks)
11. The diagram below represents an organ of gaseous exchange.
(a) What is the name of the organ? (1 mark)

(b) Name the class to which the animals that have the organ you identified in (a) above belongs. (1 mark
(c) State one way in which structure X is adapted for gaseous exchange. (2 marks)
12. In a prolonged drought period, forage was scarce. It made animals reach out for higher forage and this way the giraffes got
the stretched long necks.
(a) What is the term used for a characteristic such as the long necks outlined? (1 mark)
(b) What is the name given to the theory that describes the evolution of such structures like the long necks? (1 mark)
(c) State and explain the limitation of the theory you named in (b) above. (2 marks)
13. (a) A goat weighing 20kg requires 216KJ while a mouse weighing 54gms requires 2830KJ per day. Explain. (2 marks)
(b) What is the end products of respiration in plants when there is insufficient oxygen supply? (1 mark)
14. State the functions of the following male hormones.
(a) Follicle stimulating hormone. (1 mark
(b) Luteinizing hormone. (1 mark)
15. The diagram below represents the structure of a nerve cell.
(a) Identify the nerve cell. (1 mark)

(b) Give a reason for your answer in (a) above. (1 mark)
(c) State the function of the part labelled T. (1 mark)
(d) Using an arrow show the direction of an impulse on the diagram. (1 mark)
16. A food substance called tripalmitin C15 H98 O6 was oxidized fully and the following equation worked out.
2C51 H98 O6 + 145O2  102CO2 + 98H2O
(a) Calculate the RQ of tripalmitin. (2 marks)
(b) From the RQ value obtained above, to what group of food substances does tripalmitin belong. (1 mark)
17. The diagram below represents a cross section obtained from a plant. Use it to answer the questions that follow.
Biology p1, p2&p3
(a) From which part of the plant was the section obtained from: (1 mark)
(b) Give a reason for your answer in (a) above. (1 mark)
(c) Name part B. (1 mark)
(d) Name the material that strengthens the part you named in (c) above. (1 mark)
18. (a) Given a sample of urine, name one test you would carry out to determine if it was obtained from a person suffering from
diabetes mellitus. (1 mark)
(b) What results are expected if one is diabetic? (2 marks)
(c) Explain why sugar appears in the urine of a diabetic. (2 marks)
19. The diagram below represents a bone of a mammal.
(a) Identify the bone. (1 mark)

(b) Name the part marked X. (1 mark)
(c) Name the bone that articulates at the part labelled F. (1 mark)
(d) Explain one way in which the bone is adapted to its function. (1 mark)
20. (i) Name the class in the phylum arthropoda with the largest number of individuals. (1 mark)
(ii) State three adaptations that makes this class very successful. (3 marks)
21. The diagram below represents a cell organelle.
(i) Name the organelle above. (1 mark)

(ii) State it‟s function. (1 mark)
(iii) Identify the structures labelled X and state it‟s functions. (2 marks)
22. (a) In which organ is cardiac muscle found. (1 mark)
(b) What is the function of the cardiac muscle in the organ you have named in (a) above. (1 mark)
23. How does carboxyhaemoglobin lead to death? (2 marks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/2
BIOLOGY
PAPER 2
(THEORY)
JULY/AUGUST, 2016
TIME: 2 HOURS
SECTION A: (40 MARKS)
Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided:
1. The diagrams below represents germination in plants.

A B
(a) Name the type of germination in A and B above. (1 mark)

(b) In seed germination, the radicle grows before the shoot. Explain. (2 marks)
(c) Define the term seed dormancy. (1 mark)
(d) State two causes of seed dormancy. (2 marks)
(e) State two roles of water in seed germination. (2 marks)
2. During a strenuous exercise, the chemical process represented by the equation below takes place in human muscles.
C6 H12 O6  2CH3 CH (OH) COOH + 150kJ
(Substance X)
(a) Name the process. (1 mark)
(b) Name substance X. (1 mark)
(c) State two economic importance of the above process. (2 marks)
(d) Explain what happens to X after the exercise. (2 marks)
(e) State two differences between aerobic respiration and photosynthesis. (2 marks)
3. The diagram below represents the nitrogen cycle.
Nitrogen
C in air
Lightning
A
Nitrates
D
Nitrogen
Animals in plants
Feeding
B
Death
and decay
Death and decay

Ammonia
Nitrifying bacteria
(a) Identify the processes labelled A and D. (2 marks)

(b) Name the compound represented by B. (1 mark)
(c) Name the group of organisms labelled C. (1 mark)
(d) (i) Name the group of plants that promote process A. (1 mark)

Biology p1, p2&p3
(ii) In which part of the plant does process A take place? (1 mark)
(e) How would excess pesticides in the soil interfere with process A? (2 marks)
4. (a) Explain what happens when a wilting young plant is well watered. (3 marks)
(b) Name a support tissue in plants thickened with:
(i) Cellulose. (1 mark)
(ii) Lignin. (1 mark)
(c) Describe the role of the liver in deamination. (3 marks)
5. The diagrams below illustrate some chromosome mutations.
A B A U
U
B V V
C W W
D X X
C J J
E E
K K L
L L F K F
M M
(a) Identify the mutations illustrated above. (3 marks)

(b) Give an example of a disorder in humans caused by mutation A above. (1 mark)
(c) Name a disorder of blood caused by gene mutation. (1 mark)
(d) Name two mutagens. (2 marks)
(e) Give an example of a beneficial mutation in plants. (1 mark)

Answer question 6 in Section B (Compulsory) and either question 7 or 8 in the spaces provided after question 8.
6. The hormone Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (HCG) is released from embryonic tissues. The effects of HCG is to prevent
the degeneration of corpus luteum.
Study the table below, which shows changes in concentration in the blood of HCG and progesterone during the first 36
weeks of pregnancy.
Time in weeks Concentration of HCG Concentration of progesterone
(arbitrary units) (arbitrary units)
0 0 7
2 3 7
4 15 8
8 60 9
12 45 10
16 24 11
20 12 13
24 10 15
28 10 20
32 14 30
36 12 55
(a) Using the grid provided, plot graphs of concentration of HCG and progesterone produced against time. (8 marks)
(b) (i) What is the concentration of HCG progesterone in week 11? (2 marks)
(ii) When are the two hormones equal in concentration? (2 marks)
(iii) Account for the changes in HCG concentration during the first 20 weeks of pregnancy. (4 marks)
(c) State three functions of progesterone. (3 marks)
(d) What is the role of testosterone in a human male? (1 mark)
7. (a) State three processes by which flowering plants excrete waste products and for each process name two waste products
that are eliminated. (6 marks)
(b) Describe the functions of the various components of the mammalian blood. (14 marks)
8. Describe the movement of water from the soil to the leaves of a tall plant. (20 marks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/3
BIOLOGY
PAPER 3
(PRACTICAL)
JULY/AUGUST 2016
TIME: 1¾ HOURS
CONFIDENTIAL
Each candidate should be provided with the following items:
 80ml of iodine solution, in a 100ml beaker.

 8cm visking tubing.
 2 pieces of strong cotton thread 20cm long.
 Means of timing/wall clock.
 10ml measuring cylinder.
 100ml water in 250ml beaker.
 10ml of 10% starch solution labelled X.
 Specimen A – a twig of hibiscus with a flower.
 Specimen B – a twig of grass.
KIRINYAGA CENTRAL SUB-COUNTY EFFECTIVE FORTY
JOINT EXAMINATION – 2016
231/3
BIOLOGY
PAPER 3
(PRACTICAL)
JULY/AUGUST, 2016
TIME: 1¾ HOURS
1. You are provided with iodine solution, visking tubing, a beaker and a solution labelled X. Tie one end of the tubing tightly
using the thread provided. Measure 5ml of solution X and pour it into the visiking tubing. Tie the other end of the
tubing tightly. Ensure there is no leakage. Rinse the outside of the tubing with distilled water and immerse it with its
contents in a beaker containing iodine solution. Allow it to stand for 15 minutes.
(a) (i) Record your observation at the beginning and end of the experiment in the table below. (4 marks)
Experimental set up Solution X inside the tubing Iodine solution outside the tubing
Beginning of experiment
End of experiment
(ii) What was the identity of solution X? (1 mark)

(iii) Suggest the nature of visking tube. (1 mark)
(iv) Account for the results obtained in a (i) above. (4 marks)
(b) (i) Which physiological process was being investigated in this experiment? (1 mark)
(ii) State two factors which affect the process being investigated. (2 marks)
2. Study the kidney diagrams below.
(a) (i) Name the parts labelled A, B, C and D in figure 1. (4 marks)

(ii) Name the processes that take place in the parts labelled. (2 marks)
V ……………………………………………………………………………
Biology p1, p2&p3
X ……………………………………………………………………………
(b) State two adaptations of the part labelled W. (2 marks)
(c) On the diagram name the part where counter current flow occurs. (1 mark)
(d) State two homeostatic functions of the diagram above. (2 marks)
(e) Explain what will happen to the process of urine formation in absence of vasopressin hormone. (4 marks)
3. You are provided with the following plants: A twig of plant A and plant B.
(a) (i) Name the sub-division to which specimen A belong. (1 mark)
(ii) Using an observable characteristic only give a reason for your answer in
(a) (i) above. (1 mark)
(b) Name the class to which the two specimens belong. (2 marks
A ………………………………………………………………………………….
B …………………………………………………………………………………..
(c) State two observable differences between the leaves of specimen A and B. (2 marks)
Leaves of A Leaves of B
(d) The diagrams below shows the cross-section of stems obtained from specimens A and B.
P Q
(i) Which diagram represents the stem of each of the specimen? (2 marks)
(ii) Outline two differences between the two transverse sections. (2 marks)
(e) Suggest the agent of pollination of the flowers of specimen A. (1 mark)
Give a reason for your answer. (1 mark)

Biology p1, p2&p3
KIRINYAGA CENTRAL SUB-COUNTY EFFECTIVE 40 JOINT EXAMS – 2016
231/1 –
BIOLOGY
PAPER 1
MARKING SCHEME
1. (a) Growth is permanent increase in size of an organism. (1mk)
(b) (i) Apical meristem. (1mk)
(ii) Cambium (meristem) (1mk)
2. (a) Potato cylinder in a test tube A/distilled water; (1mk) water molecules
moved into the potato cylinder by osmosis; (1mk)
(b) Water; (1mk)
(c) Osmosis (1mk)
3. (a) Allows light to pass through (1mk); making it easy to observe the tissue (1mk);
(b) To maintain turgidity (1mk); and hence shape of the cell (as they await
to be viewed) (1mk);
4. (a) (5 + 10)2 = 30 (1mk)
(b) (i) Herbivorous;
(ii) Lacks upper incisors (1mk);
Lacks canine teeth (1mk); (Any one answer)
5. (a) (i) Antipodal cells (1mk); Rej. Antipodal cell
(ii) Egg cell (1mk); Rej. Egg cells.
(b) Endosperm.
6. (a)
Hawks
Snakes
Lizards
Grasshoppers
Green plants ; (3mks)
(b) - Grasshoppers will increase; (1mk)

- Snakes will decrease; (1mk
7. (a) U – Ventricle (1mk);
V – Atrium (1mk);
(b) Low pressure system (1mk); since blood is only pumped once (1mk);
hence low rate of distribution of oxygen and nutrients to tissues (1mk);
8. (a) ♂ ♀ ; (1mk)
Parental genotype AB X AO
Gametes A O ; (1mk)
A B
; (1mk)
F1 BO
AA AB ; (1mk)
AO Blood
Blood Blood
Blood group B
group A group AB
group A
(b) Mr. Juma is justified in his claims as there is no child with blood group 0. (1mk);
9. (a) Rhizombium (1mk);

Biology p1, p2&p3
(b) Convert nitrogen into nitrates/fixation of nitrogen/converts nitrogen into nitrogenous compounds (1mk);
10. (a) Tar (1mk);
(b) Some oxygen inhaled is used in respiration and carbon (IV) oxide is released. (1mk);
11. (a) Gill (1mk); Rej. Gills
(b) Pisces (1mk);
(c) - Numerous/many to increase surface area for gaseous exchange (1mk);
- Thin wall/has thin wall/membrane/epithelium for faster diffusion of gases. (1mk);
- Moist for dissolving gases (1mk);
- Highly vascularized to facilitate diffusion/has capillaries to carry oxygen from gill filaments and bring in
carbon (IV) oxide to gill filaments for removal. (1mk); (Any one)
12. (a) Acquired characteristics (1mk);
(b) Lamarck‟s theory/Lamarckism/Theory of use and disuse. (1mk);
(c) Acquired characteristics are not passed to offspring‟s (1mk);
This is because acquired characteristics do not affect genes. (1mk);
13. (a) A mouse has a larger surface area to volume ratio than a goat. (1mk);
hence loses more energy per unit body weight/mouse loses heat faster than a goat. (1mk);
Acc. A mouse has a larger surface area to volume ratio; hence loses more energy per unit body weight.
(b) Ethanol/C2H5.OH/CH3 CH2 OH (1mk); carbon (IV) oxide/CO2 (1mk);
Rej. Carbon dioxide.
14. (a) Stimulates synthesis of sperms. (1mk);
(b) Stimulates interstitial cells to release the male hormones known as androgens. (1mk);
15. (a) Motor neurone. (1mk);
(b) Cell body is at one end. (1mk);
(c) Secrete myelin sheath. (1mk);
(d)
CO 2 produced 102
16. (a)   0.7 (1mk);
O 2 consumed 145
(b) Fats (1mk);
17. (a) Root. (1mk);
(b) Presence of root hairs. (1mk);
(c) Xylem. (1mk);
(d) Lignin. (1mk);
18. (a) Reducing sugar test. (1mk);
(b) When the mixture of urine and Benedict solution is heated the colour of the mixture turns from blue to green - to
yellow – to orange/brown/red. (1mk); indicating the presence of reducing sugar (1mk);
19. (a) Scapula. (1mk);
(b) Spine. (1mk);
(c) Humerus. (1mk);
(d) Has the glenoid cavity which articulates with the head of the humerus (1mk);
Has a spine for attachment of muscles (1mk); is broad/has a large surface
area for the attachment of the shoulder muscles. (1mk) (Any one)
20. (i) Insecta (1mk);
(ii) - A hard exoskeleton which reduces evaporation thus conserving water. (1mk);
- Excretes uric acid which requires very little water for removal thus conserving water. (1mk);
- Has internal fertilization which eliminates the need for water to achieve successful reproduction. (1mk);
- Is able to fly making it easier for them to spread to new areas. (1mk); (Any 3)
21. (i) Rough endoplasmic reticulum (1mk); Acc. Rough ER.
(ii) Transport synthesized proteins (1mk);
(iii) Ribosomes (1mk); site of protein synthesis (1mk);
22. (a) Heart (1mk);
(b) Contraction of the heart (1mk); Rej. pumping.
23. It does not dissociate (1mk); thereby reducing the capacity of haemoglobin
to transport oxygen. (1mk);

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/2 –
BIOLOGY
PAPER 2
MARKING SCHEME
1. (a) A – Epigeal; (½mk)
B – Hypogeal; (½mk)
(b) - For anchorage;
- For absorption of water and mineral salts; (2mks)
(c) A period of minimal metabolic activity in a seed; (OWTTE) (1mk)
(d) - Immature embryo;
- Presence of chemical inhibitors/dormin;
- Impermeable testa.
- Low concentration/absence of hormones/enzymes/auxins/diastase etc;
- Lack of water;
- Lack of oxygen; Max 2
(e) - It activates enzymes;
- Provides an aqueous medium for enzyme reactions;
- For hydrolysis of stored food;
- For dissolving nutrients;
- For softening the seed coat;
- For osmoregulation/thermoregulation; Max 2
2. (a) Anaerobic respiration; (1mk)
(b) Lactic acid; (1mk)
(c) - In brewing industry;
- In baking industry;
- In sewage treatment;
- In biogas production;
- In making of silage;
- In production of yoghurt; Max 2
(d) - Oxidised to carbon (IV) oxide, water and energy;
- Convertedto glucose in the liver, then to glycogen and stored. (2mks)
(e) Aerobic respiration Photosynthesis
(i) Oxygen is used. - Oxygen is given out;
(ii) Carbon (IV) oxide. - Carbon (IV) oxide is used up;
(iii) ATP is produced. - ATP is used up;
(iv) Water is given out, - Water is used;
(v) Glucose is broken down. - Glucose is formed;
(vi) Occurs in the mitochondrion. - Occurs in the chloroplast;
Max 2
3. (a) A – Nitrogen fixation;
D – Absorption; (2mks)
(b) Nitrites; (1mk)
(c) Denitrifying bacteria/pseudomonas denitrificans/theobacillus denitrificans/ denitrifiers;
(1mk)
(d) (i) Leguminous plants/legumes/e.g. beans, peas, covers, cashew nuts,
groundnuts, accassia (accept a correct example). (1mk)
(ii) Root nodules; rej root Acc. Root tubercles. (1mk)
(e) - Reduction/killing of decomposers;
- Reduction/killing of nitrogen fixing bacteria;
- Destruction of leguminous plants/killing of leguminous plants; (2mks)
4. (a) Root hairs/Roots absorb water by osmosis; cells of the plant become turgid;
leaves become firm/spread out/plants become firm/upright; (3mks)
(b) (i) Collenchyma;
(ii) Xylem/tracheids/vessels/sclerenchyma; (2mks)
(c) The amino group of the amino acid is converted to ammonia; in the liver cells; ammonia combines with carbon
(IV) oxide to form urea;
(2NH3 + CO2  CO (NH2)2 + H2O). (3mks)
5. (a) A: Non-disjunction;
B: Translocation;
C: Inversion; (3mks)
(b) Down‟s syndrome/klinefelter‟s syndrome/Turner‟s syndrome; (1mk)
(c) Sickle cell anaemia/Haemophilia; (1mk)
(d) Radiation; (e.g. x-rays, alpha rays, ultraviolet light, beta rays)
Biology p1, p2&p3
Chemicals; (e.g. colchicines, mustard gas). (2mks)
(e) Non-disjunction; (1mk)
6. (a) Graph.
(b) (i) - Progesterone 10.5  0.5; (1mk)
- HCG 48.0  1.0; (1mk)
(ii) 2.6  0.5; and 19.4  0.5;
(1mk) (1mk)
(iii) 0 – 8 weeks – sharp increase; to ensure that corpus luteum does not disintegrate; to continue producing
progesterone/oestrogen hence
prevents degeneration of endometrium;
0 – 20 weeks, a sharp decline; the placenta has started to produce
progesterone and oestrogen to maintain pregnancy; Max 4
(c) - Causes proliferation of the uterine wall in preparation of implantation;
- Inhibits production of FSH;
- Inhibits contraction of uterus and maintain pregnancy.
- Stimulates growth of mammary glands; Max 3
(d) Stimulates development of secondary sexual characteristics;
Acc. A specific characteristics e.g. spermatogenesis.
7. (a) Process Products
Exudation/guttation; Resins, gums, latex, rubber, calcium oxalate, salts, water.(any two) (2mks)
Transpiration/Diffusion; Water, carbon (IV) oxide, oxygen. (any two) (2mks)
Deposition/leaf fall; Tanins, caffeine, morphine, nicotine, cocaine (any two) (2mks)
(b) - Red blood cells/erythrocytes; carry oxygen; to all parts of the body/from lungs to the tissues;
- Transport carbon (IV) oxide; to the lungs from tissues (award only once for direction of either carbon (IV)
oxide or oxygen).
- Platelets/thrombocytes; produce an enzyme thrombokinase/thromboplastin; necessary for blood clotting;
- White blood cells/leucocytes/phagocytes;
- Produce antibodies/engulf pathogens; hence provide body defence against diseases/infections;
- Plasma; transport nutrients; hormones; heat; carbon (IV) oxide; nitrogenous wastes/urea; mineral ions;
fibrinogen/antibodies;
8. Soil.
Soil particles are surrounded by film of water; the cell sap of the root hair is more concentrated than soil water; cell
membrane of root hair acts as a semipermeable membrane; Due to concentration difference between cell sap and water in
the soil; water moves into the root hair by osmosis; this reduces concentration of the cell sap in the root hair; hence water
moves into neighbouring cells (by osmosis); this continues until water reaches the xylem of the root; through cell sap to
cell sap; cytoplasm to cytoplasm; and through intercellular spaces;
Stem.
Once in the xylem water moves up the plant aided by narrowness of the xylem vessels/capillarity; root pressure;
attraction of water molecules to each other/cohesion; attraction of water molecules to the walls/adhesion; from the
stem xylem water enters the xylem of the leaves;
Leaves.
Once in the leaves water enters the mesophyll; and by osmosis moves from cell to cell; it reaches the substomatal
chamber; where it evaporates into the air creating transpirational pull;

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/3 –
BIOLOGY
PAPER 3
MARKING SCHEME
1. (i) Experimental Solution X inside Iodine solution outside

set up the tubing the tubing
Beginning of the White/cream 1 Re. yellow Colour of iodine
experiment retained/Yellow/Brown
Rej. Red
End of the experiment Solution turns blue No colour change/Yellow/Brown 1
black/Black 1
(ii) Starch. 1
(iii) Semi-permeable. 1
(iv) Iodine (molecules) moved into 1 starch solution/solution X across the tubing through diffusion 1 turning it
blue black. Starch (molecules) were too large 1 such that they could not 1 move across the tubing into
iodine solution. (4mks)
(b) (i) Diffusion
(ii) - Size of diffusing molecules. 1
- Solubility. 1
- Thickness of the tubing/membrane.
- Permeability of medium/tubing/membrane. Mark first two only (2mks)
2. (a) A – Renal vein.
B – Ureter.
C – Kidney pelvis.
D – Cortex.
(b) - Has numerous mitochondria to provide energy for active transport.
- Has microvilli in the inner lining to increase surface area for reabsorption
of substances.
- Highly vascularised for transport of reabsorbed substances.
- Has a thin epithelium for rapid diffusion of substances.
(c) On the diagram to show loop of henle.
(d) - Osmoregulation.
- Regulation of pH.
(e) The distal convoluted tubules and collecting duct will be less permeable
to water; therefore less reabsorption of water, leading to production of
large volume of urine; that is dilute.
3. (a) (i) Angiospermae/angiospermatophyta (1mk)

(ii) It has a flower. (1mk)
(b) A – Dicotyledonae. (1mk)
B – Monocotyledonae (1mk)
(c) Leaves of A Leaves of B
Network veined Parallel veined
Has a petiole Has a sheath
Broad leaves/leaf blade Narrow lamina/leaf blade (2mks)
(d) (i) A–P B–Q
P Q
(i) Vascular bundles Vascular bundles
arranged in ring scattered in the stem
(ii) Has a distinct cortex. Cortex absent.
(iii) Vascular cambium present. Vascular cambium absent.
(iv) Presence of pith Pith absent (2mks)
(e) Insect(s) (1mk)
Brightly coloured petals to attract insects. (1mk)

Biology p1, p2&p3
KEIYO SOUTH JOINT EXAMINATION 2016
Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education
231/1
BIOLOGY
PAPER 1
THEORY
2 HOURS
1. Distinguish between Attenuation and Vaccination (2marks)
2. The number and distribution of stomata on three different leaves are shown in the table below;
Number of stomata
Leaf Upper Epidermis Lower epidermis
A 300 0
B 150 200
C 4 13
a) Suggest the possible habitat of each of the plant from which the leaves were obtained (3marks)
b) State the modification that maybe found in the stomata of leaf C (2marks)
3. a) what is sex linkage? (1mark
b) Name the sex linked trait that are only in male (2marks)
4. A student was using a microscope whose eyepiece lens was marked X4. The high powered objective lenses were marked
X10. Calculate the total magnification of the microscope (2marks)
5. State the functions of the following; (3marks)
i) Lysosomes
ii) Ribosomes
iii) Mitochondrion
6. What is apical dominance (1mark)
7. a) Why does a membrane form around the egg after fertilization? (1mark)
b) Give three differences between an egg and a sperm (3marks)
8. Explain why the biomass of producer is greater than that of primary consumer in a balanced ecosystem (1mark)
9. a) What is diabetes mellitus? (1mk)
b) How can it be controlled ? (1mk)
10. State differences between Aerobic and Anaerobic respiration (2mks)
11. State three adaptations of alveolus of a mammal for gaseous exchange (3mks)
12. Explain how the root hairs are adapted to their functions (2mks)
13. The diagram below represents a plant tissue
a) Identify the tissue above (1mark)

b) Name the structure labeled X,Y and Z (3marks)
14. State three characteristics unique to class Insecta (3marks)
15. a) Name two disorders in human caused by gene mutation (2marks)
b) Give two examples of continuous variation in plants (2marks)
16. Describe how oxygen in the alveolus reaches the red blood cells (2marks)
17. Name the product of anaerobic respiration in; (2marks)
a) plants
b) Animals
18. State two factors that denature enzymes (2marks)
19. State two functions of Saliva (2marks)
20. State three structural differences between arteries and veins in mammals (3marks)
21. In maize the gene for the purple colour is dorminant for the gene for white colour. A purple colour was crossed with
heterozygous plant. Using letter G to represent the gene for purple colour, work out the genotypic ratio of the offspring. Show
your working. (5marks)
22. Explain the Ecological importance of fungi to plants (2marks)
23. Distinguish between community and population (2marks)
Biology p1, p2&p3
24. Name the disease caused by the following causative agent in human (2marks)
i) Salmonella typhi
ii) Plasmodium falciparium
25. Explain what happens to excess amino acid in the liver of humans (3marks)
26. Describe what happens when the pollen tube enters the embryo sac (3marks)
27. State two ways by which human immune deficiency Virus (HIV) is transmitted. (2marks)
28. Explain why plants do not require specialized excretion organ (2marks)
29. An experiment was set up as shown below
a) What are the observations made after 30 minutes in the experiment above (2marks)
30. Distinguish between epigeal and hypogeal germination (2marks)
31. The equation below represents a process that takes place in plants
6CO2+6H2O → C6H12O6+6O2
a) Name the process above (1mark)
b) State two conditions necessary for the process to take place in (a) above (2marks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/2
BIOLOGY
PAPER 2
THEORY
2 HOURS
SECTION A (40MKS)
Answer all the questions in the spaces provided
1. The figure below shows the embryo-sac before fertilization.
(a) Identify the structures labeled A and B. (2marks)

(b) Identify the structures labelled in the diagram that will develop into the following after fertilization.
(i) Embryo (1 mark)
(ii) Endosperm (1 mark)
(c) State the ploidy of each the following nucleic after fertilization
(i) C (1 mark)
(ii) D (1 mark)
(d) Briefly outline the process of “double “fertilization in the flowering plants. (2marks)
2. The graph below show the effect of temperature on an enzyme catalysed reaction
(a) Account for the shape of the curve between.

(i) A and B (3 marks)
(ii) C and D (2 marks)
(b) What does the point marked X represent? (1 mark)
(c) Apart from temperature. State two other factors that affect the rate of enzyme controlled reaction (2 marks)
3. Explain the following
(a) (i) When transplanting a seedling, it is advisable to remove some of the leaves. (1 mark)
(ii) There are generally fewer stomata on the upper side of a leaf than on the lower side
(b) Design a simple experiment to illustrate this observation in (a) (ii) (5marks)
4. The following are short messages (sms) on cell phone communication between Mrs. Mkenzie and her husband. They can be
used as analogies of gene mutation
Intended message Actual message
1. I want a drive I want a driver
2. Yesterday was my shopping day Yesterday was my hopping day
3. My skirt was stolen My shirt was stolen
4. Tomorrow I will be visiting my team Tomorrow I will be visiting my mate

Biology p1, p2&p3
(a) For each of these messages identify the type of gene mutation illustrated (4marks)
(b) State one example of chromosomal mutation that lead to
(i) Change in chromosomal structure (1mark)
(ii) Change in chromosomal number (1mark)
(c) Explain why genetic counseling is termed as one practical application of genetics (2marks)
5. (a) Describe what happens in the first phase of aerobic respiration. (3marks)
(b) A student divided a small air tight box into two chambers with wire mesh. In one chamber he kept a number of rats and
in the other a number of potted plants. What was likely to happen if the box was placed in the dark for two hours?
Explain your answer. (3marks)
(c) Explain how Aerenchyma tissue are adapted to their functions (2marks)
SECTION B (40MKS)
Answer Question 6 (compulsory) and any other one question (7 or 8) in the spaces provided after question
6. In an ecological study, a grass hopper population and that of crows was estimated in a certain grassland area over a period of
one year. The results are as shown in the table below;
MONTH J F M A M J J A S O N D
No. of adult grasshoppers x 102 90 20 11 25 2500 1652 120 15 10 35 192 456
No. of crows 4 2 0 1 8 22 7 2 1 1 5 15
Amount of rainfall 20 0 55 350 520 350 12 10 25 190 256 350
a. (i) What is the relationship between the rainfall and grasshopper population? (1mark)
ii) Account for the relationship stated in a(i) above. (3marks)
b. Explain the relationship between the grass hopper population and that of the crows. (3marks)
c. If the data was used in the construction of pyramid of numbers, what would be the trophic level of:- (3marks)
i) Grasshopper
ii) Crows
iii) The grass in the study area.
d. If the area studied were one square kilometer, state-
i) One method that could have been used to estimate the crow population (1mark)
ii) One method that could have been used to estimate the grass hopper population. (1 mark)
e. Suggest what would happen if a predator for grasshoppers entered the study area (2 marks)
f. What is meant by the term carrying capacity? (1mark)
g. Why would the carrying capacity of wild animals in woodland grassland be higher than that of cattle? (2marks)
h. What is an ecosystem? (1mark)
i. Habitat (1mark)
j. Ecological niche (1mark)
7. Explain the role of human skin in;-
(a) Thermo regulation (14marks)
(b) Protection (6marks)
8. Explain various ways in which fruits and seeds are adapted to dispersal. (20 marks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/3
BIOLOGY
PAPER 3
THEORY
2 HOURS
CONFIDETIAL
o Specimen Q –Irish potato tubers
o Solution S- Strong salt solution
o Solution R- Distilled water
o Pestle and mortar
o 4 test tubes
o Source of heat
o Test tube holder
o Scalpel
o Iodine solution
o Benedict‟s solution
o Sodium hydroxide
o Copper sulphate solution.
o Means of timing

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/3
BIOLOGY
PAPER 3
TIME: 1 ¾ HOURS
1. You are provided with specimen labelled Q. cut the specimen into two halves.
(a) Cut four rectangular strips from one half of specimen Q, each strip should be of 20mm long and 5mm wide. Place two stripes
into solution R and the other two strips into solution S. Allow the experiment set ups to stand for 10 minutes.
(i) Using your fingers feel the texture of the strips and record your observations from each solution:
Solution R (1mark)
Solution S (1mark)
(ii) Account for your observations of no (i) above. (4marks)
(b) Peel the other half of specimen Q, cut into small pieces and then crush in a mortar. Use the reagents provided to test for the
various food substances in the extract obtained from the crushed material.
Record the procedures, observations and conclusions in the table below. (9marks)
Food substance Procedure Observations Conclusion
2. Below is a photograph of plant part. Use it to answer questions that follow:
(a) Name the sub-division of the plant from which the photo was taken. (1mark)
(b) Using observable features on the photograph give reasons for your answer in (a) above. (1mark)
(c) Name the agent of pollination for the flower in the photograph (1mark)
(d) State three observations on the photograph that supports your answer in (c) above. (3marks)
(e) Name the class of the plant from which the photo was taken. (1mark)
(f) Using observable features on the photograph, give reasons for your answer in (e) above. (3marks)
(g) Give two adaptations of the part labeled B to its pollination function. (2marks)
3. The photographs in Plate J, K and L shows the anterior part of two different animals,
Plate L shows the longitudinal dissection of Plate K. Examine the photographs and answer the questions below.
PLATE J PLATE K

Biology p1, p2&p3
PLATE L
(a) (i) State the class to which the animal organ in Plate J belongs. (1mark)
(ii) State the habitat of the animal. (1mark)
(iii) Give a reason for your answer in (ii) above. (1mark)
(b) (i) Name the organ shown in the photograph in Plate J. (1mark)
(ii) State the function of the organ named above (i). (1mark)
(iii) Name the structure that protects the organ named in (b) (i) above from mechanical damage. (1mark)
(iv) From observable features explain two adaptations of the organ to its function. (2marks)
(c) (i) Identify the structure in the photograph Plate K and L. (1mark)
(ii) Give a reason for your answer. (1mark)
(iii) Using observable features only state three adaptations of the structure K to its functions. (3marks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/1
BIOLOGY
2 HOURS
MAKING SCHEME MARCH 2016
1. Attenuation is weakening of a disease causing microorganisms; ( pathogens) for use in vaccination while vaccination is
introduction of an antigen /vaccine attenuation disease causing micro-organism to initiate an immune response in an
organism; (2mks)
2. A- Aquatic; (1mk)
B- mesophytes/habitat with adequate rainfall moderate temperature and humidity; (1mk)
C-Xerophyte/ desert /arid / semi arid /dry area; (1mk)
b) -Sunken stomata
-reduced no of stomata
-hairs around the stomata
-reversed stomatal rhythm (max of 2mks)
3. a) genes located on sex chromosomes and are transmitted along with them.
b) -Premature baldness
-hairy pinna
-Tuff hair in the nose (mark the first 2mks)
4. Total magnification=eyepiece magnification X objective lens magnification; (2mks)
x 4 X10 = x40;
5. i) Contained lytic enzyme which destroy worn-out tissues and organelles;
ii) Synthesis of protein;
iii) Yield energy for respiration; Reject manufacture of energy; (3mks)
6. Is the inhibition of lateral bud development by the terminal bud. If the terminal bud is removed one or more lateral buds
develop into side branches. (1mk)
7. a) To prevent entry of further spermatozoa; (1mk)
To protect the zygote;
b)
Egg Sperm
i)has no tail Has tail
ii)Contain a yolk Does not contain a yolk
iii)No acrosome Has acrosome
iv)no mitochondria A lot of mitochondria
v)large insize Small size
8. Some energy is lost during respiration in form of heat from one tropical levels to the next ; (1mk)
9. a) A condition in which blood sugar level is high and uncontrolled . Caused by lack of insulin in the blood due to the
malfunctions of pancreas; (1mk)
b) Administration of insulin injections/ tablets (1mk)
-Avoid foods rich in sugar
10.
Aerobic Anaerobic
Oxygen necessary Oxygen not necessary
More energy released 36 ATPs Less energy released 2ATPs
Slow energy reduced in small amounts Energy released faster over a short period
End product is H2O CO2 End product alcohol in pl and lactic
Occurs in cytoplasm and mitochondria Others in cytoplasm
(mark the first 2mks)
11. - Thin walls to allow gases to diffuse across a short distance; (3mks)
- Rich in large capillary network for transport of gases;
- Moist to allow gases to diffusion in solution form;
- Spherical shape to increase SA for gaseous exchange;
12. - Cell vacuole has high solute concentrate to high osmotic pressure to absorb water; (2mks)
- has long projection to reach between soil particles and absorb water;
- has cell wall that allows easy passage of water;
- Has large cell vacuole to store absorbed water and salts;
- Presence of a cell wall protects it from mechanical injury;

Biology p1, p2&p3
13. a) phloem; (1mk)

b) X- sieve plate;
Y- Sieve tubes;
Z- Cellulose cell wall; (3mks)
14. Body is divided into three parts .Head, thorax and abdomen; (3mks)
- Three pairs of jointed legs;
- They have exoskeleton;
15. a).
- Hemophilia; (mark the first 2 mks)
- Sickle cell anemia;
- Albinism;
- Colour blindness;
b)
- Height;
- Internodes length; (2mks)
16. Oxygen concentration is lower in the blood capillaries than in the alveolus;
- Oxygen diffuses;
- Through the epithelium capillary wall;
- Into red blood cells and combines with hemoglobin; (max 2mks)
17. a) Alcohol/ Ethanol carbon ( iv) oxide; Reject ethanol and alcohol (2mks)
b) Energy / pyruvic acid;
18. - High temperature above 400c; (2mks)
- PH/ strong acid;
19. - Lubricating food; (2mks)
- Provide alkaline medium;
- Digestion of starch;
20.
Arteries Vein
Thick muscular wall Thin or less muscular wall
No valves Have valves
Elastic walls Less elastic walls
Narrow lumen Wider lumen
(Max 3 mks)
21. genotype GG X Gg; (5mks)
Gametes G G G g
GG Gg GG Gg;
Genotypic ratio is 1:1;

22. Breakdown of organic materials/ decompose decay; / to release plant nutrients; (2mks)
23. Community – all members/living organism of different species in an habitat interacting with each other; (2mks)
Population – members or organism of a given species in a given area at a particular period of time;
24. Typhoid;
Malaria; (2mks)
25. Amino acids are broken down into amino groups and carboxyl group deamination;
Amino group combines with hydrogen forming highly toxic ammonia which combines carbon (IV) oxide to form urea;
(3mks)
26. Tip of the pollen tube burst open/ tube nucleus disintegrates; Reject degenerate.
One of the male nuclei fuses with egg cell nucleus;
To form a diploid zygote; the remaining male nucleus fuses with the polar nuclei to form a triploid endosperm nucleus;
(3mks)
Biology p1, p2&p3
27. Having unprotected sex with infected person; coming in conduct with infected blood; (2mks)
28. Plants reuse some of their waste product; Animal do not
-Produce lower metabolic waste than animals;
29. a) diffusion ; (1mk)
b) Starch solution will turn blue/black; (3mks)
Visking tubing will swell;
Decrease of iodine solution in the beaker;
30. Epigeal- cotyledons are brought above the ground surface ; (2mks)
Hypogeal- cotyledons remain below ground surface;
31. a) Photosynthesis; (1mk)
b) Light energy; (2mks)
-water;
-availability of carbon (Iv) oxide;
-Chlorophyll;

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/2
BIOLOGY
Marking scheme
1. (a) A pollen tube; √ B synergids; √
(b) (i) zygote; √
(ii) Primary endosperm; √
(c) C - diploid; √
D – Triploid; √
(d) is the process by which one male nucleus fuses with the egg cell to form a zygote; √ and another nucleus fuses with the
polar nuclei to form primary endosperm; √
(e) synergids; √
2. (a) (i) As the temperature increases, the rate of reaction increases; the increase in temperature increases the kinetic energy in
the enzyme molecules; this increases the rate of collision hence the increase in the rate of reaction;
(ii) The rate of reaction decreases; this is because the enzyme got denatured due to high temperature. (2mks)
(b) maximum rate of reaction /optimum temperature for enzyme, ( 1mk)
(c) - changes in ph
- Substrate concentration
- Enzyme concentration
- Enzyme inhibitors (any two) (2mks)
3. (a) i). By removing the leaves reduce the S.A exposed to direct sunlight hence reduce the rate of transpiration.
ii) To reduce transpiration on the upper side which directly faces the sunlight.
(b) i). Scrape the upper epidermis of the leaf, mount on the slide and observe under the microscope using medium power
objective. Count the number of stomata in the field of view. Record the results.
ii) Scrape the lower epidermis ………………………
Finally compare results
4. a) 1- Insertion
2- Deletion
3- Substitution
4- Invertion
b) i) Deletion, Duplication
ii) Non-Disjunction
c) It involves provision of information and advice on genetically inherited disorders, their risks and outcomes
Takes place in cytoplasms of the cell
5. (a) In the 1st phase glucose is broken down without O2 to Pyruvic acid in a series of reactions in a process known as
glycolysis.
If O2 is not present the pryruvic acid is broken down partially to lactic acid in animals or ethanol + CO2 in plants.
In glycolysis 1 molecule of glucose yield 2 molecules of RATP.
(b) Plants & rats use O2 for respiration and produce co2. Absence of light means photosynthesis will not take place in plants
hence co2 level goes up.
The rats after sometime will suffocate because of less oxygen for respiration and may die.
(c) Have large airspaces to store air for gaseous exchange.
6. (a) i) high rainfall is followed a month later by high grasshopper population /low rainfall followed by a month later by low
population of grasshoppers.
ii) vegetation/grasshoppers sprout; vegetation/grass provides food for grasshoppers hence multiply rapidly; vegetation also
offers shelter/ camouflage for grasshoppers hence predators do not spot them easily.
b) - Presence of large number of grasshoppers is associated with large number of crows in the same month Acc . Converse
- The crows feeding on grasshoppers/predating on the grasshoppers; if grasshopper population is low the crow population
decreases due to migration to other areas in search of alternative food (sources)
c) i. grasshoppers – 2nd (trophic) level/primary consumers
ii. Crows – 3rd (trophic) level /secondary consumers
iii. The grass in the study area – 1st (trophic) level/producers.
d) i. total count
ii. Capture re-captures
e. vegetation/ grass would sprout/ increases due to decrease of grasshoppers; the predator would compete for food/
grasshoppers with crows (causing some grasshoppers to migrate) rapidly declining grasshopper population.
f. maximum number of organisms an area/habitat can comfortably support without depletion of the available resources.
g. Cattle feed on the same type of food/ grass (hence high competition of food) while wild animals feed on a variety of
foods/ some are browsers while some are carnivores/ or cattle occupy same ecological niche; while wild animals occupy
different ecological niche.
h. Ecosystem - a natural unit composed of abiotic and biotic factors; whose interactions; leads to a self-sustaining system.
i. Habitat – refers to a specific locality which has a particular set of conditions where an organism lives.
h. Ecological niche- is the specific position than an organism occupy in an habitat including its space & role (activities)

Biology p1, p2&p3
7. a) when the temperature is low(cold), the erector Pilli muscles contract; making hair follicles to stand erect; the hair follicles
trap a layer of hair; between them which reduces heat loss due to poor heat conduction through them; when the
temperature is high the erector Pilli muscle relax; thus making the hair lie flat; thus reducing the air trapped and more
heat will be lost to the environment
Skin has sweat glands which secrete sweat; when temperatures are high water from the sweat evaporates taking away
latent heat of vapourization; when temperature is low, no sweat is produced.
When temperature is high, the blood vessels vasodilate; and this encourages loss of heat; as more blood flow close to the
skin surface; when temperatures are low, blood vessels vasoconstrict; less blood flows close to skin surface; hence less
heat is lost to the environment.
Skin has an adipose tissue for insulation against heat loss.
(b) Skin has a cornified layer made of dead cells; which protects the entry of bacteria and inner tissues from mechanical
damage; the sebaceous gland, secret sebum; which has antiseptic properties; hence protects the body from bacteria. The
skin has melanin pigment which protect the body from harmful U.V rays.
8. Wind dispersal.
 Some seeds/fruits have parachute (hair like structures extending from the seed coat/ fruit wall; which increases the surface
area for floating in air; to be blown over a long distance e.g in sow thistle.
 Some seeds have papery extensions (winged seed/fruits) to increase the surface for floating in air so that they can easily be
carried by wind e.g jacaranda, spathola sp
 Some plants have ovaries which are capsule shaped which on drying up burst open along lines of weakness thus scattering the
seed into the air; this is called censor mechanism e.g simsim
 Some seeds are light in weight to be easily blown by wind.
Animal dispersal
 Having hooks on the ovary wall or calyx ; which stick on the fur/clothes of animals passing by e.g. blackjack fruit, devils
horsewhip fruit
 Seeds having a hard indigestive seed coat which passes through the animals digestive system undigested e.g. guavas
 Being brightly coloured when ripe to attract animals e.g oranges,guavas,tomatoes
 Being large in size and conspicuous to be seen by animals easily e.g. oranges
Water dispersal
 Having fibrous walls containing many air pockets for easy floating on water so that it can be carried by water waves/scatter.

Biology p1, p2&p3
BIOLOGY
PRACTICAL
231/3
MARKING SCHEME
1. (a) (i) R- Feel hard/rigid;
S- Feel soft;
(ii) Strip from R feels hard; because it was put in hypotonic solution hence its cells gained water by osmosis and became
turgid/rigid;
- Strip from S was soft; because it was placed in hypertonic solution hence its cells lost water by osmosis and became
flaccid /plasmolysed;
(b) Record the procedures, observations and conclusions in the table below.(9mks)
Food substance Procedure Observations Conclusion

Starch Add a drop of iodine solution; Blue black colour; Starch present;
Reducing Sugars Add Benedict‟s soln & boil/ (i) Green/Yellow; (colour) Traces / little reducing sugar
heat/warm; Rej. Brown present;
Acc. Hot water bath.
Protein Add Sodium hydroxide, Purple/Violet; Proteins present;
followed by Copper Sulphate;
2. (a) Angiospermae/Angiospermaphyta/Angiospermatophyta;
(b) Presence of the flower;
(c) Insect; rej insect/insect pollination/insect pollinated flower
(d) - Conspicuous/brightly coloured /coloured petals, sepals;
- Tubular corolla/stamen and pistil enclosed in a tube;
- Landing stage/corolla platform;
(e) - Dicotyledonae; rej Dicotyledon/Dicotyledonous
(f) - Net/ reticulate venation;
- 5 petals/5 sepals;
- Floral parts arranged in fives/multiples of five;
(g) - Sticky in order to hold the pollen grains;
- Located inside the flower to ensure good contact with the insect;
3. (a) (i) Pisces;
(ii) Aquatic;
(iii) Have gills for gaseous exchange; (tied to No. a (ii) above)
(b) (i) fish gills/ gills;
(ii) Site for gaseous exchange; (tied to No. b (i) above)
(iii) Operculum;
(iv) - Have numerous gill filaments to increase the surface area for gaseous exchange
- Have gill rakers to trap food particles and solid materials which may damage the delicate gill filaments;
- Have thin epithelium to reduce diffusion distance hence faster exchange of respiratory gases;
- Highly vascularized/rich supply of blood to transport gases; (mark the first two)
(c) (i) Trachea; rej Tracheae
(ii) It is tubular/hollow/it has ring of cartilage;
(iii) - Tubular/hollow to transport respiratory gases;
- Have rings of cartilage to keep the trachea open / prevent from collapsing;
- Have smooth muscles to allow for stretching hence bending of the neck;

Biology p1, p2&p3
MOKASA JOINT EVALUATION EXAMINATION
231/1
BIOLOGY
(Theory)
2 hours
1. Name the tissues whose cells are thickened with:
a) Cellulose and pectin. (1mk)
b) Lignin. (1mk)
2. The diagram below represents a fern.
(a) Name Parts labeled A and B. (2mark)

(b) To which division does the plant belong? (1mark)
3. State three measures that can be taken to control infection of man by protozoan parasites ( 3mark)
4. Explain how the following factors hinder self pollination in plants:
(i) Protogyny (1mark)
(ii) Dioecism (1mark)
5. Explain the likely effect on humans and other organisms of untreated sewage discharged into water body that supplies water
for domestic use. (3mk)
6. Name two structures in herbaceous stems that enhance their support. (2mk)
7. a) Define the term immunity. (1mk)
b) Distinguish between natural immunity and acquired immunity. (1mk)
c) Identify one immunizable disease in Kenya. (1mk)
8. State three differences between osmosis and active transport. (3mk)
9. The diagram below illustrates part of a nephron from a mammalian kidney.
a) Name the fluid found in the part labeled Q. (1mk)

b) Identify the process responsible for the formation of the fluid named in (a) above. (1mk)
c) Which two hormones exert their effect in the nephron? (2mk)
10. State three characteristics of members of kingdom Monera that are not found in other kingdoms. (3mk)
11. What is meant by the following biological terms?
i) Crenation (1mk)
ii) Haemolysis (1mk)
iii) Plasmolysis (1mk)

Biology p1, p2&p3
12. The diagram below shows a stage during fertilization in flowering plant.
a) Name the parts labeled Q, R, and S. (3 mk)

b) State the function of the pollen tube. (1 mk)
13. a) State the major factor in the „Global warming‟ experienced in the world today. (1mk)
b) Suggest two ways of reducing the Global warming. (2mk)
14. An experiment was set to investigate a certain aspect of response. A seedling was put on a horizontal position as shown in
figure M below. After 24 hours, the set up was as shown in figure N.
M N
a) Name the response exhibited. (1mk)
b) Explain the curvature of the shoot upwards. (3mk)
15. The paddles of whales and the fins of fish adapt these organisms to aquatic habitats.
a) Name the evolutionary process that may have given rise to these structures. (1mk)
b) What is the name given to such structures? (1mk)
c) Give two examples of vestigial organs in man. (2mk)
16. a) Name a protein and vitamin involved in blood clotting.
i) Protein. (1mk)
ii) Vitamin (1mk)
b) Explain why blood is not normally used for transfusion after one month. (1mk)
17. A group of Form four students set up an experiment to investigate a biological process using termites. They used a small box in which a portion
was covered with black paper and had moist soil. The open part had dry soil. Termites were placed inside in open area of the box.
card
board
Dark area Lit area

Black
paper Dry
soil
Moist soil Termites

a) Predict what happened to the termites after 30 minutes. (1mk)
b) What form of response is exhibited by termites? (1mk)
c) State one biological significance of the above response to termites. (1mk)

Biology p1, p2&p3
18. a) Name two fins in a bony fish which perform the following functions:-
i) Changing direction. (1mk)
ii) Control pitching. (1mk)
(b) State the role of myotomes in fish. (1mk)
19. The diagram below represents an experimental set up to investigate a certain scientific concept. The potted plant was first
destarched by keeping it in dark for four days.
The set up was then placed in sunlight for five hours and leaves were tested for starch.
a) What scientific concept was being investigated? (1mk)
b) i) Give the results likely to be obtained after starch test for A and B.
ii) Account for the results in leaf A in b (i) above. (1mk)
c) Why was leaf C included in the set-up? (1mk)
20. a) Explain the importance of transport in plants. (2mk)
b) What is the role of root hairs in plants? (1mk)
21. a) Identify the source of urea that is removed via the kidneys in a healthy human being. (1mk)
b) Explain why a pregnant woman excretes less urea compared to a woman who is non- pregnant. (2mk)
22. Study the reaction below and answer the questions that follow.
a) What biological processes are represented by A and B? (2mk)

b) Identify the product Y. (1mk)
c) State the bond represented by X. (1mk)
23. Explain the events of the light stage of photosynthesis. (3mk)
24. Explain what happens in humans when the concentration of glucose in the blood rises above the normal level. (3mk)
25. a) Outline the main features of Lamarckian theory of evolution. (2mk)
b) In view of modern genetics, explain why Lamarck‟s theory is unacceptable. (1mk)
c) Name one factor in nature that increases the process of evolution. (1mk)

Biology p1, p2&p3
MOKASA EXAMINATIONS
231/2
BIOLOGY
PAPER 2
THEORY
TIME: 2 HOURS
Answer all the questions in this section.
1. Examine the diagram below carefully and use it to answer the questions that follow.
(a) Name the parts X, Y and Z. (3 marks)

(b) State the main substance which make-up the part labeled W. (1 mark)
(c) Name the process through which mineral salts move into the structure labeled X. (1 mark)
(d) Explain what happens to a red blood cell when placed in distilled water. (3 marks)
2. (a) What is meant by natural selection? (4 marks)
(b) State four sources of evidences that support the theory of organic evolution. (4 marks)
3. The diagram below shows a set up that was used to demonstrate a certain physiological process.
The glucose solution was boiled and oil added on top of it. The glucose solution was then allowed to cool before adding yeast
suspension.
(a) Identify the physiological process that was being investigated using the above set up. (1 mark)
(b) Why was glucose boiled during the experiment? (1 mark)
(c) What was the importance of cooling the glucose before adding the yeast suspension? (1 mark)
(d) What observation would be made in test tube at the end of the experiment? (1 mark)
(e) How would the observation made in (d) above be affected if oil was not added on top of the yeast suspension during the
experiment? (1 mark)
(f) In another investigation, a bird was found to use 10 litres of oxygen to give a respiratory quotient of 0.7 during period of
flight. Name the type of food that was being respired by the bird and determine the amount of carbon (IV) oxide
produced during the same flight. (3 mark)
4. Pure breed of red cows and pure breed of white bulls were crossed to give F 1 calves which had a mixture of red and white
coat known as roan. The F1 were selfed.
(a) Using letter R to represent gene for red colour and W to represent gene for white colour work out the phenotypic ratio of
F2. (4 marks)
(b) Work out the genotypic ratio of a cross between F1 offspring and white bull. (3marks)
(c) Comment on the gene(s) controlling the colour of coats in cattle mentioned above. (1mark)

Biology p1, p2&p3
5. You are provided with photographs of animals. Study the photographs and the dichotomous key below to enable you identify
the taxonomic group to which each animal belongs.
KEY
1. a) Jointed legs present ………………………………………………………………go to 2
b) Jointed legs absent………………………………………………………………..go to 7
2. a) Three pairs of legs ………………………………………………………………..go to 3
b) More than 3 pairs of legs………………………………………………………….go to 5
3. a) Wings present …………………………………………………………………….go to 4
b) Wings absent………………………………………………………………………Anoplura
4. a) One pair of wings…………………………………………………………………Diptera
b) Two pairs of wings……………………………………………………………Hymenoptera
5. a) Four pairs of legs ………………………………………………………………… Arachnida
b) More than ten pairs of legs ………………………………………………………. go to 6
6. a) One pair of legs in each body segment…………………………………………… Chilopoda
b) Two pairs of legs in each body segment ………………………………………… Diplopoda
7. a) Body partially enclosed in a shell………………………………………………… Mollusca
b) Body surface has spiny projection…………………………………………….Echinodermata
a) Using the key, identify the following organisms to their taxonomic groups. In each case, give the sequence of steps which you
followed in identifying them. (4 marks)
Animal Identity Steps followed
A
B
D
E
b) i) Using observable features only, state the class to which the animal labeled A and B on the photographs above belong
(2 marks)
State two observable features on B, that enabled you to arrive at that answer in (b (i) above. (2marks)
SECTION B (40 MARKS)
Answer question six (6) in the spaces provided (compulsory). Choose either question 7 or 8 and answer in the space provided
after question 8.
6. During an ecological study of a lake, a group of students recorded the following observations.
(i) Planktonic crustaceans feed on planktonic algae;
(ii) Small fish feed on planktonic crustaceans, worms and insect larvae;
(iii) Worms feed on insect larvae;
(iv) A bird species feeds on small fish, planktonic crustaceans, worms and large fish;
(v) Insect larvae feed on planktonic algae;
(vi) Large fish feed on small fish.
(a) From this record of observations, construct a food web. (4 marks)
(b) From the food web, isolate and write down a food chain that ends with:-
(i) Bird species as a secondary consumer. (1 mark)
(ii) Large fish as a tertiary consumer. (1 mark)
(c) The biomass of the producers in the lake was found to be greater than that of primary consumers. Explain this observation.
(2 marks)
(d) Using the food web, identify three pairs of organisms that compete for food in the lake and for each case, name the food being
competed for. (6 marks)
(e) (i) State three ways by which human beings may interfere with this lake ecosystem. (3 marks)
(i) Explain how each of the ways stated in (e) (i) above may affect life in the lake. (3 marks)
7. (a) Describe the digestion of a starchy meal along the human alimentary canal. (13 marks)
(b) Describe the process of urea formation. (7 marks)
8. (a) Describe how gaseous exchange occurs in terrestrial plants. (13 marks)
(b) Describe the process of metamorphosis in a grasshopper. (7 marks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
MOKASA EXAMINATIONS
231/3
BIOLOGY
PAPER 3
Practical
Confidential
Requirements
 Thread
 250ml beaker
 Distilled water
 Glass rod
 Iodine solution
 Benedict‟s solution
 Means of heating
 10% glucose solution
 1% starch solution
 10cm visking tubing
 4 test tubes on a rack
 S – Datora
 R – Maize fruit
 L – Orange
 K – Bean pod
 M – Mango
 Hand lens

Biology p1, p2&p3
MOKASA JOINT EVALUATION EXAMINATIONS
K.C.S.E (Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education)
231/3
BIOLOGY
PAPER 3
PRACTICAL
MARCH/APRIL, 2016
TIME: 1 ¾ HOURS
1. You are provided with a visking tubing. Open one end and blow air through the open end. Tie firmly one end with a piece of
thread provided. Make sure that it is not leaking.
Put into the tubing equal quantities of solution L1 and L2. Tie with a thread the open end and ensure that the thread is long
enough to suspend the visking tubing from the glass rod as shown in the diagram.
Put the tubing suspended in distilled water as shown above. Let the set up stand for 30 minutes.
As you wait, carry out the food tests on solution L1 and L2 separately. Use only the reagents provided and fill the table
below. (6 marks)
a)
Test Procedure Observation Conclusion
L1
L2
b) Remove some solution from the beaker after 20 minutes from the time you set the experiment and test for the two food
compounds you tested in (a) above
Test Observation Conclusion
(2 marks)
c) Add 3 drops of iodine solution into the beaker. After 6 – 10 minutes, what do you observe in;
(i) The beaker (1 mark)
(ii) Visking tube (1 mark)

d) What physiological process is being tested in step (b) and (c) above (1 mark)
e) Account for your observations in steps (b) and (c) (3 marks)
2. Below is a photograph of an organism. Examine it and answer the questions that follow.
a) The actual length of the pair of scissors next to the organism is 12.5cm. Using this information, calculate actual length of the
organism. (4 marks)
b) The photograph below shows structures visible after removing the parts labelled P. The inset is a magnified view of one of
the structures.
(i) Name the parts labelled R, S and T (3 marks)
(ii) Explain how each of the parts named in (i) above is adapted to its function (3 marks)
c) The photograph below shows the inner surface of the upper left side of the rib cage.
Explain the role of the part labelled M in inhalation (4 marks)
3. (i) Identify the fruits labelled S,L,K, and M (5 marks)
(ii) Give a reason for your identify of the specimen; S,R and M (3 marks)
(iii) Briefly describe any two types of placentations found in the fruits provided in 3(i) above (2 marks)
(iv) State one difference between a seed and a fruit (1 mark)
(v) Using the handlens provided draw the fruit labelled R (3 marks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
MOKASA JOINT EVALUATION EXAMINATION
231/1
BIOLOGY
(Theory)
2 hours
1. a) Collenchyma;
b) Sclerenchyma;
2. a) A – Sori; rej. sorus
B – Rhizome;
b) Pteridophyta;
3. Improving sanitation/hygiene; using insecticides to kill vectors; avoiding indiscriminate sexual intercourse; clearing
bushes/tall grass around the house; draining stagnant water; proper disposal of household refuse;
4. i) Protogyny (1mk)
Stigma matures earlier and is ready to receive pollen grains before the anthers are ready;
ii) Dioecism (1mk)
Male and female gametes occur in separate plants;
5. Contains disease – causing micro-organisms which may cause outbreak of water borne diseases; faecal material is broken
down by saprophytes leading to depletion of dissolved oxygen thus suffocation of aquatic organisms; breakdown of matter
releases nutrients which enrich the water resulting in eutrophication;
6. Possession of hooked spines; tendrils; twining stems; adventitious roots;
7. a) Ability of the body to identify/ recognize foreign antigens and develop mechanisms of destroying them / ability to resist
infection;
b) Natural immunity is inborn /inherited /passed from parents to offspring while acquired immunity is obtained in life;
c) Tuberculosis; poliomyelitis; diphtheria; whooping cough; measles;
8. Osmosis involves movement of water /solvent molecules, active transport involves movement of solute molecules; osmosis
does not require energy, active transport requires energy; in osmosis molecules move along a concentration gradient, in active
transport molecules move against a concentration gradient;
9. a) Glomerular filtrate;
b) Ultra-filtration / pressure filtration;
c) Antidiuretic hormone / vasopressin; Aldosterone;
10. Nucleus lack nuclear membrane / organelles not membrane bound; nucleus not organized; mitochondria absent / most
organelles absent; cell wall made of mucoprotein;
11. i) Crenation (1mk)
Shrinking of red blood cells/ animal cells as a result of water loss by osmosis (when placed in hypertonic solution);
ii) Haemolysis
Bursting of red blood cells as a result of uptake of water by osmosis (when placed in hypotonic solution);
iii) Plasmolysis (1mk)
Shrinking and pulling away of the cell membrane from the cell wall of plant as a result of water loss by osmosis;
12. a) Q – Antipodal cell(s);
R – Polar nucleus / body;
S – Functional egg cell;
b) pathway through which male nuclei reach the embryo sac / improves efficiency of fertilization; its tip produce lytic
enzyme which dissolves the embyo sac wall to allow entry of male nuclei;
13. a) Carbon (IV) Oxide; rej.Carbon (iv) Oxide
b) Reducing use wood / fossil fuels; planting more trees / afforestation or re-afforestation;
14. a) Geotropism;
b) Gravity causes high concentration of auxins on the lower part of the shoot; this causes faster elongation of cells on the
lower part compared to the upper part; making the shoot to curve upwards;
15. a) Convergent evolution;
b) Analogous structures;
c) Coccyx; appendix;
16. a) i) Fibrinogen;
ii) (Vitamin) K;
b) Most of the red blood cells will have died;
17. a) Moved to the dark area;
b) Negative phototaxis / positive hydrotaxis
c) To escape predation; to reduce dessication;
18. a) i) Pectoral fins;
ii) Pectoral and pelvic fins;
b) Contract and relax alternately to bring about undulating movement;
19. a) Photosynthesis;
b) i) A – Negative test / starch absent; (1mk)

Biology p1, p2&p3
B – Positive test / starch present; (1mk)
ii) Sodium hydroxide absorbed all the Carbon (IV) Oxide hence no photosynthesis;
c) Control experiment;
20. a) Supplies water and mineral ions to the (photosynthetic) cells; conduct products of photosynthesis / nutrients to all parts of
the plant / translocation;
b) Absorption of water and mineral ions from the soil;
21. a) Deamination of excess proteins / amino acids in the liver;
b) Amino acids are used in the formation of foetal tissues; thus has less excess to be eliminated;
22. a) A – Condensation; B – Hydrolysis;
b) Sucrose;
c) Glycosidic;
23. Light energy is s absorbed by chlorophyll molecules; used to split water molecule into oxygen and hydrogen atoms/ ions;
light energy is converted into chemical energy (ATP) and stored;
24. Insulin is produced which increases oxidation of glucose; facilitate conversion of glucose into glycogen / fats for storage;
inhibits conversion of glycogen into glucose;
25. a) Use and disuse of structures / when structures are not used for a long time they shrink and when used they develop
properly; transmission of physically acquired characteristics / physically acquired characteristics are passed on to the
offspring;
b) phynotypically / physically acquired characteristics which do not affect the genes cannot be inherited;
c) Natural selection; cross- breeding; mutation;

Biology p1, p2&p3
MOKASA EXAMINATIONS
231/2
BIOLOGY
PAPER 2
THEORY
TIME: 2 HOURS
MARKING SCHEME
1. (a) Name the parts X, Y and Z. (3 marks)
X: Sap vacuole;
Y: Tonoplast;
Z: Chloroplast;
(b) Cellulose;
(c) Active transport; /Diffusion;
(d) The cell sap is hypertonic to the distilled water; Water molecules move into the cell by osmosis; making the cell to swell
and eventually burst;
2. (a) Organisms with suitable variations in a population survives in a competition for resources; those with unsuitable
variations die out; Through the process suitable genes are passed on to offspring‟s; while unsuitable genes are eliminated
from the population;
(b) Fossil records/ Paleontology;
Comparative anatomy;
Comparative embryology;
Geographical distribution;
Cell biology;
Serology;
3. (a) Fermentation / Alcoholic fermentation / Anaerobic respiration;
(b) Drive off dissolved oxygen/air; from the glucose solution.
(c) To avoid denaturing the enzymes in yeast cell / destroy zymase enzymes;
(d) Calcium hydroxide forms a white precipitate;
(e) Calcium hydroxide remains colourless;
(f) Lipid / fat or Oil; (1 mark)
R.Q = Volumeof CO2 produced; 0.7 = CO2 = 7 litres;
Volume of O2 used 10
4.(a)
Parental Genotype RW R W;
R W R W
Gametes X ;
Fertilization
F2 genotypes
RR RW RW W W;
Phenotypic ratio 1 Red : 2 Roan : 1 White;
Rej. 1 : 2 : 1 only

Biology p1, p2&p3
(b) Parental genotypes RW W W;
R W W W
Gametes X ;
F1 Genotype RW RW WW WW
Genotype RW : WW
Ratio 1RW : 1WW; Rej. Ratio only.
(c) Gene for red colour coat and white colour coat are codominant/ have equal dominance;
acc. Incomplete dominance
5. a)
Animal Identity Steps followed
A Arachnida
B Hymenoptera
D Chilopoda
E Anoplura
b) i) A- Arachnida;
B- Insecta;
i) Has three pairs of legs;
ii) Has three body parts;
6. (a) From this record of observations, construct a food web. (4 marks)
Bird species Large fish;
Worms Small fish;
Insect larvae Planktonic crustaceans;
Planktoni algae;
(b) (i) Bird species as a secondary consumer. (1 mark)

Planktonic algae →Planktonic crustaceans →Bird species;
(ii) Large fish as a tertiary consumer. (1 mark)
Planktonic algae → Planktonic crustaceans →Small fish → Large fish;
Planktonic algae → Insect larvae →Small fish →Large fish;
(c) Energy is lost as it passes from the producers up the trophic levels; Producers require greater biomass to compensate for the
energy losses in order to support consumers depending on it;
(d) Bird species and small fish; compete for planktonic crustaceans;
Bird species and small fish; compete for worms;
Bird species and large fish; compete for small fish;
Small fish and worms; compete for insect larvae;
Planktonic crustaceans and insect larvae; compete for planktonic algae;
Biology p1, p2&p3
(e) (i) Pollution of water;
Overfishing;
Introduction of new fish species into the lake;
Biological control of mosquitoes;
(ii) Pollution caused by toxic chemical substances may kill organisms in the lake;
Overfishing depletes some species of fish inceasing the numbers of another species of organism;
Newly introduced fish may clear the other species or increase competition in the lake;
Biological control of mosquitoes may lead to clearance of insect larvae which is food to other organisms;
7. (a) - Starch in food is first broken down in the mouth by action of teeth/ chewing; This increases the surface area exposed
enzyme action; saliva contains salivary amylase which breaks down some starch to maltose; saliva has a slightly alkaline pH
which is optimum for the enzyme; The food moves down to the oespophagus and stomach; where the acidic pH, due presence
of dilute Hcl, prevents further action of salivary amylase; In the duodenum, pancreatic amylase continues digestion of starch
to maltose; Pancreatic amylase is produced in the pancrease; and enters the duodenum through pancreatic ducts; the acidic
chyme is neutralized by the sodium bicarbonate in bile/ pancreatic juice; Maltose digestion continues in the ileum; whose
walls secrete succus entericus/ intestinal juice; which contains enzyme maltase; which breaks down maltose to glucose;
(Max 13 marks)
8. (a) Gaseous exchange takes place in a spongy mesophyl

During the day air diffuses into large air spaces of spongy mesophyll; through stomata; the Carbon (IV) Oxide in the air
diffuses into Photosynthetic cells; in solution form; during photosynthesis Carbon (iv) Oxide is used while oxygen is
produced. Oxygen diffuses out of the leaf; through stomata;
During the night; air diffuses into the air spaces (of spongy mesophyll), the air dissolves into film of moisture; then oxygen
diffuses into the cells; and is used in respiration during which carbon (iv) oxide is produced, the Carbon (iv) Oxide diffuses
out of the leaf; through stomata; due to concentration/diffusion gradient;
Gaseous exchange takes place through epidermis (of young leaves and stems); epidermis of the root carries out gaseous
exchange with air in the soil; some plants have pneumatophores/breathing roots; in which gaseous exchange occurs through
lenticels; (found in older stems)
(Allow concentration gradient for O2/ CO2 only once.)

Biology p1, p2&p3
KAMDARA JET - 2016
231/1
BIOLOGY
TIME: 2 Hours
Instructions to Candidates
Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.
1. The diagram below represents microvilli on epithelial cells
(a) Name the parts A and C (2marks)

(b) Name two parts in the human body where the above epithelial cells are found. (2marks)
2. (a) Name two enzymes that are produced in their precursor forms. (2marks)
b) Name the substance that converts the enzymes named above to their active forms. (2marks)
3. Human beings are „Homoiothermic.
(a) Explain the meaning of homoiothermic. (1mark)
(b.) What are the effects of the following in human beings? (2marks)
(i) Decrease in body temperature below the optimum level
(ii) Increase in body temperature above the optimum level.
(iii) The pancreas of a mammal was surgically removed. A few hours later, glucose was found in urine of the mammal.
Explain the observation. (1 mark)
4. A person walked bare feet in a swampy area. After a few weeks he started experiencing abdominal pains and diarrhoea. His
urine and stool contained blood.
(a) Name the disease the person was likely to be suffering from and the causative agent of the disease
(i) Disease (1mark)
(ii) Causative agent (1mark)
(b.) Apart from avoiding walking bare feet in swampy area. State two other ways of controlling the disease. (2marks)
5. State the functions of the following parts of a brain. (3marks)
(a) Thalamus
(b) Midbrain
(c) Medulla oblongata
6. The diagram below shows a joint in a mammal. Study it and answer the questions.
(a)
State the functions of parts A and B (2marks)
(b)
Name the type of joint illustrated by the diagram (1mark)
(c)
State two adaptations of joint named in (b) Above (2marks)
7. (a)
What is mutation? (1mark)
(b)
Name one disorder caused by gene mutation and one disorder caused by chromosome mutation. (2marks)
Gene mutation
Chromosome mutation
8. (a) What is the disadvantage of self- pollination in plants? (1mark)
(b.) State two features that discourage self-pollination. (2marks)
9. State the importance of companion cell in phloem tissue. (1mark)
10. State TWO effects of gibberellins on shoots of plants. (2 Marks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
11. Distinguish between resolving power and magnifying power of a microscope (2 Marks)
12. The following diagram is a longitudinal section of a root apex.
a. Identify the parts labeled A, B and C . (3 Marks)

b. The figure below represents THREE cells 1, 2, and 3.
Identity the THREE regions of the root tip from which the cells were got from, (3 Marks)
13. a) What is heterozygous advantage? (1 Mark)
b) Give an example. (1 Mark)
14. After a colony of penicillin-sensitive bacteria was exposed to antibiotic pencillin, a penicillin resistant emerged. Explain this
observation (2 Marks)
15. What is meant by speciation? (2 Marks)
16. The diagram below shows two potted plants on a laboratory bench near a window.
a) State one observable difference between the plants I and II. (1mark)
b) State the importance of the process that is seen in plant I. (1mark)
c) Explain the process that resulted to appearance of the leaves as in plant I above. (1mark)
d) Suppose a cell from a leaf of each of the plants I and II is mounted and observed under a microscope. Draw a diagram of a
cell from each of the plants leaves. (2marks)
17. Study the dental formula below.
a) Identify the mode of feeding carried out by the animal with this dental formula. (1mark)
b) Give reasons for your answer in (a) above. (1mark)
c) State the role of carnassial teeth in a lion.. (1 mark)
18. State two reasons why the stomach lining is not usually digested by pepsin though it is made of protein. (2marks)
19. State three differences between Rods and Cones. (3marks)
20. The diagram below shows how gaseous exchange occurs across the gills of a fish.

Biology p1, p2&p3
According to the diagram water and blood flows in opposite direction across the gills.
a) Give the term used to describe this flow. (1mark)
b) Explain the advantage of the above flow named in (a) above. (2marks)
c) What differences would be observed if water and blood flow across the gills in the same direction. (2marks)
21. The drawing shows a bacterial cell.
a) Name structures A and B. (2marks)

b) State the kingdom to which the cell above belongs. (1marks)
c) Give two observable reasons for your answer. (2marks)
22 a) What is the Rhesus factor? (1 mark)
b) A rhesus negative person received rhesus positive blood during transfusion. Explain why it is dangerous to give similar
transfusion a second time. . (2 marks)
23. State three adaptive features of a desert plant. (3 marks)
24. The table below shows the oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide released at rest by a number of animals under certain
conditions.
Animal Body mass(g) Oxygen consumption in cm3 Carbon dioxide released in Respiratory Quotient
per hour cm3 per hour
Mouse 20 40 40
Dog 10000 1960 2800
Sheep 40000 4970 7100
Horse 600000 700000 700000
a) Complete the table in the last column showing respiratory quotient. (2marks)
b) From the completed table suggest which animal was oxidizing. (2marks)
i) Fats
ii) Carbohydrates

Biology p1, p2&p3
KAMDARA JOINT – 2016
231/2
BIOLOGY (THEORY)
Time: 2 Hours
SECTION A:
Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided.
1. (a) What is meant by the term (2mks)
(i) Allele
(ii) Test cross
(b) Describe the following chromosomal mutations:
i) Inversion (1mks)
ii) Translocation (1mks)
(c) In mice the allele for black fur is dominant to the allele for brown fur. What percentage of offspring would have brown fur
from a cross between heterozygous black mice? Show your working. Use letter B to represent the allele for black fur.
(4mks)
2. The diagram below shows a cross – section through a pistil.
(a) Name the structures labeled K, L and M: (3 marks)

(b) What do the following parts develop into after fertilization?: (2 marks)
Part L:
Part N:-
(c) State three ways by which plants promote cross fertilization. (3 marks)
3. Study the diagrams below and answer the questions that follow.
A B C
(a) Identify the process being investigated. (1mk)

(b) With a reason identify the set-up in which germination will occur. (2mks)
(c) State two roles played by water during germination. (2mks)
(d) Name three factors inside the seed that causes seed dormancy. (3mks)
4. The figures below represent mammalian tissue as seen under a light microscope.

Biology p1, p2&p3
(a) Identify the tissue (1 mark)
(b) Name the cells represented by R,S and T (3 marks)
(c) State the function of structure S and R. (2 marks)
(d) Explain two adaptations of structure T to its function. (2 marks)
(e) Name the hereditary condition a person with structure T is suffering from. (1mark)
5. The diagram below shows a mammalian eye.
a) Name the parts labeled R, S and T. (3 mks)

b) Give two adaptations of part labeled U. (2 mks)
c) Describe the changes that occur to part V when one moves from a bright room to a dark room. (3 mks)
SECTION B
Answer questions 6 (Compulsory) and either question 7 or 8 in the spaces provided after question 8.
6. Equal grams of maize flour were placed into two boxes K and L respectively. Equal numbers of weevils were then introduced
into the boxes. The boxes were kept under similar environmental conditions. The weevils were counted at intervals and the
results recorded in the table below.
No. of days after introduction of Approximate No. of weevils present

weevils K L
0 20 20
5 20 20
40 200 300
60 550 800
80 560 1300
100 650 1750
120 640 1750
135 650 1740
150 645 1748
a) Using a suitable scale and on the same axes draw two graphs of the approximate number of weevils present against number of
days after introduction of weevils on the graph paper provided. (8marks)
(b) What were the approximate number of weevils present in the two boxes on the 70 th day? (2marks)
Number in K:
Number in L:
(c) (i) On what day was the population of weevils in K 580? (1mark)
(ii) Between which days was the population difference greatest? (1mark)
(d) Account for the shape of graph L between day 5 and day 100. (4 marks)
(e) State factors that would make the human species assume the curve Kabove. (4marks)
7. (a) Explain the role of Auxins in geotropic response in plants (5 marks)
(b) Describe roles of other hormones in the growth and development of plants. (15 marks)
8. a) what is natural selection? (4marks)
b) Describe four evidences for organic evolution. (16marks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
KAMDARA JET - 2016
231/3
BIOLOGY PRACTICAL
Paper 3
Time: 1 3/4 Hours
1. Below is a photograph of a fish. Examine it and answer the questions that follow.
a) List three observable features used to identify the class to which the organism shown on the photograph belongs [3mks]
b) The actual length of the pair of scissors next to the fish is 13 cm. Using this information, calculate the actual length of the
fish. (3 marks)
c) Name all the observable structures that prevent the following movements of fish during swimming. (2marks)
i) Yawing
ii) Pitching………
d) The photograph below shows structures visible after removing the part labeled P.
The inset labeled figure 2 (a) is a magnified view of one of the structures.

Biology p1, p2&p3
i) Name the part labeled R, S and T (3 marks)
ii) Explain how each of the parts named in (d) (i) above is adapted to its function. (3 marks
2. You are provided with a visking tubing and
Solution A
Solution B
Solution C
Solution D
Label solution A as Benedict’s solution using one of the blank labels provided.
Label solution B as Iodine solution using one of the blank labels provided. Measure 20 ml of solution D and pour into the
boiling tube provided.
Reserve the rest of solution D for use in the next procedure.
Carefully open the visking tubing provided.
Tightly tie one end of the visking tubing with one of the pieces of thread.
Measure 10 ml of solution C and pour into the visking tubing.
Tightly tie the second end of the visking tubing.
Reserve the rest of solution C for use in the next procedure.
Ensure there is no leakage at both ends.
Rinse the visking tubing with the tap water provided.
Completely immerse the visking tubing into the boiling tube containing solution D and leave for 30 minutes.
i) Using the reagents provided, test for food substances in solution C and D (using portions of solution C and D reserved
earlier.)
Record your work in the following table. [8mks]
SOLUTION FOOD SUBSTANCE PROCEDURE OBSERVATION CONCLUSION
D
ii) After 30 minutes carefully remove the visking tubing from inside the boiling tube.
Using the same reagents, test solution D in the boiling tube for food substances.
Record your work in the following table. [2mks]
SOLUTION FOOD PROCEDURE OBSERVATION CONCLUSION

SUBSTANCE
D,in the boiling
tube
iii) Account for the results obtained after carrying out the food tests on solution D before and after immersing the visking tubing
containing solution C and leaving it for 30 minutes. [2mks]
iv) Name the physiological process being investigated in the procedure above. [1mk]
3. The diagram below illustrates photographs of plants undergoing a certain process. Study them carefully and answer the

Biology p1, p2&p3
a) i) Name the process illustrated on the photograph. [1mk]

ii) State two differences in the way the process occurs as illustrated in X and in Y. [2mks]
b) i) State two roles of part C in the process illustrated above. [2mks]
ii) State two external factors that are necessary for the process above to take place. [2mks]
c) Name the parts labelled B and give its function
Name: [1mk]
Function [1mk]
d) Using observable features only, name the classes to which the specimen X and Y belong, giving one reason in each case.
[4mks
SPECIMEN CLASS REASONS

X
Y

Biology p1, p2&p3
KAMDARA JET - 2016
231/1
BIOLOGY
MARKING SCHEME
1. (a) A – mitochondrion reject mitochondria
C – Ribosome – rejects ribosomes/rough endoplasmic reticulum.
(b) - small intestine
- kidney
2. (a) Pepsin
Trypsin
(b) Pepsin - Hydrochloric acid
Trypsin - (enzyme) enterokinase
3. (a) maintain a constant body temperature (Independent of temperature of surrounding);
(b) (i) Decrease in metabolic activities.
(ii) Denature enzymes thus slow down metabolic activities.
(iii) This is due to no production of insulin which acts on the liver cells so as to lower blood sugar level by converting
glucose to glycogen.
4. (a) (i) Schistosomiasis / Bilharzia
(ii) Schistosoma japonicum any one follow binomial rules
Schistosoma mansoni
Schistosoma haematobium
Rej. If spelling wrong
(b) - Treat or boil drinking water
- Proper disposal of urine and feaces
- Avoid swimming or bathing in water infected with snails
- Kill snails by spraying with molluscicides
- Treatment of infected people to avoid spread of disease
Mark first two
5. (a) contains receptors for pain and pleasure.
(b) Relays impulses between nerves from the spinal cord and forebrain
(c) Controls involuntary activities e.g. breathing, swallowing, salivation, vomiting
- controls dilation or constriction of blood vessels influencing blood pressure.
6. (a) A - reduce friction rej prevent
B - lubricates the joint accept correct example
(b) Synovial joint
(c) - Has cartilage at the ends of bones to reduce friction;
- Has synovial fluid which lubricates the joint;
- Has synovial membrane which secrets synovial fluid;
- Has ligaments that join bone to bone;
- Has tendons that join bone to a muscle;
Mark first two
7. (a) - sudden change in an organisms genetic make up;
Gene mutation – Albinism, sickle cell anaemia, haemophilia, colour blindness,chodrodystrophic dwarfism accpt
re/green colour blinness Any one
Chromosome mutation – mongolism (down‟s syndrome)
- Klinefelter‟s syndrome
- Turner‟s syndrome mark the first one
8. (a) No mixing of genetic material thus no variation
(b) - protandry and protogyny
- Heterostyly
- Self-sterily and incompatibility
Bright coloured petals, scented and production of nectar in bisexual flowers.
Mark first two
9. To provide energy for translocation of food materials;
10.
 Promotes cell division/ elongation in dwarf plants
 Stimulates the formation of side branches.
 Affects leaf expansion and shape.
 Inhibits formation of abscission layer. Any two ( 2 marks)
11. Resolving power is the ability of a microscope to make two objects that are very close together appear separate entities.
Magnifying power is the degree which a microscope can enlarge a specimen. (2 Marks)
12. a) A - Root hair
B - Phloem
C - Apical meristem (3 Marks)
Biology p1, p2&p3
b) 1 Zone of cell differentiation
2 Zone of cell elongation
3 Zone of cell division (3 Marks)
13. a) A situation in which presence of a gene in a heterozygous condition provides a survival advantage to an organism.
(1 Mark)
b) Sickle cell trait in humans individual with sickle cell trait are resistant to plasmodium (1 Mark)
14 Exposure to penicillin antibiotic caused mutation and resistant form emerged which passed on the trait to the offspring.
(2 Marks)
15 It is the emergence (development) of new species of organisms from existing ones over a long period of time. (2 Marks)
16 a). Plant I are wilted or drooped.
Plant II are fresh or not drooped. (1 Mark)
b) Reduces leaf surface area therefore reduces rates of water loss by transpiration hence water conversation (2Marks)
c) (Plants leaves lose water to the atmosphere through transpiration- its cells lose water anddraw more from the soil). This
process continue until such point when rate of water uptake is lower than the rate of transpiration
17. a) Herbivorous (1mark)

b) No upper incisor and canine (1mark)
c) Slice flesh and crush bones (1mark)
18. Pepsin is secreted in its inactive form (pepsinogen) and is only activated in the presence of food. Stomach lining is coated
with mucus secreted by the goblet cells in the stomach mucosa (epithelial cells) (2marks)
19. (3marks)
RODS CONES
Have retinol convergence. Lacks retinal convergence
Senstive to low light intensity(dim light). Sensitive to high light intensity(bright light.
Have low visual acquity. Have high visual acquity
Photo chemical pigment is rhodopsin Photochemical pigment is iodopsin
Cannot perceive colour Can perceive colour
20. a) Counter current flow. (1mark)

b) It maintains a steep diffusion gradient thus increases efficiency of oxygenation of blood as well as diffusion of carbon IV
oxide from the blood. (2marks)
c) The diffusion gradient would not be as high along the respiratory surface leading to low rates of gaseous exchange.
(2marks)
21. a) A Capsule/ Slime/ mucuos layer. (1mark)
B Flagellum rej flagella (1 mark)
b) Monera.
c) single celled
Lack mitochondria (2marks)
22 a) Is the blood antigen on the surface of the red blood cell (1mark)
b) The rhesus produces antibodies against the rhesus antigen and by second exposure the level of antibodies will be so
high that they will cause damage to the recipient blood cells. (3marks)
23 Have sunken stomata which accumulates moisture in the sub stomatal to reduce the diffusion gradient.
Leaves are modified to thorns, or spines to reduce surface area over which transpiration occurs.
They shed their leaves during the dry season to reduce surface area exposed to transpiration.
Some leaves roll; fold to reduce the rate of transpiration.
Leaves have thick waxy cuticle to minimize rate of cuticular transpiration.
Posses deep roots to absorb water from deep in the soil. Mark first three 3x1
24.a) 1.0
0.7
0.7
1.0 (2marks)
b.) Fats Dog and Sheep.

Carbohydrates mouse, horse (2marks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
KAMDARA JOINT – 2016
231/2
BIOLOGY
(THEORY)
MARKING SCHEME
1. a) Albinism; sickle cell anaemia; Haemophilia; colour blindness;
b) (i) Inversion
Occurs when chromatids break at two places; and when rejoining the middle piece rotates and joins in an inverted
position;
(ii) Translocation
Occurs when a section of chromatid breaks off; and becomes attached to another chromatid of another chromosome;
c) Parents ♂ ♀
Parental phenotype Black fur Black fur
Parental genotype Bb x Bb
Gametes B b B b
Fusion
F1 generation BB Bb Bb bb
1
/4 x 100 = 25%
OR
Male Female
Genotype Bb x Bb
♀ B b
♂
B BB Bb
b Bb bb
¼ x 100 = 25%
*Penalise at parental genotype if other letters are used.
*Maximum of 1 mark if wrong symbols used for correct crossing.
2. K – Ovary
L – Integument
M – Ovule / embryo sac
(b) L – testa
N – Zygote
(c) - Protondry / protogyny
- Heterostyly
- Self sterility / in computability.
3. Germination process.
(b) Set-up A. Reason – Has all the conditions necessary for germination.
(c) - Hydrolysis the food in the cotyledons.
- A medium of transport of soluble food.
- Softens the seed coat.
- Provides a suitable medium for enzyme activity.
(d) - Insufficient germinating enzymes.
- Hand seed coat.
- Premature embryo.
- Presence of enzyme inhibitors.
4. (a) blood
(b) R- Platelets
S- White blood cells
T- Red blood cells
(c) S- Equip and destroy foreign micro – organism
R- Bring contribute in clotting of blood.
(d) - Biconcave disc to create a large surface area through which oxygen diffuses into cell.
- No nucleus creates more space for packing of haemoglobin
- Contain haemoglobin which has high affinity for oxygen.
(e) Sickle – cell trait
Biology p1, p2&p3
5. a) R -retina
S- optic nerve
T- ciliary muscles
b) U -Has dark pigments to absorb stray lights and prevent internal reflections within the eyes.
-contains numerous blood vessels that supply nutrients to the eye and remove metabolic wastes from the eyes.
c) The radial muscles of the iris contract and the circular muscles relax; Pupils size (diameter) increases/ enlarges and more light
enters the eye.
6. Axes - 2 - correctly identify both X and Y including units where applicable
Curve - 2 - origin must be shown be shown not necessarily the same
Identification - 2 value
Scale - 2 – graph must be more than ½ the page for scale to be correct
- Number points on the margins to enable all points to be correctly plotted
- Intervals to be regular for scale to be correct
- Y – axis must be number beyond the highest point to be plotted
- No zig-zag
- If any scale is wrong, no score for the points
- Curve – different points to be plotted free hand
- Should not extend beyond the last last
No. Of days
(b) K - 555
L- 1020
(c) (i) 86th Day
100 - 120
(d) Increase in population; because there is adequate food; the number of reproducing individuals is increasing; wastes products
have not accumulated to toxic levels.
(e) -Diseases
-Lack of food
-Death rate equal to birth rate.
7. (a) When a growing seedling is placed horizontally auxins produced at shoot and root apices migrate and accumulate
more on the lower sides than upper sides; Higher concentration of auxins on lower side of shoot causes faster growth than the
upperside; hence shoot curves upwards i.e negative geotropic‟ on the root, higher auxin concentration on lower side inhibit
faster growth/upper side grows faster; hence root bends/curves downwards i.e positive geotropic;
(b) Auxins
- causes apical dominance/inhibits growth and development of lateral buds;
- promotes cell differentiation of vascular tissues
- Promotes fruit formation/parthenocarpy; promotes abscission layer/bring about leaf fall.
- Auxins together with cytokines promote formation of callus tissue during healing of wounds.
NB: do not award mark for influences tropic responses/cell division
Gibberellins;
Promotes cell division/cell elougation in dwarf plants;
Inhibits growth of adventitious roots;
Promote parthenocarpy;/formation of fruits without fertilization;
Activate hydrolytic enzymes during germination;
Breaks seed dormancy;
Retards leaf abscission;
Cytokinins;
 Break seed dormancy in some species;
 Promotes flowering in some species;
 Promotes cell division in presence of IAA;
 Promotes root, formation;
 Stimulate lateral bud development;
Ethylene;
Biology p1, p2&p3
 Induces thickening of stem;
 Promotes germination of certain seeds;
 Promotes flowering in pineapples;
 Causes abscission of leaves/fruits;
 Induces uniform ripening of bananas;
Abscissic acid;
 High conc. causes stomata closure;
 Inhibits stem elongation/growth;
 Inhabits sprouting of buds;
 Induces dormancy in buds;
 Causes seed dormancy;
 Causes leaf fall;
Florigen;
- promotes flowering;
8. a) Nature selects those organisms with structures that are well adapted to survival in the environment. These structures are
passed to their offspring; organisms with structures that are poorly adapted perish. (4mks)
b) Evidences to show that evolution has taken place. (Any 4,)
i) Fossil records.√
ii) Comparative anatomy. .√
iii) Comparative embryology. .√
iv) Geographical distribution (continental drift).√
v) Vestigial organs.√
vi) Cell biology. √
(i) Fossils records;
Fossils are remains of dead organisms preserved naturally. They indicate that organisms have evolved from simple life forms
to most complex forms. Fossils of human beings indicate that the modern human being has a highly developed brain and uses
speech for communication unlike the early human being. Of horses show that the modern horse is 1.5 m high, lives in dry
grassland, teeth are adapted for chewing and it stands on one digit whose distal end is converted into hoof.
(ii) Comparative Anatomy;
This involves comparing the form and structure of different organisms.Some groups organisms show basic structural
similarities suggesting common or related ancestry showing divergent evolution.
Other groups of organisms show morphological similarities but are found to have different ancestry showing convergent
evolution;
(iii) Vestigial Organs;
Some structures have ceased to be functional and have reduced in size; such structures are called vestigial structures.
Examples include the appendix and the tail in human beings; reduced wings in flightless birds, nictitating membranes in
mammalian eyes and lack of visible limbs in pythons.
(iv) Geographical distribution;
- Its believed that long ago the land was one mass which later drifted apart to form the current continents. This is called the
continental drift.
- Regions with similar climatic conditions and lie in the same latitude have flora and fauna that are not identical. This indicates
that they have evolved differently; e.g. Amazon forest of South America has long tailed monkeys, panthers and jaguars
while similar African forests have short tailed monkeys, leopards and cheetahs.
(v) Comparative embryology;
Studies show that embryos of fish, birds, amphibians, reptiles and mammals are morphologically similar during the early
stages of development but with time they develop and change to look like their parents;
(vi) Cell biology;
- Cells of higher organisms show basic similarities in their structure and function; e.g. the presence of cell membranes and
organelles such as mitochondria, ribosomes and golgi bodies.
- Higher plant cells have cellulose cell walls, chloroplasts and starch showing evolution from a common ancestry.
- The blood pigment, haemoglobin is common in vertebrates and invertebrates.
* Mention 1mk; Explanation 3mks; Total 4. Maximum 4 evidences (16 mks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
KAMDARA JET - 2016
231/3
BIOLOGY
(PRACTICAL)
Time: 1 3/4 Hours
1. (a) -presence of fins;
- Presence operculum/gills;
- Presence of scales (pointing backwards)/with free ends to the posterior /overlapping backwards;
- Presence of lateral line;
Mark the first three answers on the candidate’s script.
(b) Magnification= Drawing length of scissors = 4.3 = x 0.3308 OR 4.4 =X 0.3385;
Actual length of scissors 13 13
Magnification of scissors = magnification of fish
= drawing length of fish
Actual length of fish.
0.3308 = 13 cm
X cm;
X= 13 =39.2987 cm. OR X= 13 =39.4047 cm ;
0.3308 0.3385
Therefore actual length of fish=39.2987 OR 39.4047 cm. (reject final answer if units are not shown)
C (i) Yawing-Dorsal fin, ventral/anal fin, caudal/tail fin;
(Rej if not all the three fins are given and if the word „fin‟ is missing or if any of the fins is misspelt.)
(ii) pitching-----pectoral fin and pelvic fin both must be there.
d) (i) R – Gill rakers
S- Gill bar
T- Gill fillaments ( rej. Gill filament.)
Rej.. if R,S and T are not named on the diagram.
(ii) R- Toothed/rugged to filter/trap solid particles /food particles which might damage the gill filaments.
S- Bony/hard firm to support gill filaments (rej.hold gill filaments)
T- Many to increase surface area for gaseous exchange/
- thin membrane to reduce distance over which respiratory gases diffuse to increase rate of diffusion/
-many blood capillaries /highly vascularized to increase rate at which respiratory gases are transported to and from the
gill filaments to increase the diffusion gradient
2.
On food tests, Note:
- The underlined words must be present for the candidate to score.
- Benedict‟s solution should start with capital „B‟
Rej-Benedict / Benedict are alone.
Iodine solution shoul start with capital „I‟ and rej, without „solution.
Rej-positive for conclution
Deny for procedure if the word „observe‟ is included under the procedure column, but award for the rest if correct.
If the column for food substance is blank/wrong, deny all the marks.
- If procedure is wrong,deny the rest of the answers.

Biology p1, p2&p3

SUBSTANCE
Put some solution C into a test Solution changes to Starch present; ½
Starch tube. Add 2drops/3 drops of blue-black colour.;
iodine solution and shake .; ½ Rej, positive
½mark Rej,2 or 3 drops, observation
Rej, is observe is included.
Reducing Put some solution C into the Colour of the solution Reducing sugars
sugars; ½ test tube. Add equal amount of changes from blue to present. ½
Rej, if Benedict’s green, to yellow ,and
specific Solution and heat to boil ; ½ finally to orange;/ Rej, if specific
sugars are Rej,put in a hot water bath,it is solution changes to reducing sugars are
C given eg, not provided. orange½ given,eg glucose.
glucose, Rej,if wrong sequence
sucrose.. of colour change
Put some solution D into a test No colour changes Starch absent
tube. Add 2drops/3 drops /iodine solution
Starch½ Of iodine solution and shake. 1/2 retains its brown
colour.
Put some solution D into No colour change Reducing sigars
Reducing A test tube .Add an equal ½ absent. ½
sugars½ amount of benedicts solution .
½
D Rej,put in a hot water bath,it is
not provided.
at to boil
ii)N/B Award marks for observation and conclusion only; but for students to score,collumns for food substance and procedure
must be correct.
SUBSTANCE
D, starch Put some solution D from Starch absent.
in the the boiling tube into a test No colour change½
boiling tube. Add 2/3 drops of
tube iodine solution and shake .; ½
½
Rej,2 or 3 drops,
Rej, is observe is included.
Reducing Put some solution D from Colour of the solution Reducing sugars
sugars the boiling tube into the test changes from blue to green, present. ½
tube. Add equal amount of to yellow ,and finally to
Rej, if Benedict’s orange;/solution changes to Rej, if specific
specific Solution and heat to boil ; ½ orange½ reducing sugars
sugars are Rej,if wrong sequence of are given,eg
given eg, Rej,put in a hot water bath,it colour changes glucose.
glucose, is not provided.
sucrose..
- The reducing sugars in solution C moved into solution D by diffusion;
- Starch molecules did not move out of the tubing into solution D, because they are too large compared to reducing sugar
molecules;
- Visking tubing is semi permeable;
3.
a) Germination
ii) [2mks]
x Y
Epicotyl lengthen faster than hypocotyl Hypocotyl lengthen faster than epicotyl
Cotyledons remain underground Cotyledons are lifted above the ground.
Occurs in monocotyledonous plants e.g. maize Occurs in dicotyledonous plants e.g. beans
Award only if comparison is complete.
b) i) [2mks]
- It protects the delicate cotyledons and plumule against mechanical damage of soil as they are pulled out of soil.;
- It pulls the cotyledons out of the soil enabling germination.; ( any two)
i) [2mks]
- Air;
Biology p1, p2&p3
- optimum temperature;
- water ; (first two)
c). cotyledon…………………..………[1mk]
Store food for respiration to give energy for germination/ store enzymes involved in germination.…...............[1mk]
d) [4mks]
SPECIMEN CLASS REASONS
X Monocotyledonae -It has one cotyledon in each seed.
-Has endosperm
-parallel leaf venation
Y Dicotyledonae -It has two cotyledons in each seed.
-Lacks endosperm.
-network leaf venation.

Biology p1, p2&p3
NANDI EAST, NANDI SOUTH & TINDERET SUB-COUNTIES JOINT EVALUATION 2016
231/1
BIOLOGY
PAPER 1
JULY / AUGUST 2016
TIME: 2 HOURS
1. Name the cell organelles responsible for:
(i) Protein synthesis. (1mk)
(ii) Destroying worn-out organelles. (1mk)
2. (a) What is test cross? (1mk)
(b) State the function of the part marked B. (1mk)
3. (a) Explain why tracheids are not efficient in transporting water up the plant. (1mk)
(b) What is the advantage of xylem vessels being dead? (1mk)
4. (a) What is meant by the term binomial nomenclature? (1mk)
(b) A dog is called Canis familiairis. Name the taxonomic unit represented by canis. (1mk)
5. Define the following terms in relation to a cell. (3mks)
(a) Isotonic solution:
(b) Hypotonic solution:
(c) Hypertonic solution:
6. (a) Name the site of gaseous exchange in mammals. (1mk)
(b) State one characteristics of the site named in (a) above. (1mk)
7. What is the meaning of the following terms? (2mks)
(a) Autecology:
(b) Synecology:
8. (a) What is eye accommodation? (1mk)
(b) Explain how the Iris muscle controls the size of pupil when exposed to bright light. (2mks)
9. (a) What is seed dormancy? (1mk)
(b) Name a growth inhibitor in seeds. (1mk)
(c) Differentiate between hypogeal and epigeal germination in seeds. (2mks)
10. The following is an equation representing a type of respiration.
C6H12O6 → 2C3H6O3 + Energy
(a) Identify the type of respiration. (1mk)
(b) Suggest one industrial application of the process named in (a) above. (1mk)
11. Some form one students wanted to collect the following animals for study in the laboratory. State the suitable apparatus they
should use.
(i) Flying insects. (1mk)
(ii) Crawling stinging insects. (1mk)
(iii) Small animals from tree barks. (1mk)
12. (a) Distinguish between homologous and analogous structures in evolution. (2mks)
(b) Give one limitation of fossil records as evidence for organic revolution. (1mk)
13. The chemical equation below represents a physiological process that takes place in living organisms.
Process R
C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 → C12H22O11 + Q
Name: (2mks)
(i) The process R:
(ii) Substance Q:
14. The diagram below represents a bone obtained from the hind limb of a goat.
(a) Identify the bone. (1mk)

(b) Name the type of joint formed at the part labelled T. (1mk)
15. Name two processes by which flowering plants excrete waste products. (2mks)
16. (a) State why the placenta is considered as an endocrine gland. (1mk)
(b) Describe how the embryo in human is protected during pregnancy. (2mks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
17. Study the diagram and answer the questions that follow.
(a) State the division the organism belongs. (1mk)

(b) Name the part labelled K. (1mk)
(c) What is the function of the part labelled M? (1mk)
18. (a) Why is blood group AB described as a universal recipient? (2mks)
(b) Suggest why blood does not clot in blood vessels of a healthy person. (1mk)
19. Explain how the following adaptations minimize the rate of transpiration.
(a) Sunken stomata (1mk)
(b) Leaf drooping (1mk)
(c) State two environmental factors that influence the rate of transpiration. (2mks)
20. (a) Name the causative agent for the following diseases:-
(i) Amoebic dysentery (1mk)
(ii) Schistosomiasis (1mk)
(b) Explain why primary productivity in aquatic environment reduce with increase in depth. (2mks)
(c) Define the term eutrophication. (1mk)
21. State two biological importance of tropisms in plants. (2mks)
22. (a) Name two disorders in man that occur through gene substitution. (2mks)
(b) Give one advantage of polyploidy. (1mk)
23. (a) Name the source of hydrochloric acid in the mammalian heart. (1mk)
(b) The diagram below represents internal structure of a mammalian tooth. (2mks)
Name the parts labeled B and D.

24. An accident victim was found to pass large volumes of dilute urine.
(a) What part of brain was injured? (1mk)
(b) Explain how the injury of the part of the part mentioned in 25(a) above brought about the release of large volume of
urine. (2mks)
25. The diagram below shows a seed of a certain plant.
(a) Name the likely agent of dispersal. (1mk)

(b) Give a reason for your answer. (1mk)
26. Explain how the following tissues are adapted to provide mechanical support in plants.
(a) Collenchyma (1mk)
(b) Sclerenchyma (1mk)
27. (a) Define active transport. (2mks)
(b) State two roles of active transport in animals. (2mks)
28. (a) Lokori school Biology student used a microscope with x40 objective lens and x5 eye piece lens which had 2mm radius.
Calculate the area of the filed of view in micrometers. (2mks)
(b) What is the average size of the cell in micrometers? (2mks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
29. Use the graph below to answer the questions that follow.
(a) Calculate the difference in nitrate concentration between the highest and lowest. (1mk)
(b) How can increase in nitrate concentration in the river lead to death of fish? (2mks)
(c) Suggest one possible sources of nitrate that lead to the pollution in a river. (1mk)

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/2
BIOLOGY
PAPER 2
(THEORY)
JULY / AUGUST 2016
TIME: 2 HOURS
Answer all questions in this section in the spaces provided.
1. A man with normal skin colour got married to a woman with normal skin colour. They gave birth to three children; one of
them an albino.
(i) Identify the probable genotype of the parents using letter (A) for normal gene and (a) for defective gene. (2mks)
Man:
Woman:
(ii) Using a genetic cross; show the genotypes of the offspring. (3mks)
(iii) Give the phenotypic ratio of the offsprings. (1mk)
(iv) Give two examples of sex linked genes. (2mks)
2. Study the diagram below of an organism and answer the questions below it.
(i) (i) Name the part labeled R on the diagram. (1mk)

(ii) State the function of part S. (1mk)
(ii) (i) Identify the kingdom to which it belongs. (1mk)
(ii) Give a reason for your answer in (a) (i) above. (1mk)
(iii) (i) State the asexual mode of reproduction of the organism shown in the diagram. (1mk)
(ii) Identify two other asexual modes of reproduction among lower organisms. (2mks)
(iv) Name the structure in which male gametes are produced in division Bryophyta. (1mk)
3. The equation below represents a certain physiological process. Study it and answer the questions below.
C18H36O2 + 26O2 18CO2 + 18H2O + ATP
(i) Name the above process. (1mk)
(ii) Give two reasons for question (i) above. (2mks)
(iii) Calculate the respiratory quotient of the compound that was as the substrate. (2mks
(iv) Identify the substrate being respired in the above equation. (1mk)
(v) State one importance of this process to living organisms. (1mk)
(vi) Name the organelle where the above process takes place in animal cells. (1mk)
4. (a) A wild beast in Maasai Mara National Park were found to be infested with a lot of ticks. State the trophic level occupied
by the following organisms. (2mks)
a. Wild beast:
b. Ticks
(b) Study the food below representing a certain ecosystem and use it to answer the questions that follow.
Locust Guinea fowl
Grass
Caterpillars Hawk
Antelopes
Vulture
Lion
Biology p1, p2&p3
(i) Write down a food chain in which the vulture is a tertiary consumer. (1mk)
(ii) What would be the effect of introducing gazelles and termites into the ecosystem? (1mk)
(c) During an ecology, students collected and marked 40 ants and then released them. After 2 days, the students captured another
100 ants, 40 of which had been marked previously.
(i) How many ants were there in the compound? Show your working. (2mks)
(ii) Give two assumptions of this method in sampling animal population. (2mks)
5. In an experiment to investigate an aspect of digestion, two test tubes P and Q were set as shown in the diagram below.
The test tubes were left in the water bath for 30 minutes. The content of each test tube was then tested for starch.
(a) (i) Name the reagent that was used to test for starch. (1mk)
(ii) What was the aim of the experiment? (1mk)
(b) What were the expected results in tube P and Q? (2mks)
(c) Account for the results you have given in (b) in test tube P and Q. (2mks)
(d) (i) Why was the set-up left at 370C? (1mk)
(ii) In what form is starch stored in animal cells? (1mk)
SECTION B
Answer question 6 (Compulsory) and either question 7 or 8 from this section.
6. An experiment was carried out to determine the growth rates of bamboo and a variety of maize plants in two adjacent plots.
The average height and average dry weight of plants fromt eh two populations were determined over a period of twenty
weeks. The data is as shown in the table below.
Bamboo Maize
Age in weeks Average height (Metres) Average weight Average height Average weight
(Grams) (Metres) (Grams)
2 1.3 52 0.3 20
4 4.0 182 0.5 29
8 8.2 443 0.8 57
8 12.1 682 1.2 78
10 13.9 801 1.7 172
12 14.1 957 1.9 420
14 14.3 1025 2.1 704
16 14.4 1062 2.1 895
18 14.6 1127 2.1 926
20 14.6 1229 2.1 908
(a) Between which two weeks did the greatest increase in weight occur in: (2mks)
(i) Bamboo plants:
(ii) Maize plants:
(b) (i) Which of the two types of plants had a higher productivity by the end of the experiment? (1mk)
(ii) Give a reason for your answer in (b) (i) above. (1mk)
(c) Between weeks 14 and 18, the average height of the maize plants remained constant while average dry weight increased.
Explain this observation. (3mks)
(d) Suggest how the change in the average dry weight bamboo and maize plants would have been at week 22 if the experiment
was continued. (2mks)
(e) Why was it appropriate for this experiment to use:
(i) Dry weight instead of fresh weight. (2mks)
(ii) Weight and height. (1mk)
(f) Describe how the average height and weight of the plants were determined in this experiment.
(i) Average height. (2mks)
(ii) Average dry weight. (3mks)
(g) Give a reason why secondary thickening does not occur in bamboo and maize plants. (1mk)
(h) Give two characteristics of meristematic cells. (2mks)
7. (a) Describe three adaptations of a respiratory surface. (6mks)
(b) Describe the mechanism of gaseous exchange in a mammal. (14mks)
8. (a) Describe the mechanism of hearing in man. (16mks)
(b) State four differences between endocrine and hervous systems. (4mks)
Biology p1, p2&p3
231/3
BIOLOGY PRACTICAL
JULY / AUGUST 2016
CONFIDENTIAL
Reagents
Specimen Q – Tradescantia stem with leaves.
Solution S1 - Distilled water
Solution S2 - Saturated salt solution
Each student should be provided with:
 Scalpel
 Ruler (15cm long)
 8cm3 of solution S1 in a boiling tube.
 8cm3 of solution S2 in a boiling tube.
 Stickers
 Means of timing
Specimen Q – Tradescantia stem with leaves.

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/3
BIOLOGY
PAPER 3
(PRACTICAL)
JULY / AUGUST 2016
TIME: 1¾ HOURS

1. You are provided with a specimen labeled Q. Cut the stem to obtain a 3cm stem piece. Then cut the 3cm stem piece
longitudinally to obtain four quarters of equal sizes. Put one piece in solution labeled S, and the other piece in solution S2.
Discard the remaining two pieces.
(i) Draw and label the appearances of the stem pieces put in:
(i) Solution S1 (2mks)
(ii) Solution S2 (2mks)
(ii) Account for the appearances in (a) above.
(i) Appearance in S1 (3mks)
(ii) Appearance S2 (3mks)
(iii) Explain what would happen if a boiled piece was put in solution S1 (2mks)
(iv) Give one role of the above physiological process in plants. (1mk)
2. You are provided with plant specimens below.
(i) Construct a dichotomous key using the features given below in order. (10mks)
(i) Leaf type
(ii) Leaf venation
(iii) Leaf colour
(iv) Leaf margin
(v) Number of leaflets
(vi) Attachment of leaflets
1) (a) Leaf simple ……………………………………………. go to 2
(b) …………………………………………………………………………….
2) (a) ……………………………………………………………………………
(b) Leaf with network venation …………………………… go to 4

Biology p1, p2&p3
3) (a) ……………………………………………………………………………
(b)…………………………………………………………………………….
4) (a) ……………………………………………………………………………
(b)…………………………………………………………………………….
5) (a) ……………………………………………………………………………
(b)…………………………………………………………………………….
6) (a) ……………………………………………………………………………
(b)…………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) Using the steps followed, identify the plant specimens provided. (3mks)
Specimen Steps followed Identity
B
E
G
3. (a) The figure below shows feet of various birds. Study the diagram and answer the questions that follow.
(a) Giving a reason, state the type of food eaten by Bird E. (2mks)
Food eaten:
Reason:
(b) Name the habitat of bird D and give a reason for your answer. (2mks)
Habitat:
Reason:
(c) Identify the type of structures shown by the feet above and give a reason for your answer. (2mks)
Type of structure:
Reason:
(d) State the type of evolution shown by the structures. (1mk)
(b) Figure 1 represents a bat wing. Figure 2 a whale paddle and figure 3 an insect wing. Study the diagrams and answer the
(i) In figure 1, identify bones: H and E

(ii) Name the type of joint formed by bones H and E. (1mk)
(iii) Identify the type of structures shown above and the type of holution. (2mks)
Structures:
Type of holution:
(iv) What are vestigial structures? Give one example in man. (2mks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
NANDI EAST, NANDI SOUTH AND TINDERET SUB-COUNTIES JOINT EXAMINATIONS 2016
231/1
BIOLOGY
PAPER 1
MARKING SCHEME
1. (a) Ribosomes√1
(b) Lysosomes √1
2. (a) A cross between an organism showing the dominant phenotype but whose genotype is not known with homozygous
recessive individual (in order to determine the unknown genotype); (1mk)
(b) Identical pairs of chromosomes that control / have genes for a particular similar traits; (1mk)
3. (a) They have perforated cross walls that allow for lateral flow of water; (1mk)
(b) They prevent them from collapsing; (1mk)
4. (a) Scientific system of giving living organisms two names; √1
(b) Genus; √1
5. (a) Isotonic solution – a solution which has the same concentration as the cell sap; √1
(b) Hypotonic solution – a solution which is less concentrated than the cell sap; √1
(c) Hypertonic solution – a solution which is more concentrated than the cell sap; √1
6. (a) Lung√1 reject lungs
(b) - Moist surface√1
(i) Highly supplied with blood capillaries / vasculinised; √1
(ii) Increased surface area; √1 (Mark first 3)
7. (a) Autecology is the study of a single species within a community / ecosystem / habitat / environment. √1
(b) Synecology is the study of natural communities / different species with an ecosystem. √1
8. (a) The ability of the eye to focus on both far and near objects; (1 mark)
(b) The radial muscle relax; the circular muscles contract; (2 marks)
9. (a) Ability of a seed to retain viability while having restricted metabolic activity;
State during which a viable seed cannot germinate when condition are suitable; √1
(b) Abscissic acid; √1
(c)
Epigeal Hypogeal
- Cotyledons brought above ground level - Cotyledon remain below ground level
- Hypocotyl elongates - Epicotyl elongates
10. (a) Anaerobic respiration in animals; Rej. anaerobic respiration alone.

(b) - Beer brewing;
(i) Bread baking / leavening of bread;
(ii) Processing dairy products;
Acc. correct examples
(iii) Biogas production;
(iv) Sewage treatment;
(v) Manufacture of wines and spirits;
(vi) Production of organic acids; (Mark any first one)
11. (i) Sweet net;
(ii) Pair of forceps; (1mk)
(iii) Pooter;
12. (a) Homologous – structures arising from same embryonic origin having similar plan but evolved to perform different
functions; √1
Analogous structures originate from different embryonic origin but evolved to perform similar function;√1
(b) - Destruction of fossils by geologic activities
(i) missing links;
(ii) distortion of parts during sedimentation; (mark first mentioned) (1mk)
13. (i) Condensation; √1
(ii) Water; √1 (reject chemical formula)
14. (a) Femur; √1
(b) Hinge joint; √1
15. - Exuddation / Guttation;
- Transpiration / diffusion;
- Deposition / leaf fall / abscission. (any two) (2mks)
16. (a) Produces progesterone / oestrogen;
(b) Amniotic fluid absorbs shock; prevent dehydration; placenta filter / block pathogens from mother; umbilical cord /
placenta attach embryo to mother. (2mks)
17. (a) Bryophyta; (1mk)
(b) K – capsule;
(c) Anchorage; Absorb water and mineral salts; (1mk)
Biology p1, p2&p3
18. (a) AB receives blood from all blood groups; without agglutination since it lacks antibodies that would correspond to
donor‟s antibodies;
(b) Blood in undamaged vessels contain anti-clotting factor / heparin.
19. (a) Accumulates water in depression thus lowering saturation deficit hence low rate of transpiration;
(b) Reduce surface area exposed for transpiration hence lowering transpiration rate.
(c) - Temperature changes
(i) Changes in humidity
(ii) Wind
20. (a) (i) Entamoeba hystolytica

(ii) Schistosoma mansoni or
Schistosoma haematobium or
Schistosoma Japonicum
(b) There is decrease in light penetration, the depth of water increases; therefore there is less light for photosynthesis hence
process of photosynthesis is reduced.
(c) Eutrohication is the excessive growth of aquatic plants due to excess nitrates phosphates and sulphates.
21. - Expose leaves in position for maximum absorption of light;

(i) Enables roots to seek water / search for water;
(ii) Enables plants to seek mechanical support especially those without woody stems;
(iii) Roots grow deep for anchorage;
(iv) Pollen tubes grow towards embryo sac to facilitate fertilization; (first two) (2mks)
22. (a) Haemophilia; sickle-cell anaemia; Albinism; (2mks)
(b) Early maturity;
Resistance to pests / diseases / drought;
High yield; (2mks)
23. (a) Oxyntic cells; (1mk) (1mk)

(b) B – Dentine (1mk)
D – Gum (1mk)
24. (a) Pituitary gland; (1mk)
(b) Little ADH secreted; hence little reabsorption of water from kidney tubules; (2mks)
25. (a) Wind; (1mk)
(b) Presence of hairs (b) tied to (a) √1 (1mk)
26. (a) Cell wall coated with cellulose / pectin. √1
(b) Cell wall thickened with lignin√1
27. (a) Movement of particles / ions / molecules from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration against
concentration gradient. (2mks)
(b) - Excretion of nitrogenous waste
(i) Reabsorption of glucose and amino acids in nephrone.
(ii) Absorption of digested food in the ileum. (1st two) (2mks)
28. (a) 1mm = 1000  m
 2000
22
Areas =  2
7
 22 
=   2000  2000 ;
 7 
= 125714.29  m2;
(b) 125714.29 = 25142.858  m2

5
29. (a) 45.5 – 7.5 : 38.0√1 +0.5

(b) Excessive growth of algae / Eutrophication; √1
Depletes dissolved oxygen hence leads to fish suffocating; √1 (2mks)
(c) Excessive application of inorganic fertilizer / nitrate fertilizer; √1
Sewage; √1 (Mark the first one correct) (1mk)

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/2
BIOLOGY
PAPER 2
MARKING SCHEME
1. (a) Man – Aa;
Woman – Aa;
Both are Aa; √√ (max. 2mks)
(b) Male Female
Genotype Aa x Aa
A a A a : (1mk)
(1mk)
AA Aa Aa aa; (1mk)
(Penalize gametes, if cross is missing at the genotype and if circles are not complete)
(Penalize fusion if fusion lines penetrates the circle; or not touching the circles)
(c) 3 normal skin colour: / albino; (1mk)
(d) - Haemophilia;
- Colour blindness;
- Hairy nose and ears;
- Chondrodystrophic dwarfism; (mark first two) (2mks)
2. (a) (i) Sporangiophore; (1mk)
(ii) (Sporangium) – produce spores; (1mk)
(b) (i) Fungi; (1mk)
(ii) Presence of Rhizoids; Mycelium; spore formation; (1mk) [(i), (ii) tied]
(c) (i) Sporulaion; (1mk)
(ii) - Binary fission;
- Budding;
- Fragmentation; (Mark first two) (2mks)
(d) Antheridia; (1mk)
3. (i) Aerobic respiration;
(i) - Glucose is broken down – presence of oxygen;
- The products are carbon(iv) oxide, water and energy) (2mks)
(ii) RQ = Volume of CO2 produced
Volume of O2 used (2mks)
(iii) Lipids; (1mk)
(iv) Production of energy in form ATP; energy is required in metabolic processes; (1mk)
(v) Mitochondrion; (rej. mitochondria) (1mk)
4. (a) (i) Pulmonary consumer;
(ii) Secondary consumer;
(b) (i) Grass →Antelope →Lion →Vulture
(i) There would be increased competition for grass with other primary consumers, leading to decrease in the plant
population; (1mk)
(c) (i) P = FM x SC
MR
= 140 x 100
40
= 350 (ants) (2mks)
(ii) - There is no migration of organisms into and out of the study area;
- There is no effect of the paint used in marking the animal‟s behaviour;
- Released animals mix freely with the remaining population. (any 2 correct). (mark first 2 only)
5. (a) (i) Iodine solution; rej. iodine only;
(ii) To investigate the effect of temperature on enzyme activity; (2mks)
(b) P – Starch was absent; (1mk) Rej. mixture remained brown;
Q – Starch was present; (1mk) Rej. blue black colour (2mks)
(c) P – Starch was digested into maltose enzyme in the saliva; (1mk)
Q – Starch was not digested because boiling the saliva denatured the amylase; / ptyalin enzyme in the saliva; (1mk)
(d) (i) This is the optimum temperature for enzyme action; (1mk)
(ii) Glycogen; (1mk)
6. (a) (i) Bamboo plants; 4 and 6 (1mk)

Biology p1, p2&p3
(ii) Maize plants; 12 and 14; 1mk)
(b) (i) Bamboo; (1mk)
(ii) It had accumulated more weight and therefore greater dry weight; (1mk)
(c) Maize plants have reached maturity / maximum height; food being manufactured (in green parts); is utilized for development
of fruits and stored in the primary endosperm of the seeds; (3mks)
(d) Increase in weight of bamboo; while that of maize decrease; (2mks)
(e) (i) Dry weight instead of fresh weight
Fresh weight is dependent on the amount of water present in the plants; and this fluctuates depending on environment
factors; (2mks)
(ii) Weight and height
Both gave a better measure / parameters of growth;
(f) Average height
At every 2 weeks measure the height of samples of plants in each plot;
Divide the total height by the number of plants in each plot; (max. 2mks)
Average dry weight
Harvest the sample measure of the plans in each plot; dry to constant weight;
And divide by the number of plants; (max. 3mks)
(g) Being monocots / lack (inter) fascicular cambium; (1mk)
(h) - Actively dividing
(i) Thin cell walls;
(ii) Dense cytoplasm;
(iii) No vacuoles; (mark the first two) (max. 2mks)
7. (a) (i) They are usually highly folded; or branched to increase the surface area for gaseous exchange; ensuring maximum
contact with air and water;
(i) They have thin membrane; to ease diffusion of gases;
(ii) They have a moist lining; for gases to diffuse in solution form;
(iii) They are supplied with a dense network of capillaries; for transport of gases ; to and from the exchange surfaces;
(mark first 3) (6mks)
(b) Inhalation
External intercostal muscles contract; while internal intercostal muscles relax; ribcage moves upwards and outwards;
diaphragm muscles contracts; hence dome shaped diaphragm flattens; volume of thoracic cavity increases; and pressure
decreases; atmospheric air being at high pressure rushes into the lungs through the nose;
Exhalation
External intercostal muscles relaxes; while internal intercostal muscles contracts; ribcage moves down to their original
position; diaphragm muscles relaxes and the diaphragm becomes dome shaped; volume of the thoracic cavity reduces; and the
pressure inside increases; forcing air out of the lungs into the atmosphere; (max. 14 marks)
8. (a) Pinna picks and directs sound waves into the auditory canal; sound waves strike eardrums; making it
vibrate; converting sound waves to vibrations; vibrations of the eardrum are passed to the ear issicles / middle ear which
amplify the vibration;; vibrations are picccked by the oval window which vibrates; and causes fluid in the inner ear to vibrate;
the vibrations are transmitted to the cochlea; (organ of corti) sensory hair cells are stimulated; impulses are generated; and
transmitted through the auditory nerve; to the brains; for interpretation; (16 marks)
(b)
Endocrine system Nervous system
- Hormones transmitted through blood - Impulse transmitted through nerve cells.
- Effects are widespread - Effects are localized
- Effects are long lasting - Effects are short lived
- Uses hormones to relay information - Uses electrical charge
Mark 1st four only. All if given in continuous prose and comparison should be of the same characteristics.

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/3
BIOLOGY
PAPER 3
MARKING SCHEME
1. (a) (i) Solution S1
(ii) Solution S2
(b) Account for the appearances in (a) above

(i) In solution S1
- Solution S1 is hypotonic; to the cortical cells;
- Epidermis is covered with cuticle which is waterproof;
- Solvent molecules will move from hypotonic solution into the cortical cells by osmosis hence curves outwards;
(ii) In solution S2
- Solution S2 is hypertonic;
- Solvent molecules will move from the cortene cells (hypotonic) to the hypertonic solution (S 2) by osmosis hence curves
inwards;
- Cortical cells lose water through the cortical cells and not the epidermis because it is waterproof;
(c) Boiling of the piece kills the cells / destroys the cell membranes; hence osmosis will not take place;
(d) Process in plants;
- Absorption of water by the root hairs;
- Turgidity in herbaceous plants;
- Feeding in insectivorous plants; (any one correct)
2. (a) Dichotomous key
7) (a) Leaf simple ……………………………………………. go to 2

(b) Leaf compound ………………………………………… go to 5;
8) (a) Leaf with parallel venation…………………………… go to 3;
(b) Leaf with network venation …………………………… go to 4
9) (a) Leaf green in colour……………………………………… Maize;
(b) Leaf purple in colour ……………………………………… Tradescantia;
10) (a) Leaf with smooth margin…………………………………… Mango;
(b) Leaf with serrated margin…………………………………… Tobbaco;
11) (a) With three leaflets (Trifololiate) …………………………… Cassava;
(b) With more than three leaflets ………………………………. go to 6;
12) (a) Leaflets attached to the main stalk / (innate) …………….. Nandi flame;
(b) Leaflets attached to small stalks which join the
main stalks / (Bipinnate) ……………………………………. Acacia;
(b) Identity of specimens
Specimen Steps followed Identity
B 1 (a), 2 (a), 3 (a) Maize;
E 1 (b), 5 (a) Cassava;
G 1 (b), 5 (b), 6 (b) Acacia;
*Steps and identity tied.
Biology p1, p2&p3
3. (a) (i) Food eaten – Flesh / meat;
Reason – clawed fee;
(ii) Habitat – Aquatic;
Reason – Webbed feet for swimming;
(iii) Type of structure – Homologous structure;
Reason – same embryonic origin but modified to perform different functions;
(iv) Divergent evolution;
(b) (i) H – Humerus;
E – Radius;
(ii) Hinge joint;
(iii) Analogous structures;
Convergent evolution;
(iv) Structures that have ceased to function hence reduced in size;
- Coccyx
- Appendix
- Nictitating membrane any one;
- Body hair
- Ear muscle

Biology p1, p2&p3
LONDIANI SUB-COUNTY JOINT EXAMINATION
BIOLOGY
231/1
PAPER 1
1. What is meant by the following terms?
a. Niche (1 mark)
b. Ecology (1 mark)
2. What changes would occur to a marine amoeba species if it was transferred into a fresh water pond? (2 marks)
3. a) State one function of cilia in organisms. (1 mark)
b) Name two parts of human body which have cilia. (2 marks)
4. In an experiment, it was found out that when maggots were exposed to light, they moved to dark areas.
a. Name the type of response exhibited by the maggots. (1 mark)
b. What is the survival values of the response in (a) above to the maggots? (2 marks)
5. How is the alveolus of a mammal adapted for gaseous exchange? (3 marks)
6. a) What are vestigial structures? (1 mark)
b) State one major importance of convergent evolution to living organisms. (1 mark)
c) Why is Larmarck‟s theory not popular with scientists? (1 mark)
7. Complete the table below on mineral nutrition in plants. (3 marks)
Mineral element Function Deficiency symptoms
Synthesis of protein and protoplasm Stunted growth and yellowing of
leaves
Calcium
8. Explain the meaning of the following terms
i) Phenotype (1 mark)
ii) Test cross (1 mark)
9. State the role of intervertebral discs (1 mark)
10. State the adaptations of the following parts of the eye to its function.
a) Choroid (2 marks)
b) Retina (2 marks)
11. State the functions of the following neurons.
a) Relay neurone (1 mark)
b) Motor neurone (1 mark)
12. Use the graph below to answer the following questions.
Enzyme activity
Substrate concentration
a) Why does the activity of the enzyme become constant after a while? (1 mark)
b) State how the activity of the enzyme may be increased in (a) above. (1 mark)
13. A flower was found to have the following characteristics
- Inconspicuous petals
- Long feathery stigma
- Small light pollen grains
a) What is the likely agent of pollination of the flower? (1 mark)
b) What is the significance of the long feathery stigma in the flower (1 mark)
14. a) A student visiting a game park observed an adult elephant flapping its ears twice as much as its calf in order to cool its
body when it is hot. Explain (2 marks)
b) Explain why some desert animals excrete uric acid rather than ammonia. (2 marks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
15. The diagram below represents the pathway of water from soil into the plant.
a. Name the structures labeled K and L (2 marks)

b. Name the process by which mineral salts enter into the plant (1 mark)
16. a) How is support attained in herbaceous plants? (3 marks)
b) Name two tissues which are thickened with lignin. (2 marks)
17. Why are green plants referred to as primary producers? (1 mark)
18. State two ways in which human body is naturally protected against harmful bacteria. (2 marks)
19. The diagram below shows the difference in growth response to varying hormone concentration by foot and shoot
What is the effect of increasing auxin concentration on:

i) Roots (1 mark)
ii) Shoot (1 mark)
20. State three structural differences between biceps muscles and muscles of the gut. (3 marks)
21. The diagram below represents a stage during cell division
a) i) Identify the stage of cell division (1 mark)

ii) Give two reasons for your answer in a) i) above (2 marks)
b) Name the structure labeled M (1 mark)
22. State three differences between plant cell and animal cell (3 marks)
23. State one function of revolving nose piece in light microscope (1 mark)
24. Construct a step in a dichotomous key using two animals one with two pairs of legs and the other with four pairs of legs.
(2 marks)
25. Explain how the following factors determine the daily energy requirement in human:
a) Age (1 mark)
b) Occupation (1 mark)
c) Sex (1 mark)
26. Name a method that could be used to estimate the population size of the following organisms
i) Fish in a pond (1 mark)

Biology p1, p2&p3
ii) Black jack in a garden (1 mark)
27. A student set up an experiment as shown in the diagrams below
The set-up was at room temperature for a week

a) What was the aim of the experiment (1 mark)
b) What would be the expected results at the end of the experiment? (2 marks)
28. Name fins in a bony fish which perform the following functions:
i) Changing direction (1 mark)
ii) Control pitching (1 mark)
29. The diagram below represents a section through a human tooth
a) Name the type of tooth shown. (1 mark)

b) Give a reason for your answer in (a) above. (1 mark)
c) State the functions of the structures found in the part labeled K. (2 marks)
30. a) State one way in which a red blood cell differs from other animal cells. (1 mark)
b) A patient whose blood group is A died shortly after receiving blood from a person of blood group B. Explain the possible
cause of the death of the patient. (2 marks)
31. Explain how dropping of leaves on a hot sunny day is advantageous to plant. (2 marks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
BIOLOGY
231/2
PAPER 2
1. The following diagram represents the internal structure of a leaf. Study it and answer the questions that follow.
a. Name the parts marked A and E (2 marks)

b. State the roles of parts marked B and C in plant nutrition (2 marks)
c. Briefly describe the process of gaseous exchange between part marked D and the cells during the day (4 marks)
2. In an experiment, a visking tubing was half filled with concentrated sugar solution containing methylene blue dye. Both ends
were tied well to prevent leakage. It was then rinsed with distilled water and immersed in a beaker containing distilled water.
The set-up is shown below. After 6 hours the water in the beaker turned blue, and the visking tubing was swollen with more
solution.
a. Explain why the visking tubing was swollen with the solution at the end of the experiment (3 marks)
b. Name the process through which the water in the beaker turned blue. (1 mark)
c. Distinguish between diffusion and active transport in a human body (2 marks)
d. State two roles of active transport in the human body. (2 marks)
3. The apparatus whose diagram is given below can be used to demonstrate results of a physiological process that occurs in a
mammal. To use the apparatus, the experiment places his mouth at the point marked X and breaths in and out gently.
a. State the observations in the boiling tube when the experimenter

i) Breaths in:
Boiling tube, A (2 mark)
Boiling tube, B (1 mark)
ii) Breaths out:
Boiling tube, A (1 mark)
Boiling tube, B (1 mark)
b. What conclusions can you draw from the results of this experiment (2 marks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
c. What is the purpose of the boiling tube A? (1 mark)
4. A cross between a red flowered plant and while flowered plant produces plants with pink flowers. Using letter R to represent
the gene for red colour and W for white colour,
a. What were the parental genotypes? (1 mark)
b. Work out a cross between F1 plants. (4 marks)
c. i) Give the phenotype ratio of F2 plants (1 mark)
ii) Genotypic ratio of F2 plants (1 mark)
d. Name the characteristic in humans which is controlled by multiple alleles (1 mark)
5. a) The diagram below represents a section of the human brain.
i) Name the structures labeled P and R (2 marks)

ii) State two functions of the part labeled Q. (2 marks)
b) i) Name two reproductive hormones secreted by the pituitary gland in women (2 marks)
ii) State one function of each of the hormones named in (b) (i) above. (2 marks)
SECTION B
Answer question 6 (compulsory) and either questions 7 or 8 in the spaces provided after question 8.
6. You have been provided with the data below on the growth of mice population. The population starts with two sexually
mature mice, a male and a female. Every time they reproduce, they reproduce in litter of six (3 males and 3 females) at 7
weeks intervals. Assume that they take 14 weeks to sexually mature and produce. They only die of old age when they are 3
years old.
The following table shows population growth and litter production.
Time interval in weeks 0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49

Mice population 2 8 14 28 62 104 146 260
Litter population 0 6 6 24 24 42 42 114
a. Using the same axis draw graphs of population of mice and litter against time. (8 marks)
b. i) How many times has the first litter of mice reproduced? (1 mark)
ii) How many times has the third litter of mice reproduced? (1 mark)
c. State four factors that may have affected the population growth of mice. (4 mark)
d. Explain the shape of the litter curve. (4 marks)
e. How many pairs of mice reproduced between 14-21st weeks and 42-49 weeks? (2 marks)
i) Between 14-21st weeks
ii) Between 42-49 weeks
7. Describe how excretion takes place in the
i) Mammalian kidney (10 marks)
ii) Green plants (10 marks)
8. a) Explain how structural features in terrestrial plants affect their rate of transpiration (14 marks)
b) Explain why the xylem vessels are efficient for transport of water and mineral salts. (6 marks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
LONDIANI SUB COUNTY JOINT EXAMINATION
BIOLOGY
231/3
PAPER 3(PRACTICAL)
1. You are provided with suspension M, test for the food substances in the suspension
a) Using reagents provided test for the suspension. In the table below, record the food tested, your procedures, observations and
conclusions. (12 marks)
FOOD SUBSTANCE PROCEDURE OBSERVATION CONCLUSION
b) Name two enzymes that may be required to digest suspension M in the alimentary canal in human beings (1 mark)
c) Sate the role of HCL in the experiment (1 mark)
2. Study the photographs U, V, W and X showing fruit specimens that are open to expose the internal parts.
a) Name the parts labeled A,B,C and D (4 marks)

b) Identify the type of fruit in photograph: W and U

Biology p1, p2&p3
BIOLOGY
231/1
PAPER 1
MARKING SCHEME
1. a) Niche - The place (habitat) where the organism lives and its function in the habitat (1 mark)
b) Ecology- The study of the inter-relationships between organisms and their environment (1 mark)
2. Water would be drawn into the amoeba cell by osmosis
Contractile vacuoles would form (more frequently) to discharge the excess water (2 marks)
3. a) Used for movement / expelling unwanted particles (1 mark)
b) Trachea or tracheal epithelium; Oviduct; Inner ear (Max.2 marks)
4. a) Negative photo taxis; (1 mark)
b) Enables them to escape harmful stimuli such as excess heat which dehydration; enables them to seek favorable habitats
and escape predators (max.. 1 mark)
5. Moist to dissolve respiratory gases; Thin epithelium for faster diffusion / shorter diffusion distance; highly vascularised to
transport respiratory gases
6. a) These are organs / structures that are reduced in sizes and have ceased to function in an organism; (1 mark)
b) Enables organisms to develop (adaptation) analogous structure of similar structures in completely unrelated groups of
organisms to exploit similar environments; (1 mark)
c) It lays emphasis on acquired characteristics which cannot be inherited; (1 mark)
7. Nitrogen;
Strengthens plant cell walls/formation of the middle lamellae during cell division/ protein synthesis; Stunted growth;
(3 marks
8. a) Phenotype
Is the observable characteristics of an organism as influenced by genes; (1 mark)
b) Test cross
The cross used to determine whether an individual exhibiting dominant traits is homozygous or heterozygous by crossing
it with a homozygous recessive individual for that particular trait; (1 mark)
9. Acts as a cushion that absorbs shock and reduces friction;
Makes vertebral columns flexible by allowing for a certain degree of movement between the vertebrae; (2 marks)
10. a) Choroid
It has pigmented cells that gives eye a dark colour and prevents reflection on light in the eye; has numerous blood vessels
that supply nutrients to the eye; (max..2 marks)
b) Retina
It is transparent; contains rods and cones that perceive light; (max..2 marks)
11. a) Relay neurone
Transmits impulses between the sensory neurone and motor neurone; (1 mark)
b) Motor neurone
Transmits impulses from the central neurone system go the effector organs; (1 mark)
12. a) All active sites of enzymes are occupied; (1 mark)
b) Increasing the concentration of enzymes / adding more enzymes; (1 mark)
13. a) Wind; (1 mark)
b) To enable it trap pollen grains in the air; (1 mark)
14. a) Calf has large surface area to volume ratio than the adult; hence calf loose more heat than the adult;
(or accept…..converse) (2 marks)
b) Elimination of uric acid requires less water than ammonia, hence (more) water is conserved; uric acid is less toxic than
ammonia hence safer to excrete where there is less water; (2 marks)
15. a) K- Root hair (1 mark)
L – Xylem vessels (1 mark)
16. a) The roots of herbaceous plants absorb water which eventually get into cell by osmosis;
The cell after taking in water, become turgid; this turgidity of the cells provides support to the plant; (3 marks)
b) Xylem vessels; Sclerenchyma tissue; (2 marks)
17. They convert light energy into a form that can be utilized by all living organisms (1 mark)
18. Presence of antibodies; white blood cells in blood that kill/ destroy pathogens; (2 marks)
19. i) Roots – inhibit growth; (1 mark)
ii) Shoot – promotes faster growth; (1 mark)
20.
Biceps Gut muscle
i) Striated Un-striated
ii) Multinucleated Uni-nucleated
iii) Long fibred Short fibred
iv) cylindrical Spindle shaped
(max…3 marks)
Biology p1, p2&p3
21. a) i) Anaphase 1 (1 mark)
ii) Homologous chromosomes separates at the equator; Chromosomes start migrating to opposite poles; Sister
chromatids attached at the centromere; (Max…3 marks)
b) Spindle fibres (1 mark)
22.
PLANT CELL ANIMAL CELL

Cellulose cell wall in addition to cell membrane Cell membrane only
Regular shape Irregular shape
Chloroplast present Chloroplast absent
Sap vacuole present Sap vacuole absent
Tonoplast present Tonoplast absent
Large in size Small in size
(Max…3 marks)
23. It provides platform where objective lens is attached;

It revolve to make objective lens click in position for viewing to be done; (max…1 mark)
24. a) Animals with two pairs of legs….go to 2
b) Animals with four pairs of legs….go to …; (2 marks)
25. a) Young people are actively /rapidly growing hence require more energy than older people
NB:growth has to be mentioned
b) Manual workers require more energy than secretary workers
c) Males are more muscular hence require more energy than females
26. i) Capture and recapture method; (1 mark)
ii) Line transect; (1 mark)
27. a) Oxygen is necessary for germination; (1 mark)
b) Germination in B; no fermentation; (2 marks)
28. i) Changing direction – pectoral fins; (1 mark)
ii) Control pitching – Pectoral and pelvic fins (1 mark)
29. a) Incisor; (1 mark)
b) Chisel shaped; (1 mark)
c) (Capillaries) supply oxygen and nutrients/ remove waste products; (nerve endings) detected stimuli of pain, cold / hot;
(2 marks)
b) After transfusion, the antibodies in the patient‟s plasma reacted with B antigens on the donor‟s red blood cell membrane;
This led to dumping together of the donor red blood cells a process called haemagglutination, this may have caused
blockage of capillaries in a vital organ like the heart or brain leading to death; (2 marks)
30. The leaves exposed a smaller surface area to the sun; thus reducing transpiration / Excessive water loss; (2 marks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
BIOLOGY
231/2
PAPER 2
MARKING SCHEME
1. a) A – Chloroplast
E – Guard cell (2 marks)
b) B – Transport water to photosynthetic cells
C – Translocation of food from photosynthetic site to all parts of the plant (2 marks)
c) During the day the palisade cells carry out photosynthesis; releasing O 2 into the air space (D) some O2 diffuse back to
cells for respiration; and some diffuse out through the stomata; Cell carry our respiration and release CO 2; CO2 diffuses
into air spaces; some CO2 diffuse out through the stomata; while some diffuse to palisade for photosynthesis;
2. a) Sugar solution is hypertonic to distilled water in the beaker, water is then drawn in to the visiking tube through osmosis
thus the visking tubing became swollen. (3 marks)
b) Diffusion (1 mark)
c)
Diffusion Active transport
Moves substances along the concentration gradient Moves substances against concentration gradient
Does not require energy Involves expenditure of energy
(2 marks)
3. a) i) Boiling tube A;
Atmospheric air rushes in through tube R/. bubbles form in the lime water;
Lime water remains clear; (2 marks)
Boiling tube B; (1 mark)
Lime water rises in tube S
ii) Boiling tube A; (1 mark)
Lime water rises up the tube R;
b) Boiling tube B (2 marks)
Bubbles of air occur in the lime water
Lime water turns to white precipitate
c) Conclusion that can be drawn from the result (2 marks)
Exhaled air has more carbon (IV) oxide than inhaled air;
d) The purpose of boiling tube A (1 mark)
It is a control (for B); Experiment
4.

Biology p1, p2&p3
c) (i) phenotypic ratio
red: pink: white
1 2 1
(ii) genotypic ratio of F2 plants
1RR: 2RW: 1WW
(iii) ABO blood group
5. a) (i) P: cerebral hemisphere/ cerebrum/ cerebral cortex
R: medulla oblongata
(ii) Follicle stimulating hormone; muscular coordination
b) (i) follicle stimulating hormone‟ luteinizing hormone; prolactin
(ii) FSH – stimulates secretion of oestrogen; enhance development of a graffian follicle
Stimulates secretion of oestrogen by the overy.
6. a) P = 2
S=2
C =2
I=1
A=1
b) (i) three times
(ii) once
c) - food availability
- temperature
- pest and parasite infestation
- ratio of male to female
- migration
- predation
- naturall calamities
d) (i) between 0-7 weeks; no litter since the adult mice were undergoing gestation; and number rises to 6 on the day 7
following birth of first litter. (1 mrk)
(ii) week 7-14; population remains constant as the first litter attains maturity (1 mrk)
(iii) week 21-28; population remains constant as second litter matures (1 mrk)
(iv) week 28-35; first litter and second litter and parents reproduce the third litter hence population of litters increases
(1mrk)
(v) week 35-42 population remain constant as the third litter matures (1 mrk)
(vi) week 42-49 population of litter rises again due to reproduction of first, second and third litters and initial parents:
(1mrk) max 4 mrks)
e) (i) 14 -12 weeks; four pairs (1mrk)
(ii) 42-49 weeks 19 pairs (1 mrk)
7. Mammalian Kidneys
Blood reaches the kidney from the renal artery, which branches into the renal arterioles. Arterioles further branches into
afferent arterioles, which drain into the glomerulus. Enclosed in the Bowman‟s capsule.
The afferent arteriole are wider than the efferent arterioles causing higher pressure to develop in the glomerulus, this causes
ultrafiltration of the plasma into the Bowmans capsule, the liquid part of the blood is filtered out, forming glomerular filtrate.
This filtrate contains both waste and useful products.
The filtrate moves to the proximal convolute tubules, where selective re-absorption of glucose, amino acids, and some water
and vitamins takes place, re-absorption occurs by diffusion and active transport.
The filtrate passes in to the loop of henle where the concentration of sodium and chloride ions are raised to favour the re-
absorption of water by osmosis. The filtrate that remains mainly consist of excretory products namely : urea, uric acid, excess
water and mineral salts, these are passed to the distal convoluted tubules, where the remaining useful substances mainly water
and mineral salts are re-absorbed.
The urea, uric acid, ammonia ions, excess water and excess mineral salts form urine which is removed through the ureter to
the urinary bladder and later excreted out of the body.
b) Green plants
i) diffusion
ii) waste product may be eliminated when concentration gradient exists, such products include carbon (iv) oxide through the
lenticels and stomata.
iii) Exudation refers to the process by which plants release wastes as components of their secretion such as latex, gums, salts
resins, calcium pectate
iv) Transpiration: this is the process by which plants lose excess water in the form of water vapor through the stomata,
lenticels and cuticle into the atmosphere

Biology p1, p2&p3
v) Guttation
vi) Leaves of certain plants such as potatoes and tomatoes have specialized gland called hydathodes at tips and margins
which secrete droplets of water, this aids in elimination of excess water and some dissolved salts.
vii) Deposition
Plants store little waste products in their harmless and insoluble form in tissues and organs such as leaves, fruits and
flowers. The wastes are eliminates when these parts die or are shed off from the plant. Such waste include
alkaloids,(nicotine, caffeine, oxalates) glycosides (sugar compounds such as plants oils and tannins.
8. Plants in arid/ semi-arid/ desert habitats have covered with thick waxy cuticles that are water proof/ impermeable to water;
allowing for reduced rate of transpiration; sunken stomata; in some desert/ semi desert areas plants have water vapor
accumulating in the pit is not carried away by wind. Most plants have few or no stomata on the upper surface of the leave/
more stomata on the lower surface sheltered from direct sunlight; the fewer the stomata the less the water loss from the plant.
Some plants have small stomata thus reducing transpiration rate. Plants with small needle like/ spine exposes small surface
area hence their rate of transpiration is low. Leaves with shiny surfaces; reflect light resulting in reduced leaf temperatures:
thus reducing the rate of transpiration. Some plants have leaves covered with hairs/ scales trap a layer of moisture (on the leaf
surface) reducing the rate of transpiration.
b) Xylem vessels are made of dead cells to allow for easy passage of water since dead cells do not absorb water. There walls are
lignified, which makes them firm and rigid enough to avoid collapsing in order to withstand movement of water under
pressure, lignin enables vessels to be waterproof thus cannot absorb water being transported.
Walls of vessels have bordered pits which allow smooth flow of water from the roots to the leaves.
Xylem vessels are long and continuous and this allows smooth flow of water and mineral salts ti adjacent cells and tissues
They have narrow lumen to enhance capillarity enabling fast movement of water up the stem.
Xylem vessels lack cross walls between their cells, this allows free movement of water up the stem with minimal resistance.
They possess thick walls which enhance adhesive forces of water molecules to xylem walls enabling effective uptake of water
and mineral salts.

Biology p1, p2&p3
BIOLOGY
PAPER 3 (PRACTICAL)
MARKING SCHEME
1. (a)
Starch Add a drop of iodine on M on Brown colour/retains colour of iodine/ Starch absent (1 mk)
a white tile (1 mk) yellow/ reddish
(Accept; no colour change)
(Reject; Red/ no change)
(1 mk)
Reducing sugar Add a few drops of Blue colour of Benedict‟s solution/ Reducing sugar absent
Benedict‟s solution and heat colour change to purple/violent Monosacharide sugar
to boil (1 mk) (Reject; no change) (1 mk) absent
(Reject; specific names
of sugars e.g. glucose)
(1 mark)
Non-reducing sugar Add a few drops of HCL and Fizzing/effervescence/bubbling; Red Non – reducing sugar,
heat (cool), add Na ppt colour change from blue to green, presence of reducing
bicarbonate; add Benedict‟s yellow, orange/brown/red sugar after hydrolysis
solution and heat to boil Order of colour must be correct (1 mk)
Note: stop marking if step is (Accept; final colour change eg.
omitted(1 mk) Green, yellow, orange, brown) (1
mk)
Protein Add 1% CUSO4 then Sodium Colour changes to purple/violet Protein presen(1 mk)
hydroxide (1 mark)
(If formula is used must be
correct)
NB:
If food substance is omitted or wrong, procedure, observation and conclusion will be wrong
If cooling is absent in non-reducing sugars stop marking
b) Pepsin /trypsin /erepsin /sucrose /invertase (1 mk)

c) Role of HCL – Hydrolyze/breakdown/digest/convert/change; non reducing sugars/disaccharides/complex sugars.
(Reject sucrose for reducing sugars. monosaccharides) (1 mk)
2. a) A- Endocarp
B- Funicle
C- Mesocarp
D- Pericarp
b) (i) U-Fleshly/ succulent‟ accept Drupe
(ii) W-Dry dehiscent; Accept Dry
c) U – Basal
V – Parietal
W – Marginal
d) Has lines of weakness/sutures/lines/ lines of dehiscence (rej. Lines of weaknesses);
to split and allow seeds to be thrown out;
e) Receptacle.
3. a) A – Scapula
C – Triceps
E – Ulna
F – Radius
Y – Olecranon process
D – Humerus (6 marks)
b) Hinge joint; because it allows the hand to rotate at 1800 (2 marks)

c) Movement through 3600 (All directions) (1 mk)
d) When muscle C contracts, the arm straightens/ when muscle C contracts, B will relax and the arm straightens;
e) Hinge joint
Ball and socket (2 mks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
KASSU JOINT EXAMINATION
231/1
BIOLOGY
PAPER 1
JUNE 2016
TIME: 2 HOURS
1. State the function(s) of the following cell structures during cell division. (2mks)
(i) Centriole
(ii) Centromere
2. (a) State the function of co-factors in cell metabolism. (1mk)
(b) Give one example of a metabolic co-factor. (1mk)
3. Industrial wastes may contain metabolic pollutants. State how such pollutants may indirectly reach and accumulate in the
human body if the wastes were dumped into rivers. (3mks)
4. In an investigation the pancreatic duct of a mammal was blocked. It was found that the blood sugar regulation remained
normal while, food digestion was impaired. Explain these observations. (2mks)
5. The diagram below represents a transverse section through a plant organ.
J
L
M
(a) From which plant organ was the section obtained. (1mk)
(b) Give two reasons for your answer in (a) above. (2mks)
6. State two structural differences between ribonucleic acid(RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). (2mks)
RNA DNA
(i)
(ii)
7. (a) Explain why glucose does not appear in urine of a healthy person even though it is filtered in the Bowman‟s capsule of a
mammal. (2mks)
(b) In a certain person, glucose appeared in urine. State the disease the person was suffering from. (1mk)
8. State the stage in cell division in which the following events occurs:-
(i) Replication of the genetic material. (1mk)
(ii) Exchange of genetic material (1mk)
9. In a blood test, a few drops of anti-B serum were added to two samples of blood. It was noted that agglutination occurred.
What were the possible blood groups of the two blood samples? (2mks)
10. Explain what would happen when a marine amoeba is transferred to a fresh water environment. (3mks)
11. A small amount of chemical M was put on one side of maize celeoptiles. After some days, it was noted that the celeoptiles
curved away from the side to which the chemical was applied.
(a) Suggest the possible identity of chemical substance M (1mk)
(b) Explain how this chemical might have caused the celeoptiles to curve. (2mks)
12. Name the division of the Kingdom plantae with the following spore producing bodies. (2mks)
(i) Sori
(ii) Capsule
13. (a) Name two fins in a bony fish which perform the following functions:-
Changing direction, control pitching. (2mks)
(b) State the role of the swim bladder in a fish. (1mk)
14. (a) In which part of the spinal cord is the cell body of the motor neurone found. (1mk)
(b) Below are two features which make a neurone a specialised cell. State their roles. (2mks)
(i) Axon.
(ii) Dendrites.
15. (a) What is a natural selection? (1mk)
(b) Distinguish between convergent and divergent evolution. (1mk)
16. (a) Explain how the following parts of a mammalian reproductive system are adapted to their functions. (2mks)
i) Testis
ii) Uterus
(b) Explain why removal of the ovary after four months of pregnancy does not terminate pregnancy. (1mk)
Biology p1, p2&p3
17. Active yeast cells were added to a dilute sugar solution in a container. The mixture was kept in a warm room. After a few
hours bubbles of gas were observed escaping from the mixture.
(a) Write an equation to represent the chemical reaction above. (1mk
(b) What is the economic importance of this type of chemical reaction in industry? (1mk)
18. What are the functions of the odontoid process found on the axis bone of the cervical vertebra? (2mks)
19. The diagram below represents a simple endocrine feedback mechanism in a human male.
PITUITARY GLAND
HORMONE Y
HORMONE X
TESTES
(a) Name the hormone labeled X (1mk)
(b) State two differences that may be observed between a normal male and one who is incapable of producing hormone
labeled Y (2mks)
20. (a) What is meant by double fertilization in flowering plants? (2mks)
(b) State two advantages of cross pollination in a flowering plant. (2mks)
21. The diagram below shows part of a mammalian respiratory system.
(a) Explain two ways in which the part labeled T is adapted to its functions. (2mks)
(b) How does the part labeled S facilitate breathing in? (2mks)
22. Define the term alleles. (1mk)
23. (a) Explain why the body temperature of a healthy human being must rise upto 39oC on humid day. (2mks)
(b) In an experiment a piece of brain was removed from a rat. It was found that the rat had large fluctuations of body
temperature. Suggest the part of the brain that had been removed. (1mk)
24. The chart below shows a feeding relationship in a certain ecosystem.
Green Plants
Grasshopper Mice
Lizards Domestic
Cat
Snakes
Hawks

Biology p1, p2&p3
(a) Construct the food chains ending with a tertiary consumer in each case. (2mks)
(b) Suggest three ways in which the ecosystem would be affected if there was prolonged drought. (3mks)
25. A student set up an experiment as shown in the diagram below.
Cotton wool
Cork
Cotyledons
Glass Container
Bean seedlings
Radicle
Marking
AT THE START
(a) (i) What was being investigated in the experiment? (1mk)
(ii) Draw a diagram to indicate the expected results of the experiment after three days. (1mk)
(iii) Why was it necessary to have wet cotton wool in the container (1mk)
(b) What is the role of the following in a germinating seed.
(i) Oxygen (1mk)
(ii) Cotyledons (1mk)
26. Give a reason why it its only mutations in genes of gametes that influence evolution. (1mk)
27. A person was able to read a book clearly at arm‟s length, but not at normal distance.
(a) State the eye defect the person suffered from. (1mk)
(b) Why was he unable to read the book clearly at normal distance. (1mk)
(c) How can the defect be corrected. (1mk)
28 Some form three students took a germinating maize grain and placed it in a starch paste in a petri dish and put the Petri dish in
a water bath maintained at 30oC. After 48 hours the starch paste was irrigated with iodine solution .The area around the
maize grain changed to the colour of iodine solution while the rest turned blue –black.
(a) Account for the observation (2mks)
(b) Why was the Petri dish put in a water bath maintained at 30 oC? (1mk)
29. State two functions of muscles found in the alimentary canal of mammals. (2mks)
30. Explain two ways in which xylem vesseles are adapted to their function. (2mks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
KASSU JET EXAMINATION
Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (K.C.S.E.) 2016
231/2
BIOLOGY
PAPER 2
JUNE 2016
TIME: 2 HOURS
Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided
1. A couple has three children, the mother had blood group A and the father had blood group B while one of the children had
blood group 0.
(a) (i) What were the genotypes of the parents? (1mark)
Father
Mother
(ii) What was the genotype of the child with blood group 0? (1mark)
(b) Work out using a punnet square the genotypes of the other children. (4 marks)
(c) Which child can receive blood from any member of the family? (1mark)
(d) State the percentage of children who can donate blood to all blood groups. (1mark)
2. Below is a diagram of a structure found in Eukaryotic cells? Study it and answer the questions that follow
a) Identify the structure (1 mark)

b) State two functions of the structure (2 marks)
c) i) Name one organelle found in animal cells but absent in plant cells (1 mark)
ii) State one function of the organelle you have named in(c) above (1 mark)
d) Briefly explain cell biology as an evidence of evolution (3 marks)
3. Below is a diagram of a plant a form three student collected while carrying out an ecological study?
Adventitious root
a) With reasons identify the division into which the students classified the plant.
b) (i) Name the structure that produces spores in this plant. (1mark)
(ii) State two differences between the plant division above and that of the division spermatophyta. (2 marks)
c) Give two distinguishing features of class Amphibia (2marks)
4. The diagram below represents human foetus in a uterus.
Placenta
B
C
D
Chorion
Mucus plug

Biology p1, p2&p3
a) Name the part labeled D. (1 mark)
b) i) Name the types of blood vessels found in the structure labeled C. (2 marks)
ii) State the differences in composition of blood found in the vessels named in (b) (i) above. (2 marks)
iii) State two importance of the fluid found in part B (2 marks)
iv) State the role of progesterone during pregnancy (1 mark)
5. The diagram below represents three types of neurons found in a mammalian body.
M W
Z
X
Y
(a) Name the neurons X, Y and Z (3marks)

(b) Name the chemical substance responsible for the transmission of an impulse across the gap labelled W.
(1mark)
(c) State two functions of the part labelled M. (2marks)
(d) In which part of the spinal cord is neurone Y located? (1mark)
(e) Using arrows indicate on the diagrams the direction followed by nerve impulse leading to a
response. (1mark)
SECTION B (40MARKS)
Answer questions 6(compulsory) and either questions 7 or 8 in the spaces provided
6. During germination and growth of a cereal, the dry weight of endosperm, the embryo and total dry weight were determined at
two – day intervals. The results are shown in the table below.
Time after Dry weight of Dry weight of embryo Total dry weight (mg)
planting(days) endosperm (mg )
0 43 2 45
2 40 2 42
4 33 7 40
6 20 17 37
8 10 25 35
10 6 33 39
a) Using the same axes, draw graphs of dry weigh of endosperm, embryo and the total dry weight against time
(8marks)
b) What was the dry weight of the endosperm and embryo on the 5th day? (2marks)
Endosperm
Embryo
c) Account for:
i) Decrease in dry weight of endosperm from day 0 to 10 (2marks)
ii) Increase in dry weight of embryo from day 0 day 10 (2marks)
iii) Decrease in total dry weight from day 0 to day 8 (2marks)
d) State the role of the following in germination (2marks)
i) Glucose
ii) Enzymes
e) How are the foliage leaves adapted to their function (2 marks)
7 (a) Describe the role of hormones in blood sugar regulation (10 marks)
(b) Explain how halophytes are adapted to their habitat (10 marks)
8 (a) Explain the adaptations of thoracic, cervical and lumbar vertebrae to their functions (12 marks)
(b) Describe the structural factors affecting transpiration (8 marks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
KASSU
BIOLOGY PAPER 3
JUNE 2016
CONFINDENTIAL
Question 1
1. 4 test tubes per rack
2. Solution R – 1% starch solution
3. Solution T – Distilled water
4. Solution H – 1 Molar HCl (aq)
5. 15cm string
6. 8 cm long visking tubing
7. Iodine solution
8. 50 ml beaker
Question 2 and Question 3

1. Print photos on coloured printer.

231/3
BIOLOGY
PAPER 3
PRACTICAL
JUNE, 2016
1 ¾ HOURS
1. You are provided with Four Test-tubes label as A, B, C and D. You are required to prepare the contents of test tube A, B, C
and D as follows.
To test tube A add 2cm3 of solution R provided and test using the provided reagent.
To test tube B add 2cm3 of solution T provided and test using the provided reagent. (5 marks)
(a)
Test tube Procedure Observation Conclusion
A
B
(b) To test tube C and D, prepare them as follows:
To test tube C add 2cm3 of R and 2cm3 of solution H provided boil it and allow it to stand for 5 minutes.
To test tube D add 2cm3 of R and 2cm3 of solution T boil and allow it to stand for 30 minutes. For both C and D test using
the provided reagents and tabulate your results below. (5 marks)

C
D
(c) To the provided visking tubing tie one end with the provided string and add solution R. Tie the remaining end and immerse it
in a solution of iodine solution in a beaker (50ml). After 2 minutes remove it from the beaker and observe.
(i) What was your observation of the contents of the visking tubing at the end of experiment? (1 mark)
(ii) Account for your results in (i) above. (3 marks)
2. Study the kidney diagrams below:
a) i) Name the part labeled A in figure 1 (1mark)

ii) Name the process that takes place in the parts labeled V. (1 mark)

Biology p1, p2&p3
b) State two homeostatic functions of the organ in the diagram above. (2marks)
c) Explain what will happen to the process of urine formation in absence of ADH. (3marks)
d) Below are photographs labeled B and C of organs obtained from different animals. The organs perform similar functions.
Examine them and answer the questions that follow.
(i) Name the parts labeled B1, B2 and B3 in photographs B (3marks)

(ii) Identify the parts labeled K1, K2 and K3 in photograph C (3marks)
1. Study the diagrams set A1, set E1, set M1 and set B carefully and answer the questions below
(a) State the conditions under which each set up was grown. (3mks)
Set A1
Set E1
Set B
(b) (i) Name the phenomenon exhibited by seedlings in set E1 (1mk)
(ii) Give a reason why plants exhibit the phenomenon named in (b) (i) above (1mk)
(c) (i) Name the response exhibited by the seedlings in set B. (1mk)
(ii) Explain how the response named in (c) (i) above occurred (2mks)
(d) (i) State the type of germination exhibited by seedlings in set A1 and set M1. (2mks)
Set A1
Set M1
(ii) Give a reason for your answer in (d) (i) above (2mks)
Set A1
Set M1
(iii) State the mode of dispersal in set A above when mature. (1 mk)
(iv) Name the type of fruit formed by M1 on maturity. (1 mk)

Biology p1, p2&p3
KASSU 2016
BIOLOGY 231/1 MARKING SCHEME
JUNE 2016
1. (i) Centriole – produce spindle fibre; (1mk)
(ii) Centromere- holds chromatids together/provide point of attachment to spindle fibres; (1mk)
2. (a) activate enzymes; (1mk)
(b) Metabolic ions e.g. Fe2+, Mg2+, Zn2+, CO2+ etc. (award any first one) (1mk)
3. Pollutants are absorbed by acquatic plants/producers; which are eaten by primary consumers e.g. fish; man accumulates the
pollutants by consuming fish regularly; (3mks)
4. Pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes is blocked from reaching food through the pancreatic duct; insulin (and
glucagon) which regulates sugar is released directly to the blood stream and reaches the liver where it regulates sugar;
5. (a) Dicotyledonous root; (1mk)
(b) - Presence of root hairs;
- Presence of star shaped xylem/structure;
- Presence of endodermis; (award the 1st two) (2mks)
6.
RNA DNA
- Has ribose sugar - Has deoxyribose sugar;
- Has uracil as one of its bases - Has thymine instead of uracil;
- Single strand - Double strand;
(award any first two)
7. (a) All is actively reabsorbed at the proximal convoluted tubule; (2mks)
(b) Diabetes mellitus; (1mk)
8. (i) Interphase; (1mk)
(ii) Prophase I; (1mk)
9. AB; and B; (2mks)
10. Water would be drawn into amoeba by osmosis; water collects into the contractile vacuoles; more contractile vacuoles form
to discharge water into the surrounding through the cell membrane; (3mks)
11. (a) Auxins/IAA/ Gibberellis; (1mk)
(b) Caused rapid cell elongation; causing more /faster growth on the side applied; (2mks)
12. (i) Pteridophyta; (1mk)
(ii) Bryophyta; (1mk)
13. (a) Pelvic; pectoral fins; (2mks)
(b) Controls the depth at which the fish swims in water; (1mk)
14. (a) Grey matter; (1mk)
(b) (i) Axon – long to conduct a nerve impulse; (1mk)
(ii) Dendrite – allow synaptic connections with other neurons; (1mk)
15. (a) This is where organisms with favourable genes survive and transmit these genes to the offsprings while those with
unfavourable genes perish; (1mk)
(b)
Convergent Divergent
- Where organisms posses structures with different - This is where organisms posses structures with same
embryonic origin, but are modified to perform the embryonic origin but are modified to perform different
same function. functions (1mk)
16. (a) (i) Testis – have seminiferous tubules for spermatogenesis/are glandular to secrete hormones ; (1mk)
(ii) uterus – Hollow to accommodate developing foetus/muscular to expel foetus; (1mk)
(b) Placenta fully developed and secrete progesterone and small quantity of oestrogen to maintain pregnancy; (1mk)
17. (a) Glucose Ethanol + Carbon (IV) oxide + Energy / 210KJ;
C6H12O6  2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + Energy / 210Kj (equation must be balanced
rej. Alcohol for ethanol)
(b) Produces ethanol used for various purposes;
Sewage treatment; baking of bread (award the 1st one) (1mk)
18. Fits in the neural canal of the atlas;
Allows rotational movement of the head; (1mk)
19. (a) Intestical cell stimulating hormone/Gonadotrophic hormone/gonadrophic stimulating hormone/ lutenizing
hormone/follicle stimulating hormone; (1mk)
(b)
Male incapable of producing hormone Y Normal male
1. Lack beards 1. Has beards;
2. High pitched voice 2. Deep voice;
3. No spermatogenesis 3. Spermatogenesis
4. Less muscular 4. More muscular;
(1st two – 2mks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
20. (a) Process whereby one male nucleus fuses with the egg cell nucleus to form(a diploid) zygote; while the other male
nucleus fuses with the polar nuclei to form a triploid nuclei; (primary) endosperm;(2mks)
(b) – Higher yields (Hybrid vigour); Early maturity; High resistance to drought /pests/diseases; 1st two) (2mks)
21. (a) Moist to dissolve respiratory gases; Highly vascularised to transport respiratory gases;
Thin surface for quick diffusion of respiratory gases; or 1st two structure tied to function)
(b) Contract and flatten; increases the volume of the thoracic cavity; (Sand reduce the air pressure) (2mks)
22. Contrasting pairs of a gene; (1mk)
23. (a) Heat from the body is not lost to the surrounding through sweating because evaporation of sweat will be low; as air is
already saturated with moisture; (2mks)
(b) Hypothalamus; (1mk)
24. (a) Green plants  Grass hopper Lizards Domestic cats;
Green plants Mice Snakes Hawks;
Green plants Mice Snakes Domestic cats; (2mks)
(b) Most plants will die/dry;
(Some) animals may starve to death;
(Some) organisms may migrate; (3mks)
25. (a) (i) region of elongation/rapid growth in root/ radicle; (1mk)
(ii)
Region with little

increase
Region with more

increase
(iii) To provide water/moisture for germination; (1mk)

(b) (i) Oxygen- for oxidation of food to provide energy for germination; (1mk)
(ii) Cotyledons – store food necessary for germination /protect plumule; (1mk)
26. Gametes form new off springs and therefore any mutation in gametes affects the offspring in genes; (1mk)
27. (a) Long sightedness/Hypermetropia; (1mk)
(b) Image is focused behind retina due to short eye ball; (1mk)
Lens unable to focus because they are flat/weak. (1mk)
(c) By wearing convex/biconvex / converging lenses; (1mk)
28. (a) Enzyme / diastase from maize grain; hydrolysed / digested starch into (simple) sugar;
(b) Optimum temperature required by enzyme in maize grain to digest starch; (1mk)
29. Acts as a valve to close and /or open various parts of the canal /control food movement in alimentary canal by acting as
valves;
30. - Lignified/thickened for support;
- Hollow/Absence of cross wall for passage of water, mineral salts;
- Narrow to facilitate capillarity; (1st two) (2mks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
KASSU 2016
BIOLOGY 231/1 MARKING SCHEME
JUNE 2016
1. i Mother - AO;
Father - BO, (two correct to score)
ii OO;
(b) ♂ ♀
Parental genotype BO x AO;

Gametes B O A 0 ;
♂ B O
♀
A AB AO
O BB OO
Genotype of the other children AB, BO, AO; OO

(c) AB;
(d) OO = ¼ x 100 = 25%
2. (a) Cell membrane
(b) Enclose or protect cell contents
Allow selective passage of substances in and out of the cell
(c) i) Centriole
ii) Formation of cilia and flagella/formation of spindle fibres
(c) Study of different cells of higher animals and plants reveal some basic structural similarities, with some organelles
having some common biological chemicals; This suggests a phylogenetic linkage/ a common ancestral origin; The
differences observed between plant and animal cells suggest that from a common ancestral origin, plant and animal cells
evolved differently.
3. a) Division Pteridophyta
Reasons Leaves are compound with leaflets/Pinna/frond
Presence of sori
Presence of horizontal underground stem/Rhizome
b) i) Sporangia
ii)
Pteridophyta Spermatophyte
fertilization is dependent on water fertilization is mainly independent of water
Does not produce seeds Seed bearing
c) An eardrum is behind the eyes/gaseous occurs thru the skin, mouth and lungs /Hind limbs are longer and more muscular
than the forelimbs
4. Endometrium/uterus
i) Umbilical vein and Umbilical artery
ii)
Umbilical vein Umbilical artery
Less Co2 ,Urea More Co2,Less urea

iii) More oxygen/glucose/amino acids Less oxygen/glucose/amino acids Suspend
the foetus /support the foetus when moving/turning.
Cushions the foetus from mechanical injury
iv) Growth of the mammary glands/maintains proliferation of the endometrium OR contaction of myometrium /inhibit
release of F.S.H, inhibit prolactin release
5. a) X Motor (neurone)/ Efferent;
Y Relay/connector (neurone);
Z Sensory/Afferent (neurone);
b) Acetylcholine/nor adrenaline;
c) -Protects and insulates the axon;
- Speed up and propagate nerve impulse;
d) Grey matter.
e) From neurone Z to Y to X
6. a) See graph paper.
Biology p1, p2&p3
Award : Axes - (1mk) Scales – (1mk) Curves – plot – (3mks) Identify curve – (3mks)
b) i) 27 mg; ± 1
ii) 11 mg; ± 1
c)
i) Dry weight constant; as stored not yet hydrolyzed/seedling preparing itself for mobilization food reserves hence no new
tissues formed; (2mks)
ii) Rapid increase in dry weight; stored foods hydrolyzed by enzymes into simple food; that are Tran located/transported to
growing points/plumule and radices for growth/energy production; (3mks)
iii) Decrease in dry weight; stored food hydrolyzed/digested into simple foods; and transported to embryo; (3mks)
d. i) Substrate for energy production /its broken-down to produce energy for growth
ii) Breakdown and oxidation of insoluble food to soluble forms/conversion of hydrolyzed products to new plant tissues
e) Traps light rays to be utilize to manufacture food for developing seeding
7. a) Nb. hormone 1 mark each and the rest of the points are mark each
7 b)
- They have root cells have a very concentrated sap vacuole to increase uptake of water by osmosis
- Some plants have salt secreting glands that secrete excess salts
- Some have pneumatophores /breathing roots which emerge above water to obtain atmospheric oxygen
- Some that grow in mudflats have buttress roots for support and anchorage
- Fruits have arenchymatous tissue for air storage that makes them buoyant
- Submerged halophytes have sensitive chloroplast capable of photosynthesing in low light intensities
8. a) Thoracic vertebrae 3 marks
- Long neural spine to increase surface area for attachment of back muscles
- Tuberculum facet which articulates with the tuberculum of rib and the capitular demifacets on the centrum articulates with the
capitulum of rib
- Short transverse processes which provides an additional surface area for muscles attachment
Biology p1, p2&p3
- Pre and postzygapophyses for articulation with adjacent vertebrae.
Cervical vertebrae 3 marks
 Axis has a wide centrum that projects/odontoid process which articulates with the atlas
 Presence of vertebraterial canals for passage of arteries
 Atlas has broad surfaces for articulation with occipital condyles of the cranium to allow noddig movements
 Atlas has winglike/broad transverse processes for attachment of neck muscle
 Atlas has wide neural canal for articulation with odontoid process of axis and passage of spinal cord
 Branched transverse processes for attachment of neck muscles
Lumbar vertebrae - any 4
 wide / broad neural spine to increase surface area for attachment of the abdominal muscles
 long transverse processes which provides an additional surface area for muscles attachment
 massive / broad centrum to offer support /resists compression by spreading the force towards the sacral vertebrae
 Anapophyses/Metapophyses/Hypapophyses provides an additional surfaces for muscles attachment
 Prezygapophyses and postzygapophyses provides articulation between vertebrae
8 ( b) mark any five

Biology p1, p2&p3
JUNE 2016
BIOLOGY
Paper 3
Practical
1. (a)
A Add 2cm3of R and 2 drops of iodine solution Blue-black; Starch present;
B Add 2cm3of R and 2 drops of iodine solution Yellow-brown; Starch absent
(b)

3
Add 2cm of treated R with H, 2 Remains yellow- brown Starch absent
C drops of iodine solution
Add 2cm3 of treated R with T 2 Remains yellow-brown Starch absent
D drops of iodine solution
(c) (i) Contents turns blue-black

(ii) Iodine molecules are relatively small and diffused; into the visking tubing reacting with the contents to give
blue-black colouration; shows presence of starch in R;
2. (a) (i) Renal vein;
(ii) Ultra filtration/pressure filtration;
(b) Osmoregulation;
Regulation of PH;
(c) The distal convoluted tubules and collecting duct wilt be less permeable to water; therefore less reabsorption of
water; leading to production of large volume of urine that is dilute;
3. (a)
Set 1 – normal conditions
Set E1 – in the dark
Set B – unidirectional light 3mks
(b) (i) Etiolation; 1mk
(ii) To reach light for photosynthesis; 1mk
(c) (i) Positive phototropism; 1mk
(ii) Auxins migrate to the darker side causing faster growth/elongation on this side; resulting in curvature of
the shoot towards the source of light; 2mks
(d) (i) Set A1 – Epigeal; 1mk
Set M1 – hypogeal; 1mk
(ii) Set A1 – cotyledons brought above the ground; 1mk
Set M1 – cotyledons remain below the earth‟s surface/
underground; 1mk

Biology p1, p2&p3
GATUNDU SUB-COUNTY
FORM FOUR 2016 EVALUATION EXAMINATIONS
231/1
BIOLOGY
PAPER 1
(Theory)
JULY/AUGUST 2016
SECTION A:
1. A scientific space craft brought some material to earth from the outer space. Explain how one would establish if the material
is living or non-living. 2mks
2. State two functions of golgi apparatus. 2mks
3. A student observed a row of 16 epidermal cells in a microscopic field that was 8mm in diameter. Calculate the average
length of each cell in micrometers. 1mk
4. A group of students set up an experiment as shown below. The experimental set up were left for 20 minutes.
The observation after 20 minutes were as shown in thetable below.

Set up Observations
Inside tubing Outside tubing
A Blue black colour Colour of liodine.
B Colour of iodine Colour of iodine
(a) State the process being demonstrated in this experiment. 1mks

(b) Explain the results in set up A. 3mks
5. In a tabulated form, distinguish between class gymnospermae and angiospermae. 2mks
6. (a) Explain what happens when two species occupy the same habitat. 1mk
(b) State an adaptation of submerged aquatic plants to gaseous exchange. 1mk
7. (a) Explain why the number of predators in any ecosystem is less than the number of their prey. 2mks
(b) Define the term trophic level as used in ecology. (1mk)
8. In an experiment to investigate an aspect of digestion, two test tubes A and B were set up as shown in the diagram below.
A B
Starch plus un boiled Water bath

Salivary amylase
Starch plus boiled
salivary amylase
The test tubes were left in the water bath maintained at 37oC for 30 minutes. The content of each test tube was then tested for
starch.
(a) What was the aim of the experiment? 1mk
(b) Why was the set up left at 37oC? 1mk
9. (a) State the function of co-factors in cell metabolism. 1mk
(b) Give an example of a metallic co-factor. 1mk

Biology p1, p2&p3
(c) State one function of incisors in herbivores. 1mk
10. Explain how the following factors affect the rate of photosynthesis:- 2mks
(i) temperature.
(ii) Concentration of carbon (iv) oxide.
11. (a) What is metamorphosis? 1mk
(b) State one advantage of metamorphosis to the life of insects. 1mk
12. (a) Give any two characteristics of meristematic cells. 2mks
(b) Explain the function of epicotyl during seed germination. 1mk
13. (a) Explain how the following prevent self-pollination:- 2mks
(i) Dioecism.
(ii) Self-sterility.
(b) What is the role of pollen tube in plant fertilization? 1mk
14 (a) The diploid number of chromosomes in a guinea fowl is 60. How many chromatids does it have at the end of mitosis?
1mk
(b) Suggest the advantages of internal fertilization and development. 2mks
(c) State three characteristics of fungi. 2mks
(d) Name the phylum whose members possess a notochord. 1mk
15. (a) State two causes of variation. 2mks
(b) Describe one difference between telophase II and
(i) Telophase I of meiosis. 1mk
(ii) Telophase of mitosis. 1mk
16. The chemical equation below represents a reaction that occurs in cells.
2C57H98O6 + 145O2 → 102CO2 + 98H2O.
(i) Calculate the respiratory quotient (RQ). 2mks
(ii) Identify the substrate used in respiration. 1mk
(iii) Name the compound that stores energy released during oxidation of glucose. 1mk
17. (i) Distinguish between convergent and divergent evolution. 2mks
(ii) Give one method by which the age of fossils can be determined. 1mk
18. The following statement represents a type of gene mutation.
Intended message. Actual message
(i) Eat the meat Heat the meat
(ii) This is my team This is my tea.
(a) Identify the type of gene mutation illustrated in I and II above.

(b) Name two examples of chromosomal mutation that lead to change in chromosomal structure. 2mks
19. Give one factor that influences:-
(a) Capillarity. 1mk
(b) Root pressure. 1mk
(c) State the role of companion cells during transport in phloem tissue. 1mk
20. Explain the meaning of the following terms:-
(a) Reception. 1mk
(b) Co-ordination. 1mk
21. Give the name of the following responses.
(i) curvature of plant shoot towards light. 1mk
(ii) coiling of a plant shoot round a supporting structure. 1mk
22. The apparatus below illustrate breathing in a mammal.
plug
Rubber plunger
baloon syringe case
Capillary
(a) Describe what happens if the rubber plug is pulled in the direction shown by the arrow. 1mk
(b) Give the parts of mammal represented by:-
(i) Capillarity tube. 1mk
(ii) Rubber plug. 1mk
23. (a) Name two bones that form the pectoral girdle. 2mks
(b) Name the cavity formed by the scapula that form a joint with the humerous. 1mk

Biology p1, p2&p3
24. Study the following diagram showing longitudinal section of a kidney.
Name the parts labeled A and B. 2mks

25. Name the blood vessel that supplies blood to:-
(i) Heart muscles. 1mk
(ii) Kidney. 1mk
Explain why it is not advisable to sleep in a room with burning charcoal stove. 2mks
26. Name the part of the ear involved in:
(a) Balance.
(b) Amplification of sound waves.
(c) Reception of sound stimulus. 3mks
27. What is Homeostasis? 1mk
Explain what happens to excess amino acids in the liver of humans. 3mks
28. State one use of each of the following excretory products of plants.
(i) Tannin. 1mk
(ii) Latex. 1mk

Biology p1, p2&p3
GATUNDU SUB-COUNTY FORM FOUR 2016 EVALUATION EXAMINATIONS
231/2
BIOLOGY
PAPER 2
(Theory)
JULY/AUGUST 2016
1. The diagram below is a longitudinal section of an organ in mammals.
(a) Name the organ. 1mk

(b) Identify the parts R and S
(c) (i) State two differences in the structure above found in the desert rat and fish. 2mks
(ii) Account for the difference stated above. 2mks
(d) Name the gland associated with the secretion of aldosterone hormone. 1mk
2. A family with four children, three were found to have normal skin pigmentation while one was albino. Using letter „A‟ to
represent gene for normal skin pigmentation and „a‟ to represent the gene for albinism.
(a) What are the genotypes of the parents? 2mks
(b) Work out the genotypes of the normal pigmented children and the albino child. 5mks
(c) What is the probability that the fifth child will be an albino. 1mk
3. The following diagram of a leaf shows what happens in a plant leaf during photosynthesis.
(a) State two ways in which leaves are adapted to absorb light. 2mks
(b) Name the gases labeled x and y.
(c) Name the tissues that transports:- 2mks
(i) Water into the leaf.
(ii) Sugar to other parts of the plant.
(d) Explain why it is an advantage for the plant to store carbohydrates as starch rather than as sugars. 2mks
4. Study the diagram of the organism shown below then answer the questions that follow.
(a) State the phylum to which the organism belongs. 1mk

(b) With reasons state the class to which the organism belongs:-
Class 1mk
Reasons: 3mks
(c) Name two human diseases of which the organism is a vector. 2mks
(d) What type of metamorphosis does the organism show? 1mk

Biology p1, p2&p3
5. In an experiment a group of students set up the test tubes as shown below.
(a) What was the aim of the experiment? 1mk

(b) Why was the pyrogallic acid included in the gas jar A? 1mk
(c) What results would you expect in each of the gas jar A and B at the end of the experiment? 2mks
(d) State three artificial ways of breaking seed dormancy. 3mks
(e) Name two hormones that bring about rapid cell division in plants. 2mks
SECTION B: 40mks
Answer question 6(compulsory) and either question 7 or 8 in the spaces provided after question 8
6. In an investigation, two persons A and B took the same amount of a meal rich in carbohydrates. Their blood sugar levels were
immediately determined and thereafter at intervals. The results were as shown in the table below.
Time (minutes) Glucose level in blood (mg/100cm3)

Person A Person B
0 92 80
15 90 76
30 105 90
40 116 105
60 140 162
80 138 210
120 100 202
135 96 194
160 90 180
180 90 162
(a) On the grid provided, plot graphs of glucose level in blood against time on the same axis. 7mks
(b) (i) When was the glucose level of person A equal to that of person B. 1mk
(ii) What was the concentration of glucose in the blood of A and B at the 20 th minute? 2mks
(c) (i) Account for the blood sugar level in person A and person B between O and 15. 2mks
In man, the normal blood sugar level is about 90mg/100cm3 of blood. Explain the change in the blood sugar level in
person A between 15 and 60 minutes. 4mks
(d) (i) Suggest a possible reason for the high blood sugar level in person B. 2mks
(ii) How can the high sugar level in person B be controlled? 1mk
(e) Name the compound that stores energy released during oxidation of glucose. 1mk
7. (a) Describe the way by which terrestrial plants are adapted to living in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. 10mks
(b) Explain how various human activities cause soil pollution. 10mks
8. (a) Define:=
(i) Chemical evolution. 2mks
(ii) Organic evolution. 2mks
(iii) Giving examples give and account for any five pieces of evidence for organic evolution. 16mks

Biology p1, p2&p3
GATUNDU SUB-COUNTY FORM FOUR 2016 EVALUATION EXAMINATIONS
BIOLOGY
PAPER 3
2016 MOCK
CONFIDENTIAL
1. All the photographs should be colored
2. To make solution M mix thee egg yolks and 100g of sucrose with 500 mls of distilled water
3. Each student should have……three test tubes
Access to DCPIP
Sodium bicarbonate
Benedicts solution
Dilute Hcl
Source of heat
Sodium hydroxide
Copper sulphate
GATUNDU SUB COUNTY FORM 4 2016 EVALUATION EXAM

231/3
BIOLOGY
PRACTICAL
1. (i) Examine photograph k 1and K2 then answer the questions that follow.
K1 K2
R1 R2
(a) Name the response that is exhibited by the seedlings. 1mrk.
(b) Explain how the response you have stated in (a) above occurs. 6mrks
(c) What is the significance (survival value) of the response you have stated in (a) above. 1 mrk.
(ii) Photographs R1 and R2 show a certain response in plants.
a) Name the response shown by plant X. 1 mrk
b) Explain how the response you have stated In (a) above occurs. (3mks)
c) What is the biological significance of the response shown by X? (3 mks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
2 (a).Identify organs B and D in photograph T2 and state the class of organism from which they were obtained(4mks)
Organ B
Organ D
T1 T2
(b) State the common function of the organs identified in (a) above. (1mk)
(c) Name the parts of the body where B and D in photograph T2 are found (2mks)
(d) List the adaptations of D to its functions (3mks)
(e) Using observable features only, state how B is adapted to its function (2mks)
3. You are provided with solution M and various reagents. Use them to carry out food tests. (13mks)
TEST PROCEDURE OBSERVATION CONCLUSION

Biology p1, p2&p3
GATUNDU SUB-COUNTY FORM FOUR 2016 EVALUATION EXAMINATION
231/1
BIOLOGY
PAPER 1
(Theory)
JULY/AUGUST 2016
MARKING SCHEME
1. If it can move, feed, reproduce, grow and develop, respire and exhibit irritability or not.
2. Processing/packaging of synthesized cellular materials;
Secretion/transport of packaged materials;
Production of lysozomes;
3. Diameter of the field of view = 8 x 1000 = 8000 micrometers
Average length of each cell = 8000 ÷ 16
= 500 micrometers
4. (a) Diffusion/selective permeability/differential permeability.
(b) Visking tubing is semi-permeable; therefore allows passage of iodine molecules from the beaker
into the visking tubing thus producing a blue-black colour with the starch solution;
Starch molecules are too large to pass through the pores of the visking tubing into the solution in the beaker hence iodine
solution in the beaker does not change colour.
5.
Gymnospamae Angiospermae
 They do not produce flowers  They produce flowers
 They produce naked seeds.  They produce seed enclosed in a fruit.
 They have xylem with vessels  Their xylem has not vessels
6. (a) Sooner or later, one will eventually oust the other.
(b) Have aerenchyma tissues;
Or Lack cuticle:
7. (a) Because in any food chain, organisms in the higher trophic level require more biomass from organisms in the lower
trophic level for their support.
(b) Define the term trophic level; It is the feeding level of organisms in a food chain.
8. (a) To investigate the effect of boiling on salivary anylse.
(b) Optimum temperature for enzyme/amylase activity.
9. (a) Substance that activate enzymes.
(b) Iron (Fe2+)
Magnesium (Mg2+)
Zinc (Zn2+)
Copper (Cu2+)
Calcium (Ca2+)
10. (i) Rate of photosynthesis increases as the temperature increases up to an optimum level.
(ii) Rate of photosynthesis increases as the concentration of carbon (iv) oxide increases up to an optimum level.
11. (a) Metamorphosis is the sudden change in the body form of an organism in the course of its lifecycle.
 The adult and larvae exploit different niclei
 They do not compete for food.
 Pupa can survive adverse conditions.
12. (a) Have thin cell walls
Dense cytoplasm
Lack vacuoles
Are small in size
(b) Epicotyl elongates leaving the cotylendom below the soil.
13. (a) (i) Condition where female and male flowers are borne in different plants.
(ii) Pollen grains are sterile to the stigma of the same plant.
(b) To convey the male nuclei to the embryo sac.
14. (a) 60.
(b) Male and female gametes are brought close together increasing the chances of fertilization.
The developing embryo is protected from adverse environmental conditions and from predators.
15. Causes of variation.
 Meiosis/gamete formation.
 Independent assortment of homologous chromosomes.
 Crossing over.
 Non-disfuction = increase – number of chromosomes
Leading to in size of parts & subsequent variation.
16. Difference between (i) (telophase II and telophase I.
(i) During telophase I of meiosis the chromosomes are bivalent (centromores are single.
Biology p1, p2&p3
Difference between telophase II and telophase of mitosis
During telephase I of mitosis the chromosomios are in pairs; whereas in telophase II of meiosis they are single
(haploid)
17. (i) RQ = volume of CO2 produced
Volume of O2 consumed
102 CO2 = 0.7
145 O2
(ii) Lipid: cc fats/oil (1 mk)
(iii) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
18. (i) Divergent ; evolution; one basic structural form modified to perform different functions.
Convergent evolution. Different structures modified to perform some function due to exploiting same environment
(ii) Carbon – dating C14
19. (i) Insertion.
(ii) Deletion.
(b) Aerration deletion, duplication; translocation and non – disjunction.
20. (a) thinness of the tube – in a thin tube capillarity is faster.
(b) Height of stem – Root pressure can only push water up a short distance.
21. Reception – detection of perception of stimulus. (1 mk)
Coordination – or organization of activities from reception to response. (1 mk)
22. (i) Positive phototropism. (1 mk)
(ii) Thigmotropism. (1 mk)
23. (a) the rubber balloon expands. (1 mk)
(b) (i) Trachea. (1 mk)
(ii) Diaphragm. (1 mk)
24. (a) Clavicle; scapula (1 mk)
(b) glenoid cavity (1 mk)
25. (i) A, cortex (1 Mk) B, pelvis (1 mk)
(ii) Colonary artery (1 mk)
(iii) Renal artery. (1 mk)
(c) Carbon (ii) oxide combines; with haemoglobin to form carboxy haemoglobin; that does not easily dissociate leading to
suffocation. (2 mks)
26. (a) Semi circular canal (1 mk)
(b) Ossicles. (1 mk)
(c) Cochlea. (1 mk)
27. (i) Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable/constant internal/tissue fluid environment despite fluctuations in external
environment.
(ii) Excess amino acids are deaminated to amino group and carboxyl group; the Amino group combines with hydrogen to
form Ammonia; which is toxic. So it is (Ammonia) is combined with carbon IV oxide immediately to form urea. The
residue carboxyl group is converted to glucose for respiration and/or to glycogen for storage. (3 mks)
28. Tannin; used for tanning hides & skins to manufacture leather.
Latex; Used in the manufacture of rubber goods like tyres.

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/2
BIOLOGY
PAPER 2
(Theory)
JULY/AUGUST 2016
MARKING SCHEME
1. (a) Kidney;
(b) R – medulla;
S – Pelvis;
(c) (i) Desert Rat Fish
Large medulla Small medulla surface;
Long loop of Henles Short loop of Henles;
Small cortex surface Large cortex surface;
(ii) Large medulla surface for maximum re-absorbtion of water; due to extensive/long loop of Henles;
(d) Adrenal gland;
2. (a) Aa, Aa/Both are Aa;
(b) Parental phenotype Normal skim colour Normal skin colour
Parental genotype Aa x Aa;
Gametes A a A a
Fusion
P1 generation AA aa Aa Aa;
Genotypes
Normal Albino Normal Normal
(c) 25% or ¼ ;
3. (a) Broad and flat to absorb maximum light;
- Have chloroplasts with chlorophyll to trap light;
- Transparent cuticle to allow light to pass through;
(b) x - Carbon (iv) oxide;
y - Oxygen;
(c) (i) xylem;
(ii) Phloem;
(d) Starch is insoluble in water, hence osmotically inactive;
This reduces effect on absorbtion of water;
4. (a) Arthropoda;
(b) Class insecta;
Reasons: - Three body parts/Head, thorax and abdomen;
Three pairs of legs/six legs;
A pair of antennae;
A pair of wings;
(c) Cholera;
Typhoid;
Amoebic dysentery;
(d) Complete metamorphosis;
5. (a) To show that oxygen is necessary for germination;
(b) To absorb oxygen present in the jar;
(c) A – No germination occurred;
B – Germination occurred;
(d) - Scarification;
- Soaking in Gibberelic acid;
- Providing adequate water, oxygen and appropriate temperature;
- Boiling seeds in water; Mark first three
(e) - Gibberelins;
- Auxins
SECTION B.
Biology p1, p2&p3
6. (a)
(b) (i) 47 minutes + 2 minutes;

(ii) A – 95mg/100cm3 + 2;
B – 80mg/100cm3 + 2;
(c) (i) In both there is a slight decline in glucose level;
The carbohydrate meal has not been digested/there is no absorption of glucose from the intestine;
(ii) There is rapid increase in sugar level; because the meal has been digested; and there is fast absorption of glucose into
the blood;
The rate of absorption is higher than glucose assimilation/conversion of glycogen;
(d) (i) Suffering from diabetes mellitus; due to malfunctioning of pancrease/lack of enough insulin in the body;
(ii) Administering Insulin;
(e) Adenosine triphosphate; reject ATP.
7. (a)
- Roots are superficial and extensively developed; to provide large surface area for water absorption;
- Roots grow deep/long roots; to reach water table/source deep in the ground.
- Succulent/fleshy stem/stem possession of water storage tissues to store water for future use/to enables them survive
drought;
- Possession of waxy thick cuticle to reduce transpiration rate;
- Reduced leaf surface/spines/scales/leaves modified into needle-like to minimize surface area for transpiration;
- Sunken stomata/hairy stomata/hairy leaves to lower the rate of transpiration;
- Some have reversed stomata rhython to minimise transpiration;

Biology p1, p2&p3
- Rolled leaves/folded leaves to minimize stomata directly exposed to sunlight to lower rate of transpiration;
- Short lifecycles/quick growth after rains to make use of available water quickly;
- Reduced no. of stomata that lower rate of transpiration;
- Some shed their leaves during dry period to reduce transpiration rate;
Total 11
Max 10 marks
(b) - Dumping of solid wastes/empty containers scrap metals, glass bottles, plastic containers; these lenders the environment
to be useless for agricultural purposes;
- Excessive use of inorganic fertilizers on the farm;
Lowers the organic content of the soil reducing the water retention ability/ Decreases organic matter content making soil
uninhabitable by macro and micro-organism in the soil; making the soil reduce fertility.
- Excessive use of pesticides; this kills unintended beneficial soil micro-organisms soil fertility;
- Agrochemicals such as pesticides, fungicides/herbicides alters the soil PH; resulting in poor plant growth; conditions use
of chemicals in the farms/aerosols /agrochemicals precipitate in the soil and are taken by plants; their concentration build
up in the plants increasing to toxic levels.
- Heavy metals contained in agrochemicals in the soil; are not used up by plants hence accumulate in the soil; making it
un inhabitable by micro-organisms;
- Air pollutants such as sulphur (IV) oxide and nitrogen(IV) oxide forms acid rain; This alters the soil PH causing poor
growth of plants;
- Radioactive wastes dumped into the soil; cause death of micro-organisms in the soil;
- Oil effluent in the soil; they kill soil organisms/prevent root from taking oxygen and absorption of water;
Total 17 Mks
Max 10 Mks
8. (a) (i) Chemical evolution maintain that chemicals like water, vapour, oxygen ammonia, hydrogen and methane were
heated by catalytic effect of lighting during the cooling of the earth to form first life.
(ii) Organic evolution refer to gradual, continuous and irreversible changes in organisms over a long period of time that
results in formation of new species from pre-existing simple forms.
(b) Fossil records.
Remains of organisms preserved in rocks for many years reveal gradual changes of structure from simple to more
complex ones; e.g. Evolution of man‟s teeth and skull, forelimb of horse etc.
Comparative anatomy.
Comparison of form and structure reveal resemblances of structure performing the same function e.g. Nervous, digestive
and reproductive system; homologous structures like pentadactyl limbs invertebrates are similar although they perform
different function; Analogous structures which are morphologically different but perform the some functions; e.g. wings
of insects and birds, and the eyes of insects and mammals suggest common origin;
Comparative embryology.
- Embryos of vertebrates show great structural similarity suggesting a common ancestor; they have long tails and similar
circulatory system. The closer the resemblance between two organisms the closer their phylogenic relationship;
Cell Biology.
- Structure and functions of cells are similar; They have similar organelles, nucleic acids, ATP and membranes; closely
related organisms have similar blood proteins suggesting similar origins; e.g. man and apes; similar blood groups also
suggested similar origin.
Geographical distribution.
- Organisms originated from common dispersal centre when the present continents were joined together pagea; Continental
drift occurred isolating the organisms; which brought different pattern of evolution due to need to get adapted to the new
conditions; e.g. Galapage pinches, Jaguars in Amazon and Camels in Africa.
Comparative serology.
- Analysis of blood proteins and antigens; also reveal phylogenetic relationships; Species which are more phylogenetically
related contain more similar blood proteins; During serological tests, the greater the amount of precipitate, formed, the closer
the phylogenetic relationship between the animal and the human being;

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/3
BIOLOGY
PAPER 3
(practical)
JULY/AUGUST 2016
MARKING SCHEME
1. (a) Negative Geotropism;
(b) Due to gravity: auxins migrate to the lower side of the shoot; This causes a high auxin concentration on the lower side
than on the upper side; The higher auxin concentration causes rapid cell multiplication and elongation on the lower side
than on the upper side; causing upward curvature/growth;
(c) Enables the shoot to grow upwards so as to expose leaves to sunlight for photosynthesis;
(b) When shoots are in contact; with support material, auxins migrate to the side away from contact; causing a higher auxin
concentration on the side away from contact than the side with contact; higher auxin concentration leads to rapid cell
division and elongation; on the side away from contact than the side with contact leading to growth towards contact;
(c) It enables the plant to access support so that it can rise to higher levels where it exposes its leaves to sunlight for
photosynthesis; flowers in a position for effective pollination;p and fruits/seeds for effective dispersal;
2. (a) ORGAN IDENTITY MAMMALIAN CLASS
B Trachea/windpipe; mammalia;
D lungs ; mammalia;
(b) Gaseous exchange;
(c) B Neck region and the thoracic cavity;
D Thoracic cavity/chest cavity/thorax;
(d) - have a large surface area to ensure diffusion of larger volume of gases;
- Highly vascularized to transport the diffusing gases;
- have a thin epithelium to reduce the diffusion distance of gases;
(e) - Has rings of cartilage that prevent it from collapsing;
- keeps the lumen fully open even when the neck bends;
3.
TEST PROCEDURE OBSERVATIONS CONCLUSION
Non reducing To food(M) add dil Hcl and heat, Green-yellow-orange- Non-reducing sugars
sugars; cool,add sodiumbicarbinate then brown; present;
Benedicts soln and heat ; Accp-final colour alone
Proteins; To food (M)add sodium Purple/mauve Proteins present
hydroxide then copper sulphate;
Vitamin c; To DCPIP add food (M) No colour change Vit c absent;
- accpt when only one final color is given in non-reducing sugars

- mind the spelling of benedicts, if its wrongly spelt deny the procedure mark but award observations and conclusion if they are
correct.
- award procedure for non-reducing sugars 2mks ……the first one after cool and the second at the end of 2 nd heat.

Biology p1, p2&p3
KANGEMA/MATHIOYA FORM 4 JOINT EXAMINATION
231/1
BIOLOGY
PAPER 1
(Theory)
JULY/AUGUST 2016
1. Distinguish between taxonomy and taxon. (2 marks)
2. Name the organelle that performs the following functions in a cell,
a) Protein synthesis (1 mark)
b) Transport of cell secretions (1 mark)
3. Explain why plant cells do not burst when immersed in distilled water. (2 marks)
4. An experiment shown below was a set up to i nvestigate a certain physiological process in plants.
a) What process was being investigated? (1 mark)

b) What effect will the following have on the observation made in (a) above?
i) Fanning the shoot (1 mark)
ii) Removing all the leaves from the shoot. (1 mark)
iii) Placing the set up in the dark. (1 mark)
5. a) State the role of light in the process of photosynthesis. (1 mark)
b) Name one product of dark reaction in photosyntehsis. (1 mark)
c) State two mineral elements that are necessary in synthesis of chlorophyll. (2 marks)
6. 50 black mice and 50 white mice were released into an area inhibited by a pair of owls. After four months 38 of
the black mice and 9 of the white mice were recaptured.
a) How this observation would be explained. (2 marks)
b) Name the theory of evolution that support the results in (a) above. (1mark)
c) Name two vestigial structures in man. (2 marks)
7. a) In an investigation, the pancreatic duct of a mammal was blocked, it was found that blood sugar regulation
remains normal while food digestion was impaired. Explain these observations. (3 marks)
b) State two functions of bile juice in digestion. (2 marks)
8. Use the food web below to answer the questions that f ollows.
a) Construct a food chain ending with crocodile as a quaternary consumer.

b) Name the organisms in the food web that has only one predator. (1mark)
c) Name the organism with
i) the highest biomass (1mark)
ii) the lowest biomass (1mark)
9. The diagram below shows the position of an image formed in a defective eye.

Biology p1, p2&p3
a) Name the defect. (1 mark)
b) Explain how the defect named in (a) above can be corrected. (2 marks)
10. One molecule of lipids gives more energy than one molecule of glucose when respired aerobically but is not
always used as a respiratory substrate.
a) Give two reasons for this. (2 marks)
b) Name two disaccharides which are reducing sugars. (2 marks)
11. An experiment was carried out to investigate the rate of reac tion below.
Sucrose → fructose + giucose

For the product fructose and glucose to form it was found that substance K was to be added and temperature
maintained at 37 C. When another substance L was added, the reaction was slowed down and eventually
stopped.
a) Suggest the identity of substance K and L. (2 marks)
b) Other than temperature, state three ways in which the rate of reaction could be increased. (3 marks)
12. What is the role of the following to a germinating seed?
i) Oxygen (1 mark)
ii) Cotyledons (1 mark)
iii) Water (2 marks)
13. a) Name the bacteria found in the root nodules of leguminous plants. (1 mark)
b) State the association of the bacteria named in (a) above with leguminous plants. (1 mark)
14. In an experiment a young potted seedling were placed in a dark box with unilateral light source as shown
below.
a) What was the aim of the experiment? (1 mark)

b) State the observation made on the seedlings after 3 days. (1 mark)
15. The diagram below represent a mammalian bone.
a) Name the bone.

b) i) Which bone articulate with the bone shown in the d iagram at the notch ? (1 mark)
ii) Name the type of joint formed when the bone in b(i) articulate. (1mark)
16. a) The action of ptyalin stops at the sto mach. Explain. (2 marks)
b) State a factor that denatures enzymes. (1 mark)
c) Name the features that increase surface area of small intestines. (2 marks)
17. Give reasons for each of the following :
a) Constant body temperature maintained in mammals. (1mark)
b) Effects of low blood sugar in the body. (2 marks)
18. a) People can die when they inhale gases from burning charcoal in poorly ventilated rooms. What compound is
formed in the human body that lead to such death? (1mark)
b) Write the differences between aerobic respiration a nd photosynthesis in plants. (2 marks)
19. The diagram below represents a transverse section of a plant organ.
a) From which plant organ was the section obtained? (1 mark)

c) Name the parts labelled J, K and L. (3 marks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
d) State two functions of parts labelled M. (1mark)
20. Explain the following terms as used in evolution,
a) Homologous structures
b) Analogous structures
21. a) Name two supporting tissues in plants. (2 marks)

b) Study the diagram below and answer the question that follows.
i) Identify the muscle represented by X and Y. (2 marks)

ii) Describe how muscle X and Y cause straightening of joint Z. (2 marks)
c) Name joint Z. (1 mark)
22. State two roles of adrenaline in man. (2 marks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/2
BIOLOGY
PAPER 2
(Theory)
JULY/AUGUST 2016
1. A student set up an experiment using soaked and dry seeds as shown below.
State the objective of this experiment. (1 mark)

(a) State the observations made in each of the flask after 24 hours. (2 marks)
(b) Account for the observation made in (b) above. (2marks)
(c) Suggest why vacuum flasks were used in this experiment (1 mark)
(d) What alteration would you make in the set up to make the results more reliable? (1 mark)
(e) Why should the seeds be washed with antiseptic solution. (1 mark)
2. a) Differentiate between the mode of fertilization in higher plants and in mammals (2 marks)
b) Explain the role of the following hormones in the female menstrual cycle,
(i) Oestrogen (2 marks)
(ii) Luteinising hormone (2 marks)
c) Give two functions of the placenta during pregnancy.
3. The equation below represents a metabolic reaction that occurs in the mammalian liver.
Amino acids → organic compounds + urea
a. Name the process. (1 mark)
b. What is the importance of the process to the mammal (1 mark)
c. What is the source of the amino acids in the process named in (a) above? (1 mark)
d. State three ways through which organic compounds produced in the reaction are utilized in animal's body. (3 marks)
e. What is the difference between essential and non- essential acids? (2 marks)
4. The diagram below shows the structure of a human ear.
a. State functions of human ear (2 marks)

b. Give the name of structures labeled C, G. F (3 marks)
c. i) What is the function of the structure labeled H (1 mark)
ii) Name the structure in ear that detects waves (1mark)
d. In which structure of the ear is the velocity of the sound transmission fastest (1 mark)
5. A common species of rats has individuals with white, black or grey coats. During a study, a rat with white coat was crossed
with a rat with a black coat. Both parents were pure lines. All the off springs in FI generation had grey coats. Using letter B to
represent the gene for black coat and W for white coat.
a) Work out through a genetic cross the phenotypes of the FI generation. (4marks)
b) Give a genetic explanation of the nature of the offspring in FI generation. (1mark)
c) State the significance of a test cross in study of genetics. (1 mark)
d) State the importance of crossing over in meiosis. (1mark)
e) Name one example of a characteristic in man that is transmitted by multiple alleles. (1 mark)

Biology p1, p2&p3
Answer question 6 (compulsory) and either question 7 or 8 .
6. The table below shows the effect of predation in a laboratory experiment using Paramecium Aurelia and yeast cells, cultured
in a solution containing sugar.
Time (hour) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Paramecium 20 90 120 95 50 20 40 60
Yeast per 15cm3 60 140 100 65 25 50 80 100
a) Using the same exes, plot graphs to show curves of Paramecium aurelia and yeast (7 marks)
b) At what time was the population of Paramecium aurelia and yeast the same (2 marks
c) Explain the relationship between Paramecium aurelia and yeast. (2 marks)
d) What is the approximate time lapse between the maximum population of yeast and maximum population of paramecium?
Suggest a reason for this lapse. (2 marks)
e) Account for the shape of the graph of Paramecium aurelia between :
i) 2 and 6 hours (3 marks)
ii) 6 and 12 hours (3marks)
f) i) Suggest what would happen to the population of paramecium if the temperature was lowered to 0°C. (1 mark)
7. Describe the
i) Process of inhalation in mammals. (10 marks)
ii) Mechanism of opening and closing of stomata. (10 marks)
8. a) Describe how the digestion of a protein is achieved in the following parts of the alimentary canal.
i) Stomach (4 marks)
ii) Duodenum (4 marks)
b) i) Describe the process of absorption of water from the root hair to the xylem of the root (8 marks)
ii) Describe how temperature and light intensity affect the rate of transpiration. (4 marks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
BIOLOGY
PAPER 3
July/August 2016
1. a) You are provided with solution Q in a boiling tube. Take a drinking straw and gently blow into the solution watching it
carefully,
i) Record any change noticed. (1mark)
ii) Name the excretory product responsible for the change observed in (a) (i) (1mark)
iii) Name the physiological process that brought about the above observed change in (a) (i) (1 mark)
iv) Write a word equation summarizing the reaction in (a) (iii) above. (2 marks)
b) You are provided with specimens R and W. Using scalpel blade provided make a longitudinal section through the specimens
R and W to obtain two identical halves.
c) Make a large labelled drawing of specimen R.
d) Give two differences and two similarities of structures of specimen R and W.
Differences (2 marks)
Similarities (2 marks)
c) What is the function of plumule sheath in specimen W ? (2 marks)
2. Examine photographs A, B1 and B2 carefully and answer the questions that follow. B2 was extracted from B1.
a) i) What is the name given to the coiled part labelled T found on specimen A. (1 mark)
ii) Name the type of response exhibited by the coiled part on specimen A
iii) Explain how the response mentioned in a (ii)- above takes place.
iv) State one adaptative role of the response mentioned in a (ii) to the plant.
b) i) With a reasons identify the agent of pollination for specimen in photographs B1 and B2
Agent (1 mark)
Reason (1 mark)
ii) To which class of plants was specimen B1 and B2 obtained give a reason.
Class (1mark)
Reason (1 mark)
3. Study the photomicrograph provided and answer the questions that follow. Calculations and any other working must be
shown in the spaces provided.
(a) Identify the structure in the photomicrograph. (1 mark)

(b) The structure in the photomicrograph has a magnification of X300,000. Calculate it real size. (4marks)
(c) i) Identify the process shown in the photomicrograph. (1mark)
ii) Name the exact stages and phases of the process shown in the photomicrograph. (1 mark)
(d) Name one part in plant and one part in an animal in which the process takes place.
Plant part (1 mark)
Animal part (1 mark)
(e) i) Name the products of the process at its completion. (2 marks)
Plants products
Animal products
ii) Using a pencil, draw on the micrograph the boundaries of the products that will form at the end of the process.
(1mark)
iii) What is the significance of the process shown in the photomicrograph. (2 marks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
BIOLOGY
Paper 1
July/ August 2016
MARKING SCHEME
1. Taxonomy - the science of classification 1 mk
Taxon - a unit of classification; 1 mk
2. Ribosomes; 1mk
Goigi bodies; 1mk
3. They have a tough and rigid cellwali / generate wall pressure equal and opposite to turgor pressure 1mk
4. a) Transpiration: 1mk
b) i) Drop in water level;
ii) No change in water level;
iii) Slower/ very slow drop in water level;
5. a) Photolysis; 1mk
b) Glucose / oxygen / amino acids 1 mk
c) Magnesium;
Nitrogen; 2mks
6. a) Black mice are better adapted / camouflage with the environment hence less are eaten by the owls compared to the white
mice which are easily seen and eaten; 2mks
b) Theory of natural selection; 1mk
c) Caecum and appendix;
Coccyx; nictating membrane;
Ear muscles; first two (2mks)
7. a) Blockage of pancreatic duct; hence
pancreatic juice does not reach duodenum; hormones are secreted directly into the blood stream, hence regulation of
blood sugar is not affected 3mks
b) emulsification of fat
provide an alkaline pH for optimum function of pancreatic enzymes; 2mks
8. a) Microscopic plants -» mosquito larvae small fish large fish crocodiles 1 mk

b) Large fish; 1mk
Mosquito;
c) i) Microscopic plants;
ii) Large fish / crocodiles; 2mks
9. a) Short sightedness / myopia; link
b) This defect can be corrected by wearing glasses with concave (diverging) lenses; these bend light rays outwards before
they reach the eyes enabling them to be focused on the retina; 2mks
(accept a diagram showing correction of the problem)
10. a) Complete oxidation of lipids require a lot of oxygen; lipids are insoluble in water hence difficult to transport in the body
complete oxidation of lipids take a longer time any 2
b) - maltose
- lactose 2mks
11. a) K enzyme sucrose 1 mk
L enzyme inhibitor 1mk
b) - increasing substrate / enzyme concentration
c) - eliminating enzyme inhibitors
- ensuring optimum PH 3mks
12. i) Oxidises food to release energy needed for germination; 1mk
ii) - stores food for the seed;
- stores enzymes;
- protects plumule (in some seeds); any 1 point
iii) - hydrolysis of food
- providing medium for respiration
- transport of food any 2
13. a) Rhizobium bacteria 1mk
b) Symbiosis 1mk
14. a) Effect of unilateral / undirectional light of shoots; 1 mk
b) Seedling /shoots growth towards light / growth curvature towards light; 1 mk
15. a) Ulna; 1 mk
b) i) Humerus; 1 mk
ii) Hinge 1mk
16. a) Ptyalin operates at optimum / slightly alkaline PH in the mouth; but in the stomach the PH is acidic due to HCL in gastric
juice 2mks
Biology p1, p2&p3
b) temperature above 40°C/ variation of PH from optimum; 1 mk
c) - villi;
- being long;
- folded walls; 2mks
17. a) To ensure optimum temperature for enzyme reactions; 1 mk
b) low rate of respiration;
slow rate of activities; 2mks
18. a) Carboxyhaemoglobin
Aerobic respiration Photosynthesis
- uses oxygen - gives away O2
- gives out C02 - uses C02
- utilises carbohydrates - forms carbohydrates
any 2
19. a) Root; 1 mk
b) has root hairs
c) star shaped xylem at the centre with phloem in its arms; any 1mk
d) J – pilifetous layer
K – phloem
L – xylem 3 mks
d) Absorption of water and mineral salts 1 mk
20. a) Structures with common embryonic origin; but perform different functions; 2mks
b) Structures with different embryonic origin; but perform similar functions; 2mks
21. a) - sclerenchyma;
- xylem;
- collenchyma; any 2
b) i) X - biceps; 1mk
Y - triceps; 1mk
rej. flexor and extensor
ii) X (biceps) relaxes; as Y (triceps) contracts 2mks
c) Hinge joint 1mk
22. - increase rate of respiration
- speeds up the heart beat rate 2 mks

Biology p1, p2&p3
BIOLOGY
Paper 2
July/ August 2016
MARKING SCHEME
1. a) To show that soaked seeds produce heat when they respire; 1mk
b) In flask A there was increase in thermometer reading; in flask B there was no noticeable increase in thermometer reading/
thermometer reading remained constant;
c) In flask A soaked seeds respire aerobically to produce heat energy which raised the temperature in the flask: in flask B no
respiration; no heat was produced hence no increase in temperature / thermometer reading;
d) Vacuum flasks do not allow heat to enter to leave;
e) Flasks should be filled with seeds to ensure that the bulb is covered; bulb of thermometer
f) To kill bacteria / micro-organisms which would otherwise respire, giving wrong results
2. a) Fertilization in higher plants – involves one male nucleus fusing with a functional egg to form a zygote; while the other
male nucleus fuses with the polar nuclei to form a triploid cell; In animals, fertilisation involves the fusion of the male
nucleus and female ovum nucleus to form a zygote 2 mks
b) i) Oestrogen
Promotes / causes / initiate the healing / repair of endometrium / uterine wall Stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete
luteinising hormone 2mks
ii) Luteinising hormone (LH)
- causes ovulation;
- stimulates the Graafian follicle remains to change into the corpus luteum
- stimulates / causes corpus luteum to secrete progesterone
- causes / stimulates the maturation of the Graafian follicle any two, 2mks
c) Provide site for exchange / diffusion of nutrients and waste products between the maternal blood and the foetal blood
system; secretes / produces progesterone hormone; placenta attaches the foetus to the mother‟s uterus mark the first two
Total Smks
3. a) Deamination; 1mk
b) Eliminating the excess amino acids or proteins 1 mk
c) Excess amino acid from ingested digested proteins 1 mk
d) - used for respiration in cells
- converted into glycogen and stored in the liver
- converted into fat and stored in a dipose tissue under the skin 2 mks
e) Essential amino acids - cannot be synthesised in the body and has to be provided in diet.
Mon-essential amino acids - can be synthesised in the body and there is no need to provide them in the diet
2mks
4. a) - perception of sound;
- maintenance of body balance and posture; 2mks
b) C - external auditory meatus G - semi-circular canals;
F - auditory nerve fibre; 2mks
c) i) Balance atmospheric pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane / ear drum 1 mk
ii) Cochlea; 1 mk
d) D 1 mk
5. a)
b) Incomplete dominance; rj. codominance 1mk

c) To establish unknown genotypes of organisms; 1 mk
d) Results in new combinations; causing variations; 2 mks
e) (ABO) blood groups; 1mk
6. a) graph
b) 5hrs and 24 min + 6min;
11 hrs + 6rnin
(l0 hours 54mins - 11 hours 6mins)
c.) Paramecium Aurelia - predates on yeast - prey; 2mks
Biology p1, p2&p3
d) 6-4 = 2 hours
- when population prey / yeast increases is followed by increase in predator / paramecium aurelia; acc converse
2mks
e) i) 2 and 6 hours
- more cells are dividing; due to suitable environment/ adequate food / favorable condition; few are dying; hence high
increase in number; any 3mks
ii) 6 and 12 hours
- Accumulation of toxic wastes; (that kill paramecium); depletion of nutrients; (leading to death) overcrowding; (leading
to competition of food i leading to death / competition for space any 3mks
f) Population will remain the same; temperature not conducive for reproduction; 2mks
7. i) Process of inhalation in mammals
- external intercostals muscles contract; while internal intercostals muscles relax;
- (this movement) pulls ribs upwards and outwards;
- the diaphragm muscles contract; and the diaphragm flattens;
- (all the above movements) increases the volume of thoracic cavity; and decreases its pressure; atmospheric pressure
being higher than thoracic cavity pressure; forces the air to rush into the lungs; (through the nose and trachea)
- the lungs are inflated max. l0mks
b) During the day chloroplast of guard cells accumulate sugar / glucose produced through the process of photosynthesis;
- accumulated sugar / glucose in the guard ceils increases osmotic pressure of the cell sap of the guard cells;
- water is drawn from the neighbouring epidermal cells by osmosis;
- guard cells become turgid and bulges outward;
- this opens the stomata;
- at night, sugar / glucose which had accumulated in guard cells is converted to starch;
- osmotic pressure of guard cells falls;
- the cells lose water to the neighbouring epidermal cells and become flaccid;
- the guard cells are drawn towards one another
- the stomata closes; max 10mks
8. a) i) Stomach
Pepsin; acts on proteins to polypeptides; renin; acts on milk protein caseinogens to casein; this occurs in acidic medium
ii) Trypsin; in pancreatic juice; hydrolyses polypeptides to peptides molecules; in alkaline conditions provided by / bile
juice
b) i) The root hair cell sap is hypertonic to the soil water; water from the soil moves into the root hair cell sap by osmosis;
this makes the cell sap hyptonic / dilute; compared to hypertonic adjacent cortex ceils; water moves into the cortex cells
by osmosis; till it reaches the casparian layer; which pumps water into the xylem of the root; this is called the root
pressure;
ii) Increase in temperature causes evaporation of water into the intercellular airspace of the leaf; this makes water vapour
from adjacent cells to move into the stoma; creating diffusion gradient deficit between the atmosphere and intercellular
space increased transpiration;
Increase in light intensity; increases rate of photosynthesis; leading to opening of stomata which leads to increased
transpiration.

Biology p1, p2&p3
KIMA JOINT EVALUATION TEST – 2016
BIOLOGY
PAPER 1
(Theory)
July/August 2016
Time: 2 hours
1. State the function of the following cell organelles. (2marks)
a) Lysosomes
b) Nucleolus
2. a) What is a cell? (1mark)
b) Define the meaning of the following terms;
i) Entomology (1mark)
ii) Genetics (1mark)
3. a) Name the source of hydrochloric acid in the mammalian stomach. (1mark)
b) The diagram below represents internal structure of a mammalian tooth.
Name the parts labeled B and D. (2marks)

4. The table below shows the percentage composition of carbon (iv) oxide and oxygen in inhaled and exhaled air,
Gases Inhaled air Exhaled air
Oxygen 20% 17%
Carbon (iv) oxide 0.04% 4.0%
Explain the differences in percentage of the two gases in inhaled and exhaled air. (2mark)
a) Oxygen
b) Carbon (Iv) oxide
5. The diagram below represents a pyramid of biomass derived from certain Ecosystem.
a) Suggest the type of ecosystem from which the pyramid was derived. (1mark)
b) State the significance of short food chains is an ecosystem. (1mark)
6. The figures below illustrate specialized cells in an animal body.
a) Identify the cell M and N. (2marks)

b) State the structural differences between M and N (2marks)
c) Which of the above specialized cells is found in the gut. (1mark)
7. An investigation was set up as shown below.
After 30 minutes, starch suspension had turned blue-black while iodine solution retained its colour.

Biology p1, p2&p3
a) Name the physiological process that was being investigated in the experiment. (1mark)
b) Account for the results observed after 30 minutes. (3marks)
8. A certain mammal has no incisors ,no canines ,6 premolars and 6 molars in the upper jaw, in the lower jaw , there are 6
incisors,2 canines ,6 premolars and 6 molars.
i) Write down the dental formula of this mammal. (1mark)
ii) What is the mode nutrition for this mammal? (1mark)
iii) Give a reason for your answer in (ii) above. (1mark)
9. a) i) Name the blood vessels that supplies the cardiac muscles with its requirements. (1mark)
ii) State the congenital defect of the blood vessels resulting from prolonged large intake of cholesterol in the blood.
(1mark)
b) What is the importance of the thicker muscular wall of the left ventricle of a mammalian heart? (2marks)
10. a) i) Name the respiratory surface in insects. (1mark)
ii) State any one feature that adapts the structure named in a(i) above to its function. (1mark)
b) Why are the gills of fish highly vascularized? (1mark)
11. a) Name the products of anaerobic respiration in plants. (1mark)
b) Give any two economic importance of the products named in (a) above. (2marks)
12. a) State any one role of the pollen tube during fertilization. (1mark)
b) A female frog lays many eggs, spaced out along jelly-like straw. State two importance of this. (2marks)
13. The diagram below represents the vertical section of a fruit.
a) Suggest the possible agent of dispersal of this fruit. (2marks)

b) Explain two observable features that adapt the fruit to its mode of dispersal. (2marks)
14. State one function of each of the following hormones; (2marks)
i) Follicle stimulating hormone
ii) Oxytocin
15. State two advantages of natural selection. (2marks)
16. a) What are fossils? (1mark)
b) State two different types of fossils. (2marks)
c) State two limitations of the use of fossils as an evidence evolution. (2marks)
17. a) A certain type of gene mutation changed the word „skip‟ to sip. Identify the type of gene mutation that occurred.
(1mark)
b) Give two examples of disorders due to non-disjunction in human beings.
c) What are alleles? (1mark)
18. State two ways in which floating leaves of aquatic plants are adapted to gaseous exchange. (2marks)
19. A student observed the following shape of field of view while using a light microscope.
a) Define the term “field of view. (1marks)

b) If a student counted 20 cell across the field of view. Calculate the size of 1 cell in micrometers. (2marks)
c) State the function of condenser of a light microscope. (1mark)
20. The diagram below shows a flow chart of blood clotting mechanism in a human.

Biology p1, p2&p3
a) Name the enzymes represented by the letters T and S. (2marks)
b) Name the final products of the mechanism represented by letter R. (1mark)
21. Explain one way on how each of the following adaptations reduces transpiration in xerophytes.
a) Sunken stomata (1mark)
b) Thick cuticle (1mark)
22. A student observing a drop of water under the power objective lens of a microscope observed an organism and drew the
following organism.
a) Suggest the kingdom to which the organism belongs. (1mark)

b) Identify the organism (1mark)
c) Give an example of a disease caused by the organism. (1mark)
23. a) Name two sites where gaseous exchange takes place in terrestrial plants. (2marks)
b) State the importance of the following features in gaseous exchange.
i) Cartilage in the trachea (1mark)
ii) Moisture on the surface of the alveoli. (1mark)
24. a) Give two reasons why the evolution of human enabled him to survive better than his hominid ancestors. (2marks)
b) Why is Lamarck‟s theory of evolution not accepted by biologists today? (1mark)
25. The diagram below represents a neurone.
a) Name the neurone shown in the above diagram. (1mark)

b) State the functions of parts labeled N and M. (2marks)
c) Using an arrow indicate the direction of impulse transmission on the diagram. (1mark)
26. Explain the role of the following factors in breaking seed dormancy.
a) Light (1mark)
b) Soaking in water (1mark)

Biology p1, p2&p3
KENYA CERTIFICATE OF SECONDAY EDUCATION (K.C.S.E)
BIOLOGY
PAPER 2
(Theory)
July/August 2016
Time: 2 hours
1. In a family of four children the father had blood group A while the mother had blood group B.
a) With the use of a punnet square workout the genotype of the offspring if the parents were were heterozygous.
(4marks)
b) The child of blood group AB can receive blood from all other children.
Explain. (2marks)
c) The child of blood group O is referred to as a universal donor. Explain. (2marks)
2. The diagram below represents a section through a leaf of a certain plant.
a) Name parts labeled L and M. (2marks)

b) i) Suggest the habitat of the plant whose leaves has internal structure represented by diagram above. (1mark)
ii) Give three reasons for your answer in b(i) above. (3marks)
c) Name the end product of photosynthesis likely to be found in part M. (1mark)
d) Write a word equation to show the products formed when product named in (c) above is used in cells. (1mark)
3. The diagram below shows the bones and two of the muscles in the human arm
a) Name the parts A, C, E and F. (4marks)

b) i) Name the type of joint present in part X and Y (2marks)
ii) What type of movement is possible at point X. (1marks)
c) What happens when the muscle labelled C contracts. (1mark)
4. The set apparatus was assembled by a group of students to investigate some physiological process.
a) i) Give two aims of the experiment. (2marks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
ii) Explain observations expected after 24hrs. (2marks)
b) Before the experiment, the glucose was boiled the cooled.
i) Why was it necessary to boil the solution? (1mark)
ii) What was the importance of the oil layer in the experiment? (1mark)
c) Describe a control experiment for the set up?
d) Suggest one industrial application of the process being investigated? (1mark)
a) State the process labeled; (2marks)

A and D
b) Name the compound represented by B. (1 mark)
c) Name the group of organisms labeled C. (1mark)
d) i) Name the group of plants which promote process A (1mark)
ii) State the part of the plant where process A takes place. (1mark)
iii) How would excess pesticide in the soil interfere with process A. (2marks)
Answer questions 6 (Compulsory) and either questions 7 or 8 .
6. The glucose level in mg per 100cm3 of blood was determined in two person Y and Z. Both had stayed for six hours without
taking food. They were fed on equal amount of glucose at the start of experiment. The amount of glucose in their blood was
determined at intervals. The results are shown in the table below.
Time in minutes Glucose level in blood in Mg/100cm3

Y Z
0 85 78
20 105 110
30 105 110
45 130 170
60 100 195
80 93 190
100 9390 140
120 90 130
140 88 120
a) On the grid provide, plot graphs of glucose levels in blood against time on the same axis. (7marks)
b) What was the concentration of glucose in blood of Y and Z at the 50 th minute? (2marks)
c) Account for the level of glucose present in Y. (2marks)
i) During the first 45minutes. (2marks)
ii) After 45th minute to the end. (2marks)
d) Account for the decrease in glucose level in Z after 60 minutes. (2marks)
e) Low blood sugar is harmful to the body. Explain. (3marks)
7. Explain the functions of the parts of the mammalian ear. (20marks)
8. a) Explain how leaves of mesophytes are suited to their functions. (10marks)
b) Briefly describe how secondary thickening occurs in woody plants. (10marks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/3
BIOLOGY
PAPER 3
(Practical)
July/August 2016
Time: 11/4 hours
1. a) You are provided with substances labeled S, T, U, X, Y and K. S is food substances, T is iodine solution, U is Benendict‟s
solution, X is 10% sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH) Y is 1% copper sulphate (CuSO4) and K is the DCPIP solution.
Using the food substance and the reagents provided carry out tests to determine the substances in S. (12 marks)
Food substance being tested for Procedure Observation Conclusion
b) Using the deductions in (a) above state and explain ways in which a human body could benefit from substance S.
(3marks)
2. a) Photographs below represent specimen taken from three species of plants.
i) Describe the androecium in specimen N1 (2marks)

ii) Identify the class to which the specimen N1 and B belong. Give a reason in each case. (4marks)
Specimen N1……
Reason…..
Specimen B
Reason……
iii) Suggest the agent of pollination of the specimens N1 and N2 (1mark)
iv) Give reasons for your answer in a (iii) above. (3marks)
v) Label non-essential part of the flower of specimen N2. (1mark)
b) With a reason state the agent of pollination of the flower in specimen. (2marks)
3. The following figure represents the forelimbs of certain animal species. Study them and answer the questions that follow.
a) Name the parts labeled E, F and G. (3marks)

b) Name the type of joint at point K (1mark)
c) Which features represent
i) Analogous structures (1mark)
ii) Homologous structures (1mark)
iii) Give a reason for (ii) above (1mark)
d) i) What are vestigial organs? (1mark)
ii) Give two examples of vestigial organs in Humans (2marks)
e) State the type of skeleton found;
i) In figure I (1mark)
ii) On the part labeled S on figure 3 (1mark)

Biology p1, p2&p3
KIMA JOINT EVALUATION EXAM – 2016
KENYA CERTIFICATE OF SECONDARY EDUCATION (K.C.S.E)
Marking scheme
Biology 231/1)
(Theory) Paper 1
JULY/AUGUST 2016
1. a) Secret lytic enzymes which destroy worn out organelles/cells/tissues;
b) Produce ribosomes;
2. a) A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of a living organism;
b) i) Study of insects;
ii) Study of inheritance and variation;
3. a) Gastric glands;
b) B- Dentine
D- Gum
4. a) oxygen is used by body cells for respiration;
b) CO2 is released by body cells during respiration;
5. a) Aquatic ecosystem
b) The shorter the food chain, the more energy can be derived from it, hence the larger the population it can support;
6. a) M- Smooth muscle fibre;
N – Skeletal muscle fibre;
b) M is not striated while N is striated
M is made up of short cells with centrally placed nucleus while N is made up of long fibrates with many nuclei.
c) M
7. a) Diffusion rej Osmosis
b) Visking tubing is semi-permeable;
allowing the smaller molecules of iodine to pass across (to the starch suspension) while the large starch molecules canno
cross (to the iodine solution);
8. i) 10/3 , C0/1, Pm3/3 ,M3/3
ii) Herbivorous rej herbivore
iii) Lacks both incisors and canines on the upper.
Presence of horny pads;
9. a) i) Coronary artery;
ii) Coronary thrombosis;
b) Generate higher / sufficient pressure with which blood is pumped to the body tissues;
10. a) i) Tracheole;
ii) Moist to dissolve diffusing gases;
Highly branched to increase S.A for diffusing gases;
One-cell thick/thin wall to shorten distance covered by diffusing gases;
b) For efficient transport of respiratory gases;
11. a) Alcohol, carbon (IV) oxide and energy;
b) Brewing
Baking
12. a) Secret enzymes / chemical substances that digest the stigma/style /ovarian tissue as it grows towards the embryo;
Provides the path way / passage for male nuclei to the ovum /functional egg and polar nuclei;
b) Many to enhance chances of fertilization/survival;
Space out to facilitate gaseous exchange;
Jelly-like staw offers anchorage /distasteful to predators.
13. a) Water;
b) Fibrous mesocarp air filled to promote buoyancy(on water);
14. i) Stimulate the development of the graafian follicle;
Stimulate the secretion of progesterone by the corpus inteum;
ii) Causes contraction of the uterine wall/parturition;
15. Propagation of genes that confer advantageous characteristics of living organisms; Acc Converse
Leads to better adapted individual/maximum exploitation of the available resources;
16. a) Fossils are past material remains of ancestral forms of organisms that were accidentally preserved in some naturally
occurring materials eg. Sedimentally rocks,resins etc.
b) mineral fossils;
- Moulds
- Amber and plant resins
- Frozen organisms
c) Only partial preservations was (usually) possible because foster parts decayed, resulting into incomplete records;
- Distortion
- Earth movements e.g. folding, earthquakes.

Biology p1, p2&p3
17. a) Deletion (1mark)
b) Down‟s Syndrome, Klinefelter‟s Syndrome (2marks)
c) Alternative forms of a gene determining a certain characteristic (1mark)
18. Have broad leaves to increase S.A for water loss.
Presence of aerenchyma tissue to store air for buoyancy/ gaseous exchange; (2mks)
19. a) Bright circular area observed when you look through the microscope where the image is formed/observed. (1mark)
b) Diameter of 1 cell
= Diameter of field of view in µm
Number of cells across the diameter
= 3x 1000 µm
20 cells
= 3000
20
= 150 µmvapour leading
c) Concentrates light on the object on the stage;
20. a) T = Thromboplastin/thrombokinase;
S = Thrombin;
b) Fibrin;
21. a) Sunken stomata – Not exposed to direct sunlight; This reduces the evaporation rate; not exposed to air currents which
sweep away water vapour leading to saturation of sub-stomatal air spaces surrounding the water vapour; (max 2mks)
b) Thick cuticle- increases the diffusion distance of light and heat rays thus reducing the rate of evaporation‟
22. a) Kingdom Protoctista; Rej Wrong spelling
b) Amoeba Rej Wrong spelling
c) Amoebic dysentery;
23. a) Stomata palisade cell; Rej Wrong spelling;
Lenticel spongy mesophyll;
Cuticle (max 2mks)
b) i) Prevents the trachea from collapsing; to make the trachea remain open (1mk)
ii) To dissolve/ dissolution of respiratory gases;
24. a) being bipedal has enabled man to see predators and food from far;
Larger brain capacity hence better reasoning ability.
Well-developed language and speech or better communication.
b) Because acquired traits that do not affect the genes (genotypes) of an organism are not inherited; (1mark)
25. a) Sensory neurone; (1mark)
b) i) N – Transmission of nerve impulse;
ii) M – Secretes/give rise to terminal dendrites; (1mk)
c) On diagram from receptors to terminal dendrites; (1mk)
26. a) Light – Activates germination hormones ;
Raises internal temperature of the seed.
b) Soaking in water – softens the seedcoat;

Biology p1, p2&p3
Marking scheme
Biology 231/2
(Theory) Paper 2
JULY/AUGUST 2016
1. a) Parental Genotype AO x BO
Gametes A
O B O
Gametes
B AB BO
O AO OO
b) AB blood group contains no/lack both antibodies (i.e a and b) hence there is no antigen –antibody reaction; hence no red
blood cell agglutination
c) Blood group O lacks both antigens; (hence antigen a and B), hence there would be no antigen –antibody reaction thus
erythrocytes would not clump.
2. a) L- Vascular bundle/accept vein (1mk)
M – Stoma (accept stomata)
b) i) Aquatic; (reject hydrophyte)
ii) Stomata on the upper epidermis ONLY
Large air spaces
Absence of cuticle;
Loosely packed cells; (1st three only)
c) Oxygen; (Accept water vapour)
d) Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon (IV) oxide + water (1mk)
Reject chemical equation with formula (8mks)
5. a) A – scapula;
C – Triceps muscles;
F – Radius;
E – Ulna;
b) i) ball and socket joint; and Y – hinge joint
ii) Movement at 3600
c) The arm stretches
4. a) i)
To show that energy is released in anaerobic respiration;
To show that carbon (IV) oxide is produced in anaerobic respiration; (2mks)
ii) Increase in temperature since energy is released;
Colour of indicator changed to yellow due to acidity/carbon (IV) oxide released changed indicator to yellow;(2mks)
b) i) Expel dissolved oxygen;1mk
ii) Prevent entry of air/oxygen into glucose solution;1mk (any one)
c) Use glucose solution without yeast/boil to kill yeast cells;
d) Ethanol production in breweries; bread production in bakeries;(any one)1mk
5. a) A – Nitrogen fixation
D – ABSORBTION
b) Nitrite / NO2
c) Denitrifying bacteria/denitrificans
d) i) Leguminous plants plants; acc.Legumes
ii) Root nodules; rej. Root or nodules alone
e) Killing/reducing of decomposers
Killing/reducing of nitrogen fixing bacteria /microorganisms
Destruction of leguminous plants.
6. S – 1/2X2=1
C – 1X2= 2
A – 1/2X2=1
P – 1X2=2
TOTAL = 6MKS
b) Y – 120mg/100cm3±1;
Z – 178mg/100cm3±1; 2mks
c) i) Blood sugar level increased to 130mg/100cm3; glucose is being absorbed from the intestines;
- Some of it by-passes the liner without entering the cells thus raising blood glucose level;
ii) Glucose concentration declined to normal 90mg/100cm3 high blood glucose stimulates the pancrease to produce insulin;
which stimulates the liver cells to take up glucose; and convert it into glycogen;
d) Some of the glucose is used in respiration to generate energy; some is lost in urine; 2mks

Biology p1, p2&p3
e) Leads to less energy produced; low metabolic processes in the body; body becomes weak;
7. The Ear Pinna; collects sound waves and directs it to the auditory meatus; the auditory meatus; is a channel that allows sound
waves into the eardrum; the ear drum vibrates; vibrates and transmits sounds waves into the hammer/malleus; which vibrates
to magnify to transmit the waves into the perilymph; of the cochlea; the waves spread into the endolymph; causing the
sensory hair cells to vibrate; the sensory hair cells; are stimulated to send impulses to the brain; through the auditory nerve.
semicircular canals; are responsible for the for body balance and body posture in relation to movement of the head; The
vestibute (utriculus and sacculus) ; maintain body balance and posture in relation to gravity; the Eustachian tube equalize air
pressure between the middle ear and the out ear prevent distortion of the eardrum. (20marks)
8.
a) Broad/wide/flat lamina; provide large surface area for absorption of oxygen and sunlight; thin ;to ensure short distance of CO2
reach photosynthesis/palisade cells; Presence of stomata/guard cells; for efficient diffusion of O 2 /gaseous exchange /H2O
vapour/transpiration/CO2 in to the leaf; Transparent cuticle/epidermal cells; for light penetration into palisade cell which
contains chloroplasts next to upper epidermis; these receives maximum light for photosynthesis; chloroplasts have
chlorophyll which traps light energy.
Leaves have veins, Xylem and Phloem to transport products of photosynthesis to other part of the plant.
Air spaces on spongy mesophyll; easily circulates gases/CO 2 diffuse into the palisade cells.
Mosaic arrangements of leaves; enable leaves to trap sunlight; (10marks)
b) Secondary thickening is facilitated by meristematic cells/cambium; located between phloem and xylem tissue in vascular
bundles of the plants; the cambium cells divide radially; to form a ring/cylinder of cambium tissue; with xylem inside the
ring; and phloem outside the ring; cells of the cambium divide to form secondary phloem outside; Later vascular
cambium/cambium between the vascular bundles divide to form secondary parenchyma; thereby increasing the growth of the
medullary rays; much more xylem cells are formed than those of the phloem; thus pushing the phloem and the cambium ring
outwards;
The rate of growth is dependent on the seasons/rains; resulting in annual rings; cork cambium divides to form new cork/bark
to accommodate the expending tissues and secondary cortex inside; (10marks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
Marking scheme
Biology 231/3
(Practical) Paper 3
JULY/AUGUST 2016
1. a)
Food Procedure Observation Conclusion
Starch To 2cm3 of S and drops of Colour changes to blue Starch prevent 1/2
iodine1 back1/2
3
Reducing sugars To 2cm of suspension S add Colour changes to green, Reducing sugars present1/2
Benedict‟s solution and to yellow to orange to
heat1 orange red1/2
3
Proteins To 2 cm of suspension S add Colour turns purple1 Proteins present1/2
drops of sodium hydroxide
followed by drops of copper II
sulphate 1
Vitamin C (ascorbic To about 2cm3 of DCPIP in a DCPIP is not Vitamin C
acid) test tube add extract dropwise decolourised or colour of Abscent 1/2
till in excess DCPIP remains1/2
- Each correct procedure 1mark
- Other parts each 1mark
- If procedure is wrong deny mark for observation and conclusion
- Reject warm for reducing sugars
- Reject heating for starch and proteins.
b) Suspension S can be used to provide energy from respiration for growth and development etc due to presence of starch and
glucose which are carbohydrates2mks
- It can be useful in making structural components of the body such as cell membranes, skeletal muscles etc1
2. a) i) Filaments partially fused forming stamina tube;
Stamens / anthers below stigma;
ii) N1 Class – Dicotyledonae;
Reasons; 5 petals in number
B Class – Monocotyledonae
Reasons; leaves with parallel veins;
iii) Insect(s)
iv) Petals are brightly coloured to attract insects;
- Large petals
- Presence of landing platform for landing of insects
- Presence of nectar guide lines; (max 3mks)
v) Label on the specimen N1
b) i) Agent of pollination – wind
Reason – Long/large stigma to produce large number of pollen grains;
3. a) E – Fused ulna and radius
F – Humerus;
G – Wings veins;
b) Hinge joint;
c) i) 1 and 3
ii) 1 and 2;
iii) The forelimbs of the two have five digits;
d) i) Structure reduced in size and are non-functional/rudimentary;
ii) Appendix; coccyx;
c) i) Endoskeleton;
ii) Exoskeleton;

Biology p1, p2&p3
NTIMA, NYAKI AND MUNICIPALITY CLUSTER EVALUATION 2016
BIOLOGY
PAPER 1
(Theory)
July/August 2016
Time: 2 hours
1. Give the name of the following responses:
i) Curvatures of plant shoot towards light. (1mark)
ii) Coiling of plant shoot round a supporting structure. (1mark)
2. Part of one strand of a DNA molecule was found to have the following sequence. Show the complementary strand
G-C-C-A-G-A-T-C-A-C (1mark)
3. Give two differences in content between umbilical vein and umbilical artery. (2marks)
4. Define the following terms as used in ecology.
i) Carrying capacity (1mark)
ii) Biosphere (1mark)
5. State taxonomic group that contain:
i) Individuals with most similarities (1mark)
ii) The largest number of individuals (1mark)
6. Explain why glucose and proteins are absent in the urine. (3marks)
7. State two essential features of a respiratory surface. (2marks)
8. The equation below represents a certain biological process.
Sucrose
a) Name the process Q (1mark)

b) Identify substance R (1mark)
9. The diagram below illustrates an experiment to demonstrate a certain biological process. The glucose solution was boiled and
then cooled.
a) What process is being investigated? (1mark)

b) i) What observations would you expect in test tube B at the end of the experiment. (2marks)
ii) Explain the observations made in b(i) above. (2marks)
10. State the field of biology described below:
a) Study of interrelationship of living things in their surroundings. (1mark)
b) Study of fossils. (1mark)
11. Name the plant hormone that is involved in topic responses. (1mark)
12. The diagram below represents a certain stage in cell division.
a) i) Identify the type of cell division. (1mark)

ii) Give reasons for your answer in a(i) above. (2marks)
b) State the stage of cell division shown in the diagram above. (1mark)
13. Explain the importance of the following procedures during microscopy;
i) Use of a cover slip (1mark)
ii) Mounting the specimen on a drop of water. (1mark)

Biology p1, p2&p3
14. The diagram below represents a certain plant section.
a) Identify the organ from which the above structure was obtained. (1mark)
b) i) State the class to which the plant belongs. (1mark)
ii) Give a reason for your answer in b(i) above. (1mark)
15. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow.
a) Identify the apparatus. (1mark)

b) State the functions of the part labeled x. (1mark)
16. State the difference between a cell wall and a cell membrane. (3marks)
17. Identify the type of immunity in the following circumstances:
i) When a baby obtains antibodies through breastfeeding. (1mark)
ii) When a young child suffers from measles and recovers from it. (1mark)
18. The graph below shows the relationship between body temperatures and external temperatures in a human being and a snake.
Study it and answer questions that follow.
a) What happens to the temperature of each organism as the external temperature increases. (2marks)
Human
Snake
b) Humans are described as homoithermic. State the advantage of this condition. (1mark)
19. State any three characteristics of a population. (1mark)
20. a) What are homologous structures? (1mark)
b) Give two examples of the above structures in animals. (2marks)
21. State the role of paired fins in a bony fish. (2marks)
22. During a field study, a student at Muringa secondary school collected a certain organisms whose actual length was four
centimeters. He made a drawing of the organism whose length was 12cm.
Calculate the magnification of the drawing. (2marks)
23. The diagram below represents a certain mammalian tooth. Study it and answer the questions that follow.

Biology p1, p2&p3
i) Identify the type of tooth. (1mark)
ii) How is the tooth you have identified in (i) above adapted to its function. (1mark)
24. Name three sites for gaseous exchange in terrestrial plants. (3marks)
25. State two hormones that control metamorphosis in insects. (2marks)
26. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow. (2marks)
Name the parts labeled A and B. (2marks)

27. What is the process that leads to addition or loss of one or more chromosomes? (1mark)
28. State the importance of support in plants. (3marks)
29. Humans have certain genes on the X chromosomes that lack a corresponding allele on the Y chromosome. Some of these
genes are known to be responsible for certain disorders. Name two such disorders. (2marks)
30. Red blood cells from a rabbit were placed in a petri dish containing a certain solution. A drop from the petri dish was then
mounted on a slide and observed under a light microscope after 20minutes.
He made the drawings below.
a) Name solution Y (1mark)

b) What term is to is describe the process that took place. (1mark)
31. Give three conditions necessary for seed germination. (3marks)
32. State the functions of the following cell organelles;
a) Centrioles (1mark)
b) Lysosomes (1mark)
33. The diagram below represents a mammalian neurone.
a) Name the parts labeled K and L (2marks)

b) Identify the type of neurone shown in the diagram above. (1mark)
c) What is a synapse. (1mark)

Biology p1, p2&p3
BIOLOGY
PAPER 2
(Theory)
July/August 2016
Time: 2 hours
1. Plants with red flowers were crossed with plants with white flowers. The resultant F1 generation had pink flowers.
a) Using R for red flowers and W for white flowers, work out the genotypes of F2 generation. (4marks)
b) Determine the genotypic ratio of F2 generation. (1mark)
c) Explain why a cross between red flowered plants and white flowered plants produced pink flowers. (1mark)
d) If the total number of F2 generation offsprings was 7324. Calculate the number of red flowered plants. (2marks)
2. A group of form 1 West students set up an experiment to demonstrate a certain physiological process. The set up was left to
stand for 20minutes.
a) Name the physiological process demonstrated in the experiment (1mark)

b) What observations were made after 20minutes? (2marks)
c) Explain the observations you have made in (b) above. (3marks)
d) State two roles of the process you have made in (b) above. (3marks)
3. Study the food web shown below and answer the questions that follow.
a) Write down two food chains from the web that end with
Tertiary consumer (2marks)
b) Name all the organisms that occupy the second trophic level. (2marks)
c) What is the other name of the second tropic level (1mark)
d) Suggest another group of organisms not shown in the food web but are of great importance in ecosystem. (1mark)
e) What is the short term effect of removing all slugs from the ecosystem. (2marks)
4. In an experiment, Euglena was put in a petri dish. One side of the petri dish was illuminated and the other kept dark as shown
below.
a) Name this type of response. (1mark)

b) State the significance of this type of response in an organism. (1mark)
c) Other than light, outline other two factors that may cause change of position in Euglena and state the respective type of
response. (2marks)
d) If the above experiment was repeated using a young potted seedling, name the type of response which will be observed.
(1mark)
Biology p1, p2&p3
e) Explain the behavior of the seedling after 3 days. (3mark)
5. The diagram below represents a human arm. Study it and answer the questions that follow.
a) Name bone T and R (2marks)

b) Name muscle C and D (2marks)
c) i) Identify the fluid found at joint 2. (1mark)
i) State the function of the fluid in (i) above. (1mark)
d) i) What is the type of the joint found at part labeled 1. (1mark)
ii) Differentiate between a tendon and a ligament. (1mark)
SECTION B:
Answer question 6 (compulsory).
6. Camels are mammals that live in hot dry deserts where daytime air temperature may rise over 40 0 c and fall below 00c at
night. The following data shows the body temperature of a camel at different times in one day.
Time of day (24hr clock 2400 0300 0600 0900 1200 1500 1800 2100 2400
Body temps. In 00c 37.5 35.5 33.5 37.0 40.0 40.2 40.8 38.8 37.5
a) Plot a graph to show the body temperature of the camel at different times of the day. (6marks)
b) What is the difference between the highest and lowest temperatures of the camel during the period shown by the graph.
(1mark)
c) The camel has the following features which allow it to live under the desert conditions. To what advantage are they to the
camel?
i) Storing fat under its hump. (2marks)
ii) Storing very little fat under its skin. (2marks)
d) What is the significance of having very low temperatures at 0600hours? (2marks)
e) i) Explain how sweating cools the body. (2marks)
ii) State two excretory wastes lost through the skin. (2marks)
f) Explain what happens to blood vessels in the mammalian skin on a hot day. (2marks)
g) Which part of the brain regulates body temperatures in mammmals. (1mark)
7. a) Explain the mechanism of inhalation in mammals. (10marks)
b) Explain why factors that affect the rate of breathing in humans. (10marks)
8. Explain the causes, the effects and control of air pollution. (20marks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/3
BIOLOGY
PAPER 3
(Practical)
July/August 2016
Time : 11/4 hours
1. You are provided with soaked bean seeds. Remove and discard the testa of about 10 seeds and crush the cotyledons using a
pestle and mortar to obtain a paste. Use the paste for the tests that follow.
a) i) Put 4ml of hydrogen peroxide in a test tube, then add a spatulaful of the paste. Record your observations. (1mark)
ii) Identify the gas evolved in a (i) above and give a reason. (2marks)
b) Use the reagents provided to carry out food tests on the remaining paste. Record your work in the table below. (6marks)
Food substance Procedure Observation Conclusion
c) What is the nutritional value of paste used? (3marks)

2. a) You are provided with a specimen labeled M. Study it carefully and answer the questions that follow.
i) Using observable features only suggest the most probably type or agent of pollination. (3marks)
ii) Remove the calyx and corolla, and then draw a well labeled diagram of removing part of the specimen M. (5marks)
iii) Identify the type of ovary position exhibited by the specimen M. (1mark)
iv) Explain what happens to the various parts of the flower after fertilization. (4marks)
b) Study the photographs labeled K and L which were obtained from the same plant.
i) Identify the sub-division to which they belong. (1mark)

ii) Give reasons for your answer. ` (2marks)
iii) Identify the reproductive structure represented in K and L. (2marks)
3. The diagram below represents the urinary system of a mammal. Study it carefully and answer the questions that follow.
a) Name the parts labeled C, D and E. (3marks)

b) i) Identify the part labeled A. (1marks)
ii) State the hormone produced by the part you have identified in b(i) above and its function. (2marks)
c) Which of the blood vessels (B and F) contains:
i) A higher concentration of urea. (1mark)
ii) Lower concentration of oxygen. (1mark)
d) State how the nephrons of desert mammals are structurally adapted. (2marks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
Biology 231/1
(Theory) Paper 1
JULY/AUGUST 2016
MARKING SCHEME
1. i) Positive phototropism; (1mk)
ii) Thigmotropism; (1mk)
2. C-G-G-T-C-T-A-G-T-C; (1mk)
3. Umbilical vein
- High concentration of Oxygen/lower concentration of CO 2
- High concentration of nutrients / lower concentration of excretory wastes
Umbilical Artery
- High concentration of CO2 lower conc. of oxygen;
- Lower conc. of nutrient /higher conc. of excretory wastes; (2marks)
4. i) Carrying capacity
- maximum number of organisms an area can support without depleting / exhausting the resources; (1mark)
ii) Biosphere
- Parts of the earth and its atmosphere that support life; (1mark)
5. i) Species; (1mk)
ii) Kingdom (1mk)
6. protein molecules are large sized , they cannot pass through the pores;
Proteins are necessary in the body for making protoplasm;
Glucose is reabsorbed back into the blood stream; (3mark)
7. moist;
Thin membrane/one cell thick;
Highly vascularized;
Large surface area; (2marks mark 1st 2)
8. a) Hydrolysis; (1mk)
b) Glucose; (1mk)
9. a) Fermentation/Anaerobic respiration; (1mk)
b) Formation of bubbles;
White precipitate; (2mks)
ii) Carbon (IV) Oxide produced during anaerobic respiration reacted with Calcium hydroxide/lime water forming a white
precipitate;
Bubbling was due to presence of CO2; (2marks)
10. a) Ecology; (1mark)
b) Palaentology; (1mark)
11. Auxins; (1mark)
12. a) i) Meiosis; (1mark)
ii) presence of bivalents / homologous chromosomesassociate;
Presence of chiasma; (2marks)
b) Prophase I; (1mark)
13. i) to keep specimen in position;
Prevent formation of air bubbles;
Prevent dehydration of specimen; (1mark)
ii) Prevent dehydration/to make cells turgid; (1mark)
14. a) Stem; (1mark)
b) i) Monocotyledonae; rej. Monocotyledone (1mark)
ii) Vascular bundles scattered within the cortex; (1mark)
15. a) pooter; (1mark)
b) Prevents dirt / organisms from entering the suction tube; (1mark)
16. Cell wall
- Permeable
- Made of cellulose
- Rigid
- Found only in plant cells
Cell membrane
- Semi-permeable;
- Made of protein and phospholipid;
- Living;
- Flexible;
- Found in both plant and animal cells; (Mark any three) (3marks)
17. i) Natural passive immunity; (1mark)
Biology p1, p2&p3
ii) Natural acquired immunity (1mark)
18. a) Human – remains constant; (1mark)
Snake – increases; (1mark)
b) - Enables them to be active throughout;
- enables them exploit different habitats; (any one 1mk)
19. Dispersion;
Density;
Population growth;
Sex ratio;
Age structure;
(mark first three (3mks)
20. a) Structures in organisms with a common ancestral origin have same basic plan but have evolved to perform different
functions. (1mark)
b) Pentadactyl limbs in vertebrates;
Feet of birds;
Beaks of birds; (first two 2mks)
21. - Braking;
- Changing direction;
- Balancing
- Control pitching
(any 2 two marks)
22. Linear magnification = length of drawing
Length of organism;
= 12/4
= X3; (2marks)
23. a) Incisor; (1mark)
b) chisel – shaped for cutting / gripping;
Sharp edged for cutting
Has root for anchorage; (2marks)
24. Stomata;
Lenticels / Pneumatophores;
Cuticle;
Epidermis;
(any three 3marks)
25. Ecdysone / moulting;
Juvenile hormone; (2marks)
26. A- Archegonia;
B – Rhizoid; (2marks)
27. Non - disjunction; (1mark)
28. To enable plants to withstand external forces e.g herbivores, gravity, wind;
To expose leaves to obtain maximum light for photosynthesis;
To hold flowers in position for pollination;
To expose seed / fruits to agents of dispersal; (any 3 , 3 marks)
29. Haemophilia;
Colour blindness;
(2marks)
30. a) Hypertonic / concentrated solution; (1mark)
b) Crenation; (1mark)
31. Water;
Oxygen;
Optimum temperature;
Viability;
Hormones
Enzymes (mark first three 3marks)
32. a) Centrioles
- Formation of spindle fibres during cell division
- Formation of cilia / flagella (in organisms where they occur) (1mark)
b) Lysosomes
- Contains lytic enzymes that destroy worn out organelles / cells / large molecules;
33. a) K – cell body;
L – axon; (2marks)
b) Sensory neurone; (1mark)
c) A synapse is a gap / junction between dendrites of two adjacent neurones; (1marks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
Biology 231/2
(Theory) Paper 2
JULY/AUGUST 2016
MARKING SCHEME
1.
b) Genotypic ratio 1RR : 2RW : 1WW (1mk)

c) Incomplete dorminance / partial dorminance (1mk)
d) 7324 x ¼ ;
1831; (2mks)
2. a) Osmosis; (1mk)
b) - Sugar crystals dissolve in water forming sugar solution in cavity;
- Level of water in beaker decreases; (2mks)
c) Sugar cystals are more concentrated than the cell sap;water is drawn out the cells through osmosis;cell sap of the cells
next to the cavity become more concentrated compared to adjacent cells.water is drawn from cell to cell;until its finally
drawn from the beaker; (3mks)
d) - absorption of water in roots;
- feeding in insectivorous plants;
- Opening and closing of stomata;
- Support;
- Movement of water from cell to cell; Mark 1st 2 (2mks)
3. a) Plants → Mice → Snakes → Hawks
Plants → Slugs → Snakes → Hawks
Plants → Caterpillar → Insectivorous bird → Hawks Mark any 2 (2mks)
b) Caterpillar; Aphis; mice; slugs; ½ x 4 = 2mks

c) Primary consumer 1mk
d) Decomposer 1mk
e) Snakes would starve to death or migrate; plant would increase; hence more food for caterpillar, aphids and mice and their
number would increase (1mks)
4. a) Phototaxis; 1mk
b) Expose the organism to light so that it can photosynthesis; 1mk
c) - chemicals – chemotoxis;
- temperature – thermotoxis; 2mks
Mark as whole both factor and response.
d) Phototropism;
e) - seedling shoot tip bends towards source of illumination / light;
- auxin migrates to the darker side;
Causing rapid growth in the darker side hence a curvature; (3marks)
5. a) T – ulna; 1mk
R – scapula; 1mk
b) C- biceps;
D – triceps; 1mk
c) i) Synovial fluid; 1mk
ii) It acts as a lubricant that reduces friction at the joint. 1mk
d) i) Ball and socket joint; 1mk
ii) Ligaments – tissues that hold the bones together at the joints.
Tendon – connective tissue that joins muscle to bone. 1mk
6. b) 40.80c – 33.50c = 7.30c 1mk

c) i) Stored fat is metabolized to produce energy and metabolic water;
Metabolic water enables the camel to go for long periods without drinking water; 2mks

Biology p1, p2&p3
ii) Prevents the body of the camel from overheating ; due to reduced insulation by the fat; 2mks
d) No sweating occurs; and it helps to conserve water; 2mks
e) i) evaporation causes cooling; because latent heat of vaporization is lost from the body; 2mks
ii) Excess water;
Mineral salt;
Urea / uric acid / nitrogenous waste;
Lactic acid
Heat; 2mks
f. They undergo vasolidation; (more blood flow to the skin surface) to facilitate heat loss; 2mks
g. Hypothalamus; 1mk
7. a) External intercostal muscle contract; internal intercostal muscles relax; ribcage move upwards; and outwards; diaphragm
muscles contract ; causing it to flatten; volume of thoracic cavity increases; while pressure decreases; due to higher
atmospheric pressure; air is drawn in through the nostrils making the lungs to inflate; 10mks
b) - Exercise / activities; - during vigorous physical activities the rate of breathing increases so as to meet oxygen
demand;
- age; - younger people have a higher demand for oxygen;
- Emotions; - body emotions such as fear, anxiety, and fright increase the rate of breathing;
- Temperature – When the temperature is high there is a tendency to increase the breathing rate.
- Health – Ill health increases body temperature which tends to increases body temperature which tends to increase
body metabolic rate hence increased breathing rate.;
- altitude – High altitude has low oxygen concentration leading to increased breathing rate.
Total 12 (max 10marks)
8. Air pollution is caused by

- Sulphur oxides / nitrogen oxides / hydrogen sulphide chloride; dissolved in rain water forming acid rain; acid rain lowers soil
PH; corrodes metals; causes chlorosis; causes leaching; kills microorganisms in the soil;sulphur oxides and nitrogen oxides
also causes respiratory tract illness.
- Aerosols / CFC / herbicides / insecticides;
CFC depletes ozone layer; causes respiratory diseases; heavy metal poisoning.;
- Smoke / fumes;
Cause formation of smog that reduces visibility; cause eye irritation; breathing difficulties; carbon monoxides causes
respiratory poisoning; carbon IV oxide causes green house effect;
- Dust;
It closes stomata of the leave limiting photosynthesis; causes respiratory diseases; reduces visibility, eye irritation;
- Lead and Heavy metals;
Affects physiological functioning of the body organs; interferes with mental development in children; block stomata in plant
leaves;
- Noise; causes stress in animals; it‟s an irritant causes deafness;
- Radioactive emissions;
Causes cancer / mutations; affect respiratory system;
Controls Measures
- Stiff penalties / heavy fines
- Use of unleaded fuels
- Use of renewable energy resources e.g solar
- Use CFC free aerosols;
- Use biological control methods in agriculture
- Use earmuffs when working in industries
- Environmental conservation e.g soil conservation measures (accept any other examples)
- Educating public on sustainable environmental management e.g afforestation
- Fitting chimneys with scrubbers/ tall chimneys;
- Recycling of gases e.g SO2 forms sulphuric acid;
- Treaties in use of nuclear arms / energy;
Max 20mks
Mark only one cause, one effect and one control measure (total 21 max. 20mks)
Award the following once
- Respiratory system
- Photosynthesis
- Eye irritation

Biology p1, p2&p3
Marking scheme
Biology 231/3
(Practical) Paper 3
JULY/AUGUST 2016
1. a) i) Production of bubbles / effervescence; 1mk
Gas – Oxygen;
Rekindles / relights glowing splint; 2mks
b)
Food test Procedure Observations Conclusion

Starch; Put some paste in a test tube Blue-black; Starch present;
Add some drops of iodine solution;
Reducing sugars; Put a little paste in a test tube Retained the colour of Reducing sugars present;
Add 2ml of benedict‟s solution. Benedict‟s solution;
Heat the mixture;
Proteins; Put a little paste in a test tube Purple colour observed; Proteins present;
Add 2ml of sodium hydroxide
solution and shake well. Add 1%
copper sulphate solution dropwise
as you shake;
½ x 12 = 6mks
c) Has proteins; growth and repair;
Carbohydrates; provide energy; Max. 3mks
2. a)i) Insects / animal; 1mk
- Brightly colour petals to attract insects / animal;
- Scented to attract insects / animal;
- Have nectaries;
- Sticky pollen grains; Mark any 2 (2mks)
ii)
Mg = 1
Drawing= 1
Labelling ½ x 6 = 3
Total 5mks
iii) Hypogynous; acc . superior ovary 1mk
iv) – Petals – some sepals / style / stamens wither and die;
- Ovules develop into seeds;
- Ovary develop in a fruit;
- Integuments develop into a seed coat; 4mks
b) i) Gymnospermaphyta /
Gymnospermaphyta; 1mk
ii) Presence of needle-like leaves;
Presence of cones; 2mks
K – male cones;
L – female cones; 2mks
3. a) C – ureter
D – Urinary bladder;
E – Urethra; 3mks
b) i) A – adrenal gland; 1mk

Biology p1, p2&p3
ii) Hormone – aldosterone; 1mk
Function – regulation of sodium ions;
c) i) F / renal artery;
ii) B – renal vein 1mk
d) – Longer loop of Henle; to increase surface area for reabsorption of water;
- Smaller / fewer glomeruli; to reduce ultrafiltration;
Any two marks (2mks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
KERICHO SUB –COUNTY JOINT EVALUATION 2016
231/1
BIOLOGY
PAPER 1
KERICHO
1. Name the branch of Biology that involves the study of: 2mks
a) Organisms for the sake of classifying them
b) Microscopic organisms
2. Below is a diagram of an organelle.
a) State the function of the organelle drawn above. 1mk

b) Name the parts of the organelle where
i) Oxygen gas is produced as a byproduct 1mk
ii) Carbon (IV) Oxide is utilized. 1mk
3. a) Why is the wall of the left ventricle thicker than that of right ventricle. 1mk
b) State three adaptions of xylem to water transportation. 3mks
4. Why do plants lack complex excretory system? 3mks
5. a) State the formula for calculating linear magnification of a specimen when using a hands lens. 1mk
b) Give one merit of the use of the following microscopes 2mks
i) Light microscope
ii) Electron microscope
6. a) i) Name the respiratory surface in insects. 1mk
ii) State any one feature that adapts the structure named in a (i) above to its function. 1mk
b) Why are the fish gills highly vascularized? 1mk
7. The following chart illustrates the quantity of urine passed out by four animals of different species in different habitat.
a) Name the forms in which the following organisms are likely to excrete their nitrogenous wastes. 2mks
Animal B
Animal C
b) Give two structural modification of the animal B that enables it to survive in its habitat. 2mks
8. a) What is meant by the term vestigial structures? 1mk
b) Name the type of evolution illustrated by
i) Hind limbs of birds 2mks
ii) Wings of birds and insects.
9. The diagram below illustrates a neuron.
a) Name the neurone drawn above 1mk

b) i) What is the function of the neuron e named in (a) above? 1mk
ii) What is the role of the node of ranvier? 1mk
10. a) Distinguish between a hinge joint and a ball and socket joint. 1mk
b) i) Name the cartilage pound between the based of the vertebral column. 1mk

Biology p1, p2&p3
ii) State the function of the cartilage named in b (i) above 1mk
11. In an experiment, it was observed that when termites are exposed to light they move to darker areas.
a) Name the types of response by the termites. 1mk
b) What are survival values of the type of response exhibited by the termites? 2mks
12. Oil can be applied on stagnant control the spread of Malaria
a) How does this practice control the spread of Malaria? 1mk
b) Give a reason why this practice should be discouraged? 1mk
13. Give three reasons for the loss of energy from one trophic level to the next in a food chain. 3mks
14. The figure below illustrates a portion of a chromosome with genes named A,B, C,S,Q and R.
Use the diagram similar to the one above to illustrate the changes if the above chromosome undergoes the following mutation
affecting only gene C and S
A B C S Q R T
i) Deletion 1mk
ii) Inversion 1mk
iii) Duplication 1mk
15. Other than sexual intercourse, name the other ways by which HIV/AIDS Is spread. 3mks
16. four cylinders of potato were carefully dried on blotting paper and weighed. Each piece weighed 3g. One was placed in each
as shown in the drawing below.
a) After 48hours, which potato would be the heaviest 2mks

b) Name the substance whose movement was responsible for the weight changes in potato cylinders. 1mk
c) Name the process which was responsible for this movement in tubes B, C and D. 1mk
17. The following equation represents aerobic respiration.
C6 H12 O6 + 602 → 6CO2 + 6H2 O + Energy
Glucose oxygen Carbon (IV) oxide water
a) Work out the respiratory quotient. 2mks

b) State the importance of the respiratory quotient. 2mks
18. The graph below represents the growth of an animal in a certain phylum.
a) Name the type of growth pattern shown on the graph. 1mk

b) Identify the process that occur at the start of W. 1mk
c) Name the hormone responsible for the process in (b) above. 1mk
19. Give two structural differences between smooth muscles and skeletal muscles. 2mks
20. Name the site in mammalian lungs where gaseous exchange occurs. 1mk
21. a) Identify the organism that causes the following diseases. 2mks
i) Trichonomiasis.
ii) Amoebic dysentery.
b) Name a disease in human that is caused by plasmodium falciuparum. 1mk
22. Give two functions of exoskeleton in insects. 2mks
23. State four ways of breaking seed dormancy. 4mks

Biology p1, p2&p3
24. The diagram below represents a bone in a mammal.
a) Identify the bone. 1mk

b) Name the bone that articulate with the above bone at part A. 1mk
c) Name the joint formed at the part labeled B. 1mk
25. State the functions of the following in plants
i) Piliferous layer 1mk
ii) Percicycle 1mk
iii) Root cap 1mk
26. Complete the table below for mineral nutrients in plants. 4mks
Mineral nutrient Function Deficiency symptoms
Synthesis of protein and protoplasm
Calcium Structural growth and weak
Formation of part of chlorophyll Yellowing of leaf veins
27. Active yeast cells were added to dilute sugar solution in a container. The mixture was left in a warm room. After a few hour
bubbles of gases were observed escaping from the mixture.
a) Write an equation to represent the chemical process 1mk
b) What is the importance of the type of reaction in industries? 1mk

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/2
BIOLOGY
PAPER 2
KERICHO
1. The diagram below illustrates part of a human skin.
a) State the function of each of the part labeled A. 1mk

b) State the actions of each of the following parts when the body temperatures fall below the normal.
i) Part B 2mks
ii) Part C 2mks
c) How does the part labeled D help in osmoregulation. 1mk
d) State what cause the gro2wsth of skin hair 1mk
e) Explain one biological mechanism through which the skin offers protection to the body. 1mk
2. An experiment was carried out to find out the concentration of ions in the cell sap of an aquatic plant and that of the water in
the pond in which they grew.
Concentration in
IONS Cell sap Pond water
Na+ 50 1.2
K+ 49 0.5
Mg2+ 11 3
Ca2+ 13 1.3
Cl- 101 1.3
a) i) Name the process by which the aquatic plant absorbs ions from the pond water. 1mk
ii) Outline four roles of the process you have named in a (i) in a mammalian body. 4mks
b) How can the rate of uptake of ions in and out of the cell be increased. 1mk
c) Name the part of the cell that allows passage of ions in and out of the cell. 1mk
d) How does surface area to volume ratio affect the rate of diffusion? 1mk
3. In humans haemophilia is caused by a recessive gene. A man whose mother was hemophiliac marries a normal woman whose
father was hemophiliac let H represent dominant gene.
a) Define the term recessive gene. 1mk
b) What is the possible genotype of the woman? 1mk
ii) Using punnet square work out the genotype of the first filial generation. Show your working. 4mks
c) i) What is the probability of the daughter being haemophilic? 1mk
ii) State one advantage of mutation to plants. 1mk
a) State the process labeled A and D. 2mks

b) Name the group of organism labeled . 1mk
c) Name the compound represented by B. 1mk
d) i) Name the group of plants which promote process A. 1mk
ii) State the part of the plant where process A takes place. 2mks
Biology p1, p2&p3
e) How would excess pesticides in the soil interfere with process A. 2mks
5. a) What is the difference between Darwinian and Larmackian theories of evolution. 2mks
b) What is meant by the following terms. Give an example in each case
i) Homologous structures. 1mk
Example 1mk
ii) Analogous structures 1mk
Example 1mk
iii) Vestigial structures. 1mk
Example 1mk
SECTION B: 40MKS
6. An experiment was carried out to investigate transpiration and absorption of water in bean plant in their natural habitat within
adequate supply of water. The amount of water was determined in two hour intervals. The results were as shown below.
Concentrations in
Time of day Transpiration Pond water
1100-1300 33 20
1300-1500 45 30
1500-1700 52 42
1700-1900 46 46
1900-2100 25 32
2100-2300 16 20
2300-0100 8 15
0100-0300 4 11
a) Using the same axes, plot graphs to show transpiration and absorption of water in grams against time 8mks
b) At what time of the day was the amount of water the same as transpiration and absorption? 1mk
c) Account for the shape of the graph of
i) Transpiration between 1100 to 1900 hours 3mks
ii) Absorption between 1900 to 0300 2mks
d) What would happen to transpiration and absorption of water if the experiment was continued till 0500 hours?
2mks
e) Name two factors that may affect transpiration and absorption at any given time. 2mks
f) Explain how the factors you named in ( e) above affect transpiration. 2mks
7. Discuss the adaptions of the structures of the human eye to their functions. 20mks
8. Explain how the villi of the mammalian alimentary canal are adapted to their functions 10mks
b) Describe how different types of tropism adapts plants for survival in their habitat. 10mks

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/3
BIOLOGY
PAPER 3
KERICHO
1. a) You are provided with photographs of specimens labeled J1,J2,K1 and K2. Examine them.
With a reason name the classes to which specimen J1 J2 K1 and K2 belongs 4mks
J1 and J2
Reason
K1 and K2
Reason
b) i) Name the parts labeled X in specimen J1 1mk
ii) What is the importance of the curvature 1mk
c) Explain how the curved part in J1 WILL straighten so that the stem will look that of J2 3mks
d) Name the part that protects the plumule in specimen K1 and K2 1mk
e) Which of the following types of seedlings may form swelling on the roots later in its life? 1mk
f) i) Name the structure found on the stem just below the leaves of specimen J2 1mk
ii) State one function of the structure named in (i) above. 1mk
g) i) What type cof germinataion is exhibited by specimen K1 and K2 1mk
ii) Give a reason for your answer in g (i) above 1mk
2. Below are photographs of specimen labeled E and F which were obtained from the same anaimal examine them

Biology p1, p2&p3
a) With reason identify E and F
E 1mk
Reason 1mk
F 1mk
Reason 1mk
b) On photograph E label two parts of the specimen. 1mk
c) Examine the following photographs labeled L and M 2mks
i) Suggest the diet of each of the animals whose skulls are shown on the photograph. Give reasons for your answer.
L 1mk
Reason 1mk
M 1mk
Reasons 2mks
ii) Label the incisor tooth in diagram L 1mk
3. You are provided with set ups B1 B2 and iodine solution, Benedicts solution, white tile, dropper, boiling tubes, sources of heat,
pestles and mortar, scalpel, 10ml measuring cylinder, distilled water
a) i) Identify the conditions under which the seedlings in the setup B2 were grown 1mk
ii) Give a reason for your answer above 1mk
b) Select one seedling from each of the setups B 1 and B2
Separately isolate cut and crush using the mortar and pestle the leaves from each seedlings. Place the crushed extract into
separate test tubes labeled B1 and B2 and add 2ml of distilled water into each extract.
Using the reagents provided carry out food tests on B 1 and B2 solution and complete and complete the tables below.

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/1
BIOLOGY
PAPER 1
KERICHO
1. a) Classification
b) microbiology
2. a) Site for photosynthesis
b) i) grana
ii) stroma
3. a) To generate higher pressure for pumping blood to longer distance
b) -Narrow for capillarity
-hallow for continuous flowing valet
-lignified to prevent it from collapsing.
4. To be able to use their waste product in less active hence little production of wastes.
wastes are stored in leaves and barks the fall.
5. a) Magnification
=
b) i) -studying /viewing live specimen
-higher power of resolution
-higher power of magnification
6. a) i) Tracheole
ii) Most to dissolve diffusing gases-highly branched to increase S.A for diffusion gases one –cell thick /thin wall to
shorten distance covered by diffusing gases
b) Rapid transport of diffusing gases to maintain a steep diffusion gradient for efficient gaseous exchange.
7. a) Animal B ammonia
Animal C urine acid
b) Posses large glomeruli to increase ultra –filtration possesses a shorter loop of henle to minimize re-absorption of water.
8. a) Structures that have become frictionless /ceased to be functional over along period of time.
b) i) Hind limbs of birds -Divergent evolution rej. homologous structures 2mks
ii) Wings of birds and insects. -Convergent evolution rej. analogous structures
9. a) Sensort neurone
b) i) Links the sense organs with the central neurons system
ii) Propagate the nerve impulse/speed up the transmission and nerve implied.
10. a) Hinge joint allows movement in one plane /1800 only while the ball joint and socket joint allows movement in all
planes(3600)).
b) i) Intervertebral discs
ii) Acts as a shock absorber /cushions / reduces friction between adjacent bones/ allows flexibility of the vertebral
column.
11. a) negative phototaxism
b) Escape from predators
Void dehydration dessication /drying up
12. a) Kills mosquitoes larva /pupa (thereby breaking the life cycle of malaria
b) Pollutes the environment /kills other aquatic organisms acc. Paraffin is expensive
13. Some energy is lost in the form of heat during radiation
Some energy is lost through excretion / urination /sweating
some energy is lost through egestion /defication
14. i) Deletion 1mk
A B Q R T
ii) Inversion 1mk
A B S C Q R T
iii) Duplication 1mk
A B S C S Q R T
15 - Sharing of sharp objects with infected persons
- Blood transfusion of infected blood
- infected mother to child (breast feeding)
16. a) - potato in cylinder B
Distilled water was the most hypotonic to the sap of potato cylinder, the cell drew in water by osmosis , increased in size
the cytoplasm and became turgid hence resulted to increase in weight

Biology p1, p2&p3
b) Water
c) Osmosis
( )
17. a) RQ=
Rq=1
b) indicates the type of substrate
indicates the type of respiration taking place
18. a) Discountinous/intermittent growth
b) Moulting
c) Ecdysone/moulting hormone
19. Smooth muscle Skeletal muscles
Uni nucleated multinucleated
Un striated striated/stripped
Short muscle fibre long muscle fibres
Spindle shaped block /cylindrical
20. Alveolus rej. Alveoli
21. a) i) Trichonomiasis. -
ii) Amoebic dysentery. - Entamoeba histolytica
b) Malaria
22. Protection for mechanical injury
Prevents desiccation
Surface for muscle attachment
Gives body shape
23. Soaking
Scarrification
Exposure to growth stimulations.eg auxins, gibberious
Inactivation of inhibitors
24. a) Femur
b) Pelvic girdle
c) Hinge joint
25. i) Production of roots hair
ii) production of lateral roots
iii) protects apical meristem /enables the root penetrate the soil.
26. Nitrogen
Making of cell wall,
magnesium
27. a) Glucose → Ethanol + carbon (IV) oxide + energy
C6 H12 O6 → 2C2 H5 OH + CO2 + Energy ( must be balanced)
b) Manufacturer of ethanol /biogas /baking (bread)

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/2
BIOLOGY
PAPER 2
KERICHO
1. a) A-secretion of sebum
D- production of sweat rej. Secrete for production
b) i) it contract causing the hair to stand erect trapping air
ii) it vasocontrict reducing the amount of blood flowing next to the skin.
c) Addiction /accumulation of dead cells to the hair root.
d) Secretion of sebum which is antiseptic production of melenin
2. a) i) Active transport
ii) Reabsorption of glucose, salts in kidney tubules
Absorption of digested food from alimentary canal into the blood
Excretion of waste materials from cells of the body
Accumulation of substances in the body to counter osmotic imbalance in saline environment
NB: Strictly in mammals
b) Increase the supply of oxygen concentration
supply more glucose
c) Cell membrane
3. a) Genes that express themselves only in its homozygous state; OWTTE
b) i) XH Xh
ii) Parental Genotypes Xh Y x XH Xh ;
XH Xh
XH; XH X h; Xh Xh;
Y XZHY Xh Y;
c) i) ½ /0.5/ 50%
ii) -Increased yield
Resistance to pests and diseases
4. a) A-Nitrification
D- absorption
b) Denitrificants/ denitrifying bacteria;
c) Nitrites
d) i) Leguminous plants; acc legumes;
ii) Root nodules
e) Causes death of nitrogen fixing bacteria; hence no nitrogen fixation;
5. a) Larmackian –inheritance of acquired characteristics /environment induced produces favourabe traits which is inherited
Darwinian –inheritance of genetically acquired traits which is inherited. Rej. if no comparison is provided
b) i) Homologous structures.-have a common (embryological) origin but are modified to perform similar functions;
Example- pentadactyl limbs/beaks of birds fore limbs of vertebrates.
ii) Analogous structures-have different (embryonic) origin but have evolved to perform similar functions;
Example -wings of birds and insects eye structure in human and octopus; 1mk
NB: Structures must be compared
iii) Vestigial structures. -Structures that have greatly reduced in size and have ceased to function. 1mk
Example- hind limb of python –Nictating membrane in humans 1mk
SECTION B: 40MKS
6. a)
b) Between 1700 and 1900
c) Account for the shape of the graph of
i) Transpiration
Between 1100 to 1900 hrs the rate of transpiration increased; because there was increase in light intensity, temperature
and air currents; which favour high rate of transpiration
ii) Absorption
Between 1900 and 0300 the absorption of water decreased steadily; since the rate of the transpiration is decreasing and
more water is retained in the plant; less water is absorbed;
d) Both transpiration and absorption would be lower; At 0500 the temperatures are very low and there is no light hence
there is very little loss of water. 2mks
e) Temperature
Biology p1, p2&p3
Light intensity
Atmospheric pressure
humidity
f) Temperature –As temperature increases the rate of evaporation also increases more water is lost from the surface of the leaf
hence increasing the rate of transpiration. Acc. the reverse
7. Conjuctiva: is thin transparent and tough membrane to protect the eye; and allows light to pass through ; Sclerotic layer (
sclera) is made up tough collagen fibres ; to maintain the shape of the eyeball; and protect the eye
Cornea is transparent and curved ; thus allows light to pass through ; and refracts light rays ;
Choroid layer; has melanin ; that prevents internal reflection of light in the eye; it contains blood vessels the supply oxygen
and nutrients which diffuses into the vitreous humour and removes metabolic wastes from the eye
Retina has cones; for brighter and colour vision and rods for dim /night vision;
Fovea/yellow spot; has a alight concentration of cones for accurate vision /visual acuity
Blind spot: Which is the place where the optic nerve leaves the eye has no cones and rods hence no impulse are generated
Optic nerve: Has sensory nerve fibres for transmission of impulse to the brain for interpretation Lens is made up of elastic and
transparent materials and is biconvex; it adjust to focus for far or near objects allows light rays
Ciliary body: has muscles fibres that contract and relax to change shape /curvature of the lens bringing about accommodation
and s a glandular secreting aqueous humour.
Suspensory ligaments: are elastic to hold the lens in position and attach it to ciliary body
Iris : has radial and circular muscles which control the size of the pupil
Pupil: is the hole at the center of iris through which light passes into the eye
Aqueous humour: is a clear fluid through which oxygen and nutrients pass to the cornea AND LENS AND maintains the
shape of the eye ball and refracts light rays
Vitreous humour: is a fluid which creates hydrostatic pressure thus maintaining the shape of eye and refracts light rays
8. Explain how the villi of the mammalian alimentary canal are adapted to their functions 10mks
They posses thin (one cell thick0 epithelia; to facilitate absorption /diffusion of digestion products they have numerous blood
capillaries /vessels /highly vascularized to transport glucose and amino acids have lacteals /lymphatic blood vessels forb fatty
acids and glycerol absorption and transportation respectively they have projections called microvilli which lead to a further
increased in surface area for absorption of digested products they have goblets cells which secretes mucus that lubricates the
villi and also prevents digestion of intestinal wall by enzymes they are usually numerous and fingerlike increasing the surface
area for absorption. 12mks max 10mks
b) Describe hoe different types of tropism adapts plants for survival in their habitat. 10mks
Phototropism: Growth curvature in response to light enables the plant shoot to grow and get light for maximum
photosynthesis allows for leaf mosaic
- Thigmotropism-growth curvature in response to contact ( with hard surface) make plant with weak steams to get support on
large plants this ,makes them to reach and get light for maximum photosynthesis
- Geotropism: growth curvature in response to gravity enables plants roots to grow deep into the soil for maximum support
/anchorage
Hydrotropism- Growth curvature in response to moisture /water enables plant roots to find water in the soil water is then
used as a raw materials during photolysis stage (acc photosynthesis)
Thermotropism- Growth curvature in response to temperature changes enables plants to grow where they can acquire
optimum temperature for effective plant processes e.g a sunflower orientates towards the direction of the sun
Chemotropism- Growth curvature I response to a particular chemical substance

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/3
BIOLOGY
PAPER 3
KERICHO
1. a) J1 and J2
Dicotyledonae 1mk
Reject Dicot
Dicotyledon
Reason correct spelling for biological terms
Reasons: Leaves are net –veined /newt venation /two cotyledons/reticulate venation /tap root system / with leaf petiole.
1mk
K1 and K2
Monocotyledonae 1mk
Rej. Monocot
Monocotyledon.
Reasons
Leaves are parallel /parallel venation are cotyledon /fibrous roots system/leaf petiole modified into a sheath.
1mk
b) Hypocotyl
Rej. Wrong spellings
ii) Protects the plumule shoot tip/first foliage leaves /penetrates through the soil pulls the cotyledon out of the soil
c) Expose of curvature to light auxins to migrate to lower side /opposite side, there is faster growth elongation of cells on
the lower side /opposite side hence the stem straightens. 3mks
d) Coleoptile /plumule sheath 1mk
cover or coat are incorrect
e) J1 and J2 1mk
f) i) Cotyledons/seed leaves 1mk
ii) Carry out photosynthesis to provide food for the germinating seedlings
Food reserve store food/ provide food for the germinating seedlings
Note : answer is tied to (i)
-provide food is incorrect
g) i) Hypogeal 1mk
ii) Remains of fruits /grain/ cotyledon 1mk
2. a) E premolar tooth 1mk
Reason
Has two roots –cusps 1mk
F –Canine
Reasons –sharp –
Has one root 1mk
b) Root
crown
cusps
neck 2mk
c) L
i) Vegetation /grass /herbs/plants 1mk
Reasons
Presence of diastema
Presence of horny pad
Pronounced cusps /ridges in the molar for grinding vegetation 3mks
Note
No canine and incisors is incorrect –negative answer
M Flesh /meat /bones/feeds on /carnivore
Carnivoruos is wrong
Reasons
Long curved sharp /pointed canines for grasping /gripping tearing prey
Carnassials teeth for cutting and crushing bones
ii) On the diagram
iii) = 32
c) iv) L 1mk
v) On the photograph 1mk
3. i) In the dark / absence of sunlight 1mk
ii) In the seedlings are etiolated 1mk
Biology p1, p2&p3
b)
SET UP FOOD SUBSTANCE PROCEDURE OBSERVATION CONCLUSION
B1 Starch To a solution of b1 on white tile, add a Blue black colour starch

drop of iodine
Reducing sugar to 2cm3 of solution B1 add an equal Blue to green to Reducing sugars
amount of Benedict‟s solution and boil in yellow /yellow
hot water bath orange/orange red
brown
B2 starch To solution of B2 on a white tile, add Colour of iodine Starch absent
2drops of iodine solution brown
yellow orange is
retained
Reducing sugar To 2cm3 of solution B2 add an equal Orange red brown Reducing sugar
amount of Benedicts solution boil in hot present
water bath

Biology p1, p2&p3
NANDI NORTH AND NANDI CENTRAL JOINT EXAMINATIONS 2016
231/1
BIOLOGY
PAPER 1
JULY / AUGUST 2016
TIME: 2 HOURS
1. Differentiate between movement and locomotion as used in characterizing living things. (1mk)
2. (a) What is the function of condenser in a light microscope? (1mk)
(b) State two roles of centrioles in animal cells. (2mks)
3. (a) Explain the term Osmotic potential in plant physiology. (1mk)
(i) A group of students set-up an experiment to investigate a certain physiological process as shown below.
(i) Name the physiological process under investigation. (1mk)
(ii) If the set-up was left for 20 minutes, what observations will be made? (1mk)
(iii) Account for the observation made in 3 (b) (i) above. (2mks)
4. (a) Name two cells that contain chloroplast in a leaf. (2mks)
(b) State two factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis in plants. (2mks)
5. Name any two factors determining energy requirements in human beings. (2mks)
6. (i) State two primary functions of the roots to plants. (2mks)
(ii) Explain the significance of transpiration in plants. (1mk)
7. Name one vitamin and one mineral ion responsible for blood clotting. (2mks)
Vitamin:
Mineral:
8. (a) (i) Name any two gaseous exchange surfaces employed by amphibians. (2mks)
(ii) Name one factor affecting rate of breathing in humans. (1mk)
(b) What is the role of carbon anhydrase in blood circulation? (1mk)
9. The figure below shows a respiratory surface for gaseous exchange in mammals. Suggest the corrections that should be made
to the diagram before gaseous exchange can take place. (2mks)
10. Study the equation below and answer the question that follow.
C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH+CO2 +Energy
(a) (i) What does the above equation represent? (1mk)
(ii) Name the industrial application of the process named in (a) (i) above. (2mks)
(b) What is “oxygen debt?” (1mk)

11. Explain the term respiratory quotient as used in biology. (2mks)
12. (a) Differentiate between excretion and secretion. (2mks)
(i) Explain the absence of the following components in urine of a healthy person. (1mk)
(i) Glucose: …
(ii) Plasma proteins:
13. (i) What is the name of the hormone responsible for regulating the level of sodium ions in blood of a mammal?
(1mk)
(ii) State two ways in which glucogen hormone regulate blood sugar level. (2mks)
14. (i) State one characteristic shared by the class Reptilia and class Aves. (1mk)
(ii) Some students collected a living specimen for use in the laboratory. It had the following characteristics:-
- Elongated body
- Two pairs of legs per segment
- Body has between 9 – 100 segments
- Three body parts.
Which class does the above animal belong? (1mk)
15. A student at Kaloleni High School picked an organism by the shore of the Indian Ocean. After examining it very carefully,
she formed an opinion that the organism belongs to class Arachnida. She then classified it as follows:-
Kingdom – Animalia
Phylum – Arthropoda
Class – Arachnida
(a) Identify one mistake in her classification. (1mk)
(b) List down two characteristics that she could have used in placing the organism in class Arachnida. (2mks)
16. (a) Define the term carrying capacity as used in ecology. (2mks)
(b) State two characteristics of a population as used in ecology. (2mks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
17. Study the food web below and answer the questions that follow.
Grasshopper Lizard Heron
Mongoose
Aardvark Chicken
Grass Termite
Bulbul bird
Kite
Sheep Human
Leopard Vulture
(a) Construct any food chain in which human is a tertiary consumer. (1mk)
(b) Suggest the possible short term effects in this ecosystem if all kites migrate away. (1mk)
18. (a) The diagram below represents a certain organism belonging to the kingdom fungi. Name the parts labeled Q and R.
(1mk)
(b) State two hormones involved in menstrual cycle giving their roles. (2mks)
19. Differentiate between miscarriage and premature birth. (2mks)
20. (a) Name two conditions necessary for germination. (2mks)
(b) Which enzyme does each of the following roles?
(i) Breakdown carbohydrates into glucose in a seed. (1mk)
(ii) Breakdown protein into amino acid in a seed. (1mk)
21. Differentiate between primary growth and secondary growth in plants. (2mks)
22. (a) State two examples of discontinuous variations in human. (2mks)
(b) State two functions of DNA molecule. (2mks)
23. Name two disorders caused by gene mutations. (2mks)
24. Define the term evolution. (1mk)
25. Differentiate between homologous structures and analogous structures as used in evolution.
26. (a) Study the nerve cell provided below and answer the question that follow.
(a) Name the type of the nerve cell shown above. (1mk)
(b) Name the parts labeled A and B. (2mks)
(c) On the diagram, indicate using the arrow the direction of the nerve impulse. (1mk)
27. Which structure in the ear detects: (2mks)
(a) Sound waves:
(b) Change in position:
28. (a) Name the type of skeleton found in each of the following Phyta in kingdom animalia.
(a) Chordata:
(b) Arthropoda:
(b) Name two types of movable joints in mammals. (2mks)
29. What is the role of unpaired fins in fish? (1mk)

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/2
BIOLOGY
PAPER 2
(THEORY)
JULY / AUGUST 2016
TIME: 2 HOURS
(a) (i) Name the part labeled E and F. (2mks)
(ii) State a function of the parts labeled A and C. (2mks)
(b) Name each of the parts that:
(i) Responds to hormone oxytocin. (1mk)
(ii) Responds to progesterone hormone. (1mk)
(iii) Acts as an endocrine gland. (1mk)
(c) Name the structure of the ovary that secretes progesterone hormone in the first four months of pregnancy. (1mk)
2. Pure breed of red flowered and pure breed of white flowered 4 o clock plants were crossed to give F 1 off-springs which had
pink flowers. The F1 were selfed.
(a) Using letter R to represent gene for red colour and W to represent gene for white colour work out the phenotypic ratio of F 2.
(4mks)
(b) Work out the genotypic ratio of a cross between F1 offspring and the white flowered plant. (3mks
(c) Comment on the gene(s) controlling the colour of flowers mentioned above (1mk)
3. Study carefully the photograph shown below.
a) (i) Identify the cells above. (1mk)

(ii) State two functions of the cells shown above. (2mks)
b) Explain how the above cells are adapted to their function. (2mks)
c) Name a parasite that may invade and destroy the cells above. (1mk)
d) Suggest two bones in an adult man, which produce the cells shown above. ( 2mks)
4. The set of apparatus below was assembled by a group of students to investigate some physiological process.
(a) (i) Give two aims of the experiment. (2mks)

(ii) Explain observations expected after 24 hours. (2mks)
(b) Before the experiment, the glucose was boiled then cooled.
(i) Why was it necessary to boil the solution? (1mk)
(ii) What was the importance of oil layer in the experiment? (1mk
(c) Describe a control experiment for the set up? (1mk)
(d) Suggest one industrial application of the process being investigated. (1mk)
5. (a) What is meant by the following terms? (2mks)
(i) Adaptive radiation:
(ii) Vestigial structures:
(b) Evolution is an ongoing process and is still going on even today. State two pieces of evidence which suggests that evolution
is still taking place. (2mks)
(c) Explain how the following factors influence natural selection. (4mks)
(i) Predators
(ii) Diseases

Biology p1, p2&p3
Answer question 6 (compulsory) in the spaces provided and either question 7 or 8 in the spaces provided after question 8.
6. An experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction catalyzed by an enzyme. The
results are shown in the table below.
Temperature (0C) Rate of reaction in mg of products per unit time
5 0.2
10 0.5
15 0.8
20 1.1
25 1.5
30 2.1
35 3.0
40 3.7
45 3.4
50 2.8
55 2.1
60 1.1
(a) On the grid provided, draw a graph of rate of reaction against temperature. (6mks)
(b) When was the rate of reaction 2.6mg of product per unit time? (2mks)
(c) Account for the shape of the graph between: (2mks)
(i) 50C and 400C
(ii) 450C and 600C
(d) Other than temperature, name two ways in which the rate of reaction between 50C and 400C could be increased. (1mk)
(e) (i) Name one digestive enzyme in the human body which works best in acidic condition. (1mk)
(ii) How is the acidic condition for the enzyme named in (e) (i) above attained? (2mks)
(f) The acidic condition in (e) (ii) above is later neutralized.
(i) Where does the neutralization take place? (1mk)
(ii) Name the substance responsible for neutralization. (1mk)
7. (a) Describe secondary growth in flowering plants? (14mks)
(b) Explain the importance of support and movement in plants. (6mks)
8. Describe economic importance of the following Kingdoms:-
(a) Monera (10mks)
(b) Fungi (10mks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/3
BIOLOGY
PAPER 3
CONFIDENTIAL
Each student to be provided with the following:-
1. Specimen W – Clean fresh large Irish potato.
2. Cork borer – 0.5cm diameter
3. Distilled water
4. 2 beakers – 100ml each
5. Concentrated sucrose solution labeled X 100ml
6. Distilled water labeled Y 100ml
7. Tissue paper
8. 30cm ruler
9. 2 labels
10. Measuring cylinder
11. Scalpel
12. Stop watch
231/3
BIOLOGY
PAPER 3
(PRACTICAL)
JULY / AUGUST 2016
TIME: 1¾ HOURS
1. You are provided with specimen W. push a cork borer through specimen W to remove 4 cylinders of potato tissue. Cut off
one end of each cylinder. From the cut end measure 40mm length and cut the cylinder. Repeat this for the other three
cylinders. Put 25ml of solution X in a beaker labeled X and 25ml of solution Y in a beaker labeled Y. Place two cylinders in
a beaker containing solution Y and the other two in a beaker containing solution X. Leave the experiments for 45 minutes.
After 45 minutes remove the cylinders and mop them up with a tissue paper.
(a) Measure and record the length of each cylinder in the table below. (8mks)
Cylinder in solution Initial length Final length Average length % change in length
X 1
2
Y 1
2
(b) Account for observations made in solution:

(i) X: (2mks)
(ii) Y: (2mks)
2. Below are photographs of three sets of seedlings labeled A1, A2 and B. Examine them and use them to answer the questions
that follow.
(i) Name the phenomenon exhibited by seedlings in set A2. (1mk)
(ii) Give a reason why plants exhibit the phenomenon named in (i) above. (1mk)
(iii) Name the response exhibited by the seedlings in set B. (1mk)
(iv) State the stimulus that caused the response in (iii) above. (1mk)
(v) Explain how the response named in (iii) above have occurred. (3mks)
(vi) State the observable differences between seedlings in set A1 and A2. (3mks)
Set A1 Set A2
(vii) State and explain the type of germination in seedling A1. (2mks)
(viii) State the conditions under which the seedlings in set A1 and A2 were grown. (2mks)
Set A1
Set A2
Biology p1, p2&p3
3. The following is a photograph of a dissected mammal. Study the photograph and answer the questions that follow.
(a) Name the structures labeled A, B and C. (3mks)

(b) On the photograph, label and name the site of production of vitamin K. (1mk)
(c) Identify and state one function of the following parts:- (6mks)
PART IDENTITY FUNCTION
B
C
A
(d) (i) State the sex of the dissected mammal. (1mk)
(ii) Give a reason for your answer in (d) (i) above. (1mk)
(e) Identify the class to which the specimen belongs. (1mk)
(f) State the reason for your answer in (a) (i) above. (1mk)

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/1
BIOLOGY
PAPER 1
MARKING SCHEME
1. Movement is a change in position by either a part of or the whole living thing (organism), locomotion is the progressive
change in position by the whole living thing (living organism). (1mk)
2. (a) Condenser concentrate light on the object on the stage.(1mk)
(b) Centrioles take part in cell division and in the formation of cilia and flagella. (2mks)
3. (a) Osmosis potential is the hidden pressure of a concentrated solution that only becomes real when solution is separated
from distilled water by a semi-permeable membrane.(1mk)
(b) (i) Diffusion (1mk)
(ii) Starch will turn blue-black.(1mk)
(iii) Diffusion (took place); where iodine molecules diffuse from a higher concentration zone in the beaker across visking
tubing hence turned blue-black.(1mk)
4. (a) - Guard cells(2mks)
- Palisade layer cells
- Spongy mesophyll layer cells (any first two)
(b) - Light intensity (2mks)
- Carbon (IV) oxide concentration / CO2, rej. carbon dioxide, carbon (IV) oxide.
5. - Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)(2mks) (any first two)
(i) Occupation / everyday activity
(ii) Age
(iii) Body size
(iv) Sex
6. (a) (i) - Anchorage / holding plant firmly in the soil.
(i) Absorption / uptake of mineral salts and water.
(ii) Modified roots i.e. breathing roots for gaseous exchange.
(iii) Storage roots – store water and food. (2mks)
(ii) - Replace water lost through the leaves.
- Enables mineral salts and water to be transported within the plant.
- Cools the plant
- Removal of excess water in aquatic plants.
- Responsible for support through turg or pressure (in plant cells) (1mk)
7. - Vitamin K
- Calcium / Ca2+ (2mks)
8. (a)
(i) - (Through lining of the) buccal cavity / mouth.
- (Through the ) lungs. (2mks)
- (Through the) skin. Moist skin rej. skin.
(ii) - Exercise
- Age
- Emotions
- Temperature
- Health (1mk) (any one correct)
(b) - Converts carbon (IV) oxide to weak carbonic acid. (1mk)
9. - Alveolus walls should be covered by moisture.

- Oxygen concentration should be lower in the blood than in the alveolus. (2mks)
10. (a) (i) Anaerobic respiration in plants.
Oxygen required to get rid of the lactic acid that accumulates in the body tissues when the supply of oxygen is less than
the demand. (1mk)
(ii) - Bread making industries.
- Beer brewing industries
- Production of vinegar (Ethanoic acid) / citric acid / oxalic acid / butyric acid.
- Drug making industries rej. Biogas production. (2mks)
(b) Amount of oxygen required to get rid of lactic acid that accumulates in tissues when oxygen supply is less than the
demand. (1mk)
11. Ratio showing the relationship between the amount of carbon (IV) oxide produced against the amount of oxygen used in
respiration or
RQ = Volume of carbon (IV) oxide produced
Volume of oxygen consumed (2mks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
12. (a) Excretion is a process by which living organisms separate and eliminate waste products formed during metabolic
processes / activities. Secretion is the release of a certain useful substance produced by cells i.e. (hormones, enzymes,
oxalates, sebum and mucus). (2mks)
(b) (i) All the glucose are actively reabsorbed into the blood steam. ( ½ mk)
(ii) Plasma proteins have large molecular sizes hence not filtered through small pores of the capillary walls and the
glomerular walls. (½ mk)
13. (i) Aldosterone (1mk)
(ii) - Convert glycogen to sugar.
- Convert fat to sugar
- Reduce sugar break down. (2mks)
14. (i) - Body covered by scales.
- Fertilization is internal.
- Double circulatory system.
- They have lungs for gaseous exchange. (1mk)
(ii) Class Diplopoda. (1mk)
15. (a) Phylum Arthropoda; (1mk)
(b) - Two body parts (cephalothorax and head)
(i) Ventral size of cephalothorax has 2 chellicerae each having claw like structure (produce poison).
(ii) Cephalothorax, has four pairs of walking legs, having seven joints and ends in two toothed claws.
(iii) They have pair of pedipalps – (Sensitive to touch, in some arachnids they squeeze and chew food, in mites, tips are
specialized containers to transfer sperms) (2mks)
(iv) Cephalothorax has 8 simple eyes.
16. (a) Maximum number of organisms an area can support (comfortably) without depletion of the available resources.
(2mks)
(b) - Density
- Dispersion
- Population growth (2mks)
17. (i) Grass → Grasshopper→ Chicken →Human (1mk)
(ii) - Bulbul birds increases in population.
- Chicken increases in population. (1mk)
18. (a) Q – Sporangiophore
R – Rhizoids rej. Stolon, Rhizoid. (1mk)
(b) Fish – cause Graafian follicles development in ovary.
Cause ovary to secrete oxygen.
Oestrogen – Repair and healing of endometrium.
- In higher levels stimulate production of (LH) (2mks)
Luteinising hormone – Stimulate maturity of Graafian follicle.
Progesterone – Stimulate thickening and increased blood supply to the endometrium.
19. Miscarriage - Birth occurs before six months (baby does not survive)
Premature birth – Birth occurs after seven months but before full term (baby can survive). (2mks)
20. (a) - Water - Enzyme
- Oxygen - Hormone
- Temperature - Viability (2mks)
(b) (i) Diastase
(ii) Protease (2mks)
21. Primary growth occurs at the tip of roots and shoots due to the activity of apical meristems resulting in increase in height.
Secondary growth – increase in width or girth due to activity of cambium tissues (vascular cambium and cork cambium)
(2mks)
22. (a) - Tongue rolling
- Sex
- ABO Blood group system rej, ABO, ABO blood. (2mks)
(b) - Stores genetic information (in coded form)
- Enables transfer of genetic information unchanged to daughter cells (through replication)
- Translate genetic information to characteristics of an organism (through protein synthesis) (2mks)
23. - Albinism
(i) Sick cell anaemia
(ii) Haemophilia
(iii) Colour blindness (2mks)
24. Evolution is a gradual change of living organisms from simple life forms to more complex forms over a long period of time.
(1mk)
25. - Homologous structures are those that have common embryonic origin but may be modified to perform different functions.
- Analogous structures are those that have different embryonic origin but have evolved to perform similar function (due to
exploitation of same kind of environment) (2mks)
26. (a) (i) Sensory neuron

Biology p1, p2&p3
(ii) A – cell body (1mk)
B – Schwann cell (2mks)
(iii) Towards the CNS (1mk)
27. (i) Tympanic membrane
(ii) Semi-circular canals (2mks)
28. (a) (i) Exoskeleton – (characteristic of) Arthropods.
(ii) Endoskeleton – (characteristic of) vertebrates. (2mks)
(b) - Ball and socket joints
- Hinge joints (2mks)
29. Reduce rolling (rocking from side to side)
Reduce yawing / lateral deflection of the body. Mark any one. (1mk)

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/2
BIOLOGY
PAPER 2
MARKING SCHEME
1. (a) (i) E – Endometrium (2mks)
F – Myometrium (2mks)
(ii) A – Site for fertilization of the egg; passage for the female gamete from the ovary to the uterus
C – Site for production of the eggs;
- Secretes female hormones; ace; progesterone and oestrogen;
(b) (i) Myometrium (1mk)
(ii) Endometrium (1mk)
(iii) Ovary (1mk)
(c) Corpus luteum
2. (a)
Parental Genotype RW X R W;
R W R W
Gametes X ;
Fertilization
RR RW RW W W;
F2 genotypes
Phenotypic ratio 1 Red : 2 Roan : 1 White;
Rej. 1 : 2 : 1 only
(b) Parental genotypes RW X W W;
R W W W
Gametes X ;
F1 Genotype RW RW WW WW
Genotype RW : WW
Ratio 1RW : 1WW; Rej. Ratio only.
(c) They are co-dominant;
3. (a) (i) Red blood cells / Erythrocytes / Red corpuscles; (1mk)
(ii) - Transport of oxygen.
- Transport of carbon (iv) oxide (3mks)
(b) - Are biconcave in shape to increase surface area for loading oxygen.
- Lack nuclei / non-nucleated to increase surface area for loading oxygen.
- Have haemoglobin that readily combines with oxygen for transportation. (2mks)
(c) - Plasmodium (1mk)
(d) - Humerus
- Femur
- Tibia (2mks)
4. (a)
(i) - To show that energy is released in anaerobic respiration;
- To show that carbon (IV) oxide is produced in anaerobic production; (2mks)
(ii) - Increase in temperature since energy is released.
- Colour of indicator changed to yellow due to acidity / Carbon (IV) oxide released changed indicator to yellow.

Biology p1, p2&p3
(b) (i) To expel dissolved oxygen; (1mk)
(ii) To prevent entry of air / oxygen into glucose solution; (1mk)
(c) Use glucose solution without yeast / used to kill yeast cells;
(d) Ethanol production in breweries; bread production in bakeries; (any one) (1mk)
5. (a) (i) Ability of body structures to be modified to suit and exploit the immediate ecological niche; (1mk)
(ii) Structures that have with time been reduced and become functionless; (1mk)
(b) - Industrial melanism; - Existence of white and black peppered moth;
- Resistance to pesticides;
- Resistance to drugs e.g. antibiotics and chloroquine drugs; (award for any correct 2) (2mks)
- Resistance to herbicides;
(c) Predators – Only preys that have features to avoid being noticed by predators and those that are fast runners than predators
survive to reproduce and pass on their characteristics to their offspring.
Diseases – those organisms of a species that are highly immuned survive to reproduce and pass their qualities to the next
generation; (4mks)
6. (a)
(b) 330C and 51.50C; (+0.50C for both) (2mks)
(c) (i) 50C and 400C
As temperature increases, rate of reaction increases / more products are formed (per unit time); because enzymes become
more active. (2mks)
(ii) 450C and 600C
As temperature increases rate of reaction decrease / less products are formed (per unit time); because enzymes become
denatured; by high temperature.
(d) Increase in enzyme concentration; increase substrate concentration; (2mks)
(e) (i) Pepsin; / rennin / chymosin; (1mk)
(ii) Wall of stomach / gastric glands (oxyntic / parietal cells) produce hydrochloric acid; (2mks)
7. (i) Duodenum
(ii) Bile juice
(a) - Results in increased growth / width of plants; new tissues are formed by vascular cambium or cork cambium;
- This growth begins with division of vascular cambium; to produce new cells between vascular bundles; these cells
divide;
to form new one that are added to older ones; becoming meristematic; the new outer cells differentiate; to become
secondary
phloem; whereas those to the inner differentiate into secondary xylem; increase in volume of secondary tissues exerts
pressure; on outer cells of the stem;
- This results in stretching and rupturing; of the epidermal cells; thus increasing the width; (max. 14mks)
(b) - Ensures that the leaf blade is well spread out; to expose maximum surface area; of the leaf to sunlight;
- Support tissues ensures that flowers are exposed to pollination agents to ensure that pollination and fertilization takes
place;
- Fruits and seeds need to be held in position that is exposed to agents of dispersal;
- Most plants require support to have strong structures to resist breakage; due to their own weight and weight of other
organisms;
8. (a) Economic importance of Monera (Bacteria) (10 marks)
- Bacteria cause dead plants and animals to decay, thus releasing nutrients for use by green plants to manufacture food.
- Nitrogen fixing bacteria convert nitrogen gas into nitrates which improves soil fertility.
- Denitrifying bacteria convert nitrates in the soil into nitrogen gas reducing soil fertility;
- In biotechnology, bacteria are used to produce organic acids / alcohol / biogas / insulin hormone;
- Some bacteria cause human diseases such as Salmonella typhi which causes typhoid fever, vibro cholerae cause cholera;
- Symbiotic bacteria in the stomach of ruminants secrete cellulose enzyme which digest cellulose / fibre in the feed of the
animal;
- Some bacteria cause food spoilage / decay;
- Some putrefying bacteria are used in sewage treatment;
- Some bacteria are used in the manufacture of vitamin B12 / vitamin K / vinegar / acetic acid / lactic acid;
- Some bacteria are used in curing tea / tobacco / vetting flax and silage preparation;
- Fermenting bacteria ferments milk in the dairy industry to manufacture butter / cheese and yoghurt.
(b) Economic importance of Fungi (10 marks)
- Some fungi such as Penicillin are used to make antibiotics;
- Some such as mushrooms are edible and are used as a source of cheap protein;
- Yeast is used in the brewing and bread baking industries;
- Some fungi such as common bread mould spoil food;
- Saprophytic fungi decompose organic matter in dead plants and animals releasing nutrients which enrich the soil;
- Some fungi cause diseases in plants and animals for example ringworm in man and tomato / potato blight.
- Dry rot fungi destroy timber in timber yards;
- Mycorrhiza fungi form symbiotic relationship with roots of forest trees aiding in water / mineral salt absorption;
- Yeast is a source of vitamin B;

Biology p1, p2&p3
NANDI NORTH SUB-COUNTY JOINT EVALUATION 2015
231/3
BIOLOGY
PAPER 3
MARKING SCHEME
2.
Proteins  Put 2cm3 of food sample D into a No colour change / blue Proteins / absent /
test tube. colour of copper sulphate Absence of
 Add sodium hydroxide solution persists / retains / proteins;
 Add copper sulphate solution and maintains;
shake;
Non-reducing Sugar  Put 2cm3 of food sample D into a Colour changes from Blue Non-reducing
test tube. to green / yellow orange sugar(s) present;
 Add dil. Hydrochloric acid, boil and and brown. Acc Rej. Reducing
cool; Redbrown / if only one sugar(s); present
 Add sodium hydrogen carbonate colour is mentioned. after hydrolysis.
until the fizzing stops;
 Add Benedict‟s solution and boil;
Starch  Put 2cm3 of food sample D into a Coour changes to blue Starch present
test tube. black / blue-black /
 Add iodine solution and shake blue / black;
3. (i) (a) Dichotyledonae;
(ii) Network venation / net veined leaves;
Presence of leaf petiole / leaf stalk;
Broad leaf;
(iii) Insect;
(iv) Brightly coloured petals to attract insects;
Large and conspicuous;
Scented;
Has landing platform for insects;
Anthers are firmly attached to the filament;
(v)
4. (a)
K M
- Has 3 pairs of legs - Has 4 pairs of legs;
- Has 3 body parts - Has 2 body parts;
- Has wings - Lack wings;
- Has antennae - Lack antennae;
(b) (i) Phylum - Arthropoda;
Reasons: - Jointed appendages;
- Segmented body;
- Presence of exoskeleton;
- Bilaterally symmetrical;
(ii) Class – Arachnida
Reasons: - has 4 pairs of legs;
- body divided into two parts;
- lack antennae;
(c) exoskeleton;
(d) (i) Pisces;
(ii) Presence of fins;
Presence of scales;
Presence of lateral line;

Biology p1, p2&p3
RAISMARADE JOINT EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL
231/1
BIOLOGY
Paper 1
2 hours
1. Give one of the role of the following organelles
(a) Centriole (1 mark)
(b) Cell wall (1 mark)
2. Differentiate between osmosis and diffusion. 4 marks)
3. List three charateristics of the phylum chordata. (3 marks)
4. State the products of the light reaction stage of photosynthesis. (2 marks)
5. What is meant by the term osmoregulation? (1 mark)
6. List three factors that affect the process of active transport. (3 marks)
7. Name the organisms that cause the following disease?
(a) Amoeba dysentery. (1 mark)
(b) Typhoid (1 mark)
8. Explain the relationship that occurs between the algae and fungi in lichens. (1 mark)
9. Explain why blood from the alimentary canal, pass through the liver before entering the general circulation? (2 marks)
10. What are the two functions of a pleural membrane that gives the mammal advantage over other organisms? (2 mark
11. Differentiate between interspecific competition and intraspecific competition. (2 marks)
12. Explain why the carrying capacity of wild animals is higher than that of cattle for a unit mass. (2 marks)
13. What happens to excess fatty acids and glycerol after digestion in the body? (2 marks)
14. Removal of the apical bud from the shrub is a practice that results in the development of the lateral buds which later form the
branches.
(a) Give two reasons for the development of the lateral branches after the removal of the apical bud. (2 marks)
(b) Suggest two application of this practice. (2 mark)
(c) What is the importance of this practice? (1 mark)
15. Give structural differences between the sperm cell and the ovum (2 marks)
16. State how the sperm cell is structurally adapted to its function (3 marks)
17. The diagram below shows the development of an embryo sac during reproduction in plants. Name the structures labeled A,B
and C. (3marks)
18. Name two substances that leaves the foetal blood through the placenta (2marks)
19. State two ways in which the aerenchyma tissues in aquatic plants are adapted to their function. (2marks)
20. The diagram below represents a transverse section of an ovary of ascertain flower.
a) Name the structures labeled W (1mark)
b) Name the type of placentation illustrated in this diagram (1mark)
c) Give an example of a plant whose flowers have the following type of placentation. (1 mark)
21. The diagram below represents the nitrogen cycle
(a) State the process labeled (2marks)
(b) Name the compound represented by B (1marks)
(c) Name the group of organisms labeled C (1marks)
22. a) State two advantages of metamorphosis to the life of an insect (2marks)
b) Explain the roles of the following hormones in growth and development in insects: (2marks)
i) Juvenile hormone
ii) Ecdysone
23. State three factors in the seeds that causes seed dormancy (3marks)
24. (a) Distinguish between continuous variation and discontinuous variation (2marks)
(b) Give two examples of continuous variation in humans (2marks)
25. Name two properties of deoxyribonucleic acid (2marks)
26. Name two types of gene mutations (2marks)
27. In a certain variety of cattle some individuals may have red, white or roan (a mixture of white and red) fur color. A cross
between a cow with red fur and a bull with white fur produced a calf with roan fur. Using letter R to represent red color and
W to represent the white colour ; Work out the F1 generation 4marks
28. State TWO behavioral activities involved in the process of maintaining body temperature (2 marks)
29. Differentiate between diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus (2marks)
30. Define the following terms
a) Allele (1mark
b) Heterozygous (1 mark)
31. Explain the process of peristalsis (2 marks)
32. State two ideas proposed by Lamarck (2 marks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/2
BIOLOGY
Paper 2
2 hours

1. The diagram below represents a mammalian nephron.
a) Name the:
Structure labelled P and S (2marks)
b) State the structural modifications of the part label led Q for:
(i) Desert mammals (2marks)
(ii) Fresh water mammals (2marks)
c) (i) Name one substance present at point R but absent at point S in a healthy mamma (1mark)
(ii) The appearance of the substance you have named in (c)(i) above is a symptom of a certain disease. Name the disease.
(1mark)
2. The diagram below represents some hormones, their sources and functions in a mammal:
(a) Identify the master gland described above. (1mark)

(b) Name hormones (ii), (iii), (v) and (iv) (4marks)
(c) Explain the consequences of deficiencies of hormone (ii) in man. (2marks)
(d) Other than stimulating the development of uterine wall, suggest one other function of hormone (vi) (1mark)

Biology p1, p2&p3
3. In an experiment two equal volumes of solution L and M were placed into visking tubing. The visking tubing was suspended
into beakers containing equal volumes of solutions K. The set –up is as shown in the diagram A and B. The set-up was
allowed to stand for 45minutes and results are as shown in the diagrams.
(a) Name the process that was being demonstrated. (1mark)

(b) Explain the results that were obtained at the end of the experiment in
(i) Set-up A. (2marks)
(ii) Set up B. (2marks)
(c) What is the biological importance of the process demonstrated in this experiment to plants? (2marks)
(d) What happens to a marine Amoeba when it is transferred from sea water to freshwater? (1mark)
4. Study the diagrams below and answer the questions that follow.
a) What type of evolution is illustrated by the limbs? (1mark)

b) What does the origin of the limbs suggest about the ancestry of these animals? (1mark)
c) i) What are vestigial structures? (1mark)
ii) State an example of vestigial structures in humans. (1mark)
d) i) What is natural selection? (1mark)
ii) Give one example of natural selection in action. (1mark)
e) Explain comparative serology as an evidence of evolution. (2marks)
5. A farmer crossed a black bull and a white cow and discovered that the resulting calf had black and white spots which were
equally distributed. He concluded that the genes for coat colour are co-dominant.
a) Using letter B to represent black colour and W for white colour, state the parental genotypes. (1mark)
b) State the genotypes for F1 calves (1mark)
c) If F1 offspring were crossed, work out a cross between the F1 cattle. (4marks)
d) Give the phenotypic ratio of the F2 cattle. (1mark)
e) If the farmer wanted white cows only in all generations, select the genotype that he would use in subsequent crosses.
(1mark)
SECTION B(40 MARKS)
Answer question 6 (compulsory) in the spaces provided. Answer either question 7 or 8 in the spaces provided after
question 8.
6. The table below represents the increase in the number of yeast cells over a period of 45 minutes
Time in Minutes 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Number of Yeast cells 2 2 4 24 46 84 124 136 140 140
a) Using the grid provided below, draw a graph of the number of yeast cells against time. (6marks)
a) i) Name the type of curve shown (1mark)
b) ii) Determine the number of yeast cells after 26 minutes. (1mark)
c) iii) After how long was the population of yeast cells 128? (1mark)
d) Work out the rate of cell division between the 24 th and the 28th minutes. (2marks)
d) Account for the shape of the curve shown:
i) Between 0 and 10 minutes. (4marks)
iii) Between 40 and 45 minutes. (2marks)
e) State three factors which would cause human population growth to assume the shape of the curve between 10 and 30 minutes.
(3marks)
7. a) Name and state the functions of the cellular components of the mammalian blood. (7marks)
b) Outline the functions of blood plasma in mammals. (13marks)
8. Explain five abiotic factors that affect the ecosystem. (20 marks)
Biology p1, p2&p3
RAISMARADE JOINT EXAMINATION COUNCIL
231/3
Biology
Paper 3
July/August 2016
(Practical)
CONFIDENTIAL
1. Each candidate should have

- 2 clean dry test tubes in a test tube rack
- A boiling tube tube
- 25mls of Bromthymol blue
- 10ml measuring cylinder
- Distilled water in a wash bottle
2. Each candidate should have access to

- Dilute Hydrochloric acid
- Dilute Sodium chloride
- Means of heating / water bath
- Atest tube holder
- 10ml of solution X which is calcium hydroxide
.-drinking straw
- 2 droppers
NB To prepare solution or use as PH indicator, dissolve 0.1g o Bromothymol blue powder in 10mls
RAISMARADE JOINT EXAMINATION COUNCIL

231/3
Biology
Paper 3
July/August 2016
(Practical)
1. You are provided with the following:

 25ml Bromothymol blue.
 Solution X.
 A drinking straw.
 2 test tubes.
 10ml measuring cylinder.
 A boiling tube.
 Dilute hydrochloric acid.
 Dilute sodium hydroxide.
(a) Place 2ml of Bromothymol Blue (B.T.B) in a clean test tube. Add dilute hydrochloric acid drop by drop and shake after each
drop till there is a permanent colour change.
(i) State the resulting colour. (1 mark)
(ii) To the mixture obtained above, now add sodium hydroxide solution drop by drop until there is a colour change. Record your
observation. (1 mark)
(iii) From your observations in (a)(i) and (a)(ii) above, what is the nature of Bromothymol blue? (1 mark)
(b) Place 10ml of fresh Bromothymol blue in a boiling tube. Using the drinking straw, bubble air from your mouth through the
bromothymol blue until there occurs colour change.
(i) Record your observation. (1 mark)
ii) What does the colour obtained in (b)(i) above suggest about the nature of the gas breathed out? (1 mark)
(c) Rinse the measuring cylinder and use it to place 2ml of solution X in a clean test tube. Rinse the drinking straw used in (b)
above and use it to bubble air from your mouths through solution X.
(i) Record your observation. (1 mark)
(ii) Suggest the identity of solution X. (1 mark)
iii) Suggest the identity of the gas that gave rise to the observation above. (1 mark)
(d) (i) Name the physiological process in cells that leads to formation of the gas named in c(iii) above. (1 m

Biology p1, p2&p3
(ii) Write down a word equation for the process named in d(i) above. (2 marks)
(iii) What is the importance of the identified process in cells of living organisms? (1 mark)
2. Study the photographs and answer the following questions.
PLATE 5
PLATE 5
PLATE 6 PLATE 7
(I) The photograph in Plate 5 shows the germination process in a species of legume.
a) (i) Name the type of germination shown in the photograph. (1 mark)
(ii) Give a reason for your answer. (1 mark)
(b) (i) Name two roles of cotyledons shown in the photograph. (2 marks)
(ii) State one role of hypocotyl in germination. (1 mark)

(II) Examine the photograph in Plate 6 and Plate 7 which show different essential parts of a flower of a species on two
different plants.
(a) Name the flower parts shown in Plate 6 and Plate 7. (2 marks)
Plate6_______________________________________________________________
Plate 7______________________________________________________________
(b) (i) Name the phenomenon described in the statement above. (1 mark)
(ii) Give a reason or your answer.

Biology p1, p2&p3
(c) (i) State the mode of pollination of the flower shown in the photograph. (1 mark)
(d) (i) State the type of pollination of the flower shown in the photograph. (1 mark)
(ii) Give one reason for your answer. (1 marks)
3. The photographs in Plate J, K and L shows the anterior part of two different animals, Plate L shows the longitudinal
dissection of Plate K. Examine the photographs and answer the questions below.
PLATE J PLATE K
PLATE L
(a) (i) State the class to which the animal organ in Plate J belongs. (1 mark)
(ii) State the habitat of the animal (1 mark)
(iii) Give a reason for your answer in (ii) above. (1 mark)
(b) (i) Name the organ shown in the photograph in Plate J. (1 mark)
(ii) State the function of the organ named above (i). (1 mark)
(iii) Name the structure that protects the organ named in (b(i) above from mechanical damage. (1 mark)
(iv) From observable features only, explain three adaptation of the organ to its function. (3 marks)
(c) (i) Identify the structure in the photograph Plate K and L. (1 mark)
(iii) Using observable features only, state three adaptations of the structure to its functions. (3 marks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/1
BIOLOGY
Paper 1
2 hours
1. a) synthesis of spindle fibre
b) Gives mechanical support to the cell; provides the cell with its shape; protects the delicate underlying cell membrane
(any 1mark)
2.
Osmosis Diffusion
Random movement of only solvents Random movement of particles
Movement of water molecules from areas of low Movement of molecules from areas of high
concentration to areas of more concentration through a concentration to areas of low concentration
semipermeable membrane 2marks
-occurs through a semipermeable membrane -Can occur without semipermeable membrane
3. Notochord present in embryonic stages / vertebral column present in adult stages; post anal tail present; dorsal neural tube/
central nervous system CNS present
4. ATP/ Adenosine triphosphate; hydrogen ions; NADPH2; Oxygen gas ( any2*1= 2marks)
5. Osmoregulation is the maintenance of the correct/ constant osmotic pressure in animals by regulating water and salt
concentration in the body; (1 mark)
6. Concentration gradient; availability of oxygen and energy; temperature; enzyme inhibitors; pH
(any3 * 1= 3marks).
7. a) Entamoeba hystolitica
b) Salmonella typhi
8. Algae and fungi found in lichens have either symbiotic or mutualistic relationship because they both benefit from each other.
9. -for detoxification or purification of blood for example deamination of excess amino acids and neutralization of alcohol
effects
-To monitor the blood sugar level before entering the general circulatory system. Excess glucose is converted to glycogen
(2marks each)
10. -secrets pleural fluids.
-Holds the lungs in the pleural cavity
-Protection of lungs (any 2*1=2marks)
11. interspecific competition is a competition for a resource between members or organisms of a different species while
intraspecific competition is a competition for a resource among organisms of the same species (2marks)
12. Cattles are mainly grazers while the wild cats are grazers, browsers, or carnivores allowing them to exploit different ecological
niches (2marks)
13. It is converted to oils /fats/lipids and stored beneath the skin under subcutaneous layer as adipose tissue. (2marks)
14 a). apical bud produces auxin /hormone which inhibits growth of the lateral buds /shoots /apical dorminance ; removal of
terminal buds cause growth/ development and sprouting of lateral buds (2marks)
b. the pruning of tea/coffee/hedge ; flower bed establishment; (2marks)
c. more yield / production/bushy edges (1mark)
15.
Sperm cell Ovum
It has a flagellum and can move through fluids Has no flagellum and cannot move on its own
Its nucleus always contain the X chromosome and Its nucleus contains only x chromosome
Y chromosome
Its elongated in shape It is round in shape
16. it has acrosome with lytic enzyme to dissolve ovum from penetration ; it has along tail to propel the sperm side to side through
lashing action; it has a large nucleus which carries haploid number of genetic material to restore diploid state of an organism;
it has a large number of mitochondria which provide energy necessary for movement of the sperm. (any 2*1= 2marks)
17. A=antipodal cell rej. Antipodal cells
-B =egg cell
- c synergid rej. synergids
18. carbon dioxide; nitrogenous wastes (2marks)
19. thin walled for easy diffusion of gases; have large air spaces which stores a lot of air for buoyancy hence gaseous exchange
20 .a) ovule (1marks)
b) Axile placentation (1marks)
c) Orange or any other correct citrus fruit (1marks)
21) A ) nitrogen fixation (1marks)
D- absorption (1mark)

Biology p1, p2&p3
2) nitrate/nitrates/NO2 1mark
3) denitrifying bacteria / denitrifiers 1mark
4 a) Leguminous plants ( acc. Legume; or examples)
b) Root nodules REJ. root or nodules alone 1mark
5 - killing/ reducing of composers
- Killing / reduction of nitrogen fixing bacteria /nitrogen fixing microorganism
- Destruction of leguminous plants (any 2 * 1=2marks)
22) a) The adult and larvae exploit different food/ don‟t compete for food; pupa can survive adverse conditions /pupa being a
non-feeding state enables organisms to go through adverse conditions.
( any 2 * 1=2marks)
b) juvenile leads to formation of larval cuticle; ecdysone is responsible for moulting or shedding of exoskeleton
23. embryo may not be fully developed / immature embryo
Presence of chemical inhibitors
Low hormone and enzyme concentration
Hard and impermeable seed coats preventing entry of air and water
24. a) continuous variation are differences that shows smooth changes within a population while discontinuous variations are
differences that shows sudden transition between two or more extremes in a population. (=2marks)OWTTE
b) intelligence; body size; body height; fingerprint; skin pigmentation
25) DNA is able to replicate itself and also forms an RNA to form an RNA transcript (any 2 * 1=2marks)
26. deletion; insertion; substitution and inversion (any 4* 1=4marks)
27 a) red cow RR
White bull WW
b)
c)1 red:2roan:1white
28 aestivation; hibernation; putting on heavy clothes ; burrowing; migration; basking.
29) Diabetes mellitus is a deficiency in insulin secretion from the pancrease ; while diabetes insipidus is adeficiency caused by
inability of the pituitary gland to produce antiduretic hormone (2marks)
30) Allele is an alternative form of agene
Heterozygous is a condition where allelic genes are not identical;
31) the longitudinal muscles relax; while the circular muscles contract; pushing the food bolus forward
32) nheritance of aacquired characteristics; use and disuse of structures

Biology p1, p2&p3
NYERI COUNTY FORM 4 JOINT ASSESSMENT
231/1
BIOLOGY
PAPER 1
Time : 2 hours
July/ august 2016
1. a) Name the part of the microscope that is used to;
i) Change from one objective lens to another (1 mark)
ii) Regulate the amount of light to the specimen (1 mark)
b) State two functions of the centrioles. (2 marks)
2. a) Name a physiological process that requires energy to be used for it to take place. (1 mark)
b) State how osmosis can promote support in young non-woody plants. (1 mark)
3. a) Identify the phylum and class to which a scorpion belongs. (2 marks)
b) State two reasons for your answer in b(ii) above. (2 marks)
4. State two physiological changes that take place in the human skin to help in the conservation of the body heat. (2 marks)
5. The diagram below shows a human male gamete.
a) Name the part labeled A (1 mark)

b) What is the role played by the structure named in (a) above. (2 marks)
c) Name the part of the test is in which the above shown gamete is produced. (1 mark)
6. Name the type of skeleton found in the following animals;
i) Insects
ii) Earthworms
iii) Humans (3 marks)
7. a) Distinguish between respiratory quotient and oxygen debt. (2 marks)
b) Name the site where anaerobic respiration occurs in a cell. (1 mark)
8. a) Where are the light sensitive cells are located in the eye? (1 marks)
b) Define the term visual acuity. (1 mark)
9. State one function of each of the following apparatus in the study of living organisms.
a. Sweep net (1 mark)
b. Pooter (1 mark)
c. Magnifying lens (1 mark)
10. The diagram below represents a stage of cell division.
a. Identify the type of cell division represented by the cells labeled A and B. (2 marks)
b. Which stage of cell division is represented by cells A and B? (2 marks)
11. i) Name the structure that encloses the heart. (1 mark)
ii) State the function of the structure named in a (i) above. (1 mark)
12. a) Explain how the following occur during chromosomal mutation;
i) Non – disjunction (1 mark)
ii) Deletion (1 mark)
b) What type of variation is exhibited by the ability to roll the tongue in humans? (1 mark)
13. Form three students wanted to estimate the population of grasshoppers in a grass field near a school compound. They
captured 36 grasshoppers and marked them before returning them back to the field. After one day, they made another catch of
grasshoppers. They collected 45 grasshoppers of which only 4 had marks.
i) State why the second capture was done after one day. (1 mark)
ii) From the data, calculate the population size of grasshoppers in the grass field. (2 marks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
14. State two biological significance of dormancy in seeds. (2 marks)
15. State two theories advanced to support the origin of life. (2 marks)
16. a) Identify the following responses;
i) Euglena migrates from a dark place towards light (1 mark)
ii) Hairs and leaves of insectivorous plants close rapidly and trap insects when they land on the plants. (1 mark)
b) Explain the biological significance of the response named in a (i) above. (1 mark)
17. Name the;
a. Material that strengthens the xylem tissue. (1 mark)
b. Tissue that is removed when the bark of a dicotyledonous plant is ringed. (1 mark)
18. a) State one advantage of heterodonts over homodonts . (1 mark)
b) A certain animal was found to have the following number of teeth on the upper jaw.
Six molars, six premolars, no canines and incisors and no the lower jaw.
Six molars, six premolars, six incisors ant two canines.
i) Write the dental formula of the above animal. (1 mark)
ii) What is the likely diet of the animal? (1 mark)
19. a) Name the organelle that performs each of the following functions in a cell.
i) Controls movement of substances in and out of the cell. (1 mark)
ii) Stores enzymes. (1 mark)
b) State two factors which destroy the semi-permeability of the cell membrane. (2 marks)
20. The diagram below shows part of the mammalian nephrone.
a. Name the vessel labeled L (1 mark)

b. Explain the significance of vessel K being wider than the vessel labeled L. (2 marks)
c. Name the component of the blood that do not form the glomerular filtrate. (1 mark)
21. Name the habitat of the plant that:
i) Has stomata on the upper leaf surface only. (1 mark)
ii) Has sunken stomatal pores. (1 mark)
22. a) Name two water-borne human diseases that are characterized by severe diarrhoea. (2 marks)
b) i) Name the ;part of the plant where nitrogen fixation takes place. (1 mark)
ii) What is the effect of denitrifying bacteria in the soil? (1 mark)
a. Identify the bone. (1 mark)

b. Name the parts labeled A and B. (2 marks)
24. Apart from the lungs, name two respiratory surfaces in a mature frog. (2 marks)
25. Distinguish between homologous and analogous structures. (2 marks)
26. a) State two advantages of metamorphosis to the life of insects. (2 marks)
b) What is the role of air in a germinating seed? (2 marks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
NYERI COUNTY JOINT ASSESSMENT
BIOLOGY
231/2
PAPER 2
Answer ALL the questions in this section
1. The figure below is a diagram of a light microscope.
a. Name the parts labeled A – E. (5 marks)

b. What is the function of the part labeled ; D and X (2 marks)
c. Give a reason why staining is necessary when preparing specimens for observation under the microscope. (1 mark)
2. In a family with four children, the mother had blood group B while the father had blood group A. One of the children had
blood group O.
a. i) Work out the blood group of all the children. (4 marks)
ii) What was the genotype of the child with blood group O? (1 mark)
iii) Which child can receive blood from any member of the family? Explain. (2 marks)
b. What is meant by the term test cross? (1 mark)
3. The diagram below represents the structure of part of the placenta and how it is connected to the foetus.
a. Name the structure S and T. (2 marks)

b. State one substance which passes in the direction indicated by arrow Q and two substances which pass in the direction
indicated by arrow R.
i) Q (1 mark)
ii) R (2 marks)
c. The blood of the mother and that of the foetus does not mix. State one advantage of this to the foetus. (1 mark)
d. i) Name the hormone produced by the structure drawn above. (1 mark)
ii) State the role of hormone named in d(i) above. (1 mark)
4. The diagram below shows a respiratory surface of an organism.4

Biology p1, p2&p3
a. Name the class to which the organism having the respiratory surface belong and state its habitats. (2 marks)
b. Circle the letter on the diagram that represents the specific site where gaseous exchange takes place. (1 mark)
c. Label parts F and G. (2 marks)
d. Name the functions of part labeled G. (2 marks)
e. Give a reason why respiratory surfaces are supplied with a dense network of blood capillaries. (1 mark)
5. Below is a representation of a biogeochemical cycle.
a. Name the above cycle. (1 mark)

b. What is B and P? (2 marks)
c. Name the microorganism labeled T and R. (2 marks)
d. Name process U and Z (2 marks)
e. Give specific name of a free living bacteria in the biogeochemical cycle. (1 mark)
SECTION B
Question 6 is a compulsory question. Choose one question between 7 and 8
COMPULSORY QUESTION
6. The table below shows figures of heat production and heat loss by a naked human being and how they vary with the
surrounding air temperature.
Air temperature (0C) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Heat production (J/hr) 1420 1060 800 600 480 380 320 290 280
Heat loss (J/hr) _____ ____ ____ 140 200 280 400 540 840
a. On the same axes, draw graphs of heat production (J/hr) and heat loss (J/hr) against air temperature 0C. (7 marks)
b. At what air temperature does the body lose as much heat as it produces? (1 mark)
c. i) Explain the relationship between heat loss and heat production at 40 0C. (3 marks)
ii) Explain the fact that readings for this experiment were not taken for air temperature above 40 0C. (2 marks)
d. Explain how blood vessels in the skin helps the body to lose excess heat. (4 marks)
e. State three adaptive features which mammals that live in very cold region have. (3 marks)
7. a) Distinguish between nervous and endocrine communication in animals. (5 marks)
b) Describe the functions of the different parts of the mammalian eye. (15 marks)
8. a) Describe how the mammalian blood protects the body. (9 marks)
b) Describe how environmental factors increase the rate of transpiration in terrestrial plants. (11 marks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
BIOLOGY
231/3
PAPER 3
PRACTICAL
Confidential
Requirements :
1. Ripe orange labelled specimen K
2. Scalpel blade
3. Benedict‟s solution
4. 5% sodium hydroxide
5. 1% copper (II) sulphate
6. Iodine solution
7. DCPIP
8. 4 test tubes
9. Bunsen burner or any means of heating
10. Test tube holder
11. Transparent ruler
12. 100ml beaker
13. 5 droppers
BIOLOGY
231/3
PAPER 3
PRACTICAL
1. a) i) Cut a transverse section of specimen K and draw a well labeled diagram of the section. (3 marks)
ii) State the placentation of the specimen K. (1 mark)
b) Squeeze the juice from specimen K in a beaker. Using the reagents provided carry out food test to determine the food
substances present in specimen K. Record the food substances tested, procedures, observation and conclusion in the table
below. (12 marks)
2. Study the diagram shown below and answer the questions that follow.
a. i) Name the phylum to which the specimen belongs. (1 mark)

ii) State the class to which the organism belongs and give two reasons. (1 mark)
b. What term is used to describe the body shape of the organism in photograph/ diagram below. (1 mark)
c. i) Name the parts labeled A and B. (2 marks)
ii) State the function of the parts labeled C and D. (2 marks)
d. Using observable features from the diagram, state two adaptations of the organisms to locomotion in water. (2 marks)
e. Calculate the tail power of the organism. (2 marks)
f. The length of the actual fish from which diagram was obtained measured 20cm. Calculate the magnification of the diagram.
(2 marks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
3. The photographs below show whole flower F1 and an open one labeled F2.Examine the photographs of the specimen.
a. Name the part labeled R on the photographs. (1 mark)

b. i) Examine the photographs and state the division of the plant kingdom to which the specimen belongs. Give reason for your
answer. (2 marks)
ii) Name the class of the plant from which the photographs of the specimen belong to (1 mark)
iii) Using observable features from photograph F1 and F2 give three reasons for your answer in b (ii) above. (3 marks)
c. i) Name the agent of pollination for the flower in the photograph. (1 mark)
ii) State three observable features from the photographs that support the answer in c(i) above. (3 marks)
NYERI COUNTY FORM 4 JOINT ASSESSMENT

231/1
BIOLOGY
PAPER 1
Time : 2 hours
July/ august 2016
1. a) i) Revolving/Rotating nosepiece; (1mk)
ii) Diaphragm; (1mk)
b) Formation of cilia and flagella; (1mk)
Formation of spindle fibres during cell division (in animals); (1mk)
2. a) Active transport; (1mk)
b) When cells takes up water by osmosis, they become turgid and firm; (1mk)
3. a) i) Phylum Arthropoda; (1mk)
ii) Class Arachnida; (1mk)
b) Has simple eyes
Two body parts cephalothorax and
abdomen
Four pair of legs
No antennae
Lung book for gaseous exchange 1st two
4. Blood vessels in the skin vasoconstrict;
Erector pili muscle contract making the hairs to stand and trap an insulating layer of air; Sweat glands do not produce sweat;
5. a) Acrosome; (1mk)
b) Release lytic enzymes; that digest viteline membrane of ovum for easy penetration of sperms; (2mks)
c) Seminiferous tubules; (1mk)
6. i) Exoskeleton;
ii) Hydrostatic;
iii) Endoskeleton; (3mks)
7. Respiratory quotient is a relationship between oxygen consumed and carbon (IV) oxide produced; while oxygen debt is the
amount of oxygen required to breakdown lactic acid produced during anaerobic respiration;
Acc correct
b) Cytoplasm; (formula for RQ)
8. a) Retina;
b) Visual acuity is the ability of the eye to distinguish object clearly; OWTTE (1mk)
9. a) For catching flying insects; (1mk)
b) For sucking small animals from rock surfaces or barks of trees; (1mk)
c) Used to enlarge images of objects ; (1mk)
Biology p1, p2&p3
10. a) A - Meiosis; (1mk)
B - Mitosis; (1mk)
b) A Metaphase I; (1mk)
B Metaphase; (1mk)
11. a) i) Pericardium; (1mk)
ii) Secretes a fluid that acts as a lubricant / reduces friction;
Keep the heart in position/checks an overdilation of the heart; any one (1mk)
b) Presence of heparin/anti-coagulant; (1mk)
c) Thrombosis;
Vericose veins;
Arteriosclerosis; (max 1mk)
12. a) i) Failure of homologous chromosomes to segregate during meiosis 1 or anaphase 1
Acc failure of sister chromatids to separate during meiosis II /Anaphase II; (1mk)
ii) Occurs when some sections of chromatids break off and fail to rejoin to any of the chromatid; (1mk)
b) Discontinous variation; (1mk)
13. i) To allow time for marked grass hoppers to mix freely/uniformly with the rest; (1mk)
ii) 36 x 45; = 405; (2mks)
4
14. Enable plants to survive adverse condition; Allow time for dispersal; (2mks)
15. Special creation theory;
Chemical/organic evolution theory; (2mks)
16. i) Phototaxis/Phototaxism; (1mk)
ii) Haptonasty; (1mk)
iii) To trap/Harness light for photosynthesis; (1mk)
17. a) Lignin; (1mk)
b) Phloem; (1mk)
18. a) Heterodonts are able to feed on a variety of foods;
b) i)
Rej if fraction sign is missing; But award for totals
ii) Vegetation;
19. a) Cell membrane/plasma membrane / Plasmalema;
ii) Lysosome;
b) (Very) high temperature;
Extreme (changes in) pH;
20. a) L - Efferent vessel/arteriole; (1mk)
b) Leads to high blood pressure in the glomerulus causing ultra filtration; (2mks)
c) Red blood/white blood cells /plateletes/plasma proteins;
acc blood cells (1mk)
21. a) i) Fresh water (aquatic);
ii) Desert/semi desert/arid/semi arid ;
b) Take up air rich in oxygen
This is required for (cellular) respiration to
provide energy for life supporting
processes; (1mk)
22. a) Amoebic dysentry;
Cholera;
Typhoid; 1st two (2mks)
b) i) Root nodules of leguminous plants rej roots only
ii) Make nitrogen /nitrates unavailable for absorption by plants; (1mk)
23. a) Scapula; (1mk)
b) A - Metacromion; (1mk)
B - Spine; (1mk)
24. (Moist) skin;
buccal / mouth cavity; (2mks)
25. Homologous structure
-Structures that perform different functions but of the same (embryonic) origin;
Analogous structures;
- Structures that perform same function but of different (embryonic) origin; (2mks)
26. a) Larva exploit different (food) niches/do not compete for food;
b) Air contain oxygen; which is required in respiratory to generate energy;

Biology p1, p2&p3
BIOLOGY
231/2
PAPER 2
MARKING SCHEME
1. a) A – Eye piece
B – Objective lens
C – Stage
D – Condenser
E – Mirror
b) D – Regulate/ control amount of light (falling on the object on stage)
X – Moves the body tube through smaller distances to bring the image/ specimen into sharper focus;
c) To make parts of the specimen distinct / clear / more visible;
2. a)
i.
ii) Genotype of the child blood group O

OO; rej O
iii) The child with blood group AB; due to absence of antibodies
b) This is a cross between a person of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual;
3. a) S – Umbilical vein;
T – Umbilical artery; (2 marks)
b) Q – Carbon (IV) oxide;
Nitrogenous wastes; Acc urea (1 mark)
R - Oxygen;
- Nutrients; Rej specific examples for nutrients e.g. glucose
- Hormones;
- Antibodies; (2 marks)
c) The delicate blood vessels of the foetus would not burst due to the higher blood pressure in the material circulatory
system; (1 mark)
d) i) Progesterone; (1 mark)
ii) Maintains pregnancy; (1 mark)
4. a) (Class) Pisces
(Habitat) water/acquatic
b) Letter E
c) F gill raker
G gill bar
d) Provide a surface for the attachment of gill filaments;
Provide a surface for the attachment of gill rakers
e) Efficient transportation of respiratory gases to and from the respiratory surfaces;
5. a) Nitrogen cycle (1 mark)
b) B – Ammonia / ammonium compounds; (1 mark)
P – Nitrates; (1 mark)
c) T – Thiobacillus denitrificans / Pseudomonas denitrificans; (1 mark)
R – Nitrosomonas; Nitroccus; (1 mark)
d) U – Absorption (1 mark)
Z – Death / decay / decomposition / excretion / egestion (1 mark)
e) Azotobacter / clostridium (1 mark)
6. a) See attached graph

b) 280C
c) i) Due to very high temperature; the heat production in the body is very low;
A lot of heat is lost to the air;
ii) The temperature would be too high / critically high;
Biology p1, p2&p3
Cause denaturation of enzyme / death of subject;
d) Blood vessels vasodilloodates; More blood flow near the surface
This encourages heat loss; Through radiation/convection;
e) Thick fur / hair (coat)
Small extremities;
Thick subcutaneous fat layer;
Hibernation;
Small surface area to volume ratio;
7. a) Speed of transmission in nervous system is faster than in hormonal;
Nervous responses are evoked more rapidly than hormonal response;
Nerve impulses are transmitted through neurons while hormones are transmitted through blood;
Hormonal responses are wide spread to various target organs while nervous responses are localized;
Nervous responses are short lived but hormonal may persist for a long time;
Nerve impulses are electrical in nature while hormones are chemical in nature;
b) Mammalian eye has;
Conjunctiva - which allow light to pass;
- Protect the cornea;
Cornea - Allow light to pass through;
- It refract light rays;
Aqueous humour - Allow light to pass through;
- Maintain shape of the eyeball; and refract light rays;
Lens – allow light rays to pass; and converge the light rays;
Ciliary body secrete aqueous humour; holds suspensory ligaments;
Ciliary muscles alter / change the thickness / curvature of the lens;
Suspensory ligament holds the lens in position
Vitreous humour – maintain shape of the eyeball; nourish the eye cells;
allow light to pass through;
Sclera layer protect the inner structures of the eye;
Maintain the shape of the eye;
Choroid layer reduce internal reflection of light;
Nourish eye tissues;
Retina contain photoreceptor cells/cones and rods;
Fovea (centralis) contain only cones;
Cones perceive light of high intensity/bright light; and colour;
Rods perceive dim light;
Optic nerve transmits nerve impulse to the brain;
Black spot does not contain photoreceptors cells;
Award allow light to pass through only once (15 mks)
8. a) Contains antibodies / white blood cells; that produce antibodies that defend the body against foreign antigens; Has white
blood cells/phagocytes; that engulf antigens; Has platelets; that initiate blood clotting when exposed to air; to prevent
excessive bleeding at an open wound/prevents entry of pathogens; Has lymphocytes/immunocytes; that produce
antitoxins which neutralize bacteria toxins/agglutinins which clump pathogens together; lysins which break down
;pathogens;
b) In bright light, stomata are (fully/wide) open; exposing air spaces in the leaf to the atmosphere; This in turn increases
water loss by evaporation through the open stomata. High (environmental) temperature; thus more water vapour leaves
cells due to increased diffusion gradient; In windy day; air around the leaf/stem is carried away reducing water around
the leaf/stem air spaces and the atmosphere;
In low humidity/when the atmosphere is less saturated with water vapour; more water vapour will move from leaf/stem
air spaces (into the atmosphere) due to increased diffusion gradient;
Low atmospheric pressure; increases diffusion gradient between atmosphere and the leaf/stem and increases rate of
transpiration;
Availability of water; causes turgidity of guard cells hence stomata open; increasing the rate of transpiration.

Biology p1, p2&p3
BIOLOGY
231/3
PAPER 3
PRACTICAL
1. a) i)
2. a) i) Chordata;
ii) Pisces;
Reason - Has fins;
- Gills;
- Operculum;
- Lateral line;
Any one correct
b) Streamlined shape;
c) i) A - lateral line;
B - Operculum; reject gill
4
Labelling (2mks) / 2 = 2mks ii) C- Prevent rolling and yawing;
Drawing (1mk) D - Balance/braking;
Magnification (1mk) d) -Presence of fins;
4 max 3mks - Presence of scales;
ii) Axile; (1mk) - Has streamlined body;
reject: gills/mucus on scales;
b) Any two correct
e) 139mm - whole length

45mm - from Anus to the tip tail fin
Tail power = 45 x 100;
139
= 34.6%
f) Mg = Length of photograph
Actual length
= 130mm;
200mm
= X0.65;
3. a) Bracts; Acc modified leaf

b) i) Division; Spermatophyta;
Reason: Flowering plant;
ii) Dicotyledonae;
iii) Network/reticulate veins;
5 petals
8 Stamens;
Broad (modified) leaf
Acc; Floral parts in multiples of 5s and 4s
c) i) Insects;
ii) Brightly coloured/conspicuous
bracts/petals/corolla/flower;
Tubular corolla /stamens and carpel enclosed within;
Landing stage/corolla platform;

Biology p1, p2&p3
MAARA SUB-COUNTY FORM 4 JOINT EXAMINATIONS
231/1
BIOLOGY
Paper 1
(Theory)
July/August 2016
Time: 2 Hours
1. State one use for each of the following apparatus in the study of living things.
a) Pooter (1 mark)
b) Pitfall trap (1 mark)
2. State the necessity of classifying living things in Biology. (2 marks)
3. Give a reason in each case of the following treatment in preparation of temporary slides in Biology.
a) Staining (1 mark)
b) Cutting thin plant sections (1 mark)
4. a) Name the class in the phylum Arthropoda with the largest number of individuals. (1 mark)
b) Besides abdomen, name the other part of members of Arachnida. (1 mark)
5. How do the following factors affect the rate of diffusion?
a) Diffusion gradient (1 mark)
b) Surface area to volume ratio (1 mark)
6. State two functions of cell sap. (2 marks)
7. How is the epidermis of a leaf of a green plant adapted to its function. (2 marks)
8. The number of stomata on the lower and upper surfaces of two leaves from plant species X and Y were counted under the
filed of view of a light microscope. The results were as shown on the table below.
a) Which of the two leaves would be expected to have a lower rate of transpiration? (1 mark)
9. Explain how carnassial teeth of a dog are adapted to their function. (2 marks)
10. State the role of iron in the human body. (1 mark)
11. a) Name the external feature that is common in birds, fish and reptiles. (1 mark)
b) State two characteristics of fungi. (2 marks)
12. Why would carboxyhaemoglobin lead to death. (2 marks)
13. Construct a one-step dichotomous key using two leaves one with a serrated (A) and one with a smooth margin (B)(2 marks)
14. a) Name the part of a microscope used to bring the image of a specimen into sharp focus. (1 mark)
b) Why is it recommended to keep the stage of the microscope dry. (1 mark)
15. State two ways in which some fungi are harmful to man. (2 marks)
16. The diagram below shows blood circulation in a mammalian tissue.
a) Name the parts labelled P and Q (2 marks)

b) Name the substances that are :
i) Required for respiration that move out of capillaries. (1 mark)
ii) Removed from tissue cells as a result of respiration. (1 mark)
c) Explain how substances move from blood capillaries into the tissue cells. (3 marks)
17. Name the organelle that is involved in each of the following :
a) Manufacture of lipids (1 mark)
b) Formation of lysosomes (1 mark)
18. What osmoregulatory changes would take place in a marine amoeba if it was transferred to a fresh water environment ?
(4 marks)
19. a) Name the group of bacteria found in root nodules of leguminous plants. (1 mark)
b) What is the role of the bacteria named in (a) above. (1 mark)
Biology p1, p2&p3
20. State four applications of plant hormones in agriculture. (4 marks)
21. Describe the mechanism of gaseous exchange in plants through the lenticels. (4 marks)
22. The following cells are found at different regions of the apical meristems. Use them to answer the questions that follow.
a) Rearrange them into three regions. (1 mark)

- zone of cell division
- zone of cell elongation
- zone of cell differentiation
b) Name three specialised tissues formed at the zone of cell differentiation. (3 marks)
23. The chart below shows the number of chromosomes before and after cell division and fertilisation in a mammal.
a) What type of cell division takes place at Z. (1 mark)

b) Where in the body of a female does process X occur ? (1 mark)
c) On the chart, indicate the position of parents and gametes. (2 marks)
24. a) What is meant by convergent evolution ? (1 mark)
b) State two limitations of fossils as an evidence of evolution. (2 marks)
25. State three ways in which support is brought about in a leaf. (3 marks)
26. a) State the importance of divergent evolution to organisms. (2 marks)
b) State the evidence of evolution based on cell organelles. (1 mark)
27. a) Name the process that leads to addition or loss of one or more chromosomes. (1 mark)
b) State three benefits of polyploidy in plants to a farmer. (3 marks)
28. The figure below represents a reproductive organ of a plant.
a) Which letter represents the structure that produces female gametes ? (1 mark)
b) Name the structure labelled W. (1 mark)
c) Which letter represents the structure where fertilization takes place ? (1 mark)
d) Which letter represents the structure where male gametes are produced ? (1 mark)
29. What is meant by the terms :
a) Protogyny (1 mark)
b) Self sterility (1 mark)

Biology p1, p2&p3
MAARA SUB –COUNTY FORM 4 JOINT EXAMINATION
231/2
BIOLOGY
PAPER 2
July/august 2016
1. Leaves are the organs of photosynthesis. The following diagram shows what happens in a plant leaf during photosynthesis.
a) Give two ways in which leaves are adapted to absorb light. 2mks
b) Name the gases labeled X and Y 2mks
c) Explain why it is an advantage for plant to store carbohydrates in form of starch rather than as sugar. 2mks
d) Describe what happens during dark stage of photosynthesis. 2mks
2. The diagram shows a set up to investigate anaerobic respiration in germinating bean seed.
a) What is the purpose of the pyrogallic acid? 1mk

b) State the importance of the water bath in the experiment. 1mk
c) Write a word equation for anaerobic respiration taking place in the germinating beans. 1mk
d) Explain why plants can only respire anaerobically for a short period of time. 1mk
e) What would be product if the process was taking place in animal muscle? 1mk
f) Distinguish between obligate and facultative Anaerobes. 2mks
g) Name the site for anaerobic respiration in a cell. 1mk
3. The figure below shows the changes in blood level of hormones that takes during the menstrual cycle in a human female.
a) Name the hormones whose concentration arte represented by curves X and Y. 2mks
b) State two effects of the hormone X during the menstrual cycle. 2mks
c) Explain the role of FSH in female reproduction. 2mks
d) What is the role of a high concentration of luteinizing hormone? 1mk
e) State the fertile period during the menstrual cycle. 1mk
4. a) Name two disorders in human caused by gene mutation. 2mks
b) Describe the following chromosomal mutations

Biology p1, p2&p3
i) Inversion
ii) Translocation
c) In Mice the allele for black fur is dominant to the allele for brown fur. What percentage offspring would have brown fur
from a cross between heterozygous b lack mice? Show your working Use letter B to represent the allele for black colour.
4mk
5. The diagram below represents a transverse section through a plant organ.
a) From which plant organ was this section obtained? 1mk

b) Give two reasons for your answer in (a) above. 2mks
c) Name the parts labeled M, N, P 3mks
d) State two functions of the part labeled Q? 2mks
Section B
6. After an ecological study of feeding relationship students constructed the food web below.
a) Name the process through which energy from the sun is incorporated into the food web. 1mk
b) State the mode of feeding of the birds in the food web. 1mk
c) Name two ecosystems in which the organisms in the food web live. 2mks
d) From the information in the food web, construct a food chain with the large bird as a quaternary consumer. 1mk
e) What would happen to the organism in the food web if bird N migrated? 1mk
f) Not all the energy from one trophic level is available to the next level. Explain. 3mks
g) i) Two organisms which play a role in the ecosystem are not included in the food web. Name them. 3mks
ii) State the role played by the organisms named in g (i) above. 1mk
h) i) State three human activities that would affect the ecosystems. 3mks
7. How is the human eyeball adapted to its function? 20mks
8. Describe how human kidney functions. 20mks

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/1
BIOLOGY
PAPER 1
July/august 2016
1. a) Sucking small insects / small animals from rock surfaces and barks of trees; 1mk
b) A trap into which small crawling animals e.g. insects, amphibians, reptiles, arachnida fall and get trapped; 1mk
2. - identify similarities and differences among organisms;
- organise scientific knowledge in an orderly manner;
- grouping organisms for easy study;
- to know the evolutionary relationship among living things; any two (2mks)
3. a) Staining is adding a dye to the specimen to make the feature contrast and
distinguishable or make structures more distinct; 1mk
b) To reduce layers of cells to allow light to pass through; 1mk
4. a) Insecta; 1mk
b) Cephalothorax; 1mk
5. a) The higher the diffusion gradient, the higher the rate of diffusion while the lower the diffusion gradient the lower the
rate of diffusion; 1mk
b) The higher the surface area to volume ratio the faster the rate of diffusion while the lower the surface area to volume
ratio, the slower the rate of diffusion; 1mk
6. - stores dissolved chemicals like sugar and salts;
- maintains shape of a cell; 2mks
7. - it is transparent to allow light to penetrate to the photosynthetic tissues;
- thin to reduce the distance over which light penetrates and carbon (IV) oxide diffuses to photosynthetic tissues;
- presence of stomata for gaseous exchange;
- its waxy and has waterproof cuticle to prevent excessive loss of water;
- presence of guard cells to control opening and closing of the stomata; mark first 2 (2mks)
8. a) X ; 1mk
b) X has fewer stomata / most stomata in leaf X are concentrated on the lower side hence not in direct contact with
environmental factors; 1mk
9. - large / powerful for cracking bones;
- long sharp and pointed to slide past each other i.e. have scissor-like action / for shearing / slicing tearing of flesh;
10. A component of haemoglobin or formation of haemoglobin; 1mk
11. a) Scales; 1mk
b) - most have cell wall made of chitin
- most reproduce by means of spores / sporulation;
- they are eukaryotic;
- they are heterotrophic;
- have a basic unit called hypha that forms a structure called mycelium;
- stores food in form of glycogen and oil droplets; mark first two (2mks)
12. Carboxyhaemoglobin is a very stable compound that does not easily dissociate; leading to low oxygen concentrate
transported to the tissues; 2mks
13. a) Leaf margin ........ leaf A;
b) Leaf margin smooth ........ leaf B; 2mks
14. a) Fine adjustment knob; 1mk rej. adjusting
b) To enable easy manipulation or positioning of specimen as wetness causes the specimen stick onto stage; 1mk
15. - food spoilage;
- food poisoning;
- disease; mark first two (2mks)
16. a) P - tissue fluid / intercellular fluid;
Q - venule; 2mks
b) i) Glucose, oxygen; 1mk
ii) Carbon (IV) oxide, water; 1mk
rej. if any material is omitted
c) Blood entering the arteriole has a higher pressure than that leaving the venuele; the pressure forces water and small
molecules in blood to go through capillary wall forming tissue fluid, a process called ultrafiltration; nutrients or oxygen
in tissue fluid move into the tissue cells by diffusion; 3mks
17. a) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum; 1mk
b) Golgi apparatus; 1mk acc. golgi bodies

Biology p1, p2&p3
18. More water will enter into the amoeba; by osmosis; rate of water discharge by contractile vacuole will increase; more
contractile vacuole will be formed to cope with the increase; 4mks
19. a) Rhizobium; 1mk
b) Convert nitrogen into nitrates / fixation of nitrogen / nitrogen compounds; 1mk
20. - induce root growth in stem cuttings;
- selective weed killers;
- encourage apical dominance;
- encourage spouting of side branches;
- breaking seed dormancy;
- induce parthenocarpy;
- accelerates ripening of fruits;
- promote flowering;
- regulate fruit fall; award 1st 4 (4mks)
21. - O2 concentration is higher outside than inside the lenticels; O2 diffuses into lenticels then into the cells;
- CO2 concentration is higher inside the lenticels than on the outside; CO2 diffuses out of the lenticels into the atmosphere;
mark any 4 (4mks)
22. a) B, C, A, D ; 1mk
b) - cortex;
- xylem;
- phloem;
- auxillary bud;
- leaf primordial; root hairs / piliferous layer / epidermis; any 3, 3mks
23. a) Meiosis; 1mk
b) Oviduct / fallopian tube; 1mk
c) On the chart, parents besides the first 2n; gametes at the position of first (n);
4. a) Where different structures evolve to perform the same function e.g. wings of insect and birds are different in structure
but are used for flying); 1mk
b) - missing links;
- distortion of parts during sedimentation;
- destruction of fossils by geological activities; mark first 2 (2mks)
25. - (the rigid) midrib holds out leaf away) from the stem;
- (profuse network of) veins have lignified xylem; which support leaf to stay spread out; 3mks
26. a) Results in adaptations; that enable organisms to exploit different habitats; 2mks
b) Similar organelles perform similar functions in different organisms suggesting a common ancestry; 1mk
27. a) Non-disjunction; 1mk
b) - increased yields / hybrid vigour / heterosis;
- resistance to pests; resistance to disease; early maturity; resistance to drought;mark first three (3mks)
28. a) R ; 1mk
b) Style; 1mk
c) R ; 1mk
d) V ; 1mk
29. i) A condition in which the female parts of a flower / carpel mature earlier than the male parts / stamens;1mk
ii) Pollen grains from anthers of a flower fail to germinate on the stigma of the same flower; 1mk

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/2
BIOLOGY
PAPER 2
July/august 2016
Marking scheme
1. a) Broad lamina /thin lamina to increase surface area for maximum absorption of light /reduce distance for penetration of
light to photosynthetic cell
- transport cuticle epidermal cell to allow penetration of light to photosynthetic cell.-palisade cells are closely packed and
vertically elongated to allow many to be packed beneath the upper epidermal to absorb light. 2mks
b) X- Carbon (IV) Oxide
Y – Oxygen 2mks
c) Starch is insoluble in water hence osmotically inactive reducing effects of absorption of water by osmosis 2mks
d) Process involves reaction of Carbon (IV) oxide with hydrogen atoms simple sugars /glucose this involves a series of
enzyme controlled reactions the energy required for the process is provided by ATP from light stage other products of
dark stage are fatty acids /amino acids. 4mks
2. a) Absorb oxygen 1mk
b) To maintain optimum temperature of enzyme reactions. 1mk
c) Glucose enzymes Ethanol + carbon ( IV) oxide + energy. 1mk
d) Ethanol when is high concentration is poisonous to plants tissues. 1mk
e) Lactic acid and energy 1mk
f) Obligate anaerobes respire in absence of oxygen and may be poisoned if oxygen is present facultative anaerobes respire
in presence of oxygen but respire without oxygen if oxygen is not present 2mks
g) Mitochondria 2mks
3. X - oestrogen
Y- progesterone 2mks
b) Repair and healing of endometrium after menstruation
stimulate pituitary gland to produce luteinizing hormone.
c) FSH- causes development of graafian follicle in ovary
it stimulates the tissue of ovary to produce another hormone called oestrogen. 2mks
d) Causes ovulation 1mk
e) 12th to 16th day after onset of ovulation. 1mk
4. a) Albinism
Sickle cell anaemia
haemophilia
colour blindness 2mks
b) i) ocuurs when chromatics/ chromosomes break at two places and when rejoining the middle piece rotates and joins in
an inverted position
ii) Occurs when a section of chromatid break off and becomes attached to another chromatid of another chromosome of
non- homologous pair.
c)
5. a) (Monocotyledon) root
b) Presence of root hair xylem and phloem tissues in groups arranged alternatively in a ring has pith. 2mks
c) M- Epidermis
N- Phloem
P-xylem
d) Q root hairs absorption of water and mineral salts anchorage of plants
6. a) Photosynthesis 1mk
b) Carnivorous 1mk
c) Aquatic /water
Land /terrestrial 2mks
d) Algae → 200 planktons → small fish → birds → large birds 1mk
e) Number of snails would increase population of green plants would reduce number of bird M would increase 3mks
f) Lost through respiratory excretion urination /sweating some parts eg hoofs horns fur not consumed. 3mks
Biology p1, p2&p3
g) i) Bacteria
Fungi 2mkd
ii) Decomposers 1mk
h) i) Fishing
Hunting
Deforestation
Irrigation
Pollution 3mks
ii) Fishing reduces population of fish
Hunting reduces population of birds
deforestation reduces population of birds
Irrigation reduces water volume therefore affecting population of fish
Pollution chemicals drained in water are poisonous to the fish 3mks
7. How the human eye ball is adapted to its functions 20mks

Conjuctiva: is thin transparent and tough membrane to protect the eye; and allows light to pass through; Sclerotic layer
(sclera) is made up tough collagen fibres ; to maintain the shape of the eyeball; and protect the eye
Cornea is transparent and curved ; thus allows light to pass through ; and refracts light rays ;
Choroid layer; has melanin ; that prevents internal reflection of light in the eye; it contains blood vessels the supply oxygen
and nutrients which diffuses into the vitreous humour and removes metabolic wastes from the eye
Retina has cones; for brighter and colour vision and rods for dim /night vision;
Fovea/yellow spot; has a alight concentration of cones for accurate vision /visual acuity
Blind spot: Which is the place where the optic nerve leaves the eye has no cones and rods hence no impulse are generated
Optic nerve: Has sensory nerve fibres for transmission of impulse to the brain for interpretation Lens is made up of elastic and
transparent materials and is biconvex; it adjust to focus for far or near objects allows light rays
Ciliary body: has muscles fibres that contract and relax to change shape /curvature of the lens bringing about accommodation
and s a glandular secreting aqueous humour.
Suspensory ligaments: are elastic to hold the lens in position and attach it to ciliary body
Iris : has radial and circular muscles which control the size of the pupil
Pupil: is the hole at the center of iris through which light passes into the eye
Aqueous humour: is a clear fluid through which oxygen and nutrients pass to the cornea and lens and maintains the shape of
the eye ball and refracts light rays
Vitreous humour: is a fluid which creates hydrostatic pressure thus maintaining the shape of eye and refracts light rays
8. How the human kidney is adapted to its functions 20mks

The afferent arteriole ( which is a branch of renal artery) supplies blood to the glomerulus, the afferent vessel has a wider
lumen /diameter than the efferent arteriole ,this causes high pressure leading to ultra-filtration . The walls of the blood
capillaries are one cell thick hence glucose amino acids vitamins hormones salts urea and water filter into Bowman‟s capsules
to form glomerular filtrate. White blood cells /red blood cells /plasma proteins ( such as globulin and platelets ) are too large
to pass through the capillary wall (hence remain in the blood capillary) .Filtrate flows into the proximal convoluted tubule
where amino acids all glucose /vitamins are selectively reabsorbed back into the blood stream . Proximal convoluted tubule
has many numerous mitochondria to provide energy for reabsorption of the substances (against concentration gradient). The
filtrate flows into the loop of Henle water in the descending loop of Henle moves by osmosis into the blood capillaries
.Sodium chloride is actively pumped from descending arm of the loop of Henle into the blood capillary .The glomerular
filtrate flows in the distal convoluted tubule . water is reabsorbed salts all Na + Cl are reabsorbed from distal convoluted
tubule ( into the blood capillaries) .The glomerular filtrate flow into the collect tubule /duct from where (more0 Water is
reabsorbed ( into blood stream ) ADH influences the amount of water reabsorbed ( depending on osmotic pressure of the
blood). The glomerular filtrate from collecting duct now referred to as urine is emptied into the pelvis ureter and into bladder
and out of the body through urethra. 20mks

Biology p1, p2&p3
MERU SOUTH FORM 4 JOINT EVALUATION
231/1
BIOLOGY
PAPER 1
July / august 2016
1. Name two antigens that determine human blood groups. 2mks
2. State three traits common in insects and millipede that lead to classification in phylum arthropoda. 3mks
3. What is the importance of the following in an ecosystem?
i) Bacteria and fungi 1mk
ii) Predators 1mk
4. a) What is the role of centractile vacuole found in aquatic micro-organisms. 1mk
b) Give two structural modifications of nephrons in kidney of desert animal. 2mks
c) Name the hormone responsible for the re-absorption of water in animals. 1mk
5. State the biological significance of each of the following in the digestive system 3mks
i) Breakdown of food into smaller particles
ii) Presence of caecum in herbivores
iii) Long small intestines in man
6. Name two vestigial structures in man. 2mks
7. a) Define a cell. 1mk
b) State two functions of the cell membrane. 2mks
8. Name the types of response described in each of the following cases 3mks
a) Twinning of plant leaf tendrils on an object.
b) Euglena swimming towards source of light.
c) Sperms swimming towards ovum during fertilization.
9. Name the structure formed by the following parts affect fertilization in a flower. 3mks
i) Polar nuclei
ii) Egg
iii) Intergument
10. Study the diagram below and answer question that follow.
a) Identify the structures shown in figure above. 1mk

b) Identify
3mks
i) Part B
ii) Part C
iii) Gas X
11. Give examples of genetic disorders caused by:
a) i) Non- disjunction 1mk
ii) Gene mutation 2mks
b) Define the term test cross as used in genetics. 1mk
12. Diagram below represents a type of muscle.
a) Identify the type of muscle shown above. 1mk
b) Name two parts of human body where this type of muscle can be found. 2mks
13. a) What is oxygen debt? 1mk

b) How is oxygen debt paid back? 1mk

Biology p1, p2&p3
14. Diagram below shows a section of the iris of the eye, when in bright light.
a) State the changes that occur in the iris when one moves from sun and enters a dark room. 3mks
b) What is the significance of the charges in(a) above. 1mk
15. Differentiate between the terms haemolysis and plasmolysis. 2mks
16. What is the rate of the following in germinating seed?
i) Oxygen 1mk
ii) Cotyledons 1mk
17. Study the diagram below and answer question that follow.
i) Epithelial layer above is located in the nasal cavity.

Name the structure labeled A and B 2mks
ii) State the significance of the structure A. 1mk
18. Name the glands that secrete the following hormones. 3mks
a) Insulin
b) Thyroxine
c) Adrenaline
19. State two roles of saliva in the mouth. 2mks
20. The diagram below shows longitudinal section through a dicotyledonous root.
i) Name the part of the epidermis which bear the root hair 1mk
ii) Name the group of cells found in the region labeled C. 1mk
iii) State the role of part labeled D in germination. 1mk
21. a) Identify the biotic relationship between 2mks
i) Lizards and grasshoppers
ii) Cheetahs and Leopards
b) Give two reasons why primary productivity in aquatic ecosystem decreases with depth. 2mks
22. Diagram below shows a phenomenon which occurs during cell division.
i) Name part labeled B 1mk

ii) State biological importance of part B 1mk
iii) Name the stage of cell division where above phenomenon occurs. 1mk
23. a) Name the type of cells found cortex of plant stems. 1mk

Biology p1, p2&p3
b) State two functions of cell sap. 2mks
24. Name two classes of phylum chordate whose members are poikilothermic. 2mks
25. Name two parts of human body where red blood cells are produced. 2mks
26. State the type of placentation found din the following fruits. 3mks
i) Pawpaw
ii) Orange
iii) Bean pod
27. Name two regions in human body that displays counter-current flow system. 2mks
28. State the use of bait trap apparatus in field study. 1mk

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/2
BIOLOGY
PAPER 2
July / august 2016
1. The diagram below illustrates various types of blood cells
a) Name the blood cells represented by K, L, M. 3mks

b) Give one main feature that is present in cell L and absent in cell K. 1mk
c) Give a reason for the absence of the structure you have named in b above in cell k. 1mk
d) Highlight one way by which cell L performs its functions. 1mk
e) Which occurrence prompts the use of cell M in the body? 1mk
f) Name a vitamin that is very necessary for the functioning of a cell M. 1mk
2. When the offspring of purple and white flowered pea plants were crossed, they produced purple and white flowered plants in
the Ratio 3:1. Using letter H to represent the gene for purple colour
a) State the genotype of:
i) Parents 2mks
ii) F1 generation. 1mk
b) Work out the cross between plants in the F1 generation. 4mks
c) Account for the colour of the flower in plants of the F1 generation. 1mk
3. Study the illustration below and answer the question that follow.
a) Explain the rate of reaction between points.

i) K-L 2mks
ii) L-M 2mks
iii) M-N 2mks
b) Other than temperature, name two other factors that affect the rate of enzymatic reacstions.2mks
4.
a) Name the process through which from the sun is incorporated into the food web. 1mk
b) Construct a food chain with the hawk as the secondary consumer. 1mk
c) Name the two ecosystems in which the organisms in the food web live. 2mks
d) Not all energy from one trophic level is available to the next level. Explain. 2mks
e) State the mode of feeding of the birds in the food web. 1mk
f) Name one human active to that would affect the ecosystem. 1mk
5. a) i) Explain the changes that take place in the pupil and iris of a human eye when a person moves from a dark room with
bright light. 3mks
ii) What is the significance of the changes explained in a(i) above. 1mk

Biology p1, p2&p3
b) Explain why images that form on the blind spot are not perceived. 2mks
c) State two traits of the image formed on the retina. 2mks
6. During germination and growth of a cereal the dry weight of endosperm, embryo and total dry weight were determined at two
days intervals. The results are shown below.
Time after planting dry weight of dry weight of embryo total dry weight
days Endosperm(mg) (mg) (mg)
0 43 2 45
2 40 2 42
4 33 7 40
6 20 17 37
8 10 25 35
10 6 33 39
a) Using the same axes draw graphs of dry weight of endosperm embryo and the total dry weight.7mks
b) What is the dry weight on day 5? 1mk
c) Account for
i) Decrease in dry weight of endosperm from day 0 to 10. 2mks
ii) Increase in dry weight of embryo from day 0 to 10. 2mks
iii) Decrease in total dry weight after day 8. 2mks
iv) Increase in total dry weigh after day 8. 2mks
d) State one factor that cause seed dormancy. 2mks
i) Within the seed
ii) Outside the seed.
7. Describe how water moves from the soil to the leaves in a tree. 20mks
8. a) Name three types of skeletons found in multicellular animals 3mks
b) Describe how the cervical, lumbar and sacral vertebrae are suited to their functions. 17mks

CONFIDENTIAL INSTRUCTIONS
BIOLOGY (231/3)
Paper 3
Each candidate will require
1. 1ml of 0.5% starch solution labelled “Solution L1”
2. 1ml of 10% diastase solution labelled “Solution L2”
3. 1ml of 10% diastase solution boiled for 15 minutes labelled “Solution L 3”
4. Dropper
5. 1 white tile
6. 3 (three) clean test tube
7. Labels (3 pieces)
8. Thermometer
9. Stop watch/clock
10. 250ml beaker
11. Access to Hot water (about 100ml for each student)
12. Access to iodine solution

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/3
BIOLOGY
PAPER 3
July / august 2016
1. You are provided with solution labeled L1, L2, L3.
L3 Is the same as L2 except that L3 has been boiled.
Label three test tubes A, B, and C
- Into the test tube labeled A add 1ml of solution L1.
- Into the test tube labeled B add 1ml of L1 and 1ml of L2.
- Into the test tube labeled C add 1ml of LI and 1ml of L3
a) Withdraw a drop from test tube A and place it on a white tile. To the drop add one drop of iodine solution record your
observations.
Test tube OBSERVATION CONCLUSION
A
B
C
Repeat the procedure with contents in test tube B and C. Record your observation in the table.
Place the three test tubes labeled A, B, C into a water bath at 37 0 C
Ensure that the temperature of the water does not fall below 350 or exceed 380. Leave the set up for about 30 minutes
b) After 30 minutes, test the contents of each of the test tubes labeled A, B, and C following the procedure in a above.
Record your observations. 3mks
Test tube OBSERVATION CONCLUSION
A
B
C
c) Account for the results at the end of the experiment in the test tube labeled B and C. 3mks
d) i) Suggest the identity of solution L2. 1mk
ii) Give two reasons for your answer in d (i) above. 2mks
iii) Suggest where the process being investigated in this experiment would take place in an organism. 1mk
2. You are provided with photographs of specimens labeled J1, J2, K1 and K2. Examine them.

Biology p1, p2&p3
a) With a reasons name the classes to which specimen J1, J2, K1 and K2 belong. 4mks
b) i) Name the part labeled X in specimen J1. 1mk
ii) What is the importance of the curvature? 1mk
iii) Na\me the part that protects the plumule in specimen K1 and K2 1mk
c) A group of form three students obtained some leaves of the same size from one plant and took them to the laboratory to
analyze the distribution the distribution of stomata on the lower and upper epidermis by observing them under the
microscope.
The table below shows the results.
Field of view Number of stomata

Lower epidermis Upper epidermis
1 39 21
2 36 18
3 24 12
Average number of stomata
i) Work pout the average number and upper epidermis to complete the table of the. 2mks
ii) Account for the average number of stomata on each of the leaf
Upper epidermis 3mks
Lower epidermis 2mks
3. The diagram below shows a pair of mammalian organs with their blood supply. One of the organs has been sectioned
longitudinally. Examine them keenly.
a) Identify the pairs of organs 1mk

b) State two main functions of the organs 2mks
c) Name the blood vessel labeled M and Q 2mks
d) Name the parts (region) labeled S and t 2mks
e) Which part of the Nephron is found in region S and T. 2mks
f) State the function of the structure labeled É and W. 2mks
g) If the actual longitudinal length (X-Z) of the un sectional organ is 9cm, calculate the magnification of the drawing.
2mks
h) Give a reason why vessel P carries a higher concentration of urea than vessel Q. 1mk

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/1
BIOLOGY
PAPER1
July / august 2016
1. Antigen A; which oxidises lactic acid into water and carbon (IV)
Antigen B; oxide. ;
Rhesus factor / Antigen D; mark first two = 2 marks 4. a) Radial muscles contract ; circular muscles relax ;
2. Segmented bodies ; pupils becomes large ; 3 marks
Jointed appendages / limbs ; b) Admit more light; 1 mark
Exoskeleton ; 3 marks 15. Haemolysis is bursting of red blood cells due to water
3. i) Decomposition / recycling of nutrients; 1mk intake when placed in hyportonic solution; while
ii) Regulate population of prey/herbivores; 1mk plasmolysis is shrinking of plant cells due to water loss
4. a) Excrete excess water; 1 mark when placed in hypertonic solution ; 2 marks
b) i) Long loop of Henle; 1 mark 16.i) Oxygen - respiration of stored food to provide
ii) Small glomeruli; 1 mark energy;
c) Antidiuretic hormone /ADH / vasopressin ; ii) Store food necessary for germination ;
1 mark Protect the plumule ; 2 marks
5. i) Increase surface area of enzymatic action / Mark the first two
digestion; 17. i) A. Cilium / cillia;
ii) Harbour bacteria to secrete enzyme cellulose B. Goblet cell; 2 marks
which breakdown / digest cellulose; ii) Prevent entry of solid particles ; 1 mark
iii) Increase surface area of digestion and absorption 18. Pancreas;
of food; 3 marks Thyroid glands ;
6. Nictating membrane of the eye; Adrenal glands ; 3 marks
Appendix ; 19. Contain water for softening and dissolving food
Caecum ; substances;
Ear muscles ; Contain salivary amylase which convert starch into
7. a) Basic functional unit of life ; 1 mark maltose;
b) Allows selective movement of materials in and out Contain mucus which lubricate food substances;
of the cell; 20. i) Piliferous layer;
- Enclose the cell contents ; 2 marks ii) Meristematic cells ;
8. a) Thigmotropism /haptotropism ; Rej trophism iii) Protect root tip / meristem tissue during growth;
b) Positive phototaxis; Rej phototaxis alone 21. a) i) Predation;
c) Positive chemotaxis; Rej chemotaxis alone ii) Competition ; 2 marks
9. i) Endosperm ; b) Light intensity decreases with depth / light
ii) Embryo ; limiting;
iii) Seed coat / testa ; 3 marks Temperature decease with depth ; 2 marks
10. a) Lenticell ; 1 mark 22. i) Chiasma; Rej Chiasmata
b) i) Cork cells ; ii) Exchange of genetic materials to take place /allows
ii) Cortex ; crossing to take place; this leads to variation;
iii) Carbon (IV) oxide ; iii) Prophase I; Rej Prophase alone
Rej Carbondioxide. 3 marks iv) Testes / ovary ; 4 marks
11.a) i) Klinifelter's syndrome; 23. a) Collenchyma;
Turner's syndrome; Parenchyma; 2 marks
Down's syndrome /mongolism; b) - Stores sugars and salts
ii) Sickle cell anaemia; - Regulates osmotic pressure of the cell / involved
Albinism; in osmoregulation; 2 marks
Colour blindness ; 24. Pises;
Haemophilia; Amphibians;
Dwarfism 2 mark Reptilia; 2 marks
b) A test cross is a cross between unknown genotype 25. Spleen ;
and a homozygous recessive individual ; 1 mark Liver ;
12. a) Smooth / involuntary / visceral muscles; Bone marrow;
b) Gut; uterus; iris; trachea; blood vessels ; 26. Pawpaw - parietal;
diaphragm; mark first two. 2 marks Orange - axile / central placentation ;
13. a) Amount of oxygen required to oxidize lactic acid Bean pod - marginal ; 3 marks
that accumulated in the muscles after a streneous 27. Placenta / umbilical cord ;
exercises. 1 mark Kidney tubules / nephron / loop of Henle; 2 marks
b) Rapid breathing to increase extra oxygen amount; 28. Bait trap - for attracting and trapping small animals.;
Biology p1, p2&p3
231/2
BIOLOGY
PAPER2
July / august 2016
1.
a) K - Red blood cell / erythrocyte;
L - white blood cell / leucocyte;
M - platelet / thrombocytes ; 3 marks
b) Cell K has no nucleus white cell L has a nucleus. 1 mark
c) To give more room package of haemoglobin that combines with oxygen; 1 mark
d) Engulfing and ingesting pathogenic microorganisms hence digesting them 1 mark
OR
Engulfing pathogenic micro organisms by phagocytocis and ingesting them.
e) When a blood vessel is cut / injured / after an injury and blood vessels are exposed / when platelets are expose to air.
f) Vitamin K; 1 mark
2.
a) Answers
i) HH ; hh; 2 marks
ii) Hh; 1 mark
b)
4 marks
c) The purple colour is dominant over the white colour; in F1 generation the genotype was in heterozygous state and
purple colour features than the white colour; 1 mark
3.a) i) K - L The rate of enzymatic reaction is increasing with increase in temperature; this is because enzymes are being
activated by increase in temperature towards the optimum; 2 marks
ii) L - M The rate of enzymatic reaction is at Maximum; due to optimum temperature ; 2 marks
iii) The rate of enzymatic reaction is decreasing with further increase in temperature (beyond optimum temperature);
This is because the enzymes are denatured by higher temperatures / Temperatures beyond optimum;
b) pH;
Specificity;
Substrate concentration ;
Enzyme concentration;
Enzyme co-factors and co-enzymes ;
Enzymes inhibitors ; any 2 marks
4.
a) Photosynthesis;
b) Algae ® Bird Z ® Hawk;
c) Aquatic ; / pond
Terrestrial ; / terrestrial
d) In a lower trophic level, energy is lost through respiration; excretion; and death of some organisms ; (mark the first two)
e) Carnivorous ;
f) Deforestation;
Bird hunting ;
Over fishing ;
5. a) i) The circular muscles of the iris contract; The radial muscles relax; The pupil becomes smaller ; and less light is
allowed to pass into the eye.
ii) Less light enters the eye so that it does not damage inner parts of the eye;
b) At the blind spot there are no cones and rods ; light rays landing on it are not focused; it only allows passage of the optic
nerve.

Biology p1, p2&p3
c) Virtually inverted;
It is not a real image;
6.
a) A=1
S=1
C = 1½
P=3
L = 1½
b) 38.5mg; acc ± 0.5 (i.e. 38 - 39)
c) i) Hydrolysis of starch into simple sugars;
Which are translocated to the embryo for respiration / give energy / heat ;
Acc; simple sugar oxidised.
Rej; oxidation of starch / endosperm
ii) New materials are synthesized to protein; bringing about growth of embryo;
Acc; New cells /protoplasm synthesised
iii) The rate of respiration is faster than that of synthesis of materials proteins / proteins for growth.
iv) First foliage leaf / leaf carried out photosynthesis lending to growth.
d) i) Immature embryo
ii) Unsuitable / unfavourable temperature
- Lack of water
- Lack of oxygen
- Absence of light.
e) Dense cytoplasm
thin cell wall
Absence of sap vacuole / cell sap.
7. Water exists as a film on the soil between soil particles ; the concentration of cell sap of root hairs is greater than that of
surrounding soil solution ; thus drawing the water across the cell membrane into the root hair cells; by osmosis; water
drawn into the root hair cells dilutes the cell sap ; making it less concentrated ; than that in the adjacent cortex cell; then
into the cortex cells by osmosis ; across the endodermis by osmosis; across the endodermis by osmosis into the xylem
vessels of the root; then conduct the water into the xylem vessels of the stem; into the xylem of the leaves ;
Water is pushed /rises up the stem by root pressure; (in xylem vessel) by capillarity; cohesive and adhesive forces ; water
moves as a continuous column, uninterrupted water column in the xylem (vessel) up the tree to the leaves;
As water vapourises from spongy mesophyll cells ; their cell sap becomes more concentrated; than adjacent cells ; this
increases the osmotic pressure of the spongy mesophyll cells; as a result, water flows into the cells from other surrounding
cells ; which in turn takes water from xylem vessels; within the leaf veins. This creates a pull / sunction force / transpiration
pull; that pulls a steam of water; from xylem vessels; in the stem and roots ; the transpiration pull maintains a continuous
column of water from roots to the leaves ;
8.a) Hydrostatic
- Exoskeleton
- Endoskeleton
b) Cervical vertebrae
Vertebraterial canals for passage of vertebral artery; Atlas has broad surfaces for articulation with condylyses of skulls to
permit noddings.
Axis has adenoid process /protein centrum to permit rotary / turning act ; as pivot for atlas / skull / movement of atlas ;
Branches / forked / short / broad transverse processes; far attachment of (neck) muscles; zygopophysis, for articulation
between vertebrae.
Has a short reduced neural spine for attachment of neck muscles ; has wide / larger neural canal; for passage of spinal cord
/ alternatively ahs wide neural arch for protection of spinal cord.
LUMBAR
- Broad / long/ neural spine ; for attachment of powerful ball muscles; long / large / well developed transverse processes ;
for attachment of muscles (that maintain posture and flex the muscles)
- Has metapophysis and hypapoplysis for articulation between vertebrate; acc anapophysis for hypophysis)
- Prezygapophysis / post
Sacral vertebrae
- Anterior vertebrae has a well developed transverse processes ; which are fused to the pelvis girdle /articulate with pelvic
girdle;
- Vertebrae fused for strength transmit weight of the stationary animal to the rest of the body.
- Sacrum has abroad base /short neural spine ; for attachment of back muscles;

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/2
BIOLOGY
PAPER2
July / august 2016
1.
6
/2 = 3 marks
6
/2 = 3 marks
c) i) B no colour change /colour of iodine remains starch has been digested / converted / hydrolysed / broken down ;
Rej: Converted into sucrose but
Accept: glucose, simple sugar, monosaccharide; 1 mark
ii) C boiling denatured / destroyed / changed L2 ; hence no conversion ; 2 marks
d) i) Starch digesting enzyme / salivary amylase / salivary enzyme / ptyalin / diastase ; 1 mark
ii) - It has converted / digested starch ;
- It can be destroyed by boiling / denatured ;
- It acts within a narrow range of temperature / act at 35 - 38°C / act suitable or optimum temperature.
Mark the 1st 2 only - 2 marks
iii) - Duodenum / small intestine ;
- Mouth ;
- leaf of plant / germinating seed or storage organ of a plant or animal 1 mark
2.a) J1 and J2
Dicotyledonae ; 1 mark
Rej: Dicot / dicotyledon
Reason: Leaves net-veined / net-venation / two cotyledon / reticulate / rap root system / with leaf petiole.
K1 and K2
Monocotyledonae ;
Rej. Monocot / monocotyledon. 1 mark
Reason - leaves parallel veined / parallel venation / one cotyledon / fibrous root system / leaf petiole modified into leaf
sheath.; 1 mark
b) i) X - hypocotyl; 1 mark
Spelling must be correct. 1 mark
ii) Protects plumule / shoot tip / first foliage leaves / penetrates through the soil / pulls the cotyledons out of the soil.;
1 mark
iii) Coleoptile / plumule sheath; 1 mark

c) i) Average number of stomata 2 marks
- Lower epidermis
39  36  24  993  33;
- Upper epidermis
21 18  12  5 13  17;
ii) Upper epidermis - Stomata are fewer / less in number ; to reduce transpiration / loss of water / rate of evaporation of
water ; since they are exposed to direct sunlight;
Lower epidermis - Stomata are more ; to increase the rate of gaseous exchange / to allow more gaseous exchange ; more
stomata away from sunlight to reduce rate of transpiration. 5 marks
3. a) Kidneys; 1 mark
b) i) Excretion ; (1 mark)
ii) Osmoregulation; (1 mark)
Accept - cleaning of blood
- formation of urine.
Biology p1, p2&p3
c) M - (inferior) vena cava; 1 mark
Q - Renal vein ; 1 mark
d) S - cortex ; 1 mark
T - medulla; 1 mark
e) S - Bowman's capsule / Glomerulus / distal convoluted tubule / proximal convoluted tubule ; 1 mark
T - Loope of Henle / collecting duct ; 1 mark
f) R - Drainage of urine from the kidney pelvis to the urinary bladder ; 1 mark
W - (Temporary) storage of urine; 1 mark
g) length of image( Drawing )
Magnificat ion  ;
Actual length of object
3 1
  ;
9 3 2 marks
h) Reason:
- Most of the urea entering the kidney via renal artery (P) is removed through ultra filtration and excretion in urine ;

Biology p1, p2&p3
KIGUMO SUB-COUNTY CLUSTER EXAM 2016
233/1
BIOLOGY
PAPER 1 (THEORY)
JULY/AUGUST 2016
TIME: 2 HOURS
Answer ALL questions
1. a) State two hormones concerned with blood sugar regulations. (2 marks)
b) Name the organ where sugar regulation occur. (1 mark)
2. The figure below illustrate specialised cells in an animal.
a) Identify the cells. (1 mark)

b) Name three organs systems where the cells named in (a) above are found. ( 3 marks)
3. Name the photoreceptor cells in retina that respond to
(i) Dim light
(ii) Bright light ( 2 marks
4. Name three classes in animals that excrete nitrogenous water in form of uric acid. ( 3 marks).
5. Study the diagram below.
a) Name the parts A, B and C. (3 marks)

b) Name the division to which the organism belong. (1 mark)
c) State two roles of the structure labelled D. (2 marks)
6. A plant cell was put in highly concentrated salt solution for five hours.
a) Describe what happened to the cell. (3 marks)
b) What term is used to describe such a cell? (1 mark)
7. Diagram below shows eye defect being corrected.
a) Identify the defect. (1mark)
b) Name type of lens used in the correction. (1 mark)
c) Where was image formed in the eye before the correction of the defect? (1 mark)
8. A blood group A mother gave birth to a blood group O child with a blood group B husband.
a) State the genotypes of the parents. (2 marks)
b) What was the genotype of the child? (1 mark)
c) State other blood groups likely to occur in the children of the couple. (1mark)
9. Define the following terms as used in ecology
i) Population (1 mark)
ii) Community ( 1 mark)
iii) Carrying capacity ( 1 mark)
iv) Ecosystem ( 1 mark)
10. Distinguish between monoecious and dioecious conditions in plants giving examples. ( 4 marks)
11. The experiment below was set up to show respiration. Some glucose was boiled and then cooled, yeast cells were put in and
oil added. A thermometer was inserted and a delivery tube connected leading to some calcium hydroxide as shown
a) State three observations that will be made after 30 minutes. ( 3marks)
b) Why was glucose solution cooled before adding yeast? ( 1 mark)
c) Why was glucose solution cooled before adding yeast? ( 1 mark)
12. a) Distinguish open and closed circulatory system. (1mark)
13. Describe the functions of vascular cambium in secondary growth. ( 3marks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
14. State three differences between red blood cells and white blood cells. ( 3 marks)
15. Diagram shows stem of passion twinning round a post.
a) What is the biological importance of the twinning growth? (2 marks)

b) Explain the twinning growth pattern. (3 marks)
c) Identify the response shown. (1 mark)
d) Name the structure produced by shoots of some plants that also twine around objects. (1mark)
16. State function of fine adjustment knob of a light microscope. (2 marks)
17. Name three digestive enzymes found in pancreatic juice. (3marks)
18. State the function of the lacteal in villi. (1 mark)
19. List two characteristics of members of class Arachnida. (2 marks)
20. Explain three characteristics of gaseous exchange sites. (3 marks)
21. What is the role of companion cell in phloem? (2 marks)
22. List three structural differences between arteries and veins. ( 3 marks)
23. Explain process of inhalation in man. ( 4 marks)
24. Explain how hair in man helps to keep the body warm. ( 2 marks)
25. Name the causative agent of
i) Typhoid
ii) Syphilis ( 2 marks)
26. Name the type of placentation found in the pawpaw. ( 1 mark)

Biology p1, p2&p3
233/2
BIOLOGY
PAPER 2 (THEORY)
JULY/AUGUST 2016
TIME: 2 HOURS
SECTION A
ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS
1. A cross between a red forward and white flowered plant produce plants with flowers having red and white patches.
a) What phenomenon is represented by this condition? (1mk)
b) Work out a cross between the F1 plants. (4mks)
c) State the phenotypic ratio of F2 plants. (1mk)
d) State the genotypic ratio of F2 plants. (1mk)
e) Name the a characteristic in human beings that is controlled by multiple alleles. (1mk)
2. A set up was used to investigate a certain process in plants is shown in the diagram below;
a) Name the apparatus (1mk)

b) What process was being investigated. (1mk)
c i) State two precautions that should be taken when setting up the experiment. (2mks)
ii) Give a reason for each precaution stated in c (i) above. (2mks)
d) State the effect of placing the apparatus shown in areas with the following environmental conditions,
(i) windy (1mk)
ii) low atmospheric pressure (1mk)
3. Study the diagram below and answer the questions which follows.
a) Identify the muscle represented by letter;

A (1 mk)
B (1 mk)
ii) Describe how muscles A and B cause straightening of joint C. ( 2mks)
b) Name the joint C. (1mk)
c) Name parts labelled
D (1mk)
E (1mk)
F (1mk)

Biology p1, p2&p3
4. The diagram below shows how the iris and pupil of human eye appear under different conditions.
a) Name the structures labelled.

X (1mk)
Y (1mk)
b) i) State the condition that lead to the change in appearance shown in the diagram labelled B. (1mk)
ii) Describe the changes that lad to the appearance of the iris and pupil as shown in the diagram labelled B. (4mks)
iii) What is the significance of the changes described in b (ii) above. (1mk)
5. The diagram below represents a food web from lake Nakuru National Park.
a) i) Identify the organism with the largest biomass. (1mk)

ii) Give a reason for your answer in 5a (i) above. (1mk)
b) From the food web, isolate a food chain ending with snakes as tertiary consumers. (1mk)
c) i) Name any two organisms not shown in the food web but would be present in the ecosystem. (2 mks)
ii) What is the role of the organisms stated in c (i) above? (1mk)
d) From the food web, snakes and leopards feed on rabbits. What name is given to this kind of competition? (1mk)
e) From the food web, name an organism that may be both a secondary and a tertiary consumer. (1mk)
Section B (40 marks)
Answer question 6 (compulsory) and either question 7 or 8.
6. In an experiment to investigate a certain process in a given plant species, the rate of carbon (IV) oxide consumption and the
rate of carbon (IV) oxide release were measured over a period of time for the day. The results of the investigation are as
shown in the table below.
Time of the day (Hrs) 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00 22.00 24.00
CO2 consumption mm3/min 0 43 69 91 91 50 13 0 0 0
CO2 release mm 38 22 10 3 3 6 31 48 48 48
a) Using the grid provided and on the same axes, draw the graphs of volume of carbon (IV) oxide consumed and carbon (IV)
oxide released against time. (7 marks)
b) Name the biochemical process represented by:
i) Carbon (IV) oxide consumption. (1mk)
ii) Carbon (IV) oxide release (1mk)
c) Account for the shape of the curve for
i) Carbon (IV) oxide consumption. (3mks)
ii) Carbon (IV) oxide release. (3mks)
d) i) From the graph state the time of the day when the plant attains compensation point. (1mk)
ii) What is meant by compensation point. (1mk)
e) Explain how temperature affect, the rate of carbon (IV) oxide consumption is a plant. (3mks)
7. Describe how the mammalian kidney functions. (20mks)
8. a) Define the term „pollination‟ (2mks)
b) Discuss the sequence of events that take place from the time a pollen grain falls on the stigma until a seed is formed.
Biology p1, p2&p3
233/3
BIOLOGY
PAPER 2 (PRACTICAL)
JULY/AUGUST 2016
CONFIDENTIAL
Iodine solution labelled P
Benedict‟s solution labelled Q
DCPIP labeled S
2% Sodium hydroxide labelled S
1% Copper (II) sulphate labeled T
Solution K
NB: Solution K is prepared by mixing 10g of maize flour, 5ml of pineapple juice in 100ml of distilled water for 10 student. For
more than 10 students, use the ratios to prepare solution for your students
- 4 clean test tubes in a test tube rack
- Dropper
- Source of heat
1. a) You are provided with :
P - Iodine
Q - Benedict‟s solution
R - DCPIP
S - Sodium hydroxide
T - Copper (II) Sulphate
Use the reagents to identify the food substance (s) in solution K. (12mks)
Food Procedure Observations Conclusion
b) Name the end products of digestion of food substance (s) present in solution K. (1mk)
c) Describe the assimilation of food substance (s) identified in 2 (a) above. (2mks)
2. a) The figure below shows feet of various birds. Study the diagram and answer the questions that follow.
i) Name the type of evolution represented by the diagrams. (1mk)

ii) Using Darwin‟s theory of evolution, explain how the feet of bird E would have evolved. (3mks)
iii) Explain how Larmack could have explained the evolution of feet of bird C. (3mks)
b) Figure 1 represents a bat wing, figure 2 a whale paddle and figure 3 an insect wind. Study the diagrams and answer the
i) Name parts labeled E and F. (2mks)

ii) State one different between the wings in figure 1 and 3. (1mk)
Biology p1, p2&p3
iii) Name the type of joint found at proximal end of bone marked H. (1mk)
3. The photographs R, R1 and R2 ; S, S1 and S2 ; T, T1 and T2 below are of seedlings at different stages of germination.
Examine them.
a) With a reason, name the class to which specimens R, S and T belong.(6mks)

b i) Name the curved parts labeled X and Y. (2mks
ii) What is the importance of the curvature in specimen R and T. (1mk)
c) Name the part that protects the plumule in specimen S. (1mk)
d) i) Which of the seedlings may form swellings on the roots later in their life? (1mk)
ii) What is the name of the swellings? (1mk)
iii) Name the organisms that are found in the swellings. (1mk)
iv) State the role played by the organisms you have named in d (iii) above. (1mk)

Biology p1, p2&p3
233/1
BIOLOGY
PAPER 1 (THEORY)
JULY/AUGUST 2016
TIME: 2 HOURS
1. a) Insulin ;
Glucagon;
b) Liver ;
2. a) Smooth muscle cells;
b) Circulatory system;
c) Reproductive system ;
d) Digestive system ;
3. i) rods ;
ii) cones;
4. Aves;
Reptilia ;
Insecta/Arachnida / Crustacea / diplopoda/Centipoda ;
5. a) A - Capsule ; B - Seta ;
C - Leaf-like structures ; Rej leaves
b) Bryophyta ;
c) - Absorption of water and mineral salts ;
- Anchor the plant on the ground;
6. a) Salt solution is hypertonic ; So plant lost water by osmosis ; and the cell reduced in size;
b) Plasmolysed cell ; Rej. flaccid cell.
7. a) Short sighteedness ; (myopia)
b) Concave / biconcave / diverging lens;
c) Inside the eyeball ;
8. a) Father BO ; Mother AO;
b) OO;
c) A, B, AB ; (All three must be mentioned)
9. i) Number of organisms of the same species in a certain area at a given time;
ii) All organisms of different species living together in a certain area;
iii) The number of organisms of a certain species that an area can support without depletion of resources;
iv) A self sustaining, stable entity containing all resources required by organisms;
10. Monoecious is where pistillate and staminate flowers are on same plant but different areas ; e.g. maize; Dioecious where
pistillate and staminate flowers are on different plants ; e.g. pawpaw;
11. a) - Bubbles in the glucose solution;
- Temperature in glucose solution will rise;
- Calcium hydroxide solution will form a white precipitate;
b) To expel oxygen from the solution;
c) To avoid killing the yeast cells;
12. Open system is where blood flows in general body cavity while in closed system blood flows in blood vessels;
13. It forms intervascular cambium; secondary xylem; and secondary phloem;
14. - Red blood cells has haemoglobin which is missing in white blood cells;
- Red blood cells have no nucleus while white blood cells have;
- Red blood cells can change while white cells don‟t
15. a) Gain support; to expose leaves to light for photosynthesis.
b) Auxin; moves away from point of contact, promoting faster growth; on the outer side and when is repeated it results
in a coiling growth;
c) Thigmotropism;
d) Tendrils;
16. Moves the body tube over short distance; to give a sharp focus of the specimen;
17. Trypsin; Pancreatic amylase ; pancreatic lipase;
18. Absorption of fatty acids and glycerol;
19. - Two body parts;
- Four pains of legs;
- No antennae;
20. - Thin membrane to reduce diffusion distance;
- Moist to dissolve the respiratory gases;
- Large surface area to increase the volume of gases exchanged;
- Highly vascularised to maintain a high concentration gradient; to transport the respiratory gases;

Biology p1, p2&p3
21. Provide energy; needed for active transport of manufactured food;
22. Arteries Veins
- Thick muscular wall Thin muscular wall;
- Narrow lumen Wide lumen;
- Has no valves Has valves;
23. - External intercostal muscles contract and internal intercostal muscles relax;
- Rib cage moves outwards and upwards;
- Diaphragm muscle contract and flatten;
- Volume of ribcage increase while pressure decrease;
24. Hair stand on skin trapping a layer of warm air, which insulates body against heat loss;
25. i) Salmonella typhi ;
ii) Treponema pallidum; NB. Binomial nomenclature rules must be followed to earn mark.
26. Parietal placentation ;

Biology p1, p2&p3
233/2
BIOLOGY
PAPER 2 (THEORY)
JULY/AUGUST 2016
TIME: 2 HOURS
1. a) RR and WW ; 1mk
NB: i) Gametes to be completely circled.

ii) Fusion lines should not cross as they leave or fuse with gametes
- No hanging or broken fusion lines
- They also should not enter into the gametes.
c i) Phenotypic Ratio
Red : Patched : White
1 : 2 : 1;
ii) Genotypic ratio
RR : RW : WW
1 : 2 : 1 ;
d) ABO blood groups / ABO blood system ;
2. a) Transpiration / Rate of transpiration ; (1mk)
b) i) - Cut short under water ;
- Apply petroleum jelly to bung glass / Bung shoot connection ; (2mks)
ii) - To ensure that no air enters leafy shoot/xylem ;
- To ensure the apparatus is air tight. (2mks)
e) - Windy / Rate of water loss increases as wind carries away water molecules lost by the shoot hence creating a saturation
deficit ; (1mk)
- Low atmospheric pressure ; Rate of water loss decreases/
Transpiration decreases as it increases saturation deficit ; (1mk) Total 8 mks
3. a) A - Biceps ;
B - Triceps ;
ii) A (Biceps) relaxes, as B (|Triceps) contracts ; Acc. converse.
b) Hinge joint ;
c) D - Olecrenon process ; Rej. Wrong spelling
E- Ulna ;
F - Radius ; Total 8 mks
4. a) X - Pupil ;
Y - Circular muscles ;
b) i) Dim light / Low light intensity / darkness / dull light ;
ii) Circular muscles (in iris) relax ; while Radial muscles contract ;
pupil become wider / dilated ; (Allowing) more light to enter the eye;
iii) Improves visibility ; Acc.Vision Total 8 mks
5. a) i) Green plants ;
ii) Its supports the entire ecosystem hence more in numbers ;
b) Green plants ----> Insect ----> Birds ----> Snakes
Green plants ----> Rats ----> Birds ----> Snakes Any 1 ;
c) i) Decomposing fungi ; Acc. Putrefying for decomposing
Decomposing bacteria ; Rej. Fungi and bacteria alone.
ii) Recycling of nutrients ;
Biology p1, p2&p3
d) Interspecific (competition) ;
e) Snakes ; Total 8mks
6. a) Graph
b) i) photosynthesis ;
ii) Respiration ;
c) i) Carbon (IV) oxide consumption increases between 6:00 to 14:00 hrs ; due to increase in light intensity ; that leads to an
increase in the rate of photosynthesis ; It decreases from 14:00 to 24:00 Hrs as the light intensity decrease;
NB: 4mks Maximum 3mks
ii) Carbon (IV) oxide release decreases from 6:00 to 14:00 Hrs ; because it is being used in photosynthesis ;
It increases from 14:00 to 20:00 Hrs as it accumulates from process of respiration; since the rate of photosynthesis is
decreasing ; NB: 4 max . 3mks
d) i) 7:18 + 6 Mins and 17:12 + 6 mins ; ie 7:12 – 17:06 and
7 :24 – 17: 18 Hrs
i) The point where the rate of carbon (IV) oxide consumption (during photosynthesis is equal to the rate of carbon (IV)
oxide release (during respiration) ;
e) Low temperatures inactive (photosynthetic) enzymes leading to low rate of photosynthesis / Low rate of CO 2 consumption
; Photosynthesis / Carbon (IV) oxide consumption is highest at optimum temperature when enzymes work to their best ;
Temperatures above optimum denatures enzymes hence low rate of photosynthesis / CO 2 consumption ; (3mks)
Total Marks 20
7. Describe how the human kidney functions
• The afferent arteriole (which is a branch of renal artery) supplies blood to glomerulus ;
• The afferent arteriole has a wider diameter (lumen) than the efferent arteriole ; creating high pressure ; leading to
ultrafiltration ;
• (The walls of the capillaries are one cell thick) hence glucose, amino acids (vitamins, hormones), salts (creatine) urea and
water filter into Bowman‟s capsule ;
• Forms the glomerular‟s filtrate ;
WBC / RBC (Acc blood cells) (plasma) proteins (e.g.) Globulin & Platelets are too large to pass through the capillary wall /
remain in blood capillary ;
• The filtrate flows into the proximal convoluted tubule ;
• Where amino acids, vitamins and all glucose are selectively reabsorbed ; back into the blood stream ;
• Many (OWTTE) mitochondria ; provide energy for reabsorption of these substances against the concentration gradient
(Acc. Active transport) ;
• The (Glomerular) filtrate flows into the loop of Henle ; H 2O in the descending loop moves by osmosis (into the blood
capillaries) ;
NaCl is actively (accept active transport) pumped from the ascending arm of the loop of henle into the blood capillaries ;
• The (glomerular) filtrate flows into distal convoluted tubule ;
• H2O is reabsorbed ; salts are also reabsorbed (from the distal convoluted tubule into blood capillaries) ;
• The glomerular) filtrate flows into collecting tubule / duct ; from where H2O is reabsorbed ; (into bloodstream)
• A.D.H influences the amount of H2O reabsorbed (depending on osmotic pressure of the blood) ;
• The (glomerular) filtrate from the collecting duct (Rej tubule) now referred to as urine; is emptied into pelvis ;
23 Max 20 marks
8 a) Pollution refers to the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma in a flower ; or to another flower of a different
plant but of the same species ; (2 mks)
b) Upon falling on the stigma, the pollen grain uses the nutrients from the stigma to germinate ; and form a pollen tube ; The
pollen tube grows down the style ; The tube nucleus takes a leading position; followed by the generative nucleus ; The
generative nucleus divides by mitosis ; to form two male nuclei ; The nuclei passes through the micropyle into the ovary ; On
arrival at the embryo sac, the tube nucleus degenerates ; one male nucleus fuses with the polar nuclei; to form a troploid
primary endosperm nucleus ; The other male nucleus fuses with the functional egg to nucleus ; to form a diploid zygote ;
This is known as double fertilization ; The integument becomes the testa while the zygote is differentiated into plumule and
radical ; The primary endosperm becomes the endosperm tissue ; The ovules develops into seeds; (18 mks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
233/3
BIOLOGY
PAPER 2 (PRACTICAL)
JULY/AUGUST 2016
1. a)
b) Glucose ;
c) Glucose - Energy production (cell respiration)
Vitamin C - Healing of wounds /gums prevents scurry
2. a) i) Divergent evolution ;
ii) Small variations occurred in feet of birds within the population ; competition for limited food occurred in the
environment ; predation as a mode of feeding favoured birds whose feet had long, sharp and curved claws / tear
flesh of prey.
iii) All birds had same length of feet ; the aquatic environment favoured long feet talons ; leading to continuous nature
use of feet ; which kept increasing in length ; the longer trait was then passed on to offspring along the generations.
b) i) E - radius ;
F - Humerus ;
iii) Fig 1 Fig 3
Have pentadactyl limb structure Have no pentadactyl limb structure
Originate from endoskeleton Originate from exoskeleton
iii) Ball and socket joint ;
3. a) R - Dicotyledonae
Reason - Network venation / reticulate venation / two cotyledons / tap root system
S - Monocotyledonae
Reason - Parallel venation ; fibrous root system
T - Dicotyledonae
Reason - Network venation / reticulate venation / two cotyledons / tap root system
b) i) X - Epicotyl
Y - Hypocotyl
ii) Protects the growing point / first leaves of the plumule / shoot tip.
c) Coleoptile / Plumule sheath
d) i) R and T
ii) Root nodules
iii) Rhizobium bacteria
iv) Nitrogen fixation

Biology p1, p2&p3
MURANG’A SOUTH MULTILATERAL EXAMINATION 2016
231/1
BIOLOGY
PAPER1 (THEORY)
JULY / AUGUST 2016
TIME: 2 HOURS
SECTION A (40 marks)
Answer all questions in the spaces provided
1. The diagram below represents a guard cell
a) Name the parts labeled X and Y. (2mks)
b) State the role of the cell (1mk)

2. a) Koimbi school biology student observed a field of view of 2mm radius when using the medium power objective lens of
a microscope to observe onion epidermal cells. Calculate the area of the field of view in micrometers. (1mm = 1000mm)
(2mks)
b) What is the average size of the cell in micrometers (2mks)
3. a) Name the site of gaseous exchange in mammals. (1mk)
b) State one characteristics of the site named in (a) above. (1mk)
4. Outline two roles of active transport in human beings. (2marks)
5. Two equal strips A and B were from a potato whose cell was 30% of sugar. The strip A was placed in a solution of 10% sugar
concentration while strip B was placed in 50% sugar Concentration
a) What change was expected in strips A and B? (2mks)
b) Account for the change in strip A. (2mks)
6. The leaf of a potted green plant which had been kept in dark for 24 hours was smeared with petroleum jelly on its lower
surface and then exposed to sunlight for 6 hours. Starch test on the leaf was negative. Account for the observation.
(2 marks)
7. What is the role of vascular bundles in plant nutrition? (2mks)
8. The table below shows the energy use per day in kilojoules
Age(years) Male Female
2 5,500 5,500
5 7,000 7,000
8 8,800 8,000
11 10,000 9,200
14 12,500 10,500
18 14,200 9,600
25 12,100 8,800
a). From the table, explain why after age 8 males require more energy than females. (1mrk)
b). Other than sex and age, name one other factor that determine energy requirements in human beings (1mk)
9. (a) Name the excretory product produced in the liver and used in the intestine. (1mk)
(b) State two functions of the waste product named in (a) above. (2mks)
10. State three features that a grasshopper, a crab, a spider and a millipede have in common. (3 mark)
10 a) Name the hormone that stimulate the maturation of the graafian follicles to release a mature ovum in female reproductive cycle. (Imark)
b) Explain why menstruation does not take place after fertilization in human beings. (2marks)
11. (a) Define the following terms. (2marks)
i. Population
ii. Community
(b) Name a method that could be used to estimate the population size of the following organisms.
i. Fish in a pond. (1mark)
ii. Black jack in a garden. (1mark)

Biology p1, p2&p3
12. Use the graph below to answer the question that follow.
a) Calculate the difference in nitrate concentration between the highest and lowest. (1mk)
b) How can increase in nitrate concentration in the river lead to death of fish? (2mks)
13. The diagram below represents a stage during cell division.
a) Name the stage of cell division (1 mark)

b) Give two reasons for your answer in a) above. (2 marks)
c) State the significance of this stage of cell division in living organisms. (1 mark
14. State three roles of placenta during pregnancy. (3mks)
15. The diagram below shows the human ear.
a). Name the structures labeled 3, 4 (2mks)

b) . State the function of the parts labeled 5 and 7. (2mrks)
16. The diagram below show various types of gene mutations.
Mutation I;
i) Identify the type of mutations shown above (2 marks)

ii) Name two examples of a disorder that results from gene mutation II. (1 mark
17. Name one disorder caused by a dominant gene in human. (2mks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
18. The figure below shows a vertical section through a mammalian kidney.
(a) Label the parts A and B (2mks)

(b) Which part is the Bowman‟s capsule found? (1mk)
19. Name two components of blood that are not present in glomerular filtrate. (2mks)
20. The oxidation state of a certain food is represented below by a chemical equation:-
2 C3H2O2N + 6O2 → (NH)2CO2 + 5CO2 +5H2O
a) Calculate the respiratory quotients (RQ) of the food substrate (2 marks)
b) Identify the food substrate (1 marks)
21. (a) State the part of the eye involved in : (3mks)
(i) Colour vision.
(ii) Maintaining the shape of the eyeball.
(iii) Change in diameter of the lens.
(b) A person was not able to see far objects clearly but could view near objects clearly. Name the eye defect the person had.
(1mk)
(c) How could the defect in (b) above be corrected? (1mk)
22. (a)State the phylum where all members have open circulatory system. (1mk)
b) Explain the advantages of closed circulatory system over open circulatory system. (2 marks)
23. a) (i) What is meant by vestigial structures? (1mk)
(ii) Give an example of a vestigial structure in human (1mk)
b) Explain why certain drugs become ineffective in curing disease after many years of use. (2mks)
24 a) Define the term immunity. (1mk)

Biology p1, p2&p3
33/2
BIOLOGY
PAPER 2 (THEORY)
JULY/AUGUST 2016
TIME: 2 HOURS
SECTION A (40 marks)
Answer all questions in this section in the spaces provided
1. Study the genetic chart below showing the inheritance of the gene responsible for haemophilia in a family.
a) Write the genotype of individuals A, B (2mks)

b) A member of this family labeled F marries a haemophiliac male. What will be the phenotypic ratio of the offspring?
Show your workings (4mks)
c) Other than the condition stated above, state any other two common geneticdisorders that result from gene mutation.
2. In an investigation, young plant shoots were exposed to 48hrs of light from above or from one side only. Their growth
responses are shown in the diagrams below.
Shoot A Shoot B
Light from above Light from oneside only
At start
48 hours
After
i) Name the response shown by the shoots and explain the advantages of this response to the plants. (2 mark)
ii) Account for the growth response of shoot B after 48 hours. (3 mark)
b) An experiment was set up to study the response of woodlice to light. Ten woodlice were placed in a glass tube. After five
minutes one end of the tube was covered with black paper to make it dark. The number of woodlice in light and dark was then
recorded every minute for five minutes.
The diagram below shows the apparatus used.
b la c k p a p e r
G la s s tu b e w o o d lic e
S to p p e r S to p p e r

Biology p1, p2&p3
The table below shows the results of the experiment.
Time (min) 0 1 2 3 4 5
Number of woodlice In light 5 6 4 3 2 1
In darkness 5 4 6 7 8 9
i) Why were the woodlice left there for five minutes before the black paper was placed on the tube? (1 mark)
ii) Plot the line graph on the grid below to show the number of woodlice found in the dark at each minute during the experiment.
The results for woodlice in light have already been plotted. (2 mark)
3. In an experiment to investigate an aspect of digestion, two test tubes A and B were set up as shown in the diagram below.
Test tube A Test tube B
Water bath maintained

at 37° C
starch +
saliva Starch + boiled
saliva
The test tubes were left in the bath for 30 minutes. The contents of each test tube was then tested for starch using iodine
solution.
b) What results were expected in test tube A and B. (2 marks)
c) Account for the results you have given in (b) above in test tube A and B. (2 marks)
d) Why was the set up left at 37°C? (1 mark)
e) State two functions of bile juice in digestion. (2 marks)
4. The diagram below represents epidermis of a leaf

Biology p1, p2&p3
a) Name the parts marked E, F and G (3 marks)
b) State two aspects of cell E that are an adaptation to its function. (2 marks)
c) Describe the changes that would take place in E if the cells were placed in concentrated
sugar solution for a long period. (3 marks)
5. In Europe up to the 19th century, most moth i.e. Biston betularia were white speckled. Today upto 97% of the population
recorded in the industrial towns in Europe are black. In rural areas most moth found are white speckled form.
i) Briefly explain how this has come about. (5 marks)
ii) Name one cause of variation in nature. (1 mark)
iii) What theory of evolution does it support the description in (i) above support? (1 mark)
iv) In order to increase the quantity and quality of agriculture produce, man selects organisms with desirable characteristics
to be parents of next generation. Name the practice.
SECTION B (40MARKS)
Answer questions 6 (COMPULSORY) and Either question 7 or 8
6. Rice seeds were soaked overnight. Fresh mass and dry mass of a sample of 20 seeds was obtained and recorded in the table.
The rest of the seeds were planted in a tray that had soil and well watered daily. Twenty of the seeds/seedlings were removed
from the soil every two days for two weeks. Their fresh and dry mass were taken and recorded in the table as shown below.
Time in days Fresh mass in (g) Dry mass in (g)

0 14.0 4.0
2 18.0 3.5
4 24.5 2.5
6 32.0 1.5
8 38.5 2.0
10 41.0 3.0
12 43.0 4.5
14 45.0 6.0
a) Using the same axes, plot two graphs to represent changes in fresh and dry mass over the two –week period (7mrks)
b) What would be the fresh and dry mass of the seedlings at day 9. (2mrks)
i) Fresh mass
ii) Dry mass
c) Account for the change in fresh mass and dry mass between day 0 and day 6. (4mrks)
i) Fresh mass
ii) Dry mass
d) Explain the change in dry mass from day 8 (2mrks)
e) Explain why a sample of 20 seeds was used instead of one seed. (2mrks)
f) State one factor within and one factor outside the seed that cause dormancy. (2mrks)
i) Within the seed
ii) Outside the seed
g) Give one characteristic of a meristematic cell (1mrk)
7. Describe how the mammalian male reproductive system is adapted to perform its functions. (20mks)
8. Describe the role of hormones in the growth and development of plants (20 marks)

Biology p1, p2&p3

233/3
BIOLOGY
PAPER 3 (PRACTICAL)
JULY/AUGUST 2016
TIME: 2 1/4 HOURS
1 (a) Photographs B, C and D below represent support structures in plants. Use them to answer the questions that follow.
(i) Name the support structure represented by photograph B (1mk)

(ii) Explain briefly how the coiling in photograph B occurs (3mks
(iii) Name the structures labeled L on photograph C. (1mk)
iv). Photograph D is a magnified photomicrograph of support tissues found in part x of photograph C. Give the name of the tissue
labeled t. (1mk)
(vi) Describe the structure of the cells of the tissue named in (a) (iv) above (2mks)
(b) Figure 2 represents different types of muscles. Study them carefully and answer the questions that follow.
(i) Identify the muscles labelled C and B. (2mks)

(ii) Using observable features only; state two differences between muscles labelled B and D.
(iii) State one function of each of the muscles labelled B and C. (2mks)
(iv) Give one adaptation of a muscle labelled C to its function. (1mk)

Biology p1, p2&p3
2. (a) You are provided with reagents
P – Iodine,
R-DCPIP
S-Sodium hydroxide
T-Copper (II) sulphate)
Use the reagents to identify the food substance(s) in solution K
(9mks)
(a) Name the end product of digestion of food substance(s) present in solution K (1mk)
(b) Describe the assimilation of food substance(s) identified in 2(a) above (2mks)
3. You are provided with specimen labeled X, use it to answer questions that follow.
(a) (i) State the agent of pollination (1mk)
(ii) Give reasons for your answer in a(i) above (2mks)
(b) Describe FOUR floral parts of specimen X (8mks)
(c) (i) State the class to which the specimen X belongs (1mk)
(ii) Give one reason for your answer in c(i) above (1mks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
MURANG’A SOUTH MUTILATERAL EXAMINATION 2016
BIOLOGY PAPER 1 THEORY
MARKING SCHEMES
1. The diagram below represents a guard cell
a) Name the parts labeled X and Y. (2mks)
X - Chloroplast 1
Y – Inner membrane 1
b) State the role of the cell (1mk)
Regulates / controls the opening and closing of stoma (stomata) 
2. a) Koimbi school biology student observed a field of view of 2mm radius when using the medium power objective lens of
a microscope to observe onion epidermal cells. Calculate the area of the field of view in micrometers.
(1mm = 1000m) (2mks)
Areas = r =2 22/
7 x ( 2000)
2
= (22/7 x 2000 x 2000);

= 125714.29m2 ;
b) What is the average size of the cell in micrometers (2mks)
b) 125714.29
5
= 25142.858m2 (2mks)
3. a) alveolus1 reject : alveoli./lungs
b. State one characteristics of the site named in (a) above. (1mk)
- Moist surface  1
Highly supplied with blood capillaries / vasculinised1
- Increased surface area 1
Mark first 3
4. Outline two roles of active transport in human beings. (2marks)
- Re absorption of useful substances from kidney tubules to blood stream
- Absorption of digested food substances from ileum to the blood stream
- Pumping of sodium and potassium ions in nerve cells
5. Two equal strips A and B were from a potato whose cell was 30% of sugar. The strip A was placed in a solution
of 10% sugar concentration while strip B was placed in 50% sugar
Concentration
a) What change was expected in strips A and B? (2mks)
a) A – increased in size 1
B- reduced in size 1
b) Account for the change in strip A. (2mks)
A -the strip cells have their cell saps being hypertonic to the sugar solution  1 hence takes in water by osmosis ; their
cells become turgid making the strips to enlarge 1
6. The leaf of a potted green plant which had been kept in dark for 24 hours was smeared with petroleum jelly on its lower
surface and then exposed to sunlight for 6 hours. Starch test on the leaf was negative. Account for the observation.The leaf
had stomata on the lower side only; which were blocked by petroleum jelly; cutting supply of CO2, hence no photosynthesis
7. What is the role of vascular bundles in plant nutrition? (2mks)
(Xylem)-transports water/mineral salts to different parts of the plant;
- Supports/ positions the leaf(lamina) in appropriate/suitable(position) for photosynthesis;
Phloem - Translocates synthesized food/ organic food substances from the leaves to different parts of the plant; acc-
specific parts. (3mrks)
8. a).From the table, explain why after age 8 males require more energy than females. (1mrk)
Males are more mascular than females who have more fat;
b). Other than sex and age, name one other factor that determine energy requirements in human beings (1mk)
Basal metabolic rate; Rej (BMR)
Occupation
Body size; (1mrks) Health
9. (a) Name the excretory product produced in the liver and used in the intestine. (1mk)
 Bile;
(b) State two functions of the waste product named in (a) above. (2mks)
 Emulsification of fats;
 Provides alkaline medium for pancreatic enzymes to work;
 Neutralize acidic chime from the stomach
10. State three features that a grasshopper, a crab, a spider and a millipede have in common. (3 mark)
- Exoskeleton (1mk)
- Jointed appendages (1mk)
- Segmented bodies (1mk)
Biology p1, p2&p3
Reject answers relating to characteristics of living things like growth and development, reproduction etc.
10 a) Name the hormone that stimulate the maturation of the graafian follicles to release a mature ovum in female reproductive cycle. (1 mark)
luteinizing hormone rej LH and wrong spelling
b) Explain why menstruation does not take place after fertilization in human beings. (2marks)
After fertilization there is increased progesterone; which inhibits/ maintains thickness of endometrium;
11. (a) Define the following terms. (2marks)
iii. Population
The number of organisms of a species occupying a given habitat at a given time;
iv. Community
(populations) of different species of plant and animals in a given area and are interacting with each other;
(b) Name a method that could be used to estimate the population size of the following organisms.
iii. Fish in a pond. (1mark)
Capture – recapture (method);
iv. Black jack in a garden. (1mark)
Line transect/ Belt transect/ Quadrat;
12. Use the graph below to answer the question that follow.
a) Calculate the difference in nitrate concentration between the highest and lowest. (1mk)
46 .5 – 7.5 : 39.0 1  0.5
b) How can increase in nitrate concentration in the river lead to death of fish? (2mks)
Excessive growth of algae / Eutrophication ;1
depletes dissolved oxygen hence leads to fish suffocating; 1
13. The diagram below represents a stage during cell division.
a) Name the stage of cell division. (1 mark)
Anaphase I;
b) Give two reasons for your answer in a) above. (2 marks)
-Homologous chromosomes separate at the equator/homologous chromosomes start migrating to the opposite poles;
- sister chromatids attached at the centromeres;
c) State the significance of this stage of cell division in living organisms. (1 mark
It is the reduction phase that results in haploid sex cells/gamete cells;
14. State three roles of placenta during pregnancy. (3mks)
- Shields foetus from pathogens from mother 1-
Holds foetus in position by umbilical cord 1
-Prevents direct connection of blood vessels of mother and foetus 1
15. The diagram below shows the human ear.
a). Name the structures labeled 3, 4 (2mks)
3 Incus ;rej-ear ossicless
4 Auditory nerve;
b). State the function of the parts labeled 5 and 7. (2mrks)
5- Dissipates/ cancels/ cushions excessive vibrations;
7 Contains sensory cells when stimulated generates nerve impulses to the brain for interpretation/ integration;
16. iii) Identify the type of mutations shown above (2 marks)
I-Deletion
II. Substitution
iv) Name two examples of a disorder that results from gene mutation II. (1 mark
Sicle cell anaemia
Albinism
haemophilia
15. Name one disorder caused by a dominant gene in human. (2mks)
Chondrodystrophicdwarfness/achondroplasia;
18. The figure below shows a vertical section through a mammalian kidney.
(a) Label the parts A and B (2mks)
a) A – medulla; B – Cortex;
(b) Which part is the Bowman‟s capsule found? (1mk)
b) Cortex
20. Name two components of blood that are not present in glomerular filtrate. (2mks)
Plasma proteins ; 1
Blood cells;1
20. a) RQ = CO2 produced
O2 consumed
=5 ; = 0.83;
6
b) Protein;
21. (a) State the part of the eye involved in : (3mks)
1). Colour vision.
Biology p1, p2&p3
Fovea centralis;
ii) Maintaining the shape of the eyeball.
Wearing concave / diverging lenses;
iii) Change in diameter of the lens.
Ciliary muscle
(b) A person was not able to see far objects clearly but could view near objects clearly. Name the eye
defect the person had. (1mk)
Myopia /short sightedness;
(c) How could the defect in (b) above be corrected (1mk)
Wearing concave / diverging lenses;
22. State the phylum where all members have open circulatory system. (1mk)
Arthropoda
Ref: Anthropoda, arthropods. (1mk)
b) Explain the advantages of closed circulatory system over open circulatory system.
Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood are completely separated / do not mix;Animals tend to be more active due to efficient
transport of gases and nutrientsBlood circulates over longer distances at faster rate due to high blood pressure;
(mark any 2 correct)
23. a) (i) What is meant by vestigial structures? (1mk)
Structures that ceased to be functional over a period of time and hence reduced in size;
(ii) Give an example of a vestigial structure in human (1mk)
Appendix/coccyx/nictating membrane/caecum/Body hair/reduced ear muscles
c) Explain why certain drugs become ineffective in curing disease after many years of use. (2mks)
Disease causing organism mutate; and become resistant
24 a) Define the term immunity. (1mk)
Ability of the body to identify/ recognize foreign antigens and develop mechanisms of destroying them / ability to resist
infection;
Natural immunity is inborn /inherited /passed from parents to offspring while acquired immunity is obtained in life;
Tuberculosis; poliomyelitis; diphtheria; whooping cough; measles; (3mk)
Nucleus lack nuclear membrane / organelles not membrane bound; nucleus not organized; mitochondria absent / most
organelles absent; cell wall made of mucoprotein;

Biology p1, p2&p3
MURANG’A SOUTH MUTILATERAL EXAMINATION 2016
BIOLOGY PAPER 2 THEORY JULY 2016
MARKING SCHEME
1. a) A – XhY;
B – XHY;
1 normal female:1 haemophiliac female:1 normal male:1 haemophiliac male;

c) Albinism; sickle cell anaemia; colour blindness; chondrodystrophic dwarfism;
2. i) Positive phototropism; allows plant shoots to obtain optimum light for photosynthesis;
ii) Light causes lateral migration of auxins to the darker side; the darker side has a higher auxin concentration than the
light side, cells on the darker side grow and elongate faster causing the curvature towards light;
b) i) to allow time for random distribution / uniform distribution of the woodlice;
ii) plotting 1 mark
smooth curve 1mk
inligh t
3.
a) To investigate the effect of temperatures above optimum on enzyme salivary amylase reaction;
b) A - brown colour / colour of iodine persists;
B - Blue black ;
c) A - Starch has been digested / starch has been broken down / amylase hydrolyses starch to
maltose hence starch absent; (no colour change)
B - Enzyme / salivary amylase denatured by boiling saliva hence starch was not digested
d) Provision of Optimum temperature for enzyme salivary amylase activity;
e) - Contains sodium taurocholate and glycocholate that ) emulsifies fats / emulsification.
- Contains sodium bicarbonate which neutralizes the acid from the stomach;
4.
a) E – Guard cell;
F – Stomatal opening/stoma;
G – Epidermal cell;
b) Thick inelastic inner wall; thin elastic outer wall;
c) Water would leave vacuole and cytoplasm by osmosis; the shrunk cytoplasm draws away from the cell wall; the guard cell
becomes plasmolysed closing the stoma;
5. i) Before industrialization, white speckled moth had a natural advantage to enable them to camouflage with lichen on barks of
trees; hence not/less preyed on and their population increased. Black moth were conspicuous hence preyed upon and their
number reduces ;
After industrialization, soot and other pollutant( s) were emitted covering barks of trees hence lichen stop growing; The white
speckled moth are now conspicuous and preyed upon hence population decreased; black melanic form now have a natural
advantage, it camouflaged well with black background hence not/less preyed upon and its population increased.
ii) - Mutation
Biology p1, p2&p3
- Crossing over
- Independent assortments (mark 1 st ones
iii) Natural selection;
iv) Artificial selection;
SECTION B (40MARKS)
6. a). Graph
- Ploting - 2 mks
- Axes - 1mk
- Smooth curves - 2mks
- Scales - 1mk
- Labelling - 1mk
b). i). 39.5g ± 0.5.
ii). 2.75g ± 0.5;
c). i) Absorption of water hence rapid increase in mass;
ii). Decrease in dry mass; food stored is oxidized/used in respiration to provide energy needed for germination
d). Photosynthesis occurs; Plumule and foliage leaves are grow and developed hence
increase in mss;
e). To give an average; reduces error in measurement/for accuracy
f).i) embryo maturity; germination inhibitors; lack of hormones; lack of enzymes; impermeable seed coat.: viability
ii) water/moisture; oxygen; optimum temperature 1 @ 1mark.
g).Thin cell walls; dense cytoplasm; no vacuoles. Any @ 1mark.
7. Penis
· Highly vascularised / spongy ; to bring in the blood to enable it to erect to facilitate corpulation:
· Presence of glans in the penis: which has sensitive nerve endings which when stimulated causes the penis to erect:
· Long; to allow entry into the vagina;
· Testis contains numerous coiled seminiferous tubules; to increase surface area for spermatogenesis;
· Containing primordial germ cells; for spermatogenesis takes place;
· The testis are located in the scrotum which hangs outside the body cavity; provide optimum temperature for spermatogenesis;
· Seminiferous tubules have sertoli cells ;which nourish sperms cells until they are mature;
· Long coiled Epididymis; for storage of sperms;
· A muscular Vas deferens; that upon contraction pushes sperms out and allows ejaculation;
· Seminal vesicle; produces an alkaline fluid which nourishes the sperms;
· cowpers glands; secretes an alkaline fluid which neutralizes the acidity in the urethra:
· prostate gland; produce an alkaline fluid which neutralizes the vaginal fluid;
· Urethra; conducts sperms out of the body. (20mks)
8. Indole acetic acid/IAA/Auxins;
promote cell division and cell elongation; promote tropic responses; promote formation of abscission layers/bring about leaf- fall;
promote fruit formation without fertilization i.e parthenocarpy ;promote cell differentiation (of vascular tissue);
causes apical dominance/inhibit growth development of lateral buds; promote growth of adventitious roots(on stems);
IAA + cytokin; induce formation of callus tissue during healing of wounds);
8 mks (max 5 mks)
Gibberellins;
promote cell division/cell elongation in dwarf varieties.; parthenocapy/initiating formation of IAA/setting of fruits after
fertilization.; promote formation of side branches( of stems) and breaking of dormancy in buds);
inhibits growth of adventitious roots; activates (hydrolytic) enzymes during germination/promote germination of seeds hence
break seed dormancy; affect leaf expansion and shapes/retard leaf abscission; 5 mks
Cytokinins;
break dormancy (in some species);promote flowering in some species; romote cell division (in presence of IAA);
stabilizes proteins and chlorophyll; promote root formation; low concentration encourages leaf senescence/high concentration
increased cell enlargement;
promote flowering in some species); 7 mks (max 5 mks)
Ethylene/Ethyne;
stimulate lateral bud development; ripening of bananas/fruits; induces thickening of stem/inhibits stem elongation;
promotes germination of certain seeds; causes abscission of leaves/fruit/leaf fall; 6 marks - max = 5 marks
Abscisic Acid(ABA);
High concentration of ABA causes stomata closure (by interfering with uptake of potassium ions);inhibits germination/growth of
embryo/causes seed dormancy; causes abscission of leaves/fruits/leaf fall; inhibits elongation growth, inhibits sprouting of
bud/induce dormancy in buds;
6 mks(max 5 mks)
Florigens ;promote flowering; (20 mks) 2 mks
(33 mks max 20 mks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/3 BIOLOGY PAPER 3
MARKING SCHEME
1 (i) Tendril
(ii) Thigmotropism/haptotropism; Auxins/IAA migrate to the side away from the contact of support; faster growth/faster cell
elongation/expansion on that side; leading to coiling/twinning;
(iii))– Medullary rays
(v) Collenchyma (tissue);
(vi) Consists of living cells;
- Have deposition of extra cellulose at the corners of the cells;
- Cells are elongated in shape; (Any 2, 2mks)
(b) i) C: cardiac muscles / heart muscles
D: Smooth muscles / visceral muscles;
ii)
B D
Has one nucleus Has many nuclei
Nucleus located at the center of muscle fibre Nucleus located at the periphery of the fibre
Cells are spindle shaped Cells are cylindrical
Lack striations Has striations
Mark first two
iii) B - cause locomotion upon contraction;
C – causes heartbeat to pump blood upon contraction;
iv) C has neuromuscular cells /myogenic to initiate and maintain contraction;
· Has intercalated discs to spread waves of contraction;
· Does not undergo fatigue to contract throughout life of animal;
· Has many mitochondria to produce more energy for contraction;
Mark first only (1 x 1 = 1mk)
2.a)
Starch Put a little food substance The colour changes to Starch present;
into a test tube. Add a few blue/black/blue black;
drops of iodine/ P;
Rej (2-3) a range
Acc. Specific no. of drops
e.g. 2/8/4
Proteins Put a little food substance K No observable colour change; Absence of proteins;
into a test tube. Add a few Rej: No change
drops of sodium hydroxide.
Add a few drops of copper
sulphate, shake;
Vitamin C/ Put a little/ few drops of DCPIP DCPIP is decolourise / Presence of Vitamin C;
Ascorbid acid into a test tube. Add a few drops the colour of DCPIP
of food substance K into the disappears;
test tube. Shake;
Acc where candidate uses:
- Few drops
- Little substance
- Specific amounts e.g. 1cm3 , 2 dorps, 3 ctn
- Rej: range e.g 3-4, 2-3 etc
In proteins test
Rej: if candidates write
Add copper sulphate, then add sodium hydroxide
(b) Glucose
(c) Glucose – energy production (cell respiration) (1mk)
Vitamin C – Healing of wounds / gums prevents scurvy
3.(a) Insect/Insects;
Rej: Specific insect e.g. bee
Insect pollination
(ii) Brieghtly coloured bracts
Tubular corolla
Landing stage
(b)

Biology p1, p2&p3
Floral Parts Description
Sepals; 5 fused sepals;
Petals; 5 fused Petals;
Stamens; 8 free stamens;
Carpel; 1 Carpel; (8mks)
(c) (i) Dicotyledonae;
Rej: Dicotyledon and wrong spelling
(ii) Bracts with network of veins/Net venation;
Floral parts in four or fives or multiples of four or fives;

Biology p1, p2&p3
GATANGA SUB-COUNTY EVALUATION TESTS 2016
31/1
BIOLOGY
PAPER1 (THEORY)
JULY / AUGUST 2016
TIME: 2 HOURS
1. Name the organelle that would be most abundant in;
i) White blood cells (1mk)
ii) Salivary glands (1mk)
2. State the functions of the following apparatus;
i) Pitfall trap (1mk)
ii) Bait trap (1mk)
3. Study the figure below and answer the questions that follows;
a) Identify the kingdom to which the organism belongs to; (1mk)

b) Name the structure labelled; A,B (2mks)
c) State the functions of the part marked A. (3mks)
4. The following process takes place in a plant organelle.
Water → Hydrogen atoms + Oxygen
i) Identify the organelle in which the process takes place. (1mk)
ii) Name the process. (1mk)
iii) State two conditions required for the process to take place. (2mks)
5. a) What is translocation? (1mk)
b) How is the phloem adapted to carry out its functions. (3mks)
6. The equation below represents a process that takes place in the body.
i) Name the product Y. (1mk)

ii) Name the processes A and B. (2mks)
7. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow;
a) Identify the structure. (1mk)

b) Name the parts labelled B and C. (2mks)
c) Name a structure in insects that serves the same function as part labelled A. (1mk)
8. In an experiment using germinating seeds, it was found that 18cm of carbon (IV) oxide was released while 17.6cm3 of
3
oxygen was used.
a) Calculate the respiratory quotient (RQ). (1mk)
b) State the type of respiration occurring. (1mk)
c) What is the likely respiratory substrate? (1mk)

Biology p1, p2&p3
9. a) Nitrogen in the atmosphere cannot be directly utilized by plants. State two ways through which nitrogen is made
available for plant use. (2mks)
b) State the importance of saprophytic bacteria in the environment. (2mks)
10. State the functions of the following structures.
i) Epididymis (1mk)
ii) Prostrate gland (1mk)
11. Name the hormones that control the following activities;
a) Metamorphosis in young insect. (1mk)
b) Formation of abscission layer in leaves and fruits. (1mk)
12. Explain the meaning of the term survival for the fittest. (2mks)
13. What is the role of the following factors in breaking seed dormancy?
i) Light (1mk)
ii) Water. (1mk)
14. Name four mechanisms through which plants excrete. (4mks)
15. What do you understand by the following terms?
i) Ecosystem (1mk)
ii) Carrying capacity. (1mk)
16. Name the causative agent of pneumonia. (1mk)
17. a) What is oxygen debt? (2mks)
b) List down three economic importance of anaerobic respiration. (3mks)
18. a) What is active transport? (1mk)
b) Outline three roles of active transport in the human body. (3mks)
19. State the importance of the roughages in the diet. (1mk)
20. State three functions of blood other than transport. (3mks)
21. Distinguish between Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetes Insipidus. (2mks)
22. What is meant by the term sex linkage? Mention two sex linked traits (3mks)
23. Name two hormones involved in reproduction in females. (2mk)
24. Name three tissues found in animals. (3mks)
25. a) State the process that takes place during prophase 1 of meiosis. (1mk)
b) Give the significance of mitosis. (1mk)
27. The developing baby in the womb is connected to the mother by an umbilical cord. Describe two functions of the umbilical
cord. (2mks)
28. Explain how support is attained in herbaceous plants. (2mks)
28. List down two adaptations of the male parts of wind pollinated flower to their function. (2mks)
29. Cell membrane is said to be semi-permeable. Explain. (2mks)
30. Explain how iris regulates amount of light entering the eye in bright light. (2mks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/2
BIOLOGY
PAPER2 (THEORY)
JULY / AUGUST 2016
TIME: 2 HOURS
1. Pea seedlings were treated as follows;
Seedling A - Coleoptiles tip was cut off, metal block placed, then tip placed back.
Seedling B - Coleoptiles tip was cut off, agar block placed then tip placed back.
Seedling C - Was left intact.
The seedlings A, B and C were placed in dark box with a small hole at one side as illustrated in the diagram below;
a) State what was being investigated in the set up above. (2mks)

b) Using diagrams illustrate how the seedlings A, B and C appear after 48 hours. (3mks)
c) Explain the results in (b) above; (3mks
2. The diagram below represents a longitudinal section of a dicotyledonous plant root tip.
a) i) Name the parts labelled; K,L and M (3mks)

ii) State the function of the part labelled N. (1mk)
b) i) Name two main supporting tissues in plants. (2mks)
ii) Give two reasons why support is necessary in plants. (2mks)
3. Use the nitrogen cycle below to answer the questions that follow.
a) Name the processes represented by (3mks)

i) G
ii) Y
iii) K

Biology p1, p2&p3
b) Name the group of organisms that cause processes (3mks)
i) C
ii) J
iii) L
c) Name the state in which nitrogen exist in
i) Plant tissue (2mks)
ii) Atmosphere
4. A form two class set up the apparatus shown below to demonstrate the breathing mechanism of a mammal.
a) What structure in a mammal is represented by each of the following?

i) The glass tube. (4mks)
ii) The balloons
iii) The bell jar
iv) The rubber sheet
b) Explain what will happen to the balloons if the rubber sheet is;
i) Pulled downwards (2mks)
ii) Pushed upwards (2mks)
5. The diagram below represents the process that brings about blood clotting.
a) Name the substances A and B. (2mks)

b) Name one source of calcium ions in the diet. (1mk)
c) Name one more other role of calcium in the body. (1mk)
d) Name the blood cells that are involved in blood clotting. (1mk)
e) List down three structural adaptations of the red blood cells to their functions. (3mks)
SECTION B
Answer question 6 (Compulsory) and either question 7 or 8
6. The amount of water particles that moved across cell membrane was determined at various temperature. The data collected
is as in the table below.
a) Draw a line graph to represent the amount of water particles that moved across the cell membrane against
temperature. (5mks)
b) Account for the shape of the curve between;
i) 200 - 350C. (2mks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
ii) 400 - 600C (3mks)
c) i) Name and define the process by which water particles moved across the cell membrane. (2mks)
ii) Other than the temperature, state and explain another factor that affect the rate of the process you named in c (i) above.(2mks)
d) i) If the water molecules were moving across the cell membrane into a plant cell, name the state at which the cell would be if it
was at 350 - 400 for 20 minutes. (1mk)
ii) State two forces that would be involved in the plant cell to result in the state of cells you named in d(i)above. (2mks)
e) i) State what would be expected if animals cells were used in d (i) above instead of plant cells. (1mk)
ii) Explain why plant cells behave differently from animal cells? (1mk)
7. How is the mammalian skin adapted to its functions? (20mks)
8. a) Describe the adaptations of the male reproductive system to its functions. (10mks)
b) Explain the role of the growth hormones in plants. (10mks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
Biology p1, p2&p3
GATAGA FORM FOUR END OF TERM II EXAMINATION 2016
BIOLOGY
PAPER 3 (PRACTICAL)
JULY/AUGUST 2016
TIME: 1 3/4 HOURS
Attempt ALL the activities in this paper.
1. You are provided with specimens labelled J 1 and J2.
a) Grind J1 in a motor with a pestle into a smooth paste. Add some distilled water to make a suspension. Pour the suspension
into two clean test tubes and using the reagents provided determine the food substance present. Use the table below to record
your findings. (8mks)
Food Test Procedure Observation Conclusion
b) Wash the pestle and motor thoroughly and prepare another suspension using specimen J 2. Use the same reagent as in (a)
above to determine the food substances present. Fill in your findings in the table below. (4mks)
Food Test Observation Conclusion
c) i) Name the process the food substance in J1 has undergone to become the food substance in J 2. (1mk)
ii) Name the plant hormone involved in the transformation of J 1 to J2. (1mk)
2. The photographs on the leaf attached are of animals belonging to the same taxonomic unit (class).

Biology p1, p2&p3
a) i) Name the class to which the organisms in the photographs belong. (1mk)
ii) State three reasons for your answer in a) (i) above. (3mks)
b) State three economic importance of organisms in this class. (3mks)
c) Use the following characteristics to prepare a two step dichotomous key of the animals in the photographs. (4mks)
Step 1 - Presence or absence of wings
Step 2 - Type of mouth parts
3. The colour of petals in flowers is determined by a pair of gene allele. You are provided with photographs of flowers with
different colours but from plants of the same species labelled P, R and Q.
a) Identify the main colour of each of the flower. (3mks)
b) A cross between plant P and plant R produced plant Q. Use appropriate letters to constitute the genotypes of:- (2mks)
i) P___________________________________________________________________________________________
ii) R __________________________________________________________________________________________
c) Using the genotypes constituted in (a) above, work out a cross between P and R to obtain the genotypeofQ. (3mks)
d) Supposing Q was self-pollinated, work out the cross to obtain the phenotypic ratio of the F 2 generation. Use a Punnet‟s
square. (4mks)
e) Cell V in the diagram below went through the 2nd meiotic division. The results were as in the gamete cells W and X.
CELL W
CELL X
i) Name the type of mutation demonstrated in the diagrams. (1mk)

ii) Supposing gamete X fused with a normal gamete during fertilization, name a disorder in humans resulting from such a
condition. (1mk)

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/1
BIOLOGY
PAPER1 (THEORY)
JULY / AUGUST 2016
TIME: 2 HOURS
1. a) Lysosome (1mk) Rej. Lysosomes
b) Golgi apparatus / body (1mk)
2. i)- Trap the small clawling animals. (1mk)
ii) - Attracts and traps small animals (1mk)
3. a) Fungi (1mk)
b) - A - Rhizoid (1mk)
B - Spore (1mk) Rej Rhizoids and Spores
c) Absorption of soluble nutrients (1mk)
- Anchorage (1mk)
- Secretion of digestive enzymes. (1mk)
4. i) Chloroplast (1mk) rej. Chloroplasts, grana
ii) Photolysis (1mk) Accept; Light stage
iii) Sunlight, chlorophyll ( 2mks)
Optimum temperature; any two
5. a) The process by which soluble products of photosynthesis are transported in plants. (1mk)
b) Have sieve plates and sieve pores; sieve plates support the phloem tissue while sieve pores act as pathway and allows
movement of materials;
- Sieve elements lack other cell components like nucleus to provide room for translocation.
- Companion cells have numerous mitochondria to act as a source of energy necessary for active transport;
- Presence of plasmodesmata between sieve elements and companion cells facilitate movement of materials between them.
6. i) Dipeptide Rej. Protein
ii) A - Condensation
B - Hydrolysis
7. a) A gill
b) B - Gill bar
C - Gill raker
c) Tracheole Rej. Trachea
8. a) RQ = Volume of CO2 produced = 18 = 1.022
Volume of O2 used 17.6

b) Aerobic respiration
c) Carbohydrates Accept; glucose
9. a) Nitrogen fixation during lightening
- Nitrogen fixation by free nitrogen fixing bacteria.
- Nitrogen fixation by symbiotic nitrogen fixing bacteria.
b) Beaks down the bodies of dead organisms hence releasing nutrients that are recycled.
- Assist in breaking down sewage during treatment.
10. i) Stores sperms
ii) Produce semen to nourish the sperms
11. a) Juvenile hormone
b) Abscisic acid
12. Individuals best adapted / suited to the environment survive as those that are poorly adapted perish or die.
13. i) Activates the germination hormones; and raises internal temperature of the seed.
ii) Softens the seed coat; and hydrolyses food substances;
Activates the germination enzymes;
Acc. any one
14. - Diffusion
- Transportation
- Exudation
- Guttation
- Storage (any four)
15. i) A natural unit made up of abiotic and biotic components that interacts to make a self-sustaining system.
ii) Maximum number of organisms an area can support without depleting the available resources.
16. Mycoplasma Phenmoniae / Streptococcus pneumoniae
Staphylococcus aureus / Para-influenza virus (any one)

Biology p1, p2&p3
17. a) The amount of oxygen that is required to get rid of lactic acid that accumulates when the oxygen supply is less than
demand (anaerobic respiration)
or the amount of oxygen required to convert accumulated lactic acid into water, carbon (IV) oxide and energy.
b) - Production of alcoholic drinks, wine, and spirits;
- Making of milk products - cheese, yoghurt, sour milk;
- Manufacture of organic acids e.g. citric acid, oxalic acids etc.;
- Sewage treatment ;
- Making of silage ; (mark any three) Acc. any other correct.
18. a) Movement of molecules against concentration gradient, across a cell membrane.
Rej. Semi-permeable membrane.
b) - Absorption of digested food from the alimentary canal (ileum)
- Reabsorption of useful material in the blood from the kidney tubules.
- Sodium pump mechanism in the nervous system.
- Excretion of Nitrogenous substances from the liver cells. Acc. any three
19. - They add bulk to food; enhance peristalsis which allows movement of food in the alimentary canal. Acc. any one
20. - Regulation of the body temperature; pH of fluids
- Defense against disease causing micro-organisms / pathogens / infection
- Prevent excessive bleeding by enhancing clotting / prevent excessive loss of blood.
21. Diabetes Mellitus - a condition where one fails to produce enough insulin and hence the failure of glucose conversion into
glycogen. Glucose is hence passed out of the body in urine.
Diabetes Insipidus - Pituitary gland fails to produce adequate amount of ADH as a result of which water is not reabsorbed
at the distal convoluted tubule leading to dehydration as the victim produces large volumes of dilute urine.
22. - It‟s the occurrence of genes on the sex chromosome that are transmitted together with those that determine sex;
Examples of sex-linked traits;
- Premature baldness;
- Hairy ears/nose
- Haemophilia
- Colour blindness Acc. any two
23. - Follicle stimulating hormone; rej. FSH
- Leutenzing hormone ; rej. LH
- Oxytocin ; Oestrogen ; Progesterone
- Prolactin; (any two - 2mks)
24. - Epithelial tissue;
- Skeletal tissue ;
- Connective tissue;
- Muscular tissue ;
- Blood tissue;
(Mark any 3 correct tissues - max - 3mks)
25. a) Pairing of the homologous chromosomes; replication of chronatids;
Crossing-over; Acc. any one
b) Result in multiplication of cells leading to growth; Basis of asexual reprodction Acc. any one
26. The umbilical cord has blood vessels. Umbilical vein supplies developing foetus with nutrients and oxygen;
Umbilical artery removes waste products like carbon (IV) oxide and urea away from the foetus;
27. - Their cells takes in water by osmosis, swells up and become turgid.
28. - Large anthers loosely attached to the filament to be easily shaken in the wind.
- Small/smooth / light pollen grains easily carried by wind;
29. It has tiny pores that allow only some materials to pass into and out of the cell. (1mk)
30. - Circular muscles of the iris contract; Radial muscles relax.
- Pupil becomes smaller, less light is allowed to pass into the eye.

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/2
BIOLOGY
PAPER2 (THEORY)
JULY / AUGUST 2016
TIME: 2 HOURS
1. a) i) Response of shoot to unidirectional light.
ii) Role of tip in response
b)
c) Seedling A - No growth, no response, metal prevented auxins from tip from diffusing to the region of growth/auxins did
not pass through the metal block.
Seedling B - Auxins from tip diffused through agar, light from one direction caused more auxins to be distributed to side
away from light; caused more cell elongation than on the lighted side, hence curvature towards direction of light.
Seedling C - Auxins from tip diffused to region of cell elongation; unidirectional light caused unequal distribution of
auxins; more auxins on the side away from light caused more growth; resulting in positive phototropism.
2. a) i) K - Phloem
L - Xylem
M - Root hair @ 1mk
ii) Protects the apical meristem of the root.
b) i) - Collenchyma. 1mk rej. if mispelt
ii) - Scerenchyma
- Xylem vessels
- Tracheids Acc. any 2
ii) - Plants are held upright to expose leaves in order to trap maximum light for photosynthesis;
- To withstand forces of gravity and strong wind;
- Flowers and fruits are held in position for pollination and dispersal respectively;
(Maximum 2mks)
3. a) i) Denitrification
ii) Absorption
iii) Consumption /feeding
b) i) Nitrifying bacteria
ii) Nitrogen fixing bacteria
iii) Saprophytes
c) i) Proteins
ii) Nitrogen gas Rej. N2(g)
4. a) i) Trachea
ii) Lungs
iii) Thorax or the rib cage
iv) Diaphragm
b) i) The balloons will inflate as there will be an increase in volume and a decrease in pressure; and air would move into
the balloons.
ii) The balloons will deflate as there will be a decrease in volume and an increase in pressure; air would move out of the
balloons.
5. a) A - Vitamin K
B - Thrombin
b) Milk, eggs Acc. any one
c) Formation of bones / teeth
d) Platelets
e) Biconcave disc to create a large surface area through which oxygen diffuses into the cell.
- No nucleus - creates more space for haemoglobin.
- Contain haemoglobin which has a high affinity for oxygen.
- Flexible cell membrane that enable them change their shape to squeeze through narrow capillaries. (Max 3)
6. a) As in the graph
Plotting 1mk
Curve 1mk
Scale 2 mks
Biology p1, p2&p3
Labelling 1mk (Award if both axes are labelled)
b) i) As the temperature increase the amount of water particles moving across the cell membrane increase, temperature
increases the mobility of moving particle; As temperature increase the pore on the cell membrane open wider allowing
more particles to move across.
ii) As temperature increase the amount of water particles moving across the membrane decrease; Temperature above 40 0C
denatures the cell membrane;
c) i) Osmosis; movement of water molecules from their region of high concentration to a region of low concentration
across a semi-permeable membrane;
ii) Concentration gradient; The higher the difference in concentration the faster the rate of osmosis;
d) i) Turgid
ii) Turgor pressure; wall pressure;
e) i) Cell, would swell and eventually burst;
ii) Plant cells have a cell wall which prevent them from bursting while animal cells have only a cell membrane.
7. The skin is made up of epidermis; and dermis; the epidermis is made up of three equal layers. The outermost layer is
known as cornified layer; It‟s made of dead cells that protect against mechanical damage / desiccation/microbes;
The granular layer; is made up of living cells; that give rise to cornified layer; the malphigian layer; contains actively
dividing cells; that give rise to new epidermal cells; that contains melanin that protects the skin against ultraviolet rays;
The dermis has several components. Has sweat glands/sudorific glands; that produces sweat; sweat evaporates (carrying
with it latent heat of evaporation) thus reducing the body temperature; under cold condition little or no sweat is produced
thus heat is conserved; the sweat contains water, sodium chloride, uric acid, urea etc; Thus skin acts as an excretory organ;
Has hair; the hair stands erect to trap air when temperature is low; to reduce heat loss; lies flat; to allow heat loss when the
temperature is high; Has nerve endings; which are sensitive to stimuli such as heat, cold, pain, pressure, touch;
Has subcutaneous fats/adipose tissue; that insulates the body against heat loss; Has arterioles; that vasodilate when
temperature are high to lose heat by radiation, convection; Has sebaceous glands; which secretes sebum an antiseptic;
water repellant that prevent drying/cracking of skin, make skin supple;
8. a) Testes are located outside the abdomen since sperm formation require temperature lower than body temperature.
- They have interstitial cells that secrete and produce testosterone
- Scrotum is a bag of sac suspended beneath the penis to support and protect the testes.
- Seminiferous tubules are many and highly coiled to provide a large surface area for sperm production; They are lined
with specialised cells that produce sperms. They also have sertoli cells that nourish the sperms.
- Vas Deferential direct the sperms to the urethra also called ejaculatory duct.
- Epididymis is a coiled musculine tube that store sperm and provided conditions for maturation of sperms.
- Urethra directs the sperms and urine out of the male body.
- Penis has erectile tissues with spaces that fill up with blood during sexual excitement causing the erection of the penis.
-Prostrate glands secretes mucus and alkaline fluid that makes sperms active and neutralises the acidity of vagina.
Cowpers gland secretes a clear sticky alkaline fluid which clears the urethra neutralising any urine present.
- Seminal vessicle secretes mucus which aids in sperm movements.
(Maximum - 10mks)
b) Auxin: Influence cell division

Cell enlargement causing upwards growth
- Cause root elogation
Inhibits lateral growth
- Influence growth of adventitious roots
Gibberellins: Stimulates flowering

Cause elogation of internodes
Breaks seed dormancy
Cytokinins : Promotes cell division

Causes enlargement of cotyledons
Abscisic Acid - Influences leaf fall

Contributes to seed dormancy
Florigen : Stimulates flowering

Ethylene : Cause ripening of fruits
Cause enlargement of fruits.
(Maximum - 10mks)
(a mark for @ hormone and at least one function).

Biology p1, p2&p3
BIOLOGY
PAPER 3
MARKING SCHEME
1. a)
c) i) Hydrolysis
ii) Ethylene
2. a) i) Class insecta; rej insects
ii) Presence of one pair of antennae
Three body parts; head, thorax and abdomen; rej. if parts are not named
Three pairs of walking legs;

One pair of compound eyes;
(Acc. any three)
b) Some are pollinators
- Some can be used as food e.g. termites
- Some produce edible substances e.g. honey
- Some destroy buildings
- Some are disease vectors
- Some acts as pests and parasites
Any 3 max 3mks
c) 1 a) Insects with wings ............................. go 2;

b) Insects without wings ............................. Termite/ant;
2 a) With proboscis..................................... Butterfly

b) With mandibles ................................. Cockroach;
3. P - Red ;
R - White;
Q - Pink ;
b) P - RR;
R - WW; (Rej. If in small letters)

Biology p1, p2&p3
c)
e) i) Non - disjunction;
ii) Downs‟s syndrome;
Jacobs Syndrome;
Klinefelters syndrome;

Biology p1, p2&p3
GITHUNGURI SUB COUNTY FORM 4 JOINT EXAMINATION
END OF TERM 2 EXAMS 2016
BIOLOGY
PAPER 1
TIME: 2 HOURS
1. State the function of the following cell organelles. (2 marks)
(i) Centrioles
(ii) lysosomes
2. Give the formula for calculating magnification of a specimen using: (2 marks)
(i) Light microscope.
(ii) Hand lens.
3. The following are some apparatus found in the biology laboratory. State their function. (2 marks)
(i) Pooter.
(ii) Pitfall trap.
4. Name two rules followed in binomial nomenclature. (2 marks)
5. State the part of chloroplast where the following stages of photosynthesis occur.(2 marks)
(i) Light stage.
(ii) Dark stage.
6. Give two factors that denature enzymes. (2 marks)
7. (i)State two main functions of progesterone hormone in reproduction. (2 marks)
(ii)Name two sex linked traits in human beings. (2 marks)
8. In Drosophila Melanogaster, the inheritance of eye colour is sex-linked. The gene for red eye colour is dominant. A
cross was made between heterozygous red eyed female and a white eyed male.
(i) Work out the genotypes of F1 generation. (3 marks)
(ii) What is phenotyphic ratio of the F1 generation? (1 mark)
9. The following processes occur during stages of meiosis. Indicate the stage in which they occur.(4 marks)
(i) Pairing of chromosomes.
(ii) Centromere divides.
(iii) Crossing over.
(iv) Bivalent at the equator.
10. Where is the hormone thyroxin produced? (1 mark)
11. A person met a lion as he walked along a forest path.
(i) Name the hormone that was secreted in his bloodstream and state its source. (2 marks)
(ii) What is the effect of the hormone in his: (2 marks)
(a) Circulatory system.
(b) Respiratory system.
12. Name the structure used by insects for gaseous exchange. (1 mark)
13. The diagram below shows a structure of a mature fruit from a dicotylenous plant.
(i) To which group of fruit does the specimen belong?

(ii) Name method of dispersal for the fruit.
(iii) State one adaptation to method of dispersal named in (ii) above.
14. Explain why.
(a) Red blood cell burst when placed in distilled water. (2 marks)
(b) Fresh water Amoeba doesn‟t burst when placed in distilled water. (2 marks)
15. (i) What is evolution? (1 mark)
(ii)Distinguish between divergent evolution and convergent evolution. (2 marks)
16. Examine the diagram shown below and answer questions that follow.
Biology p1, p2&p3
(i) What does the diagram represent? (1 mark)

(ii) Name parts labeled. (3 marks)
A
B
E
17. (i) What is meant by the term linkage? (1 mark)
(ii)Name three products of anaerobic respiration in plants. (3 marks)
(iii)In which part of the cell does anaerobic respiration occur? (1 mark)
18. State three adaptations of red blood cell to their function. (3 marks)
19. (i) What is Ecdysis? (1 mark)
(ii)What is the importance of Ecdysis? (1 mark)
(iii)Name the hormone the stimulate ecdysis. (1 mark)
20. In the four blood group, which person is referred to as: (2 marks)
(i) Universal donor.
(ii) Universal recipient.
21. The flow chart below is a summary of blood clotting process in human beings.
(a) Identify: (3 marks)

(i) Substance S
(ii) Metal ion Y
(iii) End product Z
(b) Apart from reducing blood loss, give another reason why blood clotting is important. (1 mark)
22. The equation below represents oxidation of certain food substance.
C57H104O6+ 80 02 → 57CO2+52H2O+ATP
(i) Calculate respiratory quotient of food substance. (3 marks)
(ii) Which food substance is being oxidized? (1 mark)
23. Study the dental formular below.
I : C : Pm : m
(i) Giving reasons, name the mode of feeding of the animal with above dental formular. (2 marks)
Mode
Reason
(ii) How many teeth does the animal above have? (1 mark)
(iii) What are the name space lacking teeth in the upper jaw? (1 mark)
24. Write down three structural differences between arteries and veins. (3 marks)
25. State the function of the following structures found in walls of trachea.(3 marks)
(i) Cilia.
(ii) Mucus.
(iii) Rings of cartilage.
26. State two functions of mucus secreted in the alimentary canal. (2 marks)
27. Differentiate between red blood cell and white blood cell. (2 marks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
BIOLOGY
PAPER 2
1.Students carried an experiment and arranged their apparatus as shown below, to investigate a certain phenomenon.
The set up was placed in light.
X
a) State the likely aim of the set up (1 mark)
b) State the role of the syringe in the set-up above (1 mark)
c) (i) Name gas X…………………………………………………. (1 mark)
(ii) Write an equation to show how gas X was formed in the set-up (1 mark)
d) State three factors that increase the rate of enzyme activity (3 mark)
(e) Give a reason why the test tube is immersed in a beaker of water (1 mark)
Q2. In an experiment, a black mouse was mated with a brown mouse. All the off springs in F1generation were black. The off
springs grew and were allowed to mate with one another. The total number of F 2 generation offspring was 96.
(a) Using letter B to denote the gene for black colour. Work out the genotype of the F 2 generation. (4 marks)
(b) State the following for the F2 generation
(i) Genotypic ratio (1 mark)
(ii) Phenotypic ratio (1 mark)
(iii) The total number of brown mice (2 marks)
Q3. (a) Complete the table below showing Blood transfusion, tick (√) means no agglutination, cross (X) means agglutination.
(4marks)
DONOR
Ab Ba ABo Oab
Ab √ ________ X √
Recipient
Ba X ________ X √
ABo √ √ ________ √
Oab X X ________ √
(b) The type of circulatory system found in member of the class insecta is (1mk)
(c) Name the blood vessel that transports blood;
(i) From the small intestines to the liver (1mk)
(ii) With the highest concentration of carbon (IV) oxide (1mk)
(d) Explain why the wall of the left ventricle is thicker than that of the right ventricle (2mks)
Q4 The diagram below shows two fused bones of a mammal.
(a) Identify the fused bones (1mk)

(b) Name the;
(i) Bone that articulates at the point labelled F (1mk)
(ii) The hole labelled G (1mk)
(c) Name the three types of muscles found in the body of a human (3mks)
(d) i) State one difference between a ball and socket joint and a hinge joint. (1mk)
(ii) Name the structure at the knee that performs the same function as the olecranon process (1mk)

Biology p1, p2&p3
5.The chart below shows the number of chromosomes before and after celldivision and Fertilization in a mammal.
a) What type of cell division takes place at Z

b) Where in the body of a male does process Z occur
c) On the chart, indicate the position of parents and gamete
d) Name the process that leads to addition or loss of one or more chromosomes.
e) State three benefits of polyploidy in plants to a farmer
SECTION B 40 MARKS
Answer question 6 (compulsory and either question 7 or 8 in the spaces provided after question 8.
Q6. Scientists carried out an experiment to find out the effect of water and 0.9% salt solution on urine production in woman. On
the first day, the woman drunk one litre of water, on the second day she drank one litre of 0.9%salt solution instead of water. The
amount of urine produced at different times (in hours) was as recorded in the table below. Column X represent the volume of
urine produced on the first day and column Y the urine produced on the second day.
Time in hours Amount of urine produced in cm3/hr.
X Y
0 80 40
1.0 60 40
1.5 360 40
2.5 520 45
3.5 240 80
4.5 60 100
5.5 100 60
6.5 40 80
7.5 60 100
a) On the same axis draw graphs showing urine production in cm3/hr. against time.(7 marks)
b) From the graph, determine; the amount of urine produced in the second hour when the woman drunk one litre of water.(1
mark)
c) Determine the rate of urine production between the first and the second hours after the woman had drunk one litre of
water. Show your working. (2 marks)
d) Explain the difference in urine production between curves X and Y on the graph. (2 marks)
e) What does the comparison of the results of the two experiment indicate about the effect of the kidneys on the osmotic
pressure of the blood plasma.(3marks)
f) What does the shape of the representing column X tell us about the rate of urine production?(2 marks)
g) Suggest what happened to the one litre of salt solution over this period. (1 mark)
h) State two functions of the hypothalamus in mammalian body.(2marks)
7. Describe the process of protein digestion,absorption and assimilation in mammalian body.(20 marks)
8. Des cribe the mechanism of opening of stomata through starch –sugar interconversion theory (20 marks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
BIOLOGY
PAPER 3
1. You are provided with specimen T which is an Irish potato tuber. You are also provided with benedicts solution,iodine
solution, DCPIP solution,sodium hydroxide solution 1% copper sulphate solution , hydrogen peroxide, means of heating,
beaker, mortar and pestle, test tube holder , labels and a test tube rack.
1. Cut out a cube whose sides are about 1cm3 from the Irish potato provided. Using a mortar and pestle, crush the cubes to
obtain the paste. Mix with water to make a total volume of 10cm3.Place the sample in a test tube labeled K. Immediately test
the sample in test tube K for food substances using the reagents provided.Record in a table the food substance tested, the
procedure of the test, the observations and the conclusions.(8mks)
Starch
Reducing sugar
Protein
Vitamin C
a).Cut out another cube whose sides are 1cm2 from the Irish potato tuber provided. Cut the cubes into halves. Place one of the
halves in a test tube labeled A. Using a mortar and pestle, crush the other half into a paste and place it in a test tube labeled B.
Put about 2cm3 hydrogen peroxide into each of the test tubes.
i. State the observations made in the two test tubes. (2mks)
ii. Explain the observations made in b(1) above(2mks)
iii. Write down an equation for the reaction that was responsible for your observation.(1mk)
b). State the importance of catalase in tissues. (3mks)
2. The photographs below show specimens of different types of fruits. Examine them.
a) State the differences between specimens P and R(4mks)

b) State the types of gynoecium and placentation of specimens P,S and V.(4mks)
Specimen P:Gynoecium………………………………………………………
Placentation……………………………………………………….
Specimen S Gynoecium………………………………………………………
Placentation……………………………………………………….
Specimen V Gynoecium………………………………………………………
Placentation……………………………………………………….
Name the mode of dispersal for each specimen and the features that adapt the specimen its mode of dispersal.(6mks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
3. The photograph labeled K is an intact mammalian heart while photograph K1 and K2are sections of a mammalian heart .
Examine them
a) The vessels labeled A and B drains blood in a chamber that leads to another chamber labeled J. The blood vessel labeled 3
drains blood into the chamber labeled L. When water is pumped under low pressure through vessel 3, it flows out through the
vessel labeled 4. When water is pumped under low pressure through vessels A and B it flows out through the vessel labeled 2.
i. Name the chambers labeled Land J(2mks)
ii. Name the blood vessels 2,3 and 4.(3mks)
iii. Observe the walls of chamber J and those of chamber N in the sections of the heart. Account for the difference in the
thickness of the walls.(3mks)
iv. Name the structure labeled H and state its role. (2mks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
BIOLOGY
PAPER 1
MARKING SCHEME
1. (i) Formation of spindle fibres
(ii) Break down large molecules
- Destroy worn out organelles and the entire cell.
2. (i) Magnification = eye piece lens magnification x Objective lens magnification.

(ii)Magnification =
3. (i) For sucking small animals from rock surfaces or bark of trees.
(ii)catching crawling animals.
4. – Generic name start with capital letter while specific name start with small letter.
- Both names (Generic and specific) are underlined separately when hand written.
5. (i) Granum.
(ii)Stroma.
6. High temperature rej temp above.

Extreme PH rej PH above.
7. (i) – Maintains pregnancy.

- Cause proliferation of the endometrium of thickening and enriching it with blood capillaries.
(ii)Haemophilia acc bleeder‟s disease;

Baldness;
(Red-green) colour blindness;
Tuft of hair in the ear of males;
Muscular dystrophy; mark th3e first TWO
8. (i) let R rep dominant gene for red eye

(ii)2 redeyed: 2 white eyed.
9. (i) Prophase I
(ii)Anaphase II
(iii)prophase I
(iv)Metaphase I
10. Thyroid gland.

11. (i) Hormone - Adrenaline
Source - Adrenal glands
(ii)(a)Increases rate of heartbeat.

(b)Breathing rate increase.
12. Tracheoles.
13. (i)Dry fruit.
(ii)Animal.
(iii)Hooks ;that attach to fur/clothes of passing anima;
14. (a) Their cytoplasm is hypertonic to distilled water; gain water by osmosis; eventually burst due to lack of cell wall.
(b)Have contractile vacuole; that get rid of excess water that gets to their body
15. (i) Gradual change of living organisms from simple life form to more complex form over a long period of time.
(ii)Divergent evolution- structures of same embryonic origin are modified to give rise to different structures to perform
different function.
Convergent evolution – Where structures of different embryonic origin are modified to perform similar function.
16. (i) Reflex arc.

(ii)A-Sensory neurone
B- Motor neurone

Biology p1, p2&p3
E- Relay neurone
17. (i)Genes that occur on the same chromosome and are inherited together.
(ii) Carbon (IV) Oxide
Ethanol/Alcohol rej Ethanoic Acid
Energy
(iii)Cytoplasm.
18. – Biconcave shape to offer large SA for oxygen transport.

- Have haemoglobin with high oxygen affinity.
- Contain carbonic anhydrase that speed conversion of co 2 to carbonic acid.
- Lack nucleus to provide more room for packing haemoglobin.
19. (i)Shedding of exoskeleton in Arthropods.

(ii)Allow growth to take place.
(iii)Ecdysone/moulting hormone
20. (i) Blood group O.

(ii)Blood group AB.
21. (a) (i) X- Thrombin

(ii)Y- Calcium ion
(iii)Z – Fibrin
(b)Prevent entry of pathogens/disease causing microorganism into the body.

Prevent loss of mineral salts and water.
Prevent excessive bleeding.
22. (i)RQ=
=0.71
(ii)Lipid.
23. (i) Herbivorous, rej herbivore.
- Lack upper incisors and canine;, presence of Diastema;
(ii)2(3+1+3+3+3+3) = 40
(iii)Diastema.
24.
ARTERIES VEINS
No valves except at the bases of pulmonary artery and Have valves.
aorta.
Have narrow lumen. Have wide lumen.
Have thick muscular and inelastic walls. Have thin, less muscular and elastic walls.
25. (i) Moves mucus upward into the pharynx, rej traps dust.
(ii)Makes trachea open/ prevent it from collapsing when there is decrease in presence in chest cavity.
(iii)Traps and filters microorganism and dust particles preventing them from entering the lungs.
26. – Lubrication to aid in peristalsis.

- Protects alimentary canal from being digested by proteolytic enzymes.
27.
Red Blood Cells White Blood Cells
Lack nucleus. Has( prominent) nucleus.
Biconcave in shape. Irregular in shape.
Contain haemoglobin. Lacks pigment.

Biology p1, p2&p3
BIOLOGY
PAPER 2
Marking scheme form four paper 2
Q1. (a) To investigate the rate of photosynthesis;
(b) It is used to draw the bubbles of gas through the apparatus;
(c) (i) Oxygen gas;
(ii) 6 CO2 + 6H2O Light energy C 6H12O6 + 6O2/
Chlorophyll
or Carbon (IV) Oxide + water Light Glucose + Oxygen;
Chlorophyll
Acc. Either word or chemical equation
If chemical, must be balanced, symbols capital.if word(IV) must be in capital otherwise deny
(d) - Optimum PH;
-Optimum temperature;
- Absence of inhibitors;
- Presence of co-factors or co-enzymes;
-increase enzyme concentration;
-increase substrate concentration;mark the 1st three, underlined words MUST be mentioned to score
(e) - To minimize temperature changes;
Q2.a)
Parental genotype; Bb X Bb
Gametes ; B B b b
o B b
+
B BB Bb
b Bb Bb
OR
Parental genotype Bb X Bb ;
gametes B b B b ;
;
Bb Bb Bb bb ;
b) (i) 1BB:2Bb:1bb;
(ii) 3 black:1 brown;
c) ¼ x96 ;=24;
Q3 a) DONOR
Ab Ba ABo Oab
Ab √ ___X__;___ X √
Recipient
Ba X ____√__;__ X √
ABo √ √ __√__;____ √
Oab X X ___X_;____ √

Biology p1, p2&p3
b) Open circulatory system/lacuna circulatory system;
c) (i) Hepatic portal vein;
(ii) Vena cava;
d) Left ventricle pumps blood a longer distance to all parts of the body; thicker walls exerts greater pressure;
4 a) pelvic girdle;
b) (i) femur;
(ii) obturator foramen;
c) Cardiac muscle / heart muscles;
Smooth muscle / involuntary muscle / visceral muscle;
Skeletal mode / voluntary muscle/striated muscles/striped muscles;
d) (i) Ball and socket rotates 3600 / allow movement in all plane while hingejoint rotate 1800 / allow movement in one
plane only;
(ii) Patella;
5 a) Meiosis
b) Ovary
c) Parent must be the 2n top; any „n‟ is a gamete
d) Non – disjunctions
e) Increased yields / hybrid Vigour; Resistance diseases; Resistance to drought.
6.
3
b. 650±2 cm ;
3
c. Rate of urine production= ;=194-196cm /hour;
d. –in X, less water is reabsorbed /more water is excreted hence more urine is eliminated;
- in Y, the rate of urine production is almost constant ,the 0.9% salt solution was (nearly) isotonic to the blood plasma;
e. when the osmotic pressure of blood is high; more water is reabsorbed by kidneys; and when the osmotic pressure of blood is
low; less water is reabsorbed;
f The rate of urine production increases after the intake of water; hence amount of urine produced depend on the osmotic
pressure of blood;
g It was absorbed (rej reabsorbed)in the gut and retained in the body;
h. (i) plays a role in body temperature regulation/thermoregulation;
(ii) plays a role in osmoregulation;
(iii)control and coordinates sleep and appetite
Q7. Describe the processes of protein digestion, absorption and assimilation in the mammalian body. (20 marks)
Digestion:- In the mouth protein food is broken down mechanically by the teeth into tiny particles to increase surface area for
subsequent enzymatic digestion; it is also mixed with saliva that contains mucus to lubricate it for easy swallowing;
When food reaches the stomach it stimulates the production of gastrin hormone; that influences the production of gastric juice;
from the gastric glands in the stomach walls; gastric juice contains rennin; pepsin; and hydrochloric acid;
Rennin curdles milk increasing its surface area for digestion by pepsin; hydrochloric acid promotes conversion of inactive
pepsinogen into active pepsin; which then digests protein into peptone; HCL also provides acidic maximum suitable for protein
digestion; it also destroys diseases micro-organisms contained in the food;
The protein chime then moves into the duodenum through sphineters;
The presence of food in the duodenum in turn stimulates liver cells to produce bile; it also stimulates the pancreas to produce
pancreatic juice; Bile is transported through the bile duct into the duodenum where it neutralizes stomach acidity into alkaline
medium; suitable for the action of enzymes in the small intestine; it also contains bile salt, sodium glycochocolate and sodium
trycocholate which emulsifies fat; i.e breaks them down into tiny droplets increasing the surface are for the digestion by
pancreatic lipse, pancreatic juice contains trysinogen; which is converted into active trypsin;
Biology p1, p2&p3
By the action of enterokinase, trypsins then digest peptone into dipeptide, the dipeptides are then digested into amino acids by
peptidase produced in the ileum;
Absorption:- Amino acids diffuse through the thin epithelial of the microvilli into blood capillaries; and transport into the
liver; by hepatic portal vein;
Assimilation:- Protein in the body are used for synthesis of new cells, growth and repair of worn-out tissues;
Excess proteins are broken down (Deaminated) into urea and carbon residue. Urea is eliminated from the body as urine;
The carbon residue is fed into the carbohydrates metabolism and either converted into the glycogen for storage in the liver or
during food shortage converted into glucose and respire to provide energy;
NB: Students must be sequential and mention all three processes.
8 Describe the mechanism of opening of stomata through the starch/sugar inter-conversion theory. (20 marks)
Opening
During the day in the presence of light; photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplast of the guard cells; this lowers the concentration;
of carbon dioxide (a raw material of the photosynthesis); hence the acidity of guard cells reduces;
Lower acidity favours the conversion of starch into glucose; which then increases the osmotic pressure of the guard cells; higher
than the neighboring cells; water from the neighboring cells move into the guard cells by osmosis; causing them to be turgid; the
outer wall which are thinner than inner walls stretch, more causing the guard cells to bulge outwards; and stomata opens;
Closing;
In the night when there is no light; no photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts of the guard cells; hence carbon dioxide
accumulates in the guard cells; causing increase in acidity lower than the PH; guard cells reduce lower than neighboring cells;
guard cells then lose water to the neighboring cells by osmosis; they become flaccid; and the stomata closes;

Biology p1, p2&p3
BIOLOGY
PAPER 3
MARKING SCHEME
1a)
Food Procedure Observations Conclusions
Starch To about 2cm3 of K add drops of Blue-black colour Starch Present
Iodine and mix
Reducing Sugar To about 2cm3of K add Benedicts Blue colour of Benedicts Reducing sugar absent
solution. Heat to boil solution remains
Protein To about 2cm3of K add some Colour changes to Protein Present
sodium hydroxide solution violet/purple
followed by a few drops of copper
sulphate solution
Ascorbic To about 2cm3of DCPIP add K DCPIP is decolorized Vitamin C present
acid(Vitamin C) drop wise 8mks
b)
i. Effervescence/fizzing/frothing occurred in both tubes. It was however much more vigorous in test tube B than in test tube
A.(2mks)
ii. Hydrogen peroxide was broken down to water and oxygen by the enzyme catalase present in potato. Crushing exposed
more surface area potato tissue making more catalase available for the action on the hydrogen peroxide hence the more
vigorous reaction in test tube B.(2mks)
iii. 2H2O2 → 2H2O+O21mk
Hydrogen Peroxide catalase → water +oxygen
c)Some energy releasing reaction in cells produce hydrogen peroxide as an end-product. Hydrogen peroxide is toxic to cells and is
broken down to water and oxygen which are harmless by the action of catalase.
2.a)
 Phas one seed while R has several seeds
 P has a thick pericarp while R has a thin pericarp
 P has a distinct epicarp, mesocarp and endocarp while in R the three layers are indistinct
 P has no suture lines while R has suture lines
 P has a hollow seed while the seeds of R are not hollow
b)Specimen P: Gynoecium is monocarpous, placenta is basal
Specimen S: Gynoecium is syncarpous, placenta is pariental
Specimen V: Gynoecium is syncarpous, the placenta is axile central
Specimen Mode of dispersal Adaptive features
P Water Mesocarp has fibres/airspaces for
buoyancy
Q Wind Has a wing like membranous
structure/membranous extension
R Self-dispersal by explosive mechanism Has line of weakness/sutures on the
wall
S Animals Is fleshy/succulent
T Wind Has hairs-like projections/parachute of
hairs
U Animals Is fleshy/succulent
3)
i. L-Left auricle/autrium
J-Right ventricle
ii. 2-Pulmonary artery
3-Pulmonary vein
4-Aorta
iii. Wall of N/Left ventricle is thicker than the wall of J/Right ventricle. This is because the left ventricle pumps
blood for a longer distance to all parts of the body, hence requires to exert more force. Chamber J pumps blood
for a shorter distance /only to the lungs hence requires to exert less force.
iv. Tricuspid valve/right atrio-venticular valve. It ensures that blood flows in only one direction from the right
atrium to the right ventricle and not the other way round.

Biology p1, p2&p3
WESTLANDS SUB-COUNTY JOINT EXAMINATION
231/1
BIOLOGY
PAPER 1
TIME: 2 HRS
JULY/AUGUST 2016
1. a) How is the fovea centralis adapted to its function? (1 mark)
b) A person was not able to see near objects clearly but could view far objects clearly. State the eye defect the person had.
c) How can the defect be corrected? (1 mark)
2. The diagram below shows the internal structure of a bean seed. Study it.
a) Name part A .............................................................................. (1 mark)

b) Why is it important that part B develops first during germination? (2 marks)
3. When internal pressure reduces in the following tubular structure; xylem, trachea of insects and bronchus in human do not
collapse. Identify what prevents them from collapsing;
a) Xylem vessels (1 mark)
b) Bronchi in human (1 mark)
c) Trachea system of insects (1 mark)
4. a) State the function of sepals. (_ marks)
b) Explain how double fertilization occurs in flowering plants. (_ marks)
5. How are leaves of submerged planting adapted for photosynthesis? (2 marks)
6. Identify the stages in cell division in which the following events take place.
a) Chromosomes are found at both ends of the spindle fibres.
b) Synopsis
c) What is the importance of crossing over ? (1 mark)
7. State the functions of the following cell organelles;
a) Nucleolus
b) Lysosome
8. State two roles of green plants in a fish aquarium other than food for fish. (2 marks)
9. Plants do not have ability to move from one place to another. How do they compensate for this in order to carry out the
following processes.
a) Reproduction (2 marks)
b) Nutrition (2 marks)
10. During an accident, a victim suffered injuries in the head. After the accident he lost his memory and was passing excessive
amount of dilute urine. Suggest the part of the brain which was damage.
a) Memory
b) Passing large amount of dilute urine
11. There are five kingdoms into which organisms are classified ; namely, Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protoctista and Monera.
State three characteristics of kingdom Monera that are not found in the other kingdom. (3 marks)
12. a) State two features of the phloem sieve tubes. (2 marks)
b) State the reasons for the following adaptations of the xylem vessels.
i) Lack of cross walls (1 mark)
ii) Narrow lumen (1 mark)
13. a) Name the most suitable biological equipment for collecting the following organisms;
i) moths from a coffee farm ............................................................................... (1 mark)
ii) ants from a tree trunk ...................................................................................... (1 mark)
b) State the term that refers to the scientific system of assigning two names to an organism. (1 mark)

Biology p1, p2&p3
14. The diagram below show san experiment performed on oat coleoptile. Coleoptile was left intact, coleoptile 2 had its tip cut
off and coleoptile 3 had its tip covered with aluminium foil cap.
3
Aluminium 1
2 Light
cap
rays
carbon
box
Start of Experiment End of Experiment
a) State the type of response being investigated. (1 mark)

b) Name the chemical substance that causes the response shown by the coleoptiles. (1 mark)
c) Explain the observations made on coleoptile. (2 marks)
15. Give three reasons why biological control method is preferred to chemical control method in the control of pests and
parasites. (3 marks)
16. Students set up an experiment as shown below.
Glucose + Starch
solution
Distilled
water
The set up was left to stand for 40 minutes after which starch test and reducing sugar test was carried out on the distilled
water.
a) State the observation made by the students.
Starch test (1 mark)
Reducing sugar test (1 mark)
b) Explain the observations in (a) above. (3 marks)
17. In an investigation, the pancreatic duct of a rat was blocked by tying it with a string. Explain how this affected the following
processes.
a) Digestion of food (2 marks)
b) Regulation of blood glucose level. (2 marks)
18. a) Distinguish between homozygote and heterozygote. (marks)
b) Ability to roll the tongue is dominant to rolling of tongue. If a woman who roll her tongue marries a man who is a tongue
roller but is the son of a non-roller father. What would be the chances of them producing a non-roller child. (3 marks)
19. The diagram below shows one of the bones of the hind limb.
A
B
a) Identify the bone .......................................................................... (1 mark)

Biology p1, p2&p3
b) Name the parts labelled A,B,C (2 marks)
20. a) State two ways in which white blood cells protect the body against disease-causing micro- organisms. (2 marks)
b) Name a source of white blood cells in the human body. (1 mark)
21. Study the graphs of the thermoregulation in two different organisms.
Temperature
A
time of day
a) State the type of organisms represented by A and B. (2 marks)
b) State two structures that insulate the body of organism B. (2 marks)
22. Study the base sequence below.
C-A-T-G-C-G-T
a) i) Identify the nuclei acid represented by the strand. (1 mark)
ii) Give a reason for your answer in a(i) above. (1 mark)
b) Write a complementary strand that would form from the strand. (1 mark)
23. State four adaptations of the red blood cells to their functions. (2 marks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/2
BIOLOGY
PAPER 2
TIME: 2 HRS
JULY/AUGUST 2016
Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided.
1. The graph shows the effect of substrate concentrate on the rate of enzyme reaction.
Rate of Reaction
B C
Sub strate Concentration
a) Account for the shape of the graph between;

i) A and B (3 marks)
ii) B and C (2 marks)
b) How can the rate of reaction be increased after point B? (1 mark)
c) State two properties of enzyme that make them be said to be efficient. (2 marks)
2. a) State the causative agents of the following diseases;
i) Amoebic dysentery (1 mark)
ii) Typhoid (1 mark)
b) Name the cells in the human body that are infected by plasmodium. (1 mark)
c) State three adaptations of Ascaris lumbricoides to its parasitic life. (3 marks)
d) State two control measures for cholera. (2 marks)
3. a) Define sex-linkage. (2 marks)
b) Name two traits in humans that are linked to Y chromosome. (2 marks)
c) In a family, a man who is haemophiliac has two sons. One of the sons is haemophiliac while the other son
is normal. What is the probability of one of his daughter being haemophiliac?
(Use punnet square to show your working) (4 marks)
4. a) Define the following terms.
i) Comparative anatomy (1 mark)
ii) Vestigial structures (1 mark)
iii) Adaptive radiation (2 marks)
b) Explain; Charles Darwin’s idea of “survival of the fittest”. (2 marks)
c) Lamarck’s idea of “use and disuse”. (2 marks)
5. a) What is endocrine gland? (1 mark)

Biology p1, p2&p3
b) Study the flow diagram showing the role of the pancreas in controlling blood glucose concentration;
Normal blood glucose concentration 80-120mg/100cm² blood
Fall in blood Rise in blood

glucose concentration glucose concentration
cells Endocine tissue A cells
Hormone B produced Hormone C produced
D
Liver Liver
D
Release of glucose Absorption of glucose
Normal blood glucose concentration 80-120mg/100cm³ blood
i) Name the endocrine tissue labelled A............................................................................ (1 mark)

ii) Name the hormone B produced by a cells. ...................................................................... (1 mark)
iii) Name the hormone C produced by the B cells. (1 mark)
iv) Name the process represented by the dotted lines. ........................................................... (1 mark)
c) Briefly describe how hormone B brings about a rise in blood glucose concentration when it reaches
the liner. (3 marks)
Answer question 6 (compulsory) and either 7 or 8.
In an experiment to determine the effect of ringing on the concentration of sugar in the phloem. A ring of bark from the
3
stem of a tree was cut and removed. The amount of sugar in grammes per 16cm piece of bark above the ring was
measured over a 24hr period. Sugar was measured over a 24hr period. Sugar was also measured in the back of a similar
stem of the same species which was not ringed. The results are shown in the table below.
3
Time of the day Amount of sugar in grammes per 1cm piece of bark
Normal stem Ringed stem
6.45am 0.78 0.78
9.45am 0.80 0.91
12.45pm 1.81 1.01
3.45pm 1.80 1.04
6.45pm 1.77 1.10
9.45pm 0.73 0.95
12.45am 0.65 0.88
a) Using the same axis, plot graphs of the amount of sugar against time for both stems. (6 marks)
b) At what time was the amount of sugar highest in the;
i) Ringed stem (1 mark)
ii) Normal stem (1 mark)
c) How much sugar would be in the ringed stem if it was measured at 3:45am. (1 mark)
d) Give a reason why there was sugar in the stem of both trees at 6:45am. (2 marks)
e) Account for the shape of the graph for the tree with the ringed stem between;
i) 6:45 and 3;45pm (3 marks)
ii) 3:45pm and 12:45am (2 marks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
f) Name the structures in the phloem that are involved in the translocations of sugars. (2 marks)
g) Name two elements required for the formation of chlorophyll in plants. (2 marks)
7. a) Define the following biological terms :
i) Excretion (1 mark)
ii) Secretion (1 mark)
b) Explain how mammalian skin is adapted to perform the following functions :
i) Thermoregulation (10 marks)
ii) Protection (8 marks)
8. a) Explain why water, oxygen, optimum temperature and enzymes are necessary during germination
of seed in plants. (10 marks)
b) Explain the role of the following plant hormones in growth and development.
i) Gibberellins (5 marks)
ii) Cytokinin (5 marks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/1
BIOLOGY
PAPER 1
TIME: 2 HRS
JULY/AUGUST 2016
1. a) High number if cones/high concentration of cones for high visual acquity/colour perception;
b) Long sightedness/Hypermetropia;
c) wearing convex lens;
2. a) Epicotyl;
b) -It enables the seedling to be firmly anchored in the ground;
- It enables the seedling to obtain water and mineral salts;
3. a) Xylem vessel - ligui;
b) Bronchus in man - cartilage;
c) Tracheole - chitin;
4. a) Protecting the flower during the bud stage;
b) The male nucleus fuses with the egg to form a diploid zygote; while the other male nucleus fuses with (two) polar nuclei
to form (triploid) endosperm nucleus;
5. i) Have numerous chloroplasts to absorb max amount of light/Epidermis have chloroplasts to absorb light;
ii) Deeply divided /truncated/dissected leaves to increase surface area for absorption of sunlight;
iii) Have large air spaces /aeronchyma tissues for storage of air/buoyancy;
6. a) Anaphase I;
b) Prophase I;
c) Allows exchange of genetic materials hence variation;
7. a) Manufacture of ribosomes;
b) Destroy worn out organelles or even the entire cell;
8. -Provide oxygen for the fish;
- Provide shelter /hideout from predators;
9. a) Ability to pollinate /ability to disperse seed/fruits;
b) -ability to photosynthesis/make their own food;
- Ability to exploit localised nutrients;
10. a) Cerebrum;
b) Pituitary gland;
11. - Are prokaryotic;
- Smallest in size; (rej unicellular/microscopic)
- Have few organelles;
12. a) Presence of sieve plates (between the sieve tubes) /perforated cross walls/presence of sieve pores;
- Presence of cytoplasmic strands;
b) i) Lack of cross walls to allow continuous movement of water uninterrupted;
ii) Narrow to enhance capillarity;
13. a) i) Sweepnet;
ii) Pooter;
b) Binomial nomenclature;
14. a) Phototropism
b) Auxins
c) Unidirectional source of light causes auxins to move; to the darker side of the shoot; causing faster cells
elongation/growth;
15. -No poisonous substances used;
- No accumulation along food chains;
- No resistance can be developed;
- No residual effects /no non-biodegradable substances in the environment.
16. a) Starch test - brown colour of iodine persists/no colour change;
Reducing sugar test- orange /brown/yellow;
b) Starch molecules are too large to pass through the visking tubing;
Small glucose molecules diffuses into the distilled water; across the visking tubing (semi-permeable)
17. a) Digestion of food was impaired; this is because blockage prevented pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes from
reaching the duodenum;
b) Regulation of blood glucose level proceeded normally because pancreatic hormone /insulin and glucose were secreted
directly into the blood stream;
Biology p1, p2&p3
18. a) Homozygote - is an organism containing a identical alleles for a particular trait;
Heterozygote - is an organism containing a pair of dissimilar alleles for a particular trait;
b) Let R be gene for tongue rolling
And r be the gene for non -rolling
Parental phenotype Non-roller Rolling male
Female
Parental genotypes rr X Rr
Parental Gametes r r R r ;
F1 Generation genotypes Rr rr Rr rr ;
19. a) Femur
b) A - Head of femur
B - Neck of femur
C - Lesser trachanter
20. a) By engulfing pathogens;
By producing antibodies;
b) Spleen / lymph nodes/bone marrow of long bones
21. a) A - Poikilotherm/Ectotherm
B - Homoitherm/Endotherm
b) Subcutaneous fat layer;
Hairs on the skin;
Fur;
22. a) DNA
b) Has thymine
c) G - T - A - C - G - C - A
23. Lack nucleus to provide more space for packaging haemoglobin;
Biconcave/disc shaped to increase surface area for carrying gases;
Has haemoglobin that has high affinity for oxygen;
This cell membrane for faster diffusion of gases;
Presence of carbonic anhydrase that speeds up conversion of carbon (IV) oxide to weak carbonic acid / combination of
carbon (IV) oxide and water.

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/2
BIOLOGY
PAPER 2
TIME: 2 HRS
JULY/AUGUST 2016
1. i) More enzyme active sites are available; for a large number of substrate ; hence rapid increase in rate of reaction;
ii) All active sites are occupied/enzyme - substrate in equilibrium; hence reaction is constant;
b) Raising the concentration of enzyme/adding more enzyme molecules;
c) Are used in small amounts;
Do not take part in the chemical reaction
2. a) i) Entramoeba bistolylia
ii) Salmonella typhi
b) Red blood cells
c) - Has two hosts (human and pigs) to increase chances of survival;
- Lay numerous eggs to increase chances to survival;
- Tissues are tolerant to low oxygen concentration;
- Has muscular pharynx to suck digested food The eggs are protected by a hard shell
Any two
3. a) Genes located on sex chromosomes; and are transmitted along with those determining sex;
b) Hairy pinna/ears;
Baldness;
c) Parental gen otype h H h
X Y X X X ;
h H h
Gametes X Y X X
Probability 50%;
4. a) i) Comparison of internal structure of organisms;
ii) These are structures that are greatly reduced in size and have ceased to function;
iii) A case where organisms with similar homologous structures that are modified differently; to suit the way of life/habitat.
/Evolutionary phenomenon whereby divergent forms originating from a common ancestor; become adapted to different
habitats;
b) Organisms with favourable/advantageous variations or traits survive and pass their traits; while those with
disadvantageous/unfavourable traits are eliminated from the environment.
c) The structures that are put to use more due to environmental demand becomes more developed; while those structures
that are not used reduce in size and eventually become functionless.
5. a) A ductless gland that secretes hormone directly into the blood stream;
b) i) Pancreas;
ii) Glucagon;
iii) Insulin;
iv) Negative feedback;
c) Hormone stimulates the liver cells; to convert glucose to glycogen /decrease oxidation of glucose;
6. b i) 3:45pm;
ii) 12:46pm;
3
c) 0.80 - 0.81 g/156cm (rej wrong units) (1mk)
d) Stored sugar; photosynthesis had started taking place;
e) i) Fast/rapid/high increase in sugar level; due to accumulation of sugar above the ring because of photosynthesis
ii) Decrease in sugar level, due to respiration /slow rate of respiration; (2mks)
f) Sieve tube elements/sieve elements/sieve tubes; cytoplasmic strands/filaments /protein fibres; companion cells;
Any 2 correct = 2 x 1 = 2mks
g) Magnesium; iron/nitrogen;
Biology p1, p2&p3
7. a) i) Excretion is the process by which living organisms separate and eliminate metabolic waste products from their bodies;
ii) Secretion is the production/release from cells /glands of certain substances which are useful to the body. (eg enzymes
and hormones)
b) Thermoregulation;
Blood vessels (arterioles and capillaries) dilate when the body temperature is high; to bring more blood closer to the
surface of the skin; so that more heat is lost to the surrounding;
When the temperature is low the vessels constrict; and less blood flows near the surface of skin; The hair traps air which is
a bad conductor of heat; This helps to reduce heat loss to the surrounding;
When it is hot the erector pili muscle relax; Hair lies flat close to the skin; and does not trap air; and therefore heat is lost
from the body;
Sweet glands produce sweat which moves to the surface of the skin (through sweat ducts) when the body temperature is
high; The sweat evaporates and cools and cools the body by taking away heat from the body.
The skin has the adipose tissue (which is a fatty layer that acts as any insulator; hence controlling body temperature;)
ii) Protection;
The cornified layer, made of dead cells; provides a mechanical barriers, giving physical protection to the entire body and
also prevents entry of pathogens and poisonous chemicals.
The sebaceous gland produces an oily secretion /sebum; that protects the skin against invasion by micro-organisms (acts as
antiseptic)
The pigment melanin; in the malphigian layer protects the body against harmful ultra-violet rays;
Max 20
8. a)
Water/moisture
Activates germination enzymes/breaks seed dormancy; provides medium for enzymes to act;
It is a medium for transportation of dissolved food to the growing regions;
Hydrolyses food during germination;
Softens seed coat, which bursts open to allow plumule and radicle to emerge;
Oxygen
Oxidation of food during respiration to provide energy for germination;/cell division and formation of new tissues;
Optimum temperature
Suitable for action of germination enzymes that hydrolyse stored food;
Low temperature below 0°C inactivates germination enzyme allowing down germination rate;
High temperature above 40°C denature germination enzymes stopping germination;
Enzymes
Breaks down food stored since they are insoluble eg carbohydrates, fats and proteins
Example Starch amylase maltose
Lipids lipase fatty and glycerol;
b) i) Gibberellins;
Promote cell division /elongation; stem elongation in dwarf plants;
Initiates formation of IAA;
Promotes formation of side branches on stems;
Inhibits growth of adventitious roots;
- Activates hydrolytic enzymes during germination/promote seed germination /breaks seed dormancy
Promote leaf expansion; leaf abscission;
max 5mks
ii) Cytokinins
Promotes cell division (in presence of auxins/IAA)
Promotes root formation on a shoot;
Low concentration encourage leaf senescence;
Induces callus tissue formation in conjunction with IAA
Promotes flowering in some species
Max. 5mks

Biology p1, p2&p3
GEM SUB-COUNTY FORM 4 JOINT EVALUATION
231/1
BIOLOGY
Paper 1
(Theory)
July/August 2016
Time: 2 Hours
1. Explain the following terms :
a) Taxonomy (1 mark)
b) Species (1 mark)
c) Cytology (1 mark)
2. State three features used in classifying arthropods into classes. (3 marks)
3. The diagram below represents gaseous exchange in the alveolus.
Blood
leaving
alveolar
cavity
Blood Capillary
entering Y Red blood cell
X
a) Identify the gases labelled X and Y (2 marks)

b) Describe the path followed by gas Y from alveolar space until it reaches the red blood cells. (3 marks)
4. State the importance of each of the following excretory products in plants.
i) Quinine (1 mark)
ii) Latex (1 mark)
iii) Papain (1 mark)
5. Name the causal organism of the following diseases in humans : (2 marks)
a) Bilharzia
b) Syphillis
6. i) Identify the organelle shown below ......................................................................... (1 mark)
ii) How is the organelle you have identified in a(i) above adapted to its function. (2 marks)
7. a) Explain how the following parts of a mammalian reproductive system are adapted to their functions. (2 marks)
i) Testis
ii) Uterus
b) Explain why removal of the ovary after four months of pregnancy does not terminate pregnancy. (2 marks)
8. State the role of the following hormones in homeostasis.
i) Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) (1 mark)
ii) Aldosterone hormone (1 mark)

Biology p1, p2&p3
9. Distinguish between plasmolysis and haemolysis. (2 marks)
10. Give two reasons why pressure of blood is greater in arteries than in the veins of mammals. (2 marks)
11. The sketch below illustrate a portion of chromosome with genes E, G, H, P, Q and R
E G H P Q R
Using sketch similar to the one above, illustrate the changes that the above chromosome would undergo. If the following
mutations occurred on gene H and P.
a) Deletion (1 mark)
b) Inversion (1 mark)
c) Duplication (1 mark)
12. a) Guard cells are specialised epidermal cells. State two structural features which suit them to their function.(2 marks)
b) Apart from gaseous exchange give one other function of the stomata. (1 mark)
13.State three adaptation of xylem to its function. (3 marks)
14. The photograph below is two varieties of peppered moth Biston betularia resting on the bark of a tree.
Explain using the photograph how natural selection will determine the survival of each variety. (3 marks)
15.a) Explain how the following adaptation of xerophytes assist them to survive in their habitat.
i) Sunken stomata (1 mark)
ii) Thick cuticle (1 mark)
b) State the structural differences between the root system of the xerophytes and that of the hydrophytes. (2 marks)
16.Distinguish between homologous and analogous structures. (2 marks)
17.The diagram below represents a nerve cell.
Z
Q
a) Identify with a reason the type of neurone above. (2 mark)

b) Name parts labelled :Q ,Z (2 marks)
18.a)Name three supportive tissues in plants. (3 marks)
b) Name the type of muscle found in the gut. (1 mark)
19. A form one student trying to estimate the size of onion cells observed the following on the microscope’s field of view.

Biology p1, p2&p3
a) Define the term resolving power. (1 mark)
b) If the student counted 20 cells across the field of view calculate the size of one cell in micrometers. (2 marks)
20. A student added equal amounts of blood to equal volumes of salt of different concentrations. She observed and counted
the red blood cells at the beginning of the experiment and at end of the experiment. The results were as shown :
Set up Concentration of salt Beginning After 30 mins
A 0.1 mol 500 500

B 0.01 mol 500 250
Account for the results in :

a) Set up A (2 marks)
b) Set up B (2 marks)
21. Below is a dental formula of certain organism. Use it to answer the questions that follow.
0 0 3 3
i , c , pm , m
3 1 2 3
i) Calculate the total number of teeth in the mouth of the organism. (2 marks)
ii) Identify the mode of nutrition of the organisms. (1 mark)
22. State two precautionary measures to control the outbreak of cholera. (2 marks)
23. The diagram below shows a mature embryo sac of a flowering plant.
a) Name the parts

i) A (1mk)
ii) D .1mk)
b) What is the function of the structure labelled B ? (1 mark)
24. In an experiment to investigate a product of photosynthesis, the set up was as shown in the diagram below. The apparatus
was placed in the sun.
Gas Y
Gas bubbles
Water + Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate

Glass Funnel
Elodea
Wood block
a) State the confirmation test for gas Y (1 mark)
b) Explain why Elodea is the most suitable plant for this experiment. (2 marks)
c) State the functions of the sodium hydrogen carbonate in the experiment. (1 mark)
25. Explain why individuals with smaller body sizes requires more energy per kg of body weight than those with large body
sizes. (3 marks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
26. The graph below represents the growth of animal in a certain phylum.
Mass in (g)
W X
Time in days
a) Name the type of growth pattern shown on the graph. (1 mark)
b) Identify the process represented by X ......................................................................... (1 mark)

c) Name the hormone responsible for the process in (b) above. (1 mark)

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/2
BIOLOGY
Paper 2
(Theory)
July/August 2016
Time: 2 Hours
1. Below is a diagrammatic summary of the main biochemical events in photosynthesis. Study it carefully and answer the
SUN
Stage A
Chlorophyll
Molecule P Water
Hydrogen Gas P
Atoms
Stage B Gas W
Glucose
Reaction Z
Starch
a) Suggest the identify of molecule P (1 mark)

b) Name the gases represented by letters.Q,W (2 marks)
c) Name the specific site for reactions in stage B. (1 mark)
d) Name reaction Z (1 mark)
e) State three factors that favour photosynthesis. (3 marks)
2. The diagram represents a section through the human eye.
X
S
O
R
Z
T
Y
U
W
a) Name the parts labelled R and S (2 marks)

b) State the differences between parts labelled T and U (2 marks)
c) What could be the effect of having W being defective. (1 mark)
d) Describe how the part labelled X is adapted to its function. (2 marks)

e) A person reading a book under a tree shade suddenly looks up to see a jet flying over. State the changes that occur in structures
Y and Z. (1 mark)

Biology p1, p2&p3
3. The diagram below shows a cross-section through a pistil.
L
Microphyle M
a) Name the structures labelled K, L and M (3 marks)

b) What do the following parts develop into after fertilization.
i) Part M
ii) Part L
iii) Part N
c) In which two ways do plants promote cross fertilization. (2 marks)
4. In a certain bird species, when a white bird (W) is crossed with a black bird (B) all the offspring in F1 generation are blue.
a) Using a punnet square, work out the phenotypic ratio expected when the F1 generation are selfed.
(4 marks)
b) State the genotypic ratio of a cross between a black and blue bird. (1 mark)
c) Name the type of dominance expressed in F1 above. (1 mark)
d) What is mutation. (2 marks)
5. An experiment was set up as shown below.
X
Delivery
tubes
Lime
water
A B
a) A student blew air in and out through point X. Using arrows, indicate on the diagram how air gets in and out of the setup.
(2 marks)
b) i) In which of the test tube would lime water forms white precipitate first. (1 mark)
ii) Give a reason. (1 mark)
c) What is the effect of lactic acid in the thigh muscles of an athlete after a short fast race. (2 marks)
d) Identify the type of muscle in human being where formation and effect of lactic acid is not felt. (1 mark)
e) What is the biological significance of boiling milk (Ultra heat treated milk) (1 mark)

Biology p1, p2&p3
SECTION B : (40 MARKS)
Answer question 6 (compulsory) and either question 7 or 8 in the spaces provided.
6. An experiment was carried out to investigate plasmolysis in onion epidermal cells. The epidermal cells were placed in
different concentrations of sodium chloride solution. The percentage of plasmolysed cells was determined after 30 minutes.
The results were as shown in the table below.
Salt concentration (g/100cm³%) Onion epidermal cells plasmolysed (%)

0.35 0
0.40 15
0.45 30
0.50 69
0.55 82
0.60 91
0.65 100
a) On the grid provided plot a graph of

i) plasmolysed epidermal cells against salt concentration. (6 marks)
ii) At what concentration of salt solution was the proportion of plasmolysed cells equal to non-plasmolysed cells. (1 mark)
iii) State the salt concentration at which 45% of the cells are plasmolysed. (1 mark)
b) Account for the results obtained at :
i) 0.35% salt concentration (3 marks)
ii) 0.65% salt concentration (3 marks)
c) i) What does the term plasmolysis mean ? (1 mark)
ii) Name the process by which plasmolysis is reversed. (1 mark)
d) Does plasmolysis occur in animal cells. Explain. (2 marks)
e) What is the relationship between molar concentration of the salt solution and the percentage of plasmolysedcells.(2 marks)
7. a) i) Give four modes of expressing food relationships in an ecosystem. (4 marks)
ii) Explain how food as a factor regulate the population of animals in an ecosystem. (8 marks)
b) How are desert plants adapted to conserving water. (8 marks)
8. Discuss the role of hormones in plants growth and development. (20 marks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
BIOLOGY
Paper 3
July/August 2016
CONFIDENTIAL INSTRUCTIONS
Each candidate should be provided with the following :
- 4 beakers of 250ml
- 4 pieces of visking tubing measuring 10cm each
- 4 pieces of threads measuring 0.5m each
- means of timing
- concentrated solution of sodium chloride labelled solution B (200ml)
- distilled water labelled solution A (500ml)
- 0.1% sucrose solution labelled solution C (20ml)
- 4 labels

BIOLOGY
Paper 3
July/August 2016
1. You are provided with solutions A, B and C.
Put 150ml of solution A into beakers P, V and X. Then put about 150ml of solution B into beaker labelled WMark the level of
liquid in each beaker. Take one piece of visking tubing and add 10ml of solution B.
Tie the open end with one length of the thread and place the visking tubing into the beaker labelled P
It is important that there is no leakage at either end of the visking tubing. Then label this set up P
Take the second visking tubing, put 10ml of solution C and tie it with one length of thread. Place it in beaker labelled V.
Label this set up V
With the third piece of visking tubing put 10ml of solution A, tie the open end and place it into the beaker labelled X. Label
this set up X
With the fourth visking tubing put 10mls of solution A and tie the open ends
Place it in the beaker labelled W. Label this set up W.
Leave the set ups for about 30 minutes
NB: Ensure that the visking tubings are completely immersed in the solutions poured in the respective beakers.
a) Record your observations in the table below. (8 marks)
Size of visking tubing after 30 minutes Level of liquid in the beakers after 30 minutes
Set up P
Set up V
Set up X
Set up W
b) Explain the changes you observed in :

i) Set up W (2 marks)
ii) Set up X (2 marks)
iii) Set up P and V (4 marks)
c) i) State the nature of solutions A and B (2 marks)
Solution A
Solution B

Biology p1, p2&p3
2. Below are diagram of simple succulent fruits. Study them carefully and use them to answer the questions that follow.
T/S of an orange fruit (A) L/S of a mango fruit (B)
a) What type of simple succulent fruit is :

i) Fruit A ............................................................................................................................. (1 mark)
ii) Fruit B ............................................................................................................................. (1 mark)
b) Give reasons for your answers in 1(a) above.
i) Reasons for fruit A (2 marks)
ii) Reasons for fruit B (2 marks)
c) State the type of placentation found in :
i) Fruit A ......................................................................................................................... (1 mark)
ii) Fruit B ......................................................................................................................... (1 mark)
d) With a reason state the mode of dispersal for fruit A
i) Mode of dispersal ........................................................................................................... (1 mark)
ii) Reason (1 mark)
3. Below is a diagram of a bony fish which lives in fresh water habitat.
Anus
a) Name the class to which the fish belongs (1 mark)

b) Using observable features only give two reasons for your answer in 2(a) above. (2 marks)
c) i) Name the part of the fish labelled N ............................................................................. (1 mark)
ii) State the function of part N (1 mark)
d) State two functions of the part labelled L during movement of the fish in water. (2 marks)
e) Using observable features only describe three ways by which the fish is adapted to living in its habitat. (3 marks)
f) i) Name one structure on the fish that prevents it from pitching. (1 mark)
ii) Name one structure on the fish that prevents it from yawing. (1 mark)
g) i) What is meant by tail power ? (1 mark)
ii) During a Practical study students made measurements on a fish and found out that its body length
from the tip of the mouth to the tail tip was 30cm and the length from the tail tip to the anus was
12cm. Use this information to calculate the tail power of the fish. (2 marks)
iii) State the importance of tail power to a fish as it swims in water. (1 mark)

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/1
BIOLOGY
Paper 1
(Theory)
Time: 2 Hours
1. a) The science of classification;
b) A group of organisms that can freely / naturally interbreed to give a fertile (viable) offspring; 1mk
c) Study of structure of cells 1mk
2. Number of limbs;
Presence and number of antennae;
Number of body parts
3. a) X - Carbon (IV) oxide(rej. carbon dioxide)
Y - oxygen;
b) Oxygen dissolves into moisture layer and diffuses across the thin epithelium of alveolus; then across the thin epithelium
of capillary; combines with haemoglobin in red blood cells to form oxyhaemoglobin
4. i) Used in making malaria drugs 1mk
ii) Used in making rubber that make tyres and shoes 1mk
iii) Used as meat tenderiser / softener 1mk
5. a) Schistosoma mansoni; 1mk
acc. other correct species
b) Treponema palladium; 1mk
6. a) i) Mitochondrion; Rj. mitochondria 1mk
ii) Has cristae / inner membrane highly folded to increase S.A for attachment of (respiratory) enzymes for respiration;
Has matrix medium for respiratory activities; 2mks
NB: rej. a(ii) if a(i) is wrong
7. a) i) Testis - have seminiferous tubulues for spermatogenesis / are glandular to
secrete hormone / testosterone; 1mk
ii) Uterus - hollow to accommodate developing foetus / muscular to expel foetus; 1mk
b) Placenta fully developed and secrete progesterone and small quantity of oestrogen; to maintain pregnancy;
2mks
8. Antidiuretic hormone - causes distal convoluted tubule / collecting duct to be more permeable to water; 1mk
Aldosterone - regulates level of ions in blood; 1mk
9. Plasmolysis - when a plant cell loses water and becomes flaccid when placed in hypertonic solution;
Haemolysis - when a red blood cell gains water and bursts when placed in hypotonic solution;
2mks
10. Blood is pumped to the arteries by the heart at high pressure while blood pressure in the veins is reduced by valves
resistance;
Arteries have narrow lumen which maintains high pressure, veins have wide lumen which reduce pressure; 2mks
11. a) E G Q R (1mk)
b) E G P H Q R (1mk)
c) (1mk)
E G H P H P Q R
12. a) Guard cell have thick inner walls; and thin outer walls which contract and relax to open the stoma; 2mks
b) Transpiration 1mk
13. Hollow and narrow to aid capillarity;
- walls strengthened by the deposition of lignin material to ensure they do not collapse;
- made of dead cells to ensure passage of water;
14. Speckled white variety is well camouflaged; thus not predated upon; while the black melanic form is easily spotted by the
predators / exposed; thus highly predated upon; agent of natural selection selective predations; 3mks
15. a) i) Allows water vapour / moisture to saturate in the pits depression thus decreasing the diffusion gradient which
reduces loss of water by transpiration; 1mk
ii) Thick cuticle increase diffusion distancereducing loss of water by transpiration
b) Xerophyte have deep / long root to reach water table; hydrophyte have poorly developed root system

Biology p1, p2&p3
16. a) Homologous structures are structures that have a common embryonic but have been modified to perform different
functions;while analogous structures have different embryonic origin but have evolved to perform similar functions;2mks
17. a) Sensory (neurone); 1mk
Cell body is off the axon; 1mk
b) Q - cell body; 1mk
Z - Schwann cells; 1mk
18. a) - collenchyma;
- sclerenchyma;
- xylem;
- tracheid’s
- parenchyma
any three 3mks
b) Smooth muscle; 1mk
19. a) Resolving power is the ability to distinguish two close parts as separate entities; 1mk
b) Size of single cell = diameter of field of view (m)
No. of cells observed
= 3 x 1000 1
20
= 150m 1 2mks
20. a) A - concentration of salt was isotonic; to that of the cytoplasm of the red blood cells hence no change; 2mks
b) B - most cells haemolysed; due to hypotonic salt solution; 2mks
21. i) (3 + 3 + 3 + 1 + 2 + 3) x 2
= 15 x 2 = 30 teeth;
Or  0 0 3 3
 i , c , pm , m x 2  30
 3 1 2 3
ii) Herbivorous; rej. Herbivory / herbivores 1mk

22. - drink boiled water;
- maintain high standard of hygiene;
- wash hands before eating / after visiting the latrine; any 2 x 1 = 2mks
23. a) i) A - Antipodal cells; 1mk
rej. Antipodal cell
ii) D - Synergids rej. Singular 1mk
b) Both fuse with male nuncleus to form (triploid) Endosperms / food reserve;
24. a) Relights / rekindles / reignites a glowing splint; 1mk
b) Has photosensitive chloroplast that enables it to trap light for photosynthesis; 2mks
c) Dissociate to release carbon (IV) oxide; 1mk
25. They have large surface area to volume ratio; therefore loses a lot of energy in form of heat; thus needs to take more
energy to compensate for lost energy;
26. a) Intermittent growth pattern; 1mk
b) Moulting / Ecdysis; 1mk
c) Ecdysone hormone; 1mk

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/2
BIOLOGY
Paper 2
(Theory)
Time: 2 Hours
1. a)Adenosine triphosphate; rej. ATP
b) Q - oxygen;
W - carbon (IV) oxide; rej. symbols
c) Stroma; rej. chloroplast
d) Condensation;
e) Optimum temperature;
Presence of chlorophyll;
Presence of carbon (IV) oxide;
Presence of optimum light intensity; First three correct
2. a) R - Aqueous humour;
S - conjuctiva;
b) T (Fovea) U (Blind spot)
- has many cones - has many rods
- responsible for - no colour perception
colour vision
c) Loss of vision / blindness;
d) - heavily pigmented to prevent reflection of light;
- presence of blood capillaries to circulate nutrients and oxygen / remove carbon (IV) oxide and other wastes;
e) Y (sensory ligaments) contract / pulled tight;
Z (lens) shortens / become thinner; to increase focal length;
3. a) K - ovary;
L - integument;
M - ovule / embryo sac;
b) M - seed;
L - testa;
N - zygote;
c) Protandry;
Heterostyly;
Self sterility / incompatibility;
Protogny
4. a) BW X BW ;
B W ;
P
B BB BW
W BW WW ;
1 black : 2 blue : 1 white

b) 1BB : 1BW
c) Codominance;
d) Sudden change in the genetic constitution of an organism brought about by external factors;
IN OUT
5. a) X

Biology p1, p2&p3
b) i) A
ii) Exhaled air has more carbon (IV) oxide; than B;
c) - muscle crumps;
- fatigue;
d) Cardiac muscles;
e) - kills bacteria / pathogens
- high temperature denature enzymes / stops anaerobic respiration;
6. a) i)
Plasmoylsed cells(%)
Concentration(%)
ii) 0.475% + 0.05
iii) 0.465% + 0.05
b) i) Concentration gradient between the hypertonic salt solution and the cell sap ofthe epidermal cells is low; but the
salt is still hypertonic; to cause some cells to lose water by osmosis and hence get plasmolysed;
ii) Concentration gradient between te hypertonic salt solution and the cell sap of epidermal cells is very high; thus all cells
loose water; by osmosis to the surrounding solution and get plasmolysed;
c) i) Process by which plant cells lose water by osmosis to a hypertonic solution by osmosis and become flaccid;
ii) Deplasmolysis
d) NO; animal cells lack a cell wall and would therefore shrink and undergo crenation on loosing water by osmosis (to
a hypertonic solution)
e) Increase in molar concentration increases he percentage of plasmolysed cells (Acc. converse)
7. a) i) - food web
- food chain
- pyramid of biomass
- pyramid of numbers
ii) A lot of food; causes population increase; leading to high rate of reproduction; and immigration;
Little food; leads to stiff competition (for food); leading to low rate of reproduction; high rates of deaths; and
emigration; thus reducing the population;
b) - leaves are modified to spines or thorns; to reduce surface area over which transpiration can occur
- they shed their leaves during the dry season; to reduce the surface area exposed to transpiration
- leaves have thick, waxy cuticle; to minimise rate of cuticular transpiration;
- some leaves have hinge cells; hence can roll or fold; to reduce rate of transpiration by not exposing stomata to
environmental factors;
- have sunken stomata; which accumulate moisture in sub-stomatal air spaces hence low diffusion gradient thus reducing
transpiration rate;
- have reduced number of stomata; hence low rate of transpiration;
- some plants have reversed stomatal rhythm; to prevent excessive water loss by transpiration;
- possession of very deep roots; to absorb water from deep in the soil surface; to absorb water after light showers of rain
- possession of parenchyma cells in swollen stems and leaves; for storage of water;
- many leaves (are schlerophylous; i.e.) possess resin coatings; to increase reflection of solar radiation; hence lower
transpiration rates;
8. Auxins;
- promote cell division / influence tropic responses
- promote formation of abscission layer hence leaf fall
- promotes parthenocarpy
- promotes differentiation of vascular tissues;
- causes apical dominance / inhibits lateral bud development;
- promotes growth of adventitious roots;

Biology p1, p2&p3
Gibberellins;
- promotes cell division / elongation in dwarf plants;
- initiates parthenocarpy by forming IAA;
- stimulates the formation of side branches; and dormancy in buds;
- induce the ovary wall to form fruits after fertilization
- inhibits growth of adventitious roots;
- breaks seed dormancy
- inhibits abscission
Cytokinins;
- breaks dormancy in some species;
- stabilises proteins and chlorophyll;
- promotes root formation on shoots;
- promotes flowering in some species;
Ethylene / Ethyne;
- stimulate lateral bud development
- encourages ripening of fruits
- promotes germination in certain seeds
- causes abscission of leaves / fruits / leaf fall - promotes flowering in pineapples
Abscisic acid;
- promotes stomatal closure
- inhibits seed germination / causes dormancy
- inhibits sprouting of buds
- inhibits stem elongation

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/3
BIOLOGY
Paper 3
Time: 2 Hours
1. a)
b) i) Set up W
- the level of liquid in the beaker rises / visking tubing becomes less turgid as water moves out of the visking tubing into the beaker by
osmosis; because solution B in the beaker is hypertonic to solution A in the visking tubing;
ii) Set up X
- no osmosis takes place ; because there is no concentration gradient / the liquid on either side is isotonic;
iii) In P and V water moves into the visking tubing by osmosis; because the solution inside visking tubing is hypertonic to that in the
beaker; more water enters the visking tubing in the set up P than the visking tubing in the set up V; due to the higher solute
concentration of solution B in visking tubing of set up P than V;
c) Solution A - hypotonic solution / solution with low concentration of solutes;
Solution B - hypertonic solution / solution with higher solute concentration;
2. a) i) Berry ii) Drupe
b) i) - has thin epicarp / exocarp;
- has fleshy epicarp, mesocarp and endocarp
ii) - has thin epicarp;
- has fleshy epicarp and mesocarp and a hard endocarp
c) i) Axile / central placentation; Rj. Axil
ii) Basal placentation;
d) i) Animals; Rj. Human beings
ii) Endosperm contains juice sac which contains a sweet juice to attract animals / develops an attractive colour on the epicarp
when ripe to attract animals / has seeds with very hard and slippery seed coats to protect then against digestive enzymes of the
animal
3. a) Class Pisces; Rj. class starting with small p
b) - has scale on the surface of he skin;
- has fins for swimming in water;
c) i) Lateral line;
ii) Irritability / sensitivity;
d) - propelling the fish forward in water
- steering the fish;
- prevents rolling;
- prevents yawing;
e) - has a streamlined body to reduce friction / resistance during swimming;
- the scales are arranged pointing / overlapping backwards to reduce friction in water
- has a long tail with the caudal fin to provide a large force to propel the fish forward;
- has fins for swimming in water;
- has paired fins for maintaining balance, braking, changing direction and prevent pitching;
- has unpaired fins which prevent rolling and yawing
- the body is laterally flattened to prevent rolling and yawing
- has the tail with the caudal fin for propelling the fish forward and steering the fish in motion;
f) i) Pectoral fins / pelvic fins;
ii) Dorsal fin / caudal or tail fin / ventral or anal fin;
g) i) Force created by the tail and tail fin to propel the fish forward and steer the fish;
ii) Tail power = length from tail
tip to anus x 100
length from tail tip
to mouth tip
= 12cm x 100 ;
30cm
= 40% ;
iii) The larger the tail power the faster the fish will swim in water;
Biology p1, p2&p3
GUCHA SOUTH EVALUATION TEST (GSET)
231/1
BIOLOGY
Paper 1
(Theory)
July/August 2016
Time: 2 Hours
1. Name two major branches of biology. (2 marks)
2. State three reasons why classification is important. (3 marks)
3. a) Distinguish between respiratory quotient and oxygen debt. (1 mark)
b) Name the site where anaerobic respiration occur in a cell. (1 mark)
4. State three differences between chilopoda and diplopoda. (3 marks)
5. a) Name two products of light stage during photosynthesis. (2 marks)
b) State three differences between light stage and dark stage of photosynthesis. (3 marks)
6. State the function of the following apparatus :
i) Bait trap (1 mark)
ii) Pooter (1 mark)
B
A D
a) Identify the organelle. (1 mark)

b) Name the part labelled B (1 mark)
c) State the functions of the part labelled A (1 mark)
8. a) State three features that hinder self fertilization in a flower. (3 marks)
b) The table below show two mammalian hormones. For each hormone state the site of production and its function in the
body.
Hormone Site of production Function
Oestrogen
Aldosterone
(2 marks)
9. a) Define the term natural selection. (1 mark)
b) Why are some viruses able to resist the effect of antiretroviral drugs. (2 marks)
10. The diagram below represents a nerve cell.
Q Z
M
a) Identify with a reason the type of nerve cell above. (2 mark)
b) Name the parts labeled Q,Z (2 marks)
11. State the functions of the following cell organelle.
a) Golgi apparatus (1 mark)
b) Lysosomes (1 mark)
12. The diagram below shows part of plant tissue.

Biology p1, p2&p3
a) Name the cell labelled X and the part labelled W (2 marks)
13. The diagram below show a section of plant organ.
a) i) Name the class of the plant form which the section was obtained. (1 mark)
ii) Give a reason for your answer in a(i) above. (1 mark)
b) State the function of the part labelled A (1 mark)
14. How does low power objective lens manipulated for specimen observation under light microscope ? (2 marks)
15. What is meant by
i) Autecology (1 mark)
ii) Synecology (1 mark)
16. a) Explain why plants do not require specialised excretory organs. (4 marks)
b) Explain what happens in humans when the concentration of glucose in blood decreases below the
normal level. (2 marks)
17. The diagram below represents a plant cell that was subjected to a certain treatment.
At the start At the end of the experiment

a) Account for the shape of the cell at the end of the experiment. (2 marks)
b) Draw a diagram to illustrate how an animal cell would appear if subjected to the same treatment. (1 mark)
18. Name the cartilage between the vertebrae of vertebral column. (1 mark)
19. The experiment illustrated below was set up to investigate a certain physiological process using a fresh potato tuber.
concentrated
sucrose solution
Fresh potato
distilled water
Suggest the possible physiological process that was being investigated. (1 mark)
b) Explain the result in (a) above. (3 marks)
c) State two benefit of the process named above to plants. (2 marks)
20. State three ways in which respiratory surfaces are adapted to their function. (3 marks)
21. If the nerve supply to the heart of a mammal is severed, the rhythmic heart contraction and relaxation will go and the heart
continues to beat. Explain. (2 marks)
22. To estimate the population size of fish in a certain pond, traps were laid at random and 600 fish were caught marked and
released back into the pond. 3 days later traps were laid and 240 fish were caught out of which 80 of them had a mark.
Calculate population size of the fish in the pond. (3 marks)
23. Name the process that result to the formation of tissue fluid. (1 mark)
24. a) Name the material that strengthen xylem vessel. (1 mark)
b) Other than sugar name other one compound translocated in the phloem. (1 mark)
25. State one adaptation of the following parts of mammalian eye.
a) Fovea centralis (1 mark)
b) Sclera (1 mark)
26. a) Define the term allele (1 mark)
b) i) Differentiate between continuous and discontinuous variation. (2 marks)
ii) Name two examples of discontinuous of discontinuous variation in human beings. (2 marks)
27. a) Differentiate between hypogeal and epigeal germination. (2 marks)
b) State one cause of dormancy in seeds. (1 mark)

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/2
BIOLOGY
Paper 2
(Theory)
July/August 2016
Time: 2 Hours
SECTION A : (40 MARKS)
Answer all question in this section in the spaces provided.
1. Study the diagram of part of the circulatory system in a mammal below and use it to answer questions that follow.
HEART
2
LIVER
1
GUT
a) Explain why the level of blood sugar in vessel 2 will be higher than vessel 3 during fasting.(3 marks)
b) i) Identify vessel 1 (1 mark)
ii) Name the vessel with highest concentration of urea. (1 mark)
c) i) Outline two primary functions of roots. (2 marks)
ii) Name a tissue responsible for translocation of manufactured food in higher plants. (1 mark)
2. a) What is the meant by accommodation of the eye ? (1 mark)
b) Explain how light rays are focussed on the retina from a near object. (4 marks)
c) State one functional difference between rods and cones in the human eye. (1 mark)
d) Explain why images that form on the blind spot are not perceived. (2 marks)
3. In a certain variety of plants a true breeding white flowered plant was crossed with a true breeding red flowered plant.
All the floral petals in the F1 plants had white and red patches.
a) Define the term true breeding. (1 mark)
b) Name the biological phenomenon responsible for the presence of the red and white patches in the F1 plants.(1 mark)
c) The F1 plants were selfed. Using letter R to represent the gene for red flowers and W for the white flower, work out the
F2 generation. Show your workings. (4 marks)
d) Study the analogies below of some distorted information and identify the type of mutation they represent.(2 marks)
4. Study the diagram below representing section of a mammalian excretory organ and use it to answer questions that follow.
A
B
Ureter
a) i) Name the organ. (1 mark)

ii) Identify the parts labelled A and B (2 marks)
iii) Name the endocrine gland found immediately above the organ named in a(i) above. (1 mark)
b) i) Plants do not require elaborate excretory organs as animals do. Explain. (2 marks)
ii) Name two processes through which plants excrete their waste products. (2 marks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
5. The diagram below shows a section of a ribcage of man. Study it and use it to answer questions that follow.
Z
X
A
cartilage
B
a) Identify the vertebrae A (1 mark)

b) Name the two parts (X and Y) of the rib which provide a surface for articulation with vertebrae A. (2 marks)
c) Describe one adaptation of the part labelled Z on vertebrae A (2 marks)
d) i) Name the bone B that articulates with the rib. (1 mark)
ii) What is the role of the bone named in (i) above in the process of blood synthesis. (1 mark)
e) Outline the necessity of support in plants. (1 mark)
SECTION B : (40 MARKS)

Answer question 6 (compulsory) and either question 7 or 8.
6. An experiment was carried out to investigate transpiration and absorption of water in a certain plant species. The plants
were potted and supplied with adequate amounts of water. The amount of water lost and absorbed was determined. The
results were as shown in the table below.
Amount of water in cm³

Time of day (in hours)
Transpiration Absorption
0700 - 0900 30 15
0900 - 1100 40 25
1100 - 1300 48 34
1300 - 1500 56 45
1500 - 1700 40 50
1700 - 1900 25 40
1900 - 2100 15 28
2100 - 2300 10 21
a) Name the :
i) organs responsible for transpiration (1 mark)
ii) cell responsible for absorption of water from the soil. (1 mark)
3
b) Using the same axes, plot graphs of transpiration and absorption of water in cm against time of the day in hours.
c) Account for the shape of the graphs of :
i) Transpiration (4 marks)
ii) Absorption (3 marks)
d) At what time of the day was the amount of water the same for transpiration and absorption ? (1 mark)
e) Suggest what would happen to transpiration and absorption of water if the experiment was continued for another 2
hours. Give a reason for your answer. (2 marks)
f) Name one environmental factor which affects the rate of transpiration. (1 mark)
7. a) Explain the factors that affect energy requirement in man. (10 marks)
b) Explain the role of auxins and Giberrilins in growth and development in plants. (10 marks)
8. a) Outline the changes that occur in a flower after fertilisation. (8 marks)
b) Describe the role of the placenta in the development of the embryo from the time of implantation to the time of birth.
(12 marks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/1
BIOLOGY
Paper 1
(Theory)
July/August 2016
Time: 2 Hours
1. Botany;
Zoology;
2. For easy study;
Avoid confusion;
easy in phylogenetic relationship;
3. a) Respiratory quotient - relationship between oxygen consumed and carbon (IV) oxide produced while oxygen debt is
amount of oxygen required to breakdown lactic acid during anaerobic respiration;
b) Cytoplasm;
4. Chilopoda Diplopoda
A pair of walking legs 2 pairs of walking legs
per segment per segment;
Have poisonous claws Lack poisonous claws;
Long antennae Short antennae;
5. a) Hydrogen atom; oxygen gas;
b) Light Dark
- Occur in presence of light - occur any time;
- occur in grana - occur in stroma;
- produce hydrogen - produce glucose;
and oxygen
6. i) Attract small animals;
ii) Sucking animals from back of trees;
7. a) Mitochondrion;
b) Cristae;
c) Site for respiration;
8. a) Hermaphrodites;
Self sterility;
Heterosity;
b) Ovary; bring about ovulation
Adrenal gland; increases metabolism
9. a) Process where nature select only well adapted organisms enabling them to survive and reproduce;
b) Viruses causing disease mutate;
Become resistant;
10. a) Sensory neurone; - cell body located off axon;
b) Q - cell body;
Z - schwann cells;
11. a) Packaging of glycoproteins;
Formation of lysosomes;
Transportation of glycoproteins;
b) Breakdown large molecules;
Destroy worn out cells;
12. a) X - guard cell;
W - stoma;
13. a) i) Cotyledonae;
ii) Vascular bundle arranged in a ring form;
b) Divide to give rise to secondary thickening;
14. Click low power objective lens into position; with eyes on eyepiece lens; use coarse adjustment knob gradually to raise the
low power objective lens to bring specimen into focus;
15. i) Study of single species within a community;
ii) Study of natural communities in an ecosystem;
16. a) Wastes formed slowly;
Wastes are recycled;

Biology p1, p2&p3
Wastes are stored insoluble form;
Not removed in large quantities;
b) Glycogen converted to glucose;
Fats converted to glucose;
17. a) Plant cell was placed in hypotonic soution, it gained water through osmosis
b)
At start At the end of

experiment
18. Invertebrae discs;
19. a) Osmosis;
b) Sucrose is hypertonic to distilled water which is hypotonic; cells draws water through osmosis; making water in the
beaker to decrease in volume;
c) Support;
Movement of water from cell to cell;
20. Large SA for efficient diffusion;
Thin for rapid diffusion of respiratory gases;
Moist to dissolve respiratory gases;
21. Heart muscles are myogenic; capable of undergoing contraction and relaxation without nervous stimulation hence
heartbeat continues
22. Population size = FM x SC ;
MR
= 600 x 240 ;
80
= 1800 fish;
23. Ultrafiltration;
24. a) Lignin;
b) Amino acids;
Soluble fats;
25. a) High concentration of cones for visual acuity;
b) Have tough connective tissues to support and protect other parts of eyeball;
26. a) Alternative form of a gene;
b) i) Continuous variation is a characteristic for which there is continuous range while discontinuous is where there is a
definite category;
ii) ABO blood group;
Ability to roll tongue;
27. a) Hypogeal - germination where cotyledons remains underground;
Epigeal - germination where cotyledons emerge above the ground;
b) Hard seed coat;
Low temperature;
Chemical inhibitors;

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/2
BIOLOGY
Paper 2
(Theory)
July/August 2016
Time: 2 Hours
1. a) During fasting no food / glucose is transported from the gut / alimentary canal to the liver; via hepatic portal vein /
vessel 3. However there is breakdown of stored glycogen in the liver into glucose; and carried to all body parts hence higher
concentration (of blood sugar) in vessel 2 / hepatic vein than vessel 3;
b) i) Hepatic artery;
ii) Hepatic vein; rej. vessel 2
c) i) Support / anchorage;
Absorption of water and mineral salts;
ii) Phloem;
2. a) Ability of the eye to focus both far and near objects;
b) The ciliary muscle contracts; decreasing the diameter of the ciliary ring; tension on the suspensory ligaments easens;
making the lens to assume a more biconvex shape; which has a greater refractive power (that brings light from a near
object to focus on the retina);
c) Rods Cones
- perceive light of low - perceive light of high
intensity intensity;
- not sensitive to colour - sensitive to colour;
- give the eye low visual - give the eye high
acuity visual acuity; mark the first one
d) The blind spot has no photoreceptors; hence no nerve impulses are generated; to be transmitted to the brain;
3. a) Possession of a trait / characteristic in the homozygous recessive or homozygous dominant
condition / state;
b) Codominance;
acc. incomplete dominance / partial dominance
c) Parents :
Phenotpes: Red and Red and
White patches white patches
Genotypes: RW X RW ;
Gametes: R W R W ;
F2 Progeny: RR RW RW WW ;
Alternative : Punnet square
phenotypes : Red Red and white

and white patches ;
Genotype: RW x RW
Gametes
R W
Gametes
R RR RW ;
W RW WW ;
d) i) Deletion;

Biology p1, p2&p3
ii) Inversion;
4. a) i) Kidney; Rj. Kidneys
ii) A - cortex;
B - medulla;
iii) Adrenal gland; Rj. Adrenal glands(tie to a(i)
b) i) - (plants) store some of the wastes in their tissues but in non-toxic form;
- wastes are released in small quantities / less toxic;
- their wastes can be reused or recycled again
ii) Exudation;
Transpiration;
Guttation;
Diffusion;
Leaf / fruit fall;
Bark peeling;
(mark the first 2 only)
5. a) Thoracic;
b) X - tuberculum;
Y - capitulum;
c) Long; to increase the surface area for the attachment of (thoracic) muscles;
d) i) Sternum;
ii) Manufacture of red blood cells / tied erythrocytes;
e) - enables plants to withstand adverse environmental forces;
- exposes leaves to the environment to trap light for photosynthesis;
- ensures maximum interaction of plant leaves with the environment;
SECTION B
6. a) i) Leaves; Rj. leaf

ii) Root hair (cell); rej. root/roots
b) Refer on the graph paper
c) i) 0700 - 1500hours - transpiration rate increases with an increase in time; due to high light intensity; and high
temperature;1500-2300hrs - transpiration rate decreases with an increase in time; due to decreasing / low light intensity;
and low temperature;
ii) 0700-1700hrs - rate of water absorption increases with an increase in time; to replace the water lost through
transpiration;1700-2300hrs - water absorption rate decreases with an increase in time; due to decrease in the rate of
transpiration;
d) 1500-1700(hours);
e) Both transpiration and absorption would reduce / decrease;
Reason:
Low light intensity and low temperature would reduce transpiration rate; and subsequently absorption rate
reduces / decreases;
f) Wind;
Humidity;
Atmospheric pressure;
Light;
Temperature;
(Mark the first only)
7. a) Integuments form the seed coat / testa;
Zygote forms the embryo;
Triploid nucleus forms the endosperm;
Ovary wall forms the pericarp / exocarp;
Ovary develops into a fruit;
Ovules develop into seeds;
Corolla and the stamen dry up and fall off;
The calyx may persist or dry up and fall off;
b) The placenta allows for selective absorption of materials between the maternal and foetal blood;
There is a (very) thin membrane separating the mother’s blood and that of the foetus; thus enhancing rapid diffusion
of materials from foetal blood to maternal blood (and vice versa);
The large number of chorionic villi offers a large surface area for the exchange of materials; Nutrients (like glucose,
amino acids and vitamins) as well as oxygen; diffuse from the maternal blood into the capillaries derived from the
umbilical artery; and are carried to the foetus by the umbilical vein;Metabolic wastes (such as urea and carbon (IV)
Biology p1, p2&p3
oxide); channelled from the foetus through the umbilical artery; diffuse from the foetal blood into the maternal blood;
The placenta does not allow large molecules; e.g. proteins to pass; small molecules (e.g. antibodies, antigens) are
able to pass;
After 4 months of pregnancy, the placenta secretes progesterone; and small amounts of oestrogen; which maintain
pregnancy;
8. a) Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
This is the energy required to maintain normal body functions (e.g. breathing) when totally at rest; high basal
metabolic rate leads to high energy requirements;
(Accept the converse)
Occupation / Everyday’s work
Manual workers use a lot of energy hence need more energy; (to replace the lost energy) compared to those doing
office work who need less energy;
Body size
Small bodied people have a large surface area to volume ratio; hence their bodies lose a lot of heat to the surrounding;
therefore they need more energy to replace the heat / energy (lost); (Accept the converse)
Age
Young children have (many) actively dividing cells / are physically more active; hence need more energy; compared to
adults who have few dividing cells / relatively less active;
Sex
Males are more muscular than females; therefore males require more energy for muscular contractions; (accept the
converse) Total 12mks
Max. 10mks
b) Auxins
Stimulate cell division and elongation;
Incudes parthenocarpy;
Inhibits development of side branches;
Causes tropic responses;
Together with cytokinins induce formation of callus tissue; which leads to wound healing;
Low auxin concentration promotes formation of abscision layer;
Synthetic auxin 2, 4-D induce distorted growth and excessive respiration;
Leads to growth of adventitious roots;
Effect of Gibberellins
Inhibits sprouting of adventitious roots;
Stimulate flowering (in some plants);
Induce parthenocarpy;
Breaks seed dormancy;
Promotes formation of side branches;
Retards formation of abscision layer;
Elongation of internodes;
Induces growth of ovaries into fruits;
Total 19mks
Max. 10mks

Biology p1, p2&p3
KANDARA SUB-COUNTY FORM 4 JOINT EVALUATION
BIOLOGY
Paper - 231/1
July/August 2016
Time: 2 hours
1. State two ways in which the xylem vessels are adapted to their function. (2 marks)
2. Name a chemical reagent that can be used to preserve specimens. (1 mark)
3. The diagram below illustrates the behaviour of red blood cells when placed in two different solutions X and Y.
Solution X Solution Y
Process A Process B
i) Name the process represented by letter A and B. (2 marks)
ii) Identify the type of solution that would prevent processes A and B from taking place when the cells are placed in it.
(1 mark)
iii) Draw a diagram to illustrate how a plant cell would appear if placed in solution Y. (2 marks)
4. Define the following terms
i) Ecosystem (1 mark)
ii) Community (1 mark)
iii) Biomass (1 mark)
5.a) State the theory of evolution proposed by Jean-Baptise de Lamarck. (1 mark)
b) State the evidences of evolution based on the following structures.
i) Recapitulation theory. (1 mark)
ii) Cell organelles (1 mark)
6. Describe the changes that occur in the eye during accommodation for a near object. (4 marks)
7. Name the hormones responsible for regulation of glucose level in the blood. (2 marks)
8. The diagram below represents an animal tissue.
X
a) Identify the tissue above. (1 mark)

b) Suggest two roles of structure labelled X. (2 marks)
9.a) State two features that hinder self pollination in a flower. (2 marks)
b) State the term used to describe fruit formation in a plant without fertilization. (1 mark)
10. State two ways used by marine fish to regulate their osmotic pressure. (2 marks)
11. a) What are the functions of semi-circular canal in the mammalian ear. (2 marks)
b) State the function of acetylcholine and cholinesterase in transmission of nerve impulses? (2 marks)
12. The process below represents the build-up of a disaccharide in living cells.
Process Y
A B
Bond X
i) Give the name of process represented by letter Y. (1 mark)
ii) Name the bond marked X. (1 mark)
13.i) Name the end products of light stage of photosynthesis. (2 marks)
ii) Name the sites where dark and light reactions of photosynthesis occur. (2 marks)
14.a) Name two tissues in plants that provide mechanical support. (2 marks)
b) Name the types of joints formed by each of the following pairs of bones:
i) Axis and atlas. (1 mark)
ii) Humerus with clavicle and scapula. (1 mark)

Biology p1, p2&p3
15. The diagram below shows a part of a flowering plant. Study it and answer the questions that follow.
Cone
a) i) To which class does the plant belong. (1 mark)

ii) Give a reason for your answer. (1 mark)
16. a) State two advantages of breathing through the nose rather than the mouth. (2 marks)
b) Define tidal volume (1 mark)
17. The biological name of a housefly is MUSCA DOMESTICA
i) Identify one mistake in the way the scientific name is written. (1 mark)
ii) Write the name in the correct manner following all rules of Binomial nomeclature. (1 mark)
18. The diagram below represents a bone obtained from a mammal.
J
a) i) Name the bone. (1 mark)

ii) Name the bone which articulates with the bone named in a(i) above at the cavity labelled K. (1 mark)
19. The diagram below shows a human tooth.
a) Identify the tooth. (1 mark)

b) How is the tooth adapted ot its function. (1 mark)
20. State two factors that affects stomatal opening. (2 marks)
21. State the economic of the following plant excretory substances. (2 marks)
i) Colchicine
ii) Papain
22. What is the probability of a couple with blood group A and B getting a child with blood group O. Show your working?
23. The following equation represents a certain biological process in living organisms.
2C 51H 98O6  145 O2  102 CO2  98 H 2 O  Energy

a) i) Calculate the respiratory quotient (1 mark)
ii) Identify the type of food substrate broken down. (1 mark)
b) Name the site of anaerobic respiration in a cell. (1 mark)
24. The diagram below shows a germinating seedling. Study it and answer the questions that follow.
X

Biology p1, p2&p3
a) Name the part of the seedling labelled X. (1 mark)
b) State the type of germination exhibited above. Explain. (2 marks)
25.Name the tissues in plants responsible for:
a) Transport of carbohydrates. (1 mark)
b) Primary growth (1 mark)
26. Name the organelle that secretes enzymes in a cell. (1 mark)
27. State two ways in which white blood cells carry out their functions. (2 marks)
28.a) Give a reason why a woman excrete less urea when she becomes pregnant. (2 marks)
b) State two advantages of asexual reproduction in plants. (2 marks)
29. a) Give a reason why each of the following steps are followed when preparing cross sections of a leaf for examination
under a microscope.
i) Cutting thin sections. (1 mark)
ii) Placing the sections in water. (1 mark)
30. State two adaptations of the lungs to their functions. (2 marks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
BIOLOGY
Paper - 231/2
July/August 2016
Time: 2 hours
SECTION A : (40 marks)
Answer ALL the questions in this section
1. A cross between a red-flowered plant and white-flowered produced plants with pink flowers.
Using letter R to represent the gene for red colour and W for white colour.
a) What were the parental genotypes. (1 mark)
b) Work out a cross between F1 plants. (4 marks)
c) Give the
i) Phenotypic ratio of F2 plants. (1 mark)
ii) Genotypic ratio of F2 plants (1 mark)
d) Name a characteristics in humans, which is controlled by multiple genes. (1 mark)
2. The table below shows the approximate percent concentration of various components in blood plasma entering the kidney,
glomerular filtrate and urine of a healthy human being.
Component Plasma Glomerular filtrate Urine

Water 90 90 94
Glucose 0.1 0.1 0
Amino Acids 0.05 0.05 0
Plasma proteins 8.0 0.0 0
Urea 0.03 0.03 2
Inorganic ions 0.72 0.72 1.5
a) Name the process responsible for the formation of glomerular filtrate. (1 mark)
b) What process is responsible for the absence of glucose and amino-acids in urine. (1 mark)
c) Explain why there are no plasma proteins in the glomerular filtrate. (2 marks)
d) Besides plasma proteins, what other major component of blood is absent in the glomerular filtrate. (1 mark)
e) Why is the concentration of urea in urine much higher than its concentration in the glomerular filtrate (2 marks)
f) Name one kidney disease. (1 mark)
3. The figure below shows part of a foodweb for the South Atlantic ocean.
Killer Whale
Leopard Seal
Ross Seal Crab eater Seal
Adelie Penguin
Squid
Fish Krill
Algae
a) i) Name the producer in this food web. (1 mark)

ii) Name the top carnivore in this food web. (1 mark)
b) construct a food chain in which leopard seal is a tertiary consumer. (1 mark)
c) In the future, the extraction of mineral resources in the Antarctic might occur on a large scale. This could destroy the
breeding-grounds of the Ross seal.
i) State and explain the effects this might have on the population of leopard seal. (2 marks)
ii) List two human activities that can affect the population of organisms in the ecosystem represented by food web.
d) Name the organism with the highest number of predators. (1 mark)
4. In an experiment, disinfected soaked bean seeds were put in a vacuum flask which was then fitted with a thermometer as
shown in the diagram below.

Biology p1, p2&p3
Thermometer
Cotton wool
Vacuum flask
Cotton wool
Disinfected
soaked bean
seeds
The temperature readings were taken every morning for three consecutive days.
a) What process was being investigated? (1 mark)
b) i) What were the expected results? (1 mark)
ii) Account for the answer in b(i) above. (2 marks)
c) Why were the seeds disinfected. (2 marks)
d) Why was a vacuum flask used in the set-up. (1 mark)
e) How would a control for this experiment be set. (1 mark)
5. The figure below shows a human foetus within the uterus.
Umbilical
arteries Umbilical cord
Umbilical
vein
A
Placenta
B
i) State two functions of the fluid secreted by structure A during pregnancy. (2 marks)
ii) State one function of structure B during labour .(1 mark)
iii) Give adaptations of the placenta to its function. (2 marks)
iv) State two ways in which the composition of blood in the umbilical arteries differs from composition of blood in umbilical
vein. (2 marks)
v) Give a reason why it is necessary for frogs to lay many eggs. (1 mark)
SECTION B (40 marks)
Answer question 6 (compulsory) and either question 7 or 8 in the spaces provided after question 8
6. An experiment was carried out to investigate plasmolysis in onion epidermal cells. The epidermal cells were placed in
different concentrations of sodium chloride solution. The percentage of plasmolysed cells was determined after 30 minutes.
The results were as shown in the table below.
Salt concentration gm per 100cm³(%) 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65
Onion epidermal cells plasmolysed(%) 0 10 30 68 82 92 100
a) i) On the grid provided plot a graph of plasmolysed epidermal cells against salt concentration. (6 marks)
ii) At what concentration of salt solution was the proportion of plasmolysed cells equal to non plasmolysed cells.(1 mark)
iii) State the salt concentration at which 45% of the cells are plasmolysed. (1 mark)
b) Account for the results obtained at
i) 0.35 percent salt concentration. (3 marks)
ii) 0.65 percent salt concentration. (2 marks)
c) i) What does the term plasmolysis mean? (1 mark)
ii) Name the process by which plasmolysis is reversed. (1 mark)
d) Does plasmolysis occur in animal cells? Explain. (2 marks)
e) What is the relationship between molar concentration of the salt solutions and the percentage of plasmolysed cells
f) What term would best describe a plant where 100% of its cell were plasmolysed. (1 mark)
7. Discuss the role of plant hormones. (20 marks)
8. a) Describe the process of exhalation in man. (6 marks)
b) Describe the mechanism of hearing in man. (14 marks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
BIOLOGY
Paper - 231/1
July/August 2016
Time: 2 hours
1.- Lignified / thickened to prevent collapsing
- Narrow to facilitate capillarity
- Lack cross walls / hollow for continuous flow / column of water.
- have bordered pits for lateral movement of water.
2. Formaldehyde.
Acc. Formalin
3. i) Crenation B - Haemolysis
ii) Isotonic solution
iii)
4. i) Is a natural biological unit composed of living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) factors; which interact to form a self
regulating system.
ii) Total number of organisms of all species in an ecosystem within a given period of time.
iii) total dry weight of an organisms.
5. a) Theory of use and disuse.
b) i) Cell serology
ii) Cell Biology.
6. Ciliary muscles contract;
Suspensory ligaments relax;
- Lens becomes thicker (more spherical)
Light from a near object is greatly refracted and focused on the fovea centralis; and then interpreted by the brain.
7. Insulin; and Glucagon
8. a) Ciliated epithelial tissue;
b) Trap particles and pathogens in areas where they occur; propulsion of materials along epithelial surfaces where they occur.
9. a) Heterostyly;
- Dioecious plants;
- Dichogamy; (protandry and protogyny)
- Hermaphrodite flowers with features that attract insect.
b) Parthenocarpy
10. Swallow plenty of sea water to increase amount of water in the body;
- Have chloride excretory cells in their gills to remove excess salts;
- Few / small glomeruli thus slow filtration rate in the kidneys.
- Retain nitrogenous waste in form of urea to raise osmotic pressure of body fluids.
- Eliminate nitrogenous wastes in form of trimethalamine oxide which requires little water for elimination.
11.a) Maintenance of body balance and posture;
b) Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that facilities transmission of impulses across synapses and neuro-Junctions;
cholinesterase is an enzyme that hydrolyses acetylcholine immediately after a synaptic transmission into acetyl and choline;
12. a) i) Condensation
ii) Glycosidic
13. i) Hydrogen ions; oxygen gas; Adenosine triphosphate molecules / ATP
ii) Light reaction - Granum / Grana
Dark reaction - Stroma
14. a) Xylem tissues;
Collenchyma tissues;
Turgid parenchyma tissues;
Schlerenchyma tissues;
b) i) Pivotal joint ; /
ii) Ball and socket joint ;
15. a) i) Coniferales
ii) Presence of cones ; presences of rolled leaves;
16. a)- Nose has hairs to trap solid particles;

Biology p1, p2&p3
- It has a mucus lining to trap dust particles;
- The nose has cells sensitive to smell for survival.
- It warms the air before it reaches the lungs;
b) The amount of air which enters the lungs during normal inhalation at rest;
17. i) Species name is written in capital letters;
The two names are not underlined separately or italicised;
ii) Musca domestica
18. a) Scapula;
b) Humerus;
19.a) Canine;
b) Pointed / sharp for piercing / tearing / cutting flesh.
- Has a long root to support it in the jaw bone.
20.
- Water which when low stomata close and when high stomata keep open;
- Light as stomata open in bright light and close in darkness;
- Temperature;
21.
i) In genetics to induce polyploidy; cancer therapy; treatment of gouts in small quantities;
ii) Meat tenderizer.
22. Parents
Parental genotypes AO X BO ;
Gametes A O B O ;
Fusion ;
F1 generation AB AO BO OO ;
genotypes
F1 Phenotypes AB : A : B : O
Probability = ¼ ;
23.
a) i) RQ = Volume of CO2 produced
Volume of O2 consumed.
formula must be included.
= 102
145 = 0.703
ii) Lipids / fats;
b) Cytoplasm ; Rej mitochondrion
24. a) Hypocotyl;
b) Epigeal germination; the hypocotyl is elongated / curved ; the cotyledons are brought above the ground;
25. a) Phloem tissues;
b) Apical meristems;
26. Lysosome;
27.- Engulf foreign bodies;
- Produce antibodies for defence against disease
- Produce antitoxins which neutralise bacterial toxins;
28.
a) Most amino acids are used for synthesis of tissues of protein for growth and development of the foetus thus very little
amino acids are converted to urea in excretion.
b) New plants matures faster compare to those of sexual reproduction.
- Independent of external factors e.g. pollination, fertilization etc making it faster and efficient.
- Possible to obtain several generations of a particular organism with special desired qualities.
29. i) To allow light to penetrate the sections in order for magnification to be possible;
Also avoids overlapping of tissues;
ii) To avoid destruction of tissues hence obtain intact tissues of specimens.
To maintain turgidity of the cells.
30. Spongy / numerous alveoli to increase the surface are for gaseous exchange.
- Elastic; to allow for stretching / expansion during inhalation.
- Vascularised; increase concentration gradient.
- Pleural membrane; protects against mechanical injury / lubrication / keeping lungs air tight therefore free from interference
of external pressure.

Biology p1, p2&p3
BIOLOGY
Paper - 231/2
July/August 2016
Time: 2 hours
1.
a) RR and WW ; (Rej if small letters are used)
Parents
b) Parental Phenotype Red flower White flowered ;
Parental genotype RR X WW ;
Gametes R R W W ;
F1 genotypes RW RW RW RW ;
Penotypes All pink
Parents
Parental Phenotype Pink Pnk
Parental genotype RW X RW ;
Gametes R W R W ;
F2 genotypes RR RW RW WW ;
Phenotype 1 Red 2 Pink 1 White
c) i) Phenotypic ratio
1 Red : 2 Pink : 1 white;
1 RR : 2RW : 1 WW;
d) ABO blood groups / blood grouping;
2.
a) Ultrafiltration;
b) Selective re-absorption
c) Because the pores in glomerular capillaries are too small ; for plasma proteins to pass through;
d) Blood cells.
e) Most of the water in the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed by the time urine is formed; whereas very little urea is
reabsorbed;
f) - Kidney stones;
- Nephiritis;
- Proteinuria;
3.a) i) Algae
ii) Killer whale
b) Algae  Krill  Adelie penguin leopard seal.
c) i) Ross seal are food for the leopard seal; therefore their population will decrease because they will only depend on
adelie penguins; whose population will also decrease.
ii) Fishing; farming along the river bed; mining; wastes disposal in the river.
d) Krill;
4. a) Respiration / aerobic respiration;
b) i) An increase in temperature on the thermometer reading;
ii) Stored starch / carbohydrates in the germinating seeds are broken down / hydrolysed then oxidized to get energy;
some of this energy is released as heat;
c) To kill bacteria / fungi / micro-organisms; that would cause decay / decomposition; or to kill micro-organisms ; that
would raise the temperature through their respiration ;

Biology p1, p2&p3
d) To conserve heat / prevent heat loss to the surrounding;
e) Use a similar setup with dead disinfected boiled seeds;
5.i)- Acts as shock absorber thus protecting the foetus from external mechanical damage;
- Suspends the foetus allowing it to grow and move freely;
- prevents the foetus from dehydration;
ii) Relaxes under the effect of relaxin hormone hence facilitating the widening of the pelvic girdle hence birth;
iii)- It's highly vascularised to facilitate faster transportation of exchanged materials;
- Has chorionic villi and microvilli to increase the surface are for exchange of materials;
- has a thin epithelium for faster diffusion of substances;
- has a counter current flow system; in which maternal and foetal blood flow in opposite directions to ensure a steep diffusion
gradient hence faster exchange of materials;
- It is glandular to secrete hormone progesterone;
iv) Blood in umbilical arteries has less oxygen; more carbon (IV) oxide; more nitrogenous waste; less glucose and amino acid
while blood in umbilical vein has more oxygen, less carbon (IV) oxide, less nitrogenous waste, more glucose and amino
acid;
v) So as to increase the high chances of external fertilization;
6.
ii) 0.475% ± 0.05;
iii) 0.465% ± 0.05;
b) i) Concentration gradient between salt and cytoplasm of epidermal cells is low; but the salt is s till hypertonic to cause
some cells to lose water by osmosis and hence get plasmolysed.
ii) Concentration gradient between the hypertonic salt solution and the cell sap of the epidermal cells is very high; thus all cells
lose water by osmosis to the surrounding salt solution and get plasmolysed;
c) i) Process by which plant cells lose water by osmosis to hypertonic solution and become flaccid.
ii) Deplasmolysis
d) No; red blood cells lack a cell wall and would therefore shrink and undergo crenation on losing water by osmosis (to
hypertonic solution)
e) Increase in molar concentration increases the percentage of plasmolysed cells; Accept the converse
f) wilted.
7. Discuss the role of hormones in plant growth and development
- Main plant hormones include:
- Auxins/ indole acetic acid;
- Gibberelins / gibberelic acid;
- Ethylene;
- Abscisic acid;
- Traumatin;
- Florigens;
- Cutokinins;
Auxins
- Promotes cell division; influences tropic responses;
- Brings about abrupt leaf fall ;
- Promotes parthenocarphy; i.e. fruit formation without fertilization.
- Inhibits growth of adventitious roots;
- Promotes differentiation of vascular tissue;
- Causes apical domiance; / inhibits growth and development of lateral buds;
- Induces formation of callus tissue during healing of wounds;
Gibberelins
- Promotes cell division / elongation in dwarf plants;
- Initiates parthenocarpy;
- Stimulates formation of side branches of stems and dormancy in buds;
- Induce the ovary wall to form a fruit after fertilization;
- Inhibits growth of adventitious roots;
- Promotes germination of seeds / breaks seed dormancy.
- Affect leaf expansion and shapes
- Inhibits formation of abscision layer.
Ethylene
- Stimulates lateral bud development;
- Encourages ripening of fruits;
- Induces thickening of stem / inhibits stem elongation;
- Promotes germination of some seeds;

Biology p1, p2&p3
- Causes abscission of leaves / fruits; / leaf fall
- Promotes flowering in pineapples;
Abscisic acid
+
- High concentration causes stomata closure interfering with uptake of K ions;
- Inhibits seed germination / causes seed dormancy;
- Causes abscission of leaves and fruits.
- Inhibits stem elongation / growth;
- Induces dormancy in buds/ inhibits sprouting of buds;
Traumatin
- Haels wounds by callus tissue formation;
Florigens
- Promotes flowering;
Cytokinins
- Breaks seed dormancy in some plants;
- Promotes flowering in some plants;
- Promotes cell division in absence of IAA;
- Stabilises proteins and chlorophyll;
- Promotes root formation on shoots;
- Low concentration leads to leaf senescence;
- High concentration promotes increased enlargement of cells in the leaves;
- 40 marks maximum 20 marks
8.a) Process of exhalation in man
- The internal intercostal muscles contract;
- External intercostal muscles relax;
- Ribs move downwards and inwards;
- Volume of chest cavity decreases;
- Diaphragm muscles relax and it assumes its dome-shape; This further decreases the volume of the chest cavity and increase in
pressure in the lungs; This pushes the lungs inwards causing it to deflate; leading to expulsion of air which is forced out of
the lungs through the air passages into the atmosphere; through the nostrils;
b) Mechanisms of hearing.
- Pinna collects sound wares; which pass through external auditory canal; to the eardrum; causing it to vibrate;
- The vibrations of the ear drum are then transmitted through the ear oscicles; in the middle ear;
- As the vibration are passed to the ear ossicles their force is concentrated;
- This concentration amplifies the sound;
- When the sound vibrations reach the stir-up the stirrup pushes in and out of the oval window.
- This movement sets the fluid in the vestibular and tympanic canals in motion;
- The organ of corti; also moves bending its hair like projections;
- The bent projections stimulate the sensory cells; to transmit impulses along the auditory nerve to the brain;

Biology p1, p2&p3
KISII CENTRAL SUB-COUNTY JOINT EVALUATION TEST
231/1
BIOLOGY
PAPER 1
TIME: 2 HRS
JULY/AUGUST 2016
1. a) What is cell specialisation? (1 mark)
b) Name two specialised cells in plants. (2 marks)
2. Explain what happens to glucose formed by dicotyledonous leaf during photosynthesis. (3 marks)
3. State three features in bisexual flower that hinder self-fertilization. (3 marks)
4. Give reasons why primary productivity in an aquatic ecosystem decreases with depth. (2 marks)
5. State two advantages of metamorphosis to the life of insects. (3 marks)
6. The diagram below shows circulation in fish.
i) Identify the type of circulation. ...................................................................................... (1 mark)

ii) Name the parts labelled T and V. (2 marks)
iii) State one disadvantage of this type of circulation. (1 mark)
7. State how the following parts of the eye are suited to their functions.
i) Cornea (2 marks)
ii) Aqueous humour (2 marks)
8. The genetic disorder haemophilia is due to a recessive sex linked gene. A man who is haemophilia married a woman
who is a carrier for the condition.
a) Using the letter (H) to represent the normal condition an (h) for the haemophiliac condition.
i) What is the genotype of the man and woman? (1 mark)
ii) Work out a cross between the man and woman. (3 marks)
9. The diagram below represents a tissue obtained from an animal.
a) Identify the tissue ............................................................... (1 mark)

b) State the function of the tissue named in (a) above. (1 mark)
10. Explain how hairs in mammals help in keeping the body warm. (3 marks)
11. In a laboratory experiment, a student observing a drop of pond water under a microscope saw and drew amoeba. The
eyepiece magnification was X5 and the objective lens magnification X100.
a) What was the magnification of the set up? (1 mark)
b) If the amoeba had a diameter of 5cm at the above magnification. Calculate its actual length in
micrometres. (2 marks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
12. The diagram below shows the exchange of gases in alveolus.
a) State how the alveoli are adapted to their function. (3 marks)

b) Name the cell labelled A. ...................................................................................... (1 mark)
13. State three characteristics of merismatic cells. (3marks)
14. a) Name two chemical substances that form the DNA. (2 marks)
b) Write the base sequence of messenger RNA (mRNA) that would be coded from the DNA strand shown below. (1 mark)
C - A - T - G - A- G - T
c) What is a mutation? (1 mark)
15. State three adaptations of the Red blood cells. (3 marks)
16. a) State two functions of the xylem vessels. (2 marks)
b) List two structural adaptations that make xylem vessels suitable to their function. (2 marks)
17. Explain the following observations;
i) Some tropic plants are known to close their stomata during the day and open them at night. (2 marks)
ii) When transplanting a young plant it is advisable to remove some of the leaves. (2 marks)
18. a) Name the chemical compound formed in the mitochondria which is the source of energy. (1 mark)
b) Explain why fats are not considered as the main respiratory substrate yet they yield more energy
when completely oxidised than carbohydrates. (2 marks)
19. a) State one function of thyroxin in mammals. (1 mark)
b) State one difference between nervous and endocrine system based on the nature of response. (1 mark)
20. A student failed to see the field of view through the eye piece of the microscope. suggest two possible reasons for this. (2
marks)
21. Explain what would happen to red blood cells if plasma glucose concentration becomes very high because insulin secretion
failed. (3 marks)
22. State two disadvantages of anaerobic respiration in animals. (2 marks)
23. a) Name the spore producing structures in;
i) Bryophyta ................................................................................................. (1 mark)
ii) Pteridophyta ............................................................................................ (1 mark)
24. i) Differentiate the following convergent and divergent evolution. (2 marks)
ii) State one role played by Mutation in evolution. (1 mark)
25. The diagram shows the position of a formed in a defective eye.
a) Identify the defect ......................................................................................... (1 mark)

b) How can the defect be corrected? (1 mark)
26. The wings of birds and those of insects are superficially similar but their internal structure is completely different.
i) Name the type of evolution that led to the two types of wings. (1 mark)
ii) Give two other examples of this type of evolution. (2 marks)
27. The diagram below represents a bone obtained from a mammal.
J
a) Name the bone ................................................................................... (1 mark)

b) Name the:
i) Bone which articulates with the bone named in (a) above at the cavity labelled K. (1 mark)
ii) Joint formed by the bones (1 mark)

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/2
BIOLOGY
PAPER 2
TIME: 2 HRS
JULY/AUGUST 2016
Answer ALL questions in this section in the spaces provided.
1. A student set up an experiment as shown in the diagram below.
cork
Cotton
wool Cotyledons
Glass Bean seedling
container
Markings
Radicle
a) What was being investigated in the experiment? (1 mark)

b) On the diagram below indicate the expected results after three days. (2 marks)
c) Why was it necessary to have wet cotton wool in the container? (1 mark)
d) What is the role of each of the following to a germinating seed?
i) Oxygen (2 marks)
ii) Cotyledons (1 mark)
e) Small seeds require light immediately after germination. Explain. (1 mark)
2. Broad and thin humans are characteristics that are inherited. When a homozygous broad lipped is crossed with a
homozygous broad lipped woman, all the children in the family are broad lipped. In a particular family, a woman that is
heterozygous for broad lips is married to a man whose parents were both thin lipped, using letter B to represent genes for
lips.
a) Work out the genotypic ratio of the children in that family. (6 marks)
b) What is the phenotypic ratio of the children in (a) above. (1 mark)
c) Difference between gene mapping and sequencing of gene. (1 mark)
3. Examine the diagram below carefully and use it to answer the questions that follow.
Y
Z
a) Name the parts labelled X, Y and Z. (3 marks)

b) State the substance by which the part labelled W is made up of. (1 mark)
c) Name the process by which mineral salts move into the structure labelled X. (1 mark)
d) Explain what happens to a red blood cell when placed in distilled water. (3 marks)
4. Cells of a certain herbaceous plant were found to have an average diameter of 2.5mm. The cells were placed in varying
concentrations of sugar solution. The average diameter of the cells in each solution was determined and the results
obtained were as shown in the table below.

Biology p1, p2&p3
CONCENTRATION OF SUGAR SOLUTION (PERCENT) DIAMETER CELLS mM
1% 5.0
5% 4.0
10% 3.0
15% 2.0
a) From these results, determine the concentration of the cell sap. (1 mark)
b) What term is given to the sugar solution whose concentration is equal to that of the sap? (1 mark)
c) Give an explanation for the average diameter of the cells placed in 1% sugar solution compared to the normal diameter
of the cells. (4 marks)
d) Describe the difference in appearance between cell cytoplasm before and after being placed in 15% sugar solution.
5. In an investigation, two persons A and B drank the same amount of a strong solution of glucose. Their blood sugar levels
were immediately determined and thereafter at one hour intervals for the next six hours. The results were as shown in the
table below.
Time in hours Glucose level in mg/100ml of blood
Person A Person B
0 86 110
1 225 355
2 160 320
3 92 300
4 90 260
5 90 245
6 86 215
a) In humans, the normal blood sugar level is about 90mg/100ml of blood. Explain the change in the sugar level in person A
during;
i) The first 4 hours. (3 marks)
ii) The 6th hour (2 marks)
b) i) Suggest a possible reason for the high blood sugar levels in person B. (2 marks)
ii) How can high blood sugar level in a person be controlled? (1 mark)
Answer question 6 (compulsory) in the spaces provided and either question 7 or 8
6. During an ecological study of a lake, a group of students recorded the following observations.
Planktonic crustaceans feed on planktonic algae
Small fish feed on planktonic crustaceans, worms and insect larvae
Worms feed on insect larvae
A bird species feeds on small fish, planktonic crustaceans and worms
Insect larvae feed on planktonic algae
Large fish feed on small fish
a) From this record of observations, construct a food web. (5 marks)
b) From the food web you have constructed in (a) above, isolate and write down a food chain that ends with;
i) Bird species as secondary consumer (1 mark)
ii) Large fish as tertiary consumer (1 mark)
c) The biomass of the producers in the lake was found to be greater than that of primary consumers. Give an explanation for this
observation. (1 mark)
d) Using either the observations recorded by the students or the food web you have constructed, name;
i) Two organism that complete for food in the lake. (2 marks)
ii) Two sources of food the organisms in (d) (i) above compete for. (1 mark)
e) i) State three ways in which humans may interfere with this lake ecosystem. (3 marks)
ii) Explain how each of the ways you have stated above may affect life in the lake. (6 marks)
7. a) Define the term tropism. (2 marks)
b) Explain the mechanisms of various tropisms in plants. (18 marks)
8. Describe how the various structures of the human female reproductive system are adapted to their function. (20 marks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/3
BIOLOGY
PAPER 3
TIME: 2 HRS
JULY/AUGUST 2016
CONFINDENTIAL
Each candidate will require:
1. Test tube rack
2. Test tube holder
3. Mortar and pestle (can be shared)
4. 4ml of 1% Copper (II) sulphate solution
5. 4mls 10% sodium Hydroxide solution
6. Means of heating / Source of heat
7. Clean boiling tube
8. 10 ml measuring cylinder
9. Specimen P( 10 pieces of dry Dagaa in a petridish)
10. Distilled water in a wash bottle
11. Empty beaker (100ml)
12. Four clean test-tubes
13. 3 ml of iodine solution
14. 4ml of Benedict's solution
15. Four droppers.
1. You are provided with specimen labeled P in a Petri dish. Examine the specimen.
a) i) Using observable features only, state class to which the specimen belong. (1 mark)
ii) Give two reasons for your answer. (2 marks)
b) Select five pieces of specimen P. Crush them in a mortar and pestle to obtain a powder. Place the crushed powder in a
boiling tube. Add a small amount of distilled water and shake to mix. Decant the contents into a clean test tube.
i) Using the reagents provided, test for the food substances in the decant. Record down your procedure, observations and
conclusions in the table below. (9 marks)
ii) What causes the following deficiency disease?

Beriberi (1 mark)
Pellagra (1 mark)
Pernicious anaemia (1 mark)
2. The diagram below represents a cross section of a plant stem. Study it and carefully answer the questions that follow.
a) Identify the letter that represents tissues responsible for support and name the tissues. (4 marks)
State two ways in which the tissues named in (a) above offer support. (2 marks)
b) i) When iodine solution was added to part R of the section, part R stained blue black. What does
this indicate about this part? (1 mark)
ii) Tissue R is also present in the roots of plants. What is the function of this tissue in roots? (1 mark)
c) i) If the plant from which this section was obtained had first been placed in water containing eosin
dye, which part would you expect to be stained with eosin dye? (1 mark)
ii) Name three forces which help water containing eosin to pass through the dyed tissues. (3 marks)
d) i) Name tissue Q. ...................................................................................................... (1 mark)
ii) What is the name of the cell S seen adjacent to tissue Q? (1 mark)
iii) What is the function of this cell? (1 mark)
3. The photograph labelled J, K and L are all related to a mammalian kidney.
a) Name the hormone produced by the structure labelled P. (1 mark)
b) Name the parts labelled Q, R and T. (3 marks)
c) State the process by which wastes are filtered from blood in the structure labelled S. (1 mark)
d) i) Give two components of blood that are not filtered at S. (2 marks)
ii) Give two reasons why the components you have named in (d) i) above are not filtered. (1 mark)
f) What two adaptations would be expected in the structure L in a desert animal like a Camel? (2 marks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/2
BIOLOGY
PAPER 2
TIME: 2 HRS
JULY/AUGUST 2016
1. a) Region of elongation/region of rapid growth in a root/radicle; (1mk)
b)
little increase;
Region with large

increase space
between;
(2mks)
c) Provide moisture/water for growth; (1mk)
d) Oxygen for respiration /oxidation of stored food; to provide energy for germination; (2mks)
ii) Cotyledons - Store food necessary for germination; (1mk)
e) Small seeds store very little amount of food; (1mk)
2. a) 1mk
Parent Bb; X bb;
B b b b ;
3mks
Bb Bb bb bb ;
Genotypic ratio Bb : 1bb; 1mk
b) Phenotypic ratio of children
1 broad lipped: 1 thin lipped; (1mk)
c)
Gene mapping Gene sequencing
-Identifying positions occupied - Analysing DNA to reveal order of

by specific genes on a bases in all chromosomes; 1mk
chromosome
3. a) X - Vacuole/Sap vacuole;
Y - Tonoplast;
Z - Chloroplast; 3mks
b) Cellulose; 1mk
c) Active transport ; (1mk)
d) The cell sap is hypertonic to the solution/distilled water; hence water molecules move into the cell; by osmosis; making
it to swell and eventually burst;
(Total 4 marks, max 3mks)
Total 8mks
4. a) 12.5%; (1mk)
b) - Isotonic/iso-osmotic; (1mk)
c) -1% Sugar solution is hypotonic to the cell sap; therefore water molecules moved in the cell sap; (through semi-
permeable membrane) by osmosis; making the cells turgid/large hence increasing diameter of the cells; (4mks)
d) Cytoplasm fills the cell/turgid before placing in 15% sugar solution; and after placing in 15% sugar solution the cytoplasm
shrinks away from the cell wall/cell cytoplasm becomes plasmolysed; (2mks) Total (8mks)5.
a) i) The first 4 hours

Biology p1, p2&p3
0 - hr
Rapid increase in sugar level because there is fast absorption of glucose into blood; Rate of absorption higher than glucose
assimilation/conversion into glucose; 2mks
1 - 4hrs
Decline in level of glucose due to use up/assimilation/conversion to glucose/rate of assimilation higher than rate of
absorption; 1mk
iii) The 6th hour
-Sugar level below normal because absorption has ceased;
- Blood sugar has been assimilated/converted to glycogen/compensatory mechanisms have not started to function yet;
(2mks)
b) i) Suffering from Diabetes (mellitus) /sugar diabetes; due to malfunctioning of pancreas/due to lack of enough insulin;
(2mks)
ii) Administer insulin; 1mk Rej insulin tablets
Total 8mks
6. a) Food web
Birds Large birds
Small Fish Worms
Insect Laruae
Planktonic crustaceans
Planktonic algae
Rej wrong arrows

Each arrow is ½ x 10 = 5mks
b) i) Planktonic algae ® crustaceans ®birds (1mk)
ii) EITHER
Planktonic algae ®planktonic crustaceans® small fish ®large fish
OR
Planktonic algae ®insect larvae ®small fish® large fish; Rej if numbered (1mk)
c) The biomass of the producers in the lake was found to be greater than that of primary consumers. (1mk)
Explanation
-Producers must have a higher biomass to sustain organism of the next higher trophic level; (OWTTE) (1mk)
d) i) Two organisms that compete for food in the lake
-Planktonic crustaceans and insect larvae
- Small fish and birds ;
- Large fish and birds;
- Small fish and worms; First two only 2mks
ii)
- Planktonic algae;
- Worms;
- Insect larvae;
- Planktonic crustaceans;
- Small fish;
First two only 2mks
e) i) State three ways in which humans may interfere with this lake ecosystem
- Pollution e.g oil, fertilizers, other chemicals and siltation;
- Fishing;
- Removal/shooting of birds;
- Use of lake water for irrigation; etc
- Introduction of new species /biological control;
First 3 3mks
ii) How the ways may affect life in the lake
Pollution
-Toxic pollutants/addition of oil on water surface will kill the organisms/reducing the organisms;
- Fertilizers will cause algae bloom /eutrophication leading to increase in animal population; Siltation will cause poor
penetration of light; therefore reduction in algae causing reduction of consumers; Siltation making lake shallow; causing
reduction in animal population;
Fishing
This will increase the number of crustacean’s worms /insect larvae thus depleting planktonic algae;

Biology p1, p2&p3
Removal of birds/shooting
This will increase small fish/worms;
Little or no change in planktonic algae;
Use of lake water
Irrigation/removal of water in large quantities will lead to drying up /reducing volume of water; hence becomes less
habitable/environment becomes unsuitable new species /biological control;
New species/Biological Control
New species may eat up /will compete for food with existing species leading to imbalance of ecosystem;
7. a) Define the term tropism
- Growth movement of plants; in response to external unilateral/unidirectional stimuli;
b) Mechanism of various types of tropism in plants phototropism;
-Growth movements of plant shoots in response to unilateral sources of light;
- The tip of the shoots produce auxins down the shoot;
- Light causes auxins to migrate to outer side/darker side causing growth on the side away from light; hence growth
curvature towards source of light/ roots are negatively phototrophic;
Geotropism;
-Response of roots/parts of a plant to the direction of force of gravity;
- Auxins grow towards the direction of force of gravity; causing positive geotropism in roots while shoot grows away from
force of gravity (negatively geotropic);
Thigmotropism/Haptotropism;
- Growth response of plant when in contact with an object;
- Contact with support causes migration of auxins to outer side causing faster growth on the side away from contact
surface;
- This causes tendrils/stem to twine around a support;
Hydrotropism;
-Growth movement of roots in response to unilatral source of water/moisture;
- The root grows towards the source of water/positively hydrotropic while leaves are negatively hydrotropic;
Chemotropism;
-Growth movement of parts of plants to unilateral source of chemicals;
- The chemicals form a gradient between two regions e.g pollen tube growing towards the ovary through the style;
22mks Total 20mks
8. Ovaries
-Have several Graafian follicles; that develop and burst open to release/produce mature ova;
- Secretes sex hormones (oestrogen); which initiate/control development of secondary sexual characteristics;
- Produce hormones oestrogen and progesterone; which prepare the uterus for implantation and subsequent nourishment
of the embryo;
Oviducts (fallopian tube)
- Are thin narrow and tubular to increase flowing speed of semen containing sperms;
- are funnel shaped on the end next to ovary which enables them to receive the ovum;
- their lining contains cilia which propel the ovum towards the uterus;
- has peristaltic muscles that enable movement of zygote/ovum to the uterus for implantation;
- is fairly long to increase surface area for fertilization;
Uterus
- is muscular for protection of developing embryo;
- has elastic wall that allows growth and development of foetus/embryo;
- has a highly vascularised endometrium that provides nutrients/gaseous exchange to developing embryo;
Cervix;
- has valves that close the lower end of the uterus to ensure continued pregnancy during gestation period;
- is capable of dilating;
- has narrow entrance/neck-like entrance to uterus that enables quick swimming of sperms to uterus;
- has suction mechanism that draws up/pulls sperms into uterus;
- has a “W” shape that fits well with the glans of the penis to ensure sperms are deposited at the right point;
Vagina
- is elastic and muscular to enable good accommodation or penetration of the penis thus proper deposition of sperms and
for easy parturition;
- allows menstrual flow;
- has sensitive labial walls which secrete/produce lubricating substances that ensure/enable/facilitate good coition;
- capable of considerable enlargement, due to elastic muscles, to accommodate baby during parturition;
Clitoris
-has sensitive cells for orgasm;

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/3
BIOLOGY
PAPER 3
TIME: 2 HRS
JULY/AUGUST 2016
1. a) i) Pisces;
Rej if P is small letter (1mk)
ii) Presence of fins;
Presence of gills;
Presence of scales;
Presence of lateral lines; Mark first two 1 x 2 = 2mks
b)
ii) BeriBeri - Lack of vitamin B1; (Thiamine)

Pelagra - Lack of vitamin B2; (Riboflavine and Nicotine Acid)
Pernicious anaemia - Lack of vitamin B12 (Cobalamine)
2. a) V - Collenchyma;
K - Parenchyma;
L - Sclerenchyma;
U - Xylem;
b) Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma and Xylem walls are lignified Parenchyma - Turgidity of cells; make them firm
c) i) Part R contains/stores starch;
ii) Active transportation of water from root cortex to root xylem;/where root pressure begins;
d) i) Xylem/U;
ii) Transpiration pull;
- Capillarity;
- Cohesion and adhesion;
Rej Cohesion/adhesion alone
- Root pressure;
e) i) Q - Phloem;
ii) Companion cell;
iii) Contains mitochondria which produces energy necessary for translocation in sieve tube;
3. a) Adrenaline hormone;
b)
Q - Cortex; R - Pelvis; T - collecting duct;
c) Ultra filtration;
d) i) - Plasma proteins; acc Fibrinogen/blood proteins
- Blood cells; acc (WBC, RBC and plateletes all together)
ii) Are large in size and can’t pass through small pores of Bowman’s capsule;
e) Have long loop of Henle;
Few glomeruli;
Biology p1, p2&p3
UGENYA - UGUNJA CLUSTER OF SCHOOLS - 2016

231/1
BIOLOGY
Paper 1
(Theory)
July/August 2016
Time 2 hours
1. Name the causative agent of Cholera. (1 mark)
A
D C
a) Identify the organelle. (1 mark)
b) Name the part labelled B. (1 mark)
c) State the function of part labelled A. (1 mark)
3. Explain why the following are required for active transport to take place
i) Oxygen (1 mark)
ii) Enzyme (1 mark)
b) State one role of osmosis to animals. (1 mark)
4. a) Explain three ways in which a red blood cell is adapted to its function. (3 marks)
b) State the main form in which carbon (IV) oxide is transported in mammals. (1 mark)
5. State the functions of the following organelles.
i) Centrioles. (1 mark)
ii) Nucleolus. (1 mark)
6. The diagram below shows parts of plant tissues.
a) Name cell labelled X on a part labelled W. (2 marks)

b) State two adaptations of cell labelled X to its function. (2 marks)
7. a) Distinguish between hypogeal germination and epigeal germination. (2 marks)
b) State two conditions within the seed that causes dormancy in seed. (2 marks)
8. a) Define polyploidy (1 mark)
b) Name three disorders resulting from gene mutation. (3 marks)
9. a) Distinguish between homologous and analogous structure. (2 marks)
b) Explain the term continental drift as used in evolution. (2 marks)
10. The diagram below represents a nerve cell.
Q Z
M
Biology p1, p2&p3
a) Identify with a reason the type of neurone above. (2 mark)
b) Name the parts labelled. Q,Z (2 marks)
11 a) Name three supportive tissues in plants. (3 marks)
b) Name the type of muscles found in the gut. (1 mark)
12. A form one student trying to estimate the size of onion cells observed the following on the microscope's field of view.
a) Define the term resolving power. (1 mark)

b) If the student counted 20 cells across the field of view calculate the size of one cell in micrometers. (2 marks)
13. a) Distinguish between transpiration and guttation. (2 marks)
b) State two importance of guttation in hydrophytes. (2 marks)
14. a) In what form do the following organisms remove their nitrogenous wastes. (2 marks)
i) Birds .......................................................................................................................................................
ii) Tadpole....................................................................................................................................................
b) Explain why the concentration of urea in human urine is much higher than its concentration in the glomeruler filtrate.
(1 mark)
c) Give a reason why urine of a mammal does not contain amino acids. (1 mark)
15. a) Distinguish between respiratory quotient and oxygen debt. (2 marks)
b) Name the site where anaerobic respiration occurs in the cell. (1 mark)
16. An animal was found to have an active concentrative vacuole.
i) Name the habitat of the animal. (1 mark)
ii) Explain your answer in (i) above. (3 marks)
17.a) Define the term natural selection. (2 marks)
b) State two differences between Larmakian theory of evolution and Darwinian theory of evolution.(2 marks)
18. State one adaptation of the following parts of mammalian eye.
i) Forea centralis. (1 mark)
ii) Sclera (1 mark)
iii) Cilliary body. (1 mark)
19. Name the cartilage found between vertebrae of the vertebral column. (1 mark)
20.a) Differentiate between gaseous exchange and ventilation. (2 marks)
b) Name the respiratory sites of the following:
i) Fish (1 mark)
ii) Insects (1 mark)
21. a) State two disadvantages of sexual reproduction in animals. (2 marks)
b) State two factors that hinder self pollination and self fertilization. (2 marks)
22. Name two major branches of Biology. (2 marks)
23. a) State the functions of the following apparatus.
i) Bait trap. (1 mark)
ii) Pooter (1 mark)
24. A certain mammal was observed to have no incisor, no canines, four premolars and six molars in the upper jaw. In the lower
jaw there were six incisors, two canines, four premolars and six molars.
a) Write down the dental formula for the above mammal. (1 mark)
b) State the mode of feeding of the animal in (a) above. (1 mark)
25. Name the process that results to formation of tissue fluid. (1 mark)
26. What is serum (1 mark)

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/2
BIOLOGY
Paper 2
(Theory)
July/August 2016
Time 2 hours
Answer ALL the questions in this section in the spaces provided.
1. In an experiment, a group of students had a set up as shown below. The set up was left at room temperature for one week.
Pyrogalic
acid + NaOH
Water
Seeds
Moist
Cotton wool
b) Why was pyrogallic acid included in the gas jar? (1 mark)
c) What results would you expect in each of the gas jar A and B at the end of the experiment? (2 marks)
d) During germination and early growth, the dry weight of endosperm decreases while that of embryo increases. Explain.(2 marks)
e) State two factors that contribute to the deceleration phase in the population curve of an organism. (2 marks)
2. To estimate the population size of crabs in a certain pond, 800 crabs were caught, marked and released back into the pond, two days
later, traps were layed again and 627 crabs were caught. Out of the 627 crabs were caught. Out of the 627 crabs, 111 were found to be
marked.
a) Calculate the population size of the crabs in the pond. (3 marks)
b) State the three assumptions that were made during the investigation. (3 marks)
c) Give two reasons for loss of energy from one trophic level to another in a food chain. (2 marks)
3.a) What osmoregulatory changes would take place in a marine amoeba if it was transferred to a fresh water environment? (2 marks)
b) i) Which two hormones exert their effect in the kidney nephron? (2 marks)
ii) State their functions. (2 marks)
c) How would one find out from a sample of urine whether a person is suffering from diabetes mellitus? 2 marks)
4. Haemophilia is due to a recessive gene located on the x-chromosome. A phenotypically normal man married a normal female and one of
their sons was haemophiliac.
a) Work out the genotype of the other children. Use letter H to denote the gene for normal blood clotting. (4 marks)
b) Explain why in a human population there will be more cases of haemophilia in males than females. (2 marks)
c) Apart from haemophilia, name one other genetic disorder of human blood caused by gene mutation.(1 mark)
d) State the importance of vitamin in blood clotting. (1 mark)
5.a) State two functions of bile juice in the digestion of food. (2 marks)
b) Name the two features that increase the surface area of small intestines. (2 marks)
c) State the function of iron in the body. (1 mark)
d) Explain how the following factors determine the daily energy requirements in human. (3 marks)
a) Age.
b) Occupation.
c) Sex.
SECTION B : (40 marks)
Answer question 6 (compulsory) in the spaces provided and either question 7 or 8 in the spaces provided after question 8
6. An experiment was carried out to investigate haemolysis of human red blood cells. The red blood cells were placed in different
concentrations of sodium chloride solution. The percentage of haemolysed cells was determined. The results were as shown in the table
below.
a) i) On the grid provided, plot a graph of haemolysed cells against salt concentration. (6 marks)
ii) At what concentration of salt solution was the proportion of haemolysed cells equal to non-haemolysed cells?(1 mark)
iii) State the percentage of cells haemolysed at salt concentration of 0.45%. (1 mark)
b) Account for the results obtained at. (6 marks)
i) 0.33 percent salt concentration.
ii) 0.48 percent salt concentration.
c) Predict the expected observation when the red blood cells are placed in a 0.50% salt concentration? (3 marks)
d) Explain what would be expected when plant cell is placed in the 0.33% salt concentration (3 marks)
7. a) State the adaptations of xylem to its functions. (4 marks)
b) Describe the role of blood components in transport in animals. (16 marks)
8. a) State the functions of the mammalian ear. (2 marks)
b) Describe the adaptation of the mammalian ear to it's functions. (18 marks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/1
BIOLOGY
Paper 1
(Theory)
July/August 2016
Time 2 hours
1. Vibrio cholerae; rej if binomial rules not applied. 1 mark
2. a) Mitochondrion; Rej Mitochondria.
b) Crista; Rej cristae
c) Site where respiration occurs ; Habours respiratory enzymes; any one 1 mk
3. a) i) Oxygen needed for oxidation of glucose to release energy; 1 mark
ii) Enzyme catalyses / speeds up breakdown of glucose to energy 1 mark
b) Osmoregulation ; 1 mark
4.a) Have biconcave disc shape that increase the surface area for exchange of gases ;
Have haemoglobin that has high affinity for oxygen ;
Lacks nucleus to provide more space / room for packaging of haemoglobin;
Have thin plasma / one cell thick membrane for faster / rapid diffusion of gases;
Have carbonic anhydrase to speed up loading and offloading of carbon (II) oxide for faster carbon (IV) oxide transport.
any three - 3 marks
b) Carbonic acid / hydrogen carbonate ions;
5.i) Help in formation of spindle fibres;
- Help in formation of cilia and flagella; any one 1 mark
ii) Helps in formation of ribosomes;
6.a)X Guard cells ;
W Stoma; rej stomata 2 marks
b) Have chloroplast that carry out photosynthesis;
Have thin outer wall and thick inner wall to enable bulging (out) during stomatal opening; 2 marks
7.a) Epigeal germination is where the cotyledons emerge above the ground; while hypogeal germination the cotyledons
remain underground ; mark as a whole 2 marks
b) Presence of germination inhibitors / abscissic acid;
Immature embryo; rej pre-mature embryo.
Absence of enzymes (that facilitate germinations) ; first two - 2 marks
8.a) Presence of more than two sets of chromosomes in a cell ; 1 mark
b) Albinisms;
Haemophilia;
Colour-blindness;
Sickle cell anaemia; any three - 3 marks
9.a) Homologous structures have a common embryonic origin / basic plan but modified to perform different functions; while
analogous structures have different ambryonic origin but have evolved / been modified to perform similar functions;
b) The breaking up, drifting and separation; of the big land mass to form the present day different continents;
10.a) Sensory neurone;
b) Q - cell body;
Z - Schwann cell ; 2 marks
11. a)- Collenchyma;
- Schlerenchyma;
- Xylem; 3 marks
b) Smooth muscles; 1 mark
12.a) Resolving power in ability to distinguish two close parts / structures as separated ; 1 mark
b) Diameter of field of view = 3mm
No of cells 20 cells
1 cell size 3000 ; = 150 mm;
20
13.a) Transpiration - Loss of water inform of water vapour ; while guttation is loss of water inform of water droplets
mark as a whole - 2 marks
b) Loss / removal of excess water ;
Enhances absorption of water ; 2 marks
14.
a) i) uric acids; 1 mark

Biology p1, p2&p3
ii) Ammonia; 1 mark
b) Due to reabsorption of water back to the blood stream; 1 mark
c) All amino acids are re-absorbed; 1 mark
15.a) Respiratory quotient is the relationship between oxygen consumed and carbon (IV) oxide produced; while oxygen debt
is the amount of oxygen required to breakdown lactic acid produced during anaerobic respiration ;
mark as a whole 2 marks
16. i) Fresh water rej water.
ii) The cytoplasm of the animal is hypertonic to fresh water ; acc the converse, water moves into the organism (across the cell
membrane) by osmosis; the contractile vacuole help the organism remove excess water / osmoregulation for removal of
excess water.
Rej if osmosis is not mentioned.
17.a) Process where nature selects organisms that are well adapted to the environment and survive to reproductive maturity;
and rejects those that are poorly suited / adapted;
b)
Larmakian Theory Darwinian Theory
Environmentally acquired characteristics are inherited Genetically acquired characteristics inherited
Environment is responsible for inducing of favourable Favourable characteristics occur by chance /
/advantageous characteristics spontaneously
18.
i) Have high concentration of cones for visual acuity; 1 mark
ii) Have tough connective tissues which help to support and protect other parts of the eye balls; 1 mark
iii) Have ciliary muscles whose contraction and relaxation alters the tension exerted on suspensory ligaments; thus the
curvature of lens; 1 mark
19. Interverbral disc;
20.a) Gaseous exchange is passage of respiratory gases across the respiratory surface ; while ventilation is the process of
bringing in air rich in oxygen and removing out air rich in carbon (IV) oxide; 2 marks
21.
a) Harmful / and undesirable characteristics from the parents are passed to the offsprings;
Few offspring are produced at a time ;
Takes a longer time to establish ;
first two: 2 marks
b) Self-sterility / incompatibility;
Protogyny;
Protandry ;
Heterostyly; first two - 2 marks
22. Botany;
Zoology; 2 marks
23.i) Attracting and trapping animals;
ii) Sucking small animals from tree barks, rock surfaces ; 2 marks
24. a) 0 0 2 3
i c pm m
3 1 2 2
b) Herbivorous; acc herbivory 1 mark
25. Ultrafiltrations;
26. Serum is blood whose plasma proteins have been removed;

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/2
BIOLOGY
Paper 2
(Theory)
July/August 2016
Time 2 hours
1. a) To show that oxygen is necessary for germination; 1 mark
b) To absorb oxygen present in the jar; 1 mark
c) A - no germination;
B - germination occurred ; 2 marks
d) Endosperm materials are hydrolysed them oxidized / converted into new cytoplasm or new materials for growth hence
decreases in weight ; while in the embryo; food is used up for growth hence increase in weight ; 2 marks
e) Few number of organisms reproducing; overcrowding; accumulation of toxic wastes; limited resources e.g. nutrients hence
stiff competition; 2 marks
2. a) p  FM  SC  800  627  4518 .9
MR 111
 4519 crabs
Key
Fm = First marked
MR = Marked recaptured
SC = Second capture
P = Total population 3 marks
b)- No organism moves in or out of the area between the two counts;
- The released animals mix freely with the remaining population.
- The marks does not alter the animals' behaviour;
- The marked animals will have enough time to mix with the rest.
- The population number does not vary during the study period 1st = 3 - 3 marks
c) During respiration;
During excretion;
During defecation; (1st - 2) - 2 marks
3.a) More water will enter the amoeba by osmosis; rate of water discharge by contractile vacoule will increase; (to discharge
the excess water); 2 marks
b) i) Antidiuretic hormone / vascopressin / ADH; Aldosterone; 2 marks
ii) ADH - helps in regulation of water level in the body;
+
Aldosterone - helps to regulate the level of mineral ions like Na in the body. 2 marks
c) Test/ react / boil the sample of urine with Benedict's solution, orange / red precipitate is an indication of the disease; 2
marks
H h H
4. Parental genotypes X X X X Y
H h H
X X X Y ;
Gametes ;
H H H H h h
F1 Progeny X X X Y X X X Y;
Acc - Use of punnet square. H h H

X X X X Y ;
X
H
X
h ;
H H H H h
X ; X X; X X ;
H h
Y X Y XY ;
4 marks

Biology p1, p2&p3
b) Y chromosomes in male has few / no genes as it is short / small ; a single recessive gene on X-chromosome in male expresses
itself out singly; (in the phenotypic) 2 marks
c) Sickle cell (anaemia) 1 mark
d) Synthesis of prothrombin; 1 mark
5.a)-Emulsification of fats / break down of large fat droplets into small droplets to increase surface are for activity enzyme
lipase;
- Neutralises acidity of chyme / provide alkaline medium for enzyme action; 2 marks
b) Villi and microvilli 2 marks
c) Formation of haemoglobin / component of haemoglobin; 1 mark
d) i) Young people are actively / rapidly growing hence require more energy than older people for cell division; 1 mark
ii) Manual workers require more energy for hard word than sedentary workers. 1 mark
iii) Males are more muscular hence require more energy than females to mountain every cell; 1 mark
6.a) i) On the graph paper / section. 6 marks
ii) 0.403 ± 0.002 1 mark
iii) 10 ± 1% 1 mark
b) i) 0.33% salt concentration is less concentrated / dilute / hypotonic than blood cells cytoplasm; water is drawn in by
osmosis; the cells swell and eventually burst / haemolysis; 3 marks
ii) 0.48 percent salt concentration is isotonic to the concentration of red blood cells cytoplsm therefore no net movement
of water by osmosis; hence cells remained normal and none were haemolysed; 3 marks
c) 0.50% salt concentration is highly concentrated solution / hypertonic than blood cells cytoplasm; Red blood cells would
loose water by osmosis; shrinks and become created; 3 marks
d) The cell sap is more concentrated than the surrounding; water enters into the cell by osmosis; the cell swells / becomes
turgid; but does not burst due to the rigid cellulose cell wall 3 marks
7.a) Are hollow to reduce resistance to flow of water;
- Are long and continuous tubes to maintain transpiration stream from roots to the leaves;
- Have narrow lumen (width) to facilitate capillary action;
- Lignified to provide strength and prevent them from collapsing; 4 marks
b) Red blood cells ; transport oxygen; from lung to body tissues in form of oxyhaemoglobin; transport carbon (IV) oxide; from
body tissues to lungs; blood plasma; as carbamino haemoglobin; transport dissolved food / glucose, amino acids, fatty
acids, glycerol; from small intestines to the liver and other body tissues; transport hormones / enzymes ; from glands to
tissues; transport carbon (IV) oxide (from tissues to lungs); transports urea from liver to kidney; distribute heat; in the
body max - 16 marks.
8.a) Hearing;
Body posture / balance; 2 marks
b)- Pinna is funnel shaped; directs sounds waves into auditory canal; / It's large for collection of sound waves;
- Auditory canal has hairs; glands; which trap pathogen and foreign bodies preventing them from entering into the ear;
- Ear drum / tympanic membrane is spongy and elastic; capable of vibrating; vibrates and send vibrations to ossicles;
- Ossicles (malleus, incus and stapes) ; vibrates; amplify and transmits vibrations to oval window;
- Eustachian tube; equalizes air pressure in the ear and atmospheric air; to prevent bursting of the ear drum due to changes
in pressure at varied attitude;
- Oval window; connected to peri lymph / fluid ; amplify sound vibration, transmitting them into the perilymph and
endolymph of the cochlea;
- Cochlea; is highly coiled; to increase surface area; for accommodation of many sensory cells;
- Sensory cells; generate impulses to be transmitted to the brain;
- Has semi circular canals which are at right angles to each other ; to detect changes in position of the body;
- Has sacculus and antriculus; which detects positions of the body in relation to gravity;
- Round window stretches ; to stop sound vibrations; max = 18 marks

Biology p1, p2&p3
THARAKA NORTH /SOUTH SUB COUNTIES JOINT EXAMINATION
PAPER 1
(THEORY)
BIOLOGY
JULY/ AUGUST 2016
1. Complete the table below on mineral nutrition in plants. 3mks
Mineral element Function Deficiency symptoms
Synthesis of proteins and protoplasm Stunted growth and yellowing of leaves
Calcium Stunted growth and death of terminal buds
Forms part of chlorophyll Yellowing of leaves
2. Explain why Larmacks theory of evolution is not accepted by biologists today. 2mks
3. When are two organisms considered to belong to the same species? 2mks
4. State two functions of cell sap. 2mks
5. State three traits that ensure cross-pollination takes place in flowering plants. 3mks
6. a) Describe the path taken by carbon (IV) oxide released from the tissue of an insect to the atmosphere. 3mks
b) Name two structures used for gaseous exchange in plants. 2mks
7. Oil can be applied on the stagnant water to control the spread of malaria.
a) How does this practice control the spread of malaria? 2mks
b) Give a reason why this practice should be discouraged. 1mk
8. State three structural differences between biceps muscles and gut muscles. 3mks
9. A person was found to pass out volumes of dilute urine frequently.
Name the:
a) Disease the person was suffering from 1mk
b) Hormone that was deficient. 1mk
10. State three pieces of evidence that support the theory of evolution. 3mks
11. In an experiment it was found that when maggots are exposed to light the move bark to dark area. 2mks
a) Name the type of response exhibited by the maggots.
b) Name the advantage of the response to the maggots.
a) Name the bone

b) Name the type of the joint formed by the bone as its interior end with the adjacent bone. 1mk
13. A flower was pound to have the following traits:
Inconspicuous petals
Long feathery stigma
Small, light pollen grains
a) What is the likely agent of pollination of the flower? 1mk
b) What is the significance of the long feathery stigma in the flower? 2mks
14. Give two reasons why primary productivity in an aquatic ecosystem decreased with depth. 2mks
15. Explain why sexual reproduction is important in organisms. 3mks
16. State two advantages of natural selection to organisms. 2mks
17. a) Name the bacteria found in the root nodules of leguminous plant. 1mk
b) State the association of the bacteria named (a) above with the leguminous plants. 1mk
18. The diagram below shows the position of an image formed in a defective eye.
a) Name the defect 1mk

b) Explain how the defect named in (a) above can be corrected. 2mks
19. a) Name the fluid that is produced by sebaceous glands. 1mk
b) What is the role of sweat in human skin? 2mks
20. a) In what form is energy stored in muscles. 1mk
b) State the economic importance of anaerobic respiration in plants. 2mks
21. a) Distinguish between epigeal and hypogeal germination. 2mks
b) Why is oxygen necessary in the germination of seed? 2mks
Biology p1, p2&p3
22. Name the organelle that perform each of the following functions:
a) Digestion and destruction of worn out organelles. 1mk
b) Osmoregulation. 1mk
23. State the functions of each of the following parts in a microscope.
a) The eye piece lens 1mk
b) The objective lens. 1mk
24. Briefly state two adaptations for each of the following cells to their functions.
i) Spermatozoan. 2mks
ii) Palisade mesophyll cell 2mks
25. Name support tissues in plants characterized by the following.
i) Cells being turgid. 1mk
ii) C ells being thickened by cellulose. 1mk
iii) Cells being thickened by lignin . 1mk
26. a) A leaf of a potted plant in darkness for 48 hours was smeared with Vaseline jelly then exposed to sunlight for 8 hours.
Explain why the test for starch in the leaf was negative. 3mks
b) Name two other processes that were interfered with in the plant. 2mks
27. In an accident a victim suffered brain injury. Consequently he had loss of memory. What part of the brain was damaged?
1mk
28. a) What is meant by the term allele? 1mk
b) Explain how the following occurs during gene mutation
i) Deletion 1mk
ii) Inversion 1mk
c) What is test cross? 1mk
29. Name the type of skeleton that makes up each of the following animals. 3mks
a) Cockroach
b) bird
c) Earthworm

Biology p1, p2&p3
PAPER 2
(THEORY)
BIOLOGY
JULY/ AUGUST 2016
1. The flow chart below, illustrates blood circulation in certain organs in humans.
a) Name the organ labeled A. 1mk

b) Name the blood vessel labeled B and F. 2mks
c) State how the consumption of blood in vessel E differs from that in vessel. 3mks
d) Name two hormones whose target is the liver when there is variation in simple carbohydrates concentration in blood.
2mks
2. In an experiment to investigate the action of pepsin on egg albumen, equal amount of pepsin were added to equal amount of egg
albumen in different test tube. The test tubes were placed in water bath at different temperature. The graph below shows the
time taken for the enzymes to digest protein at each temperature.
a) What is the optimum temperature for enzymes? 1mk

b) Account for the time taken to digest egg albumen at 60 0C. 2mks
c) With reason name the form in which the enzymes pepsin is secreted. 2mks
d) State three other factors that affect enzyme controlled reactions. 3mks

Biology p1, p2&p3
a) i) Which part a, b, c and d when defective after implantation may lead to abortion. 1mk
ii) Give a reason for your answer 1mk
b) The part labeled b can be removed after 4 months of pregnancy without interfering with the pregnancy. Explain.2mks
c) Under each of the following diseases, state the name of c the causative agent.
i) Syphilis 1mk
ii) Gonorrhea 1mk
iii) AIDS 1mk
d) State one disadvantages of external fertilization. 1mk
4. a) What is meant by the term sex-linkage? 1mk
b) Name two sex-linked traits in human 2mks
c) In Drosophila Melanogaster, the inheritance of eye colour is sex- linked. The gene for red colour is dominant. A cross
was made between a homozygous red-eyed female. Work out phenotypic ration of F1 generation.
(use R to represent the gene for red eyes) 5mks
5. The diagram below represents the transverse section ofd the spinal cord.
a) Name the part labeled H. 1mk

b) State two functions of the fluid found in part labeled J. 2mks
c) Give a reason for colour of white matter. 1mk
d) Name the given function of the enzyme found at the part labeled K. 1mk
e) On the diagram use an arrow to show direction of impulse transmission along the neurone labeled 1
6. An experiment was carried out to investigate haemolysis of human red blood cells. The red blood cells were placed in
different concentration of sodium chloride solution. The percentage of haemolysed cells was determined. The results were as
shown in the table below.
Salt concentration g/100cm3(%) 0.33 0.36 0.38 0.39 0.42 0.44 0.48
Red blood cells Haemolysed (%) 100 91 82 69 30 15 0
a) i) On the grid provided , plot a graph of haemolysed red blood salt concentration. 6mks
ii) At what concentration of salt solution was the proportion of haemolysed cells equal to non haemolysed cells?
1mk
iii) State the percentage of cells haemolysed at salt concentration of 0.45% 1mk
b) Account for the results obtained at:
i) 0.33 percent Salt concentration. 6mks
ii) 0.48 percent Salt concentration.
c) What would happen to the red blood cells if they were placed in 0.50 percent Salt solution? 3mks
d) Explain what would happen to onion epidermal cells if they were placed in distilled water. 3mks
7. Explain how abiotic factors affect plants. 20mks
8. Describe how excretion takes place in
i) Mammalian kidneys. 15mks
ii) Green plants 5mks

Biology p1, p2&p3
PAPER 1
(THEORY)
BIOLOGY
JULY/ AUGUST 2016
1. Nitrogen
Making cell walls
Magnesium / mg
2. Evidence does not support Larmacks theory; .
Acquired characteristics are not inherited ; characteristics found in reproductive cells are inherited ;
3. Capable of interbreeding ; to produce viable offsprings ;
4. Store chemical salts / sugar; maintain shape of cell ; Osmotic gradient that bring about movement of water. ;
5. Presence of special structure that attract agents of pollination; protandry ; protogeny ; monoecism ; self-sterility ;
6. a) CO2 diffuses into tracheoles ; follows the trachea ; not through spiracles ;
b) Stomata pores / stomata; cuticle;
Acc: Lenticels ;
7. a) Mosquito larvae / Pupae are killed ; (Accept suffocation) breaking life cycle of Mosquitoes ;
b) Pollution of environment / oil expensive ; other aquatic aclos / organism are killed ; accept contamination.
8.
9. a) Disease the person was suffering from is Diabetes inspidus ref: Diuresis / water diabetes
b) Hormone that was deficient is
Antidiuretic hormone / ADH / Vasopressin.
10. Fossil (records) palaeontology ; geographical distribution ;
- Comparative anatomy / taxonomy ; cell biology ;
- Comparative serology ; comparative embryology ;
- Comparative immunology ;
11.a) Phototaxis.
b) To avoid desiccation / drying / dehydration escape from predators ;
12. a) Femur
b) Ball and socket
13. a) Wind
b) To enable it trap pollen grains in the air ; reject catch / attach for trap
14.- Light intensity decreases with depth ;
- Temperature decreases with depth ;
15. Brings about change of genetic materials ; which leads to variations ; that enable organisms to exploit new environments /
resistance to diseases / high yields in plants. ;
16. Assists to eliminate disadvantageous characteristics.
- Reduce stiff competition of resources leading to elimination / exclusion of a species ;
17. a) Rhizobium / Nitrogen fixing bacteria.
b) Symbiosis / mutualism
18. a) Myopia / shortsightedness / short sight.
b) Concave lens / divergent lends ; to diverge the rays so that the image is focused on the retina ; Acc. Concave.
19. a) Sebum
b) Kills micro organisms.
- Cools the body.
- Getting rid of waste / excretion
Accept named example: E.g. Urea, Sodium chloride, excess water, uric acid, lactic acid.
20. a) - A.T.P / adenosine triphosphate rej A.D.P
b) - Brewing of alcohol accept examples ;
- Baking of bread
- Biogas production
- Compost manure formation
- Silage formation
- Commercial production of citric acid.
- Sewage treatment
21. a) Epigeal - cotyledon are brought above ground surface.
Biology p1, p2&p3
Hypogeal - cotyledon remains below surface.
b) Required in aerobic respiration / oxidation ; to release energy from food reserve for germination ;
Rej. Oxidation for starch (i.e. starch cannot be oxidized before hydrolyzed)
22. a) Lysosome ;
b) Vacuole ;
23. a) Contains lens which contributes to magnification of specimen under review ;
b) Brings image into focus and magnifies it ;
24. i)- Has acrosome containing lytic enzymes to dissolve vitelline wall of ovum during fertilization ;
- middle section contains numerous mitochondria which is the source of energy for swimming ;
- the tail is 3mm long for swimming to ovum ;
ii) Has numerous Chloroplasts to trap sunlight for photosynthesis ;
- Closely packed in a single layer for easier light penetration ;
25. i) Parenchyma ;
ii) Collenchyma ;
iii) Screlenchyma ;
26. a) Vaseline jelly prevented entry of carbon (IV) oxide to the leaf ; since the leaf had been destarched by keeping the plant
in the dark ; lack of carbon (IV) oxide prevented photosynthesis hence no starch formed ;
b) Gaseous exchange ; respiration ;
27. Cerebrum / cerebral hemisphere / cerebral cortex ;
28.a) Its an alternative form of a gene located at a particular site on a chromosome ;
b) i) Some sections of chromatids break off and are not reconnected to main chromosomes ;
ii) Chromatid breaks at two points leaving a middle piece which rotates through 180 degrees and rejoins in an
inverted manner ;
c) It is a cross between an individual of unknown genotype with an individual of recessive genotype ;
29. a) Exoskeleton ;
b) Endoskeleton ;
c) Hydrostatic skeleton ;

Biology p1, p2&p3
PAPER 2
(THEORY)
BIOLOGY
JULY/ AUGUST 2016
1. a) Ileum / small intestine / gut ; (Reject, Stomach, duodenum, colon) 1 mark
b) B - (descending) aorta ;
F - (inferior) vena cava ; 2 marks
c)
mark the first three - 3 marks

d) Insulin ; and Glucagon ;
2. a) 35°C ± 1
b) At 60°C digestion takes long because the enzymes are denatured; by high temperature;
c) Pepsinogen; to prevent the digestion of cells that produce it
d) pH
- Presnce or absence of enzyme inhibitors.
- Enzyme concentration
- Substrate concentration;
- Presence of co-factors;
3. a)
i) C;
ii) It is the uterine wall where implantation occurs ;
b) Part b secretes the hormones oestrogen and progesterone before 4 months of pregnancy; This role is taken over by
placenta hence no active role ; progesterone and oestrogen maintain pregnancy
c) i) Treponema pollidum; Must obey binomial nomenclature rules.
ii) Neisseria gonorrhoea ; must obey binomial nomenclature rules.
iii) Human Immuno Deficiency Virus; Rej HIV.
d) Eggs are exposed to predators ; low chances of fertilization;
4.a) Genes located on the sex chromosomes; they are transmitted along with those determining sex.
b) - Colour blindness
- Hair ear / pinna
- Haemophilia
- Baldness
c)
5. a) Cell body ; / centron

b)- Has nutrients / oxygen for nourishement of neurons / brain / spinal cord ; acc removal of metabolic wastes / carbon
(IV) oxide rej nitrogenous wastes.
- Acts as a shock absorber; for protection of spinal cord from mechanical damage; rej prevent shock.
c) Contains myelin sheath ; (or neurons which are made up of fats that make it have a shiny white appearance) Acc Medullated sheath for
Biology p1, p2&p3
myelin sheath)
d) Cholinesterase; Acc Acetyle cholinesterase / Acetyl hydrase rej cholisterase.
- Breaks down acetylcholine; to acetic acid and choline;
e) On the diagram (along Neuron 1 towards grey matter);
6.
ii) 0.402; 0.403; 0.404; ± 0.002
iii) 9 - 10 - 11;
b) Account for the results obtained at;
i) 0.33 percent salt concentration
Less concentration / hypotonic / dilute than blood cells cytoplasm / red blood cells; water is drawn in by osmosis ; the cells swells and
eventually burnt;
ii) 0.48 percent salt concentration.
Concentration of cytoplasm same as concentration of salt solution / isotonic ; therefore no net movement of water; hence no haemolysis;
c) Percentage of cells haemolysed would still be zero ; becomes turgid ; but does not burst ; due to the cell wall;
d) The cells would absorb water due to osmosis; swell and become turgid;
The cell sap is more conc. than surrounding water; get into the cell by osmosis; the cell swells / becomes turgid ; but does not burst due
to the cell wall;
7. Wind;
In windy conditions the rate of transpiration increases ; wind disperses fruits / seeds; is an agent of pollination; Acc spores for seed.
Temperature;
Changes in temperatures affects the rate of photosynthesis; and other biochemical reactions / metabolic reactions / enzymatic reactions
/ enzymatic reactions, temperature increase rate of transpiration;
Lights;
Plants need light for photosynthesis,; some plants need light for flowering; / photoperiodism / seeds like lettuce require light for
germination; .
Humidity;
When humidity is low; the rate of transpiration increases ;
PH;
Each plant requires a specific pH to grow well /acidic alkalinity / neutral;
Salinity;
Plants with salt tolerant tissues grow in saline area; plants in estuaries adjust to salt fluctuations;
Topography;
North facing slopes in temperature lands have more plants than south facing slope; .
Plants on windward side have stunted / distorted growth;
Acc. Comparisons of mountains and valleys
Acc. Description of other areas with other topographies e.g. River valley rainfall / water.
Water
- Fewer plants dry areas / semi arid and ;
- Water is needed for germination / is a raw material for photosynthesis ; / dissolves / mineral salts / provides turgidity for support; / fruits
/ seeds dispersal ; .
Atmospheric Pressure;
- Variation in atmospheric pressure affect availability of CO2 ; which affects photosynthesis ; and low pressure increase rate of
transpiration; and affect amount of oxygen; for respiration.
Mineral salts / trace elements.
- Affects distribution of plants in the soils.;
- Plants thrive well where there are mineral salts in the soil.;
Plants living in the soil deficient in particular mineral element have special methods of obtaining it; for example legumes obtaining from
nitrogen by fixation or carnivorous. 24 marks max 20
8.a)i) Mammalian kidney
Blood reaches the kidney from the renal / renal artery enters the kidney; then branches into capillaries / glomeruli / in the Bowman's
capsule,; blood vessels leaving the capsule / efferent the wider than those entering it / afferent ; causing high pressure to develop in the
glomeruli. This forces the plasma / causes ultra filtration into the capsule. The filtrate contains waste products (acc. One example); The
filtrate moves into the proximal / first convolulated tubule ; where selective reabsorption of glucose amino acids, some water and
vitamins ; take place in the loop of henle; excretory products / urea, excess water and salts acc, one example ) ; pass into the distal
tubule,; where the remaining useful substance (acc. one example e.g. salts and water) are reabsorbed; The filtrate passes into the
collecting tubule; where more reabsorption of water takes places; Excess water, urea and salts (all three must appear) / Urine are
removed through the ureter,;
6 marks - max 15
ii) Green plants.

CO2 / O2 / H2O diffuses ; through the stomata lentils / hydrathod; some toxic wastes are converted into non-toxic substances ; these are
deposited in certain tissues of the plant / stored in ageing structures.; Resins / tannins - are exuded through the bark of the stem; or lost
during leaf fall.;

Biology p1, p2&p3
BURET SUB – COUNTY JOINT EVALUATION TEST
BIOLOGY
PAPER 1
(Theory)
July/August 2016
Time: 2 hours
1. What name is given to a scientist who studies the following:
a) Insects (1mark)
b) Plants (1mark)
c) Identification and classification of living organisms. (1mark)
2. Which organelles would be abundant in;
a) i) Skeletal muscle cell (1mark)
ii) Palisade cell (1mark)
b) State three functions of Golgi apparatus (3marks)
3. A group of students set up an experiment to demonstrate a certain process. The experiment was set up as shown in the
diagram below.
After 10minutes the students recorded their observation in a table shown below.
SET UP Observation inside the tube Outside the tube
I Blue-black colour No colour change
II No colour change Blue-black colour
a) State the process being demonstrated in the experiment? (1mark)

b) Explain the results in the set-up. (4marks)
c) What results would be expected if the experiment was repeated using starch solution which had been boiled with dilute
hydrochloric acid for 5 minutes? (2marks)
4. State two ways in which osmosis is significant to plants. (2marks)
5. Name the sites where light and dark reactions of photosynthesis takes place. (2marks)
6. a) Explain why sweat accumulate on a person‟s skin in a hot humid environment . (2marks)
b) Name the specific part of the brain that triggers sweating. (1mark)
7. a) On what form is energy stored in muscles. (1mark)
b) State the economic importance of anaerobic respiration in plants. (1mark)
8. Give two reasons why animals have specialized organs for excretion as compared to plants. (2marks)
9. State the causative agent of:
i) Cholera (1mark)
ii) Candidiasis (1mark)
10. State three characteristics of the class crustacean. (3marks)
11. Suggest three reasons why green plants are included in a fish aquarium. (3marks)
12. a) What is meant by the following terms;
i) Epigynous flower (1mark)
ii) Staminate flower (1mark)
b) How are the male parts of a wind pollinated flowers adapted to their functions? (4marks)
13. In an experiment the shoot tip of a young tomato plant was decapitated as shown in the diagram.

Biology p1, p2&p3
a) State the expected results after two weeks? (1mark)
b) Give reasons for your answer in (a) above? (2marks)
14. a) List four differences between mitosis and meiosis. (4marks)
b) Which sex chromosomes are found in the human;
i) Sperm cell? (1mark)
ii) Ova? (1mark)
15. a) Name a fat soluble vitamin manufactured by the human body? (1mark)
b) State two functions of potassium in the human body (2marks)
16. What happens to excess fatty acids and glycerol in the body? (1mark)
17. Define the following terms as used in genetics;
a) Genotype (1mark)
b) Synapsis (1mark)
c) Sex – linked genes (1mark)
18. Write down the base sequence of the DNA strand from which the M-RNA strand with the following base sequence was
formed U – A – A – C – U – C – C - U (1mark)
19. i) State two advantages characteristics caused by polyploidy in plants. (2marks)
ii) Name the chemical that is used to artificially induce polyplidy in plants. (1mark)
iii) Explain the mode of action of the chemicals named in (ii) above. (1mark)
20. Give two functions of the spinal cord. (2marks)
21. a) Distinguish between exocrine and endocrine glands. (1mark)
b) Name the gland in the human body which is both endocrine and exocrine. (1mark)
22. a) Name the cartilage found between the vertebrae of a mammal. (1mark)
b) State the functions of the above cartilage. (3marks)
23. List down the different types of bones that form the axial skeleton. (4marks)
24. State three characteristics of monera that are not found in other kingdoms. (3marks)
25. a) What is meant by the term adaptive radiation? (1mark)
b) Give the aspect of Lamarck‟s theory that is valid and explain why it is not acceptable today by scientists. (2marks)
26. Name the types of response exhibited by;
a) Leaves of Mimosa pudica when they fold after being touched? (1mark)

Biology p1, p2&p3
BIOLOGY
PAPER 2
July/August 2016
Time: 2 hours
1. When pure breeding black guinea pigs were cross with pure breeding white guinea pigs, the offsprings had a coat with black
and white patches
a) Using letters G to represent the gene for black coat colour and letter H for white coat colour .Work out the genotypic ratio of
F2 . (5marks)
b) State the phenotypic ratio of F2. (1mark)
c) i) Name the term used when two alleles in heterozygous state are fully expressed phenotypically in an organism.
(1mark)
ii) Give an example of a trait in human beings where the condition whose term is named in c(i) above expressed itself.
(3marks)
2. a) i) Explain the changes that take place in the pupil and iris of a human eye when a person moves from a dark room to a
room with bright light. (3marks)
ii) What is the significance of the changes explained in (a) above. (1mark)
b) How does the human eye obtain nutrients. (3marks)
c) Explain why images that form on the blind spot are not perceived. (1mark)
3. a) Explain what happens to excess amino acids in the liver of humans. (3marks)
b) Which portion of the human nephrons are only found in the cortex? (3marks)
c) i) What would happen if a person produced less anti-diuretic hormone? (1mark)
ii) What term is given to the condition describe in (c) (i) above? (1mark)
4. The equation below represents a process that takes in plants.
6CO2 + 6H2O →C6H12O6 + 6O2
a) Name the process (1mark)
b) State two conditions necessary for the process to take place. (2marks)
c) State what happens to the end-products of the process. (5marks)
5. a) Name the causative agent for the following respiratory diseases.
i) Whooping cough (1mark)
ii) Pneumonia (1mark)
b) Describe how oxygen in the alveolus reaches the red blood cells. (4marks)
c) Explain two characteristics of a respiratory surface. (2marks)
SECTION B
Answer questions 6 (compulsory) and either question 7 or 8 .
6. In the experiment to determine the effect of ringing on the concentration of sugar in phloem, a ring of bars from the stem of a
tree was cut and removed. The amount of sugar in grammes per 16cm3 piece of bark above the ring was measured over a 24
hour period. Sugar was also measured in the bark of a similar stem of a tree which was not ringed. The results are shown in
the table below.
Time of day Amount of sugar in grammes per 16cm3 piece of bark
Normal stem Ringed stem
06:45 0.78 0.78
09:45 0.80 0.91
12:45 0.81 1.00
15:45 0.80 1.04
18:45 0.77 1.00
21:45 0.73 0.95
00:45 0.65 0.88
a) Using the same axes, plot a graph of the amount of sugar against time. (6marks)
b) At what time was the amount of sugar highest in the
i) Ringed stem (1mark)
ii) Normal stem (1mark)
c) How much sugar would be in the ringed stem if it was measured at 03:45 hours? (1mark)
d) Give reasons why there was sugar in the stems of both trees at 06:45 hours. (2marks)
e) Account for the shape of the graph for the tree with ringed stem between:
i) 06:45 hours and 15:45hours (3marks)
ii) 15:45hours and 00:45hours (2marks)
f) Name the structures in the phloem that are involved in the transmission of sugars. (2marks)
7. Describe how the human kidney functions. (20marks)
8. a) Describe the process of fertilization in a flowering. (13marks)
b) State the changes that take place in a flower after fertilization. (7marks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
Biology 231/1
JULY/AUGUST 2016
MARKING SCHEME
1. a) Entomologist;
b) Botanist;
c) Taxonomist;
2. a) i) Mitochodria;
ii) Chloroplasts;
b) - Form vesicles that transports materials to other parts of the cell; e.g proteins
- Transportation of secretions to the cell surface for secretion; (e.g enzyme and mucus.)
- They form lysosomes;
3. a) Diffusion;/Semipermeability;
b) Visking tubing is semi-permeable; therefore allows passage of iodine molecules (from beaker) into visking tubing thus
producing a blue-black colour with starch solutions; starch molecules are too large to pass through the walls of the
visking tubing into the beaker; therefore iodine solution does not change;
b) Expected result – No colour change inside and outside the visking tubing; in both set ups. Dil HCL hydrolyses starch into
sugar which don‟t change with iodine solution to produce the blue-black colours ;/colour of iodine (Brown) will be
observed in the visking tubing in set up I and II;
4. - Through osmosis, plants absorb water from the soil using root hair cells;
- Control opening and closing of stomata.
- Feeding in insectivorous plants;
- Support in herbaceous plants / non woody stem / seedlings / leaves when cells are turgid;
(mark the first two
5. Granum; / thykaloid;
Stroma;
6. a) Sweat produced does not evaporate due to high humidity and the body does not cool; hence more produced leading to
accumulation;
b) Hypothalamus
7. a) Adenosine Triphosphatatre rej A.T.P
b) Brewing of alcohol; acc examples
- Baking of bread
- Biogas production;
- Compost manure formation;
- Silage formation;
- Commercial production of citric acid.
- Sewage treatment;
8. - Animals form waste products more rapidly than plants / produce more metabolic waste;
- Animals don‟t reuse their waste while plants re-use some of their wastes;
9. i) Vibrio cholera;
Candida albicans;
10. - Fused head and thorax / cephalothorax /(often) protected by a carapace;
- Gaseous exchange through gills;
- Two pairs of antennae;
- Five or more pairs of limbs;
- A pair of compound eyes;
11. To provide shelter; Food and oxygen;
- Removal of carbon (IV) oxide;
- Breeding sites;
12. a) i) A flower whose ovary is situated below other floral parts;
ii) A flower with only the male reproductive parts;(Male flower)
b) - Larger anthers;
- Flexible filaments;
- Small, smooth and light pollen grains;
13. a) Auxiliary / lateral buds sprout / branches will be formed;
b) Decapitation removes the hormone Auxins /IAA which, is produced in the terminal bud/stem tip; absence / removal of
auxins promote development of lateral / auxiliary buds;

Biology p1, p2&p3
14. a)
MITOSIS MEIOSIS
i) Maintainance of chromosome number/ haploid no ii) Reduction / halfing of chromosomes / haploid no of
of chromosomes chromosomes;
iii) Takes place in somatic cells / for growth ii) Takes place in reproductive cells / gamete
formation;
iii) No crossing hence no variation iii) Crossing over takes place / variation.
iv) 2 daughter cells iv) 4 daughter cells
b) i) X and Y; Rej XY, x alone , XX

ii) X and X;
16. a) Vitamin D; Vitamin K;
b) - Transmission of nerve impulses;
- Ionic balance / osmotic balance;
- Contraction of muscles;
16. Converted into fats and stored beneath the skin (adipose tissue)
17. a) Genetic composition of an organism;
b) It is the close association between homologous chromosomes that develops during first prophase of meiosis resulting
in bivalents;
c) There are genes located on the same sex chromosomes and are transmitted together, along with those that determine sex;
18. A - T – T – G – A – G – G – A; DNA strand
19. i) - Increased yield;
- Early maturity;
- Resistance to drought, pests and disease;
ii) Colchicines ;
iii) It prevents spindle fibre formation during mitosis thus leading to a cell with double number of chromosomes (4n)
20. - It co-ordinates certain automatic responses;
- It links the nerves of the peripheral nervous systems with the brain;
21. a) Exocrine glands secrets its products into a duct whereas endocrine gland secrets hormones directly into the blood stream;
b) Pancreas
22. a) - Inter-vertebral discs;
b) - Acts as a cushion /shock absorber;
- Reduces friction between vertebrae;
- Allows certain degree of flexibility of the vertebral column;
23. The skull; sternum; ribs; and vertebrae;
24. - The genetic / nuclear material not surrounded by membrane/prokaryotic;
- Lack most organelles / few organelles / lack nucleolus;
25. a) It is whereby structures with common embryonic origin are modified to perform different functions therefore enabling
the organisms to exploit different ecological niches;
b) The aspect of Lamarck‟s theory that is valid was, the environment has a role in changing the phenotypic characteristics of
an individual. The reason why it is not acceptable today by the scientists is because the acquired characteristics cannot be
transmitted from parents to offspring because the environment does not interfere with the genetic makeup of an
individual.
26. Haptonasty;

Biology p1, p2&p3
REVISION EXERCISE
KUWED JOINT ASSESSMENT EXAMINATION - 2016
231/1
BIOLOGY
PAPER 1
JULY/AUGUST 2016
TIME 2 HOURS
1. What is meant by the term Oxygen debt? (2 mks)
2. Study the structure below and answer the questions that follow
a) Name the organelle drawn above (1 mk)

b) State the function of structure marked A (1 mk)
3. In an experiment, the pituitary gland of a rat was removed.
a) State the effect it will have on the quantity of urine produced by the rat. (1 mk)
b) Give reasons for your answer in (a) above. (2 mks)
4. The alveolus and buccal cavity of Amphibians are used for gaseous exchange. State three features they have in common that
facilitates their funtion. (3 mks)
5. State the functions of the following parts of a light microscope
a) Diaphragm (1 mk)
b) Condenser (1 mk)
6. a) Give two roles of DNA (2 mks)
b) State two structural differences between DNA and RNA. (2 mks)
a) Name the muscles marked A and B ( 2 marks)

b) What happens to each muscle as the arm is straightened. A and B (2 mks)
8. a) Define the term organic evolution (1 mk)
b) Give two examples of vestigial structures in humans. (2 mks)
9. The diagram below illustrates a nerve cell. Study it carefully and answer the quesions that follow
a) Name the type of nerve cell illustrated (1 mark)

b) Give a reason for your answer in a above. (1 mark)
c) Identify the part marked J (1 mark)
10. Explain why;
a) Mammalian testes hang outside the body (2 marks)
b) Four months after fertilization, ovaries can be removed from a human female, without terminating pregnancy
(2 marks)
11. Form one student of Kuwed Secondary school arranged the apparatus as shown below.
Biology p1, p2&p3
10% sugar solution 50 % sugar solution
Two strips A and B above were cut from a tradescantia whose cell sap had 30% sugar concentraion. Strip A was placed in
10% sugar concentration and B in 50% sugar concentration.
a) What change was expected in strip A and B. (2 marks)
b) Account for the results in Strip A (2 marks)
12. Suggest three reasons why green plants are included in a fish aquarium. (3 marks)
13. Give the meaning of the following terms as used in ecology
a) Eutrophication (2 marks)
b) Ecosystem (2 marks)
14. Explain how you can determine the genotype of an organism (2 marks)
15. Explain how the carnassial teeth of a dog are adapted to their functions. (2 marks)
16. The diagram below represents a stage during cell division
a) i) Identify the stage of cell division (1 mark)

ii) Give two reasons for your answer in a (i) above (2 marks)
b) What would be the effect of adding colohicine to the cell above? (1 mark)
17. Give the function of the following parts of a human eye.
a) Lens (1 mark)
b) Cilliary bodies (1 mark)
c) Cornea (1 mark)
18. A shoot of seedling exposed to light on one side bends towards the source of light as it grows
a) Name the response exhibited by the shoot of the seedling (1 mark)
b) Explain how the bending towards the source of light occurs. (3 marks)
19. Distinguish beween epigeal and hypogeal germination. (2 marks)
20. a) State the role of mucus in digestion. (1 mark)
b) Give three adaptations of ileum to its functions (3 marks)
21. Using the axes provided below, sketch a curve to illustrate the growth pattern observed in member of phylum Arthropoda.
(2 mks)
Length (mm)
Time (days)
22. Study the diagram below and answer the question that follow.

Biology p1, p2&p3
a) Identify the class to which the organism belongs (1 mk)
b) Give reasons for your answer in (a) above. (2 mks)
23. List two factors that aid blood flow in veins. (2 mks)
24. Study the diagram below and answer the question that follow
a) State the name of the parts marked Q and R (2 mks)

b) Mention the characteristics of the cells found at the part marked P. (2 mks)
25. State the function of the following minerals in human
a) Phosphorous (1 mk)
b) Sodium (1 mk)
c) Zinc (1 mk)
26. Study the diagram below and answer the question that follow
a) Give the name of the sphincter marked X. (1 mk)

b) What type of muscle make up sphincter Y? (1 mk)
c) State two functions of the muscular stomach walls. (2 mks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
BIOLOGY
PAPER 2
JULY/AUGUST 2016
TIME 2 HOURS
SECTION A (40 Marks)
Answer all the questions in the spaces provided below
1. a) Name one human disorder caused by gene mutation and is not sex-linked (1 mark)
b) Study the genetic chart below showing inheritance of a gene responsible for haemophilia in a family. Use capital (H) to
represent the gene for normal condition and (h) to represent the genes for haemophilia.
i) Write the genotypes of individual numbered 1 (1 mark)

ii) Supposed a family member 6 marries haemophilic male, what will be the phenotypic ratio of the offspring.
Show your working (4 marks)
c) Explain why there are more haemophilic males than females in a population. (2 marks)
2. In an experiment to investigate a factor affecting photosynthesis, a leaf of a potted plant which had been kept in the dark
overnight was covered with aluminium foil as shown in the diagram.
Aluminium foil
The set-up was kept in sunlight for 3 hours after which a food test carried out on the leaf.
a) Which factor was being investigated in the experiment. (1 mark)
b) i) State the results of the food test (2 marks)
ii) Account for the results in C (i) above (2 marks)
c) Explain what happens during the light stage of photosynthesis. (3 marks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
3. a) What is the difference between Darwinian and Lamarckian theories of evolution? (2 marks)
b) What is meant by the following terms?
i) Homologous structures (1 mark)
Example (1 mark)
ii) Analogous structures (1 mark)
Example (1 mark)
c) Explain how studies of fossils records provide evidence for organic evolution. (2 marks)
4. The diagram below represents a feeding relationship in an ecosystem
a) Name the type of ecosystem represented by the above food web. (1 mark)
b) Name the organism in the food web that:-
i) Are producers (1 mark)
ii) Occupies the highest trophic level (1 mark)
c) i) Write a food chain that ends with the hawks quaternary consumer. (1 mark)
ii) State two short term effects on the above ecosystem if all the small fish were killed. (2 marks)
d) How does oil spills lead top death of fish? (1 mark)
e) Name another cause of water pollution apart from oil spills. (1 mark)
5. The diagram below represents one of the joints in the mammalian body
a) i) Name the type of joint shown in the diagram (1 mark)

ii) State two characteristics of the joint named in 5 a (i) above. (2 marks)
b) Name each of the parts labelled Z and U (2 marks)
c) Name two parts of the body where this types of joint is found. (2 marks)
d) State one function of the fluid found in W. (1 mark)

Answer question 6 (compulsory) and either question 7 or 8
6. Some sudents used a model to determine the effect of sweating on human body temperature. Two boiling tubes A and B were
filled wih hot water. The temperature of water in the tubes was taken at the start of the experiment and then at 5 minutes
interval. The surface of ube A was continously wiped with a piece of coton wool soaked in methylated spirit. The results
obtained are as shown in the table below.

Biology p1, p2&p3
Temperature oC in tubes
Time (Minutes) A B
0 80 80
5 54 67
10 40 59
15 29 52
20 21 47
25 18 46
a) On the same set of axes, plot a graph of temperature of waer in the tubes against time (8 marks)
b) At what rate was the water cooling in tube A. (2 marks)
c) Why was tube B included in the set up. (1 mark)
d) Account for the rate of cooling in tube A. (3 marks)
e) State one process of heat loss in tube B. (1 mark)
f) What would be the expected results if tube A was insulated. (1 mark)
g) What would the insulation be comparable to in
i) Birds (1 mark)
ii) Mammals (1 mark)
h) Name the structures in the human body that detect
i) External temperature changes (1 mark)
ii) Internal temperature changes (1 mark)
7. Describe the process of gaseous exchange in a mammal. (20 marks)
8. a) State the various causes of seed dormancy. (8 marks)
b) Describe various factors that affect the process of seed germination. (12 marks)

BIOLOGY PAPER 3
CONFIDENTIAL
Each student should have the following
1. Specimen K - Hibivane flower
2. Specimen M
3. Specimen N
4. Specimen Q - Medium sized fish
5. Subsance L - Ethanol/ Ethyl alcohol (10 ml for each student)
6. A filter paper
7. Filter funnel
8. 100ml glass beaker
9. 3 test tube
10. A test tube rack
11. 10 ml measuring cylinder
12. Distilled water in a wash bottle
Each student should have access to the following

1. Benedicts Reagent
2. Iodine Reagent
3. Ethanol
4. Source of heat
Note
1. Specimen K should have been freshly harvested hence retaining its turgidity.
2. Specimen M is a bean seed planted in a dark room 12 days before the experiment.
3. Specimen N is a bean seed planted in a well lit room, 12 days before the experiement.
4. Specimen Q - one specimen should be accessible to about 10 students.

Biology p1, p2&p3
231/3
BIOLOGY
PAPER 3
JULY/AUGUST 2016
TIME 1 ½
1. You are provided with Specimen K. Use it to anser the questions that follow:-
a) i) Name the agent of pollination of specimen K. (1 mk)
ii) Give a reason for your answer in a (i) above (1 mk)
iii) Describe the gynoecium of specimen K (3 mks)
b) Extract the petals from the specimen K and using a mortal and pestle, crush the petal and then add substance L to the exract.
Filter the mixture to obain the filtrate, using the reagents provided carryout food test and complete the table below.
(9 mks)
Food Substance Procedure Observation Conclusion
2. Study the diagrams below and answer the questions that follows:-
a) i) Name the parts labelled A,C and D (3 marks)

ii) Give the functions of the part labelled B (1 mark)
b) Give any two differences between diagram 1 and 2. (2 marks)
c) Using observarable features give the class from which diagram 2 was obtained (2 marks)
d) Give two symptoms of anaphylaxis reactions (2 marks)
3. You are provided with specimens labelled M and N that were grown under different conditions. Use them to answer the
questions that follows:-
i) Name the conditions under which the specimens were grown M and N (2 marks)
ii) Give four observable differences between specimen M and N. (4 marks)
iii) Name the phenomenon exhibited by specimen M and its biological significance
Phenomenon (1 mark)
Biological significance (1 mark)
b) You are provided with specimen Q. Study it carefully and answer the questions that follows:-
i) Name the class to which specimen Q belongs and give a reason for your answer
Class (1 mark)
Reason (1 mark)
ii) Calculate the tail power of specimen Q (3 marks)
iii) Explain how the respiratory surface of specimen Q is adapted to its functions. (3 marks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
IGEMBE SOUTH FORM FOUR END OF SECOND TERM EXAM
BIOLOGY
Paper - 231/1
July/August 2016
Time: 2 hours
1.a) Differentiate between chromosmal mutation and gene mutation. (2 marks)
b) What type of mutation causes sickle cell anaemia? (1 mark)
2. The table below shows the concentration of some ions in pond water and in the cell sap of an aquatic plant growing in the
pond.
Ions Concentration in pond water Concentration in cell sap

Sodium 50 30
Potassium 2
Calcium 15 1
Chloride 180 200
a) Name the process by which the following ions could have been taken up by the plant.
i) Sodium ions (1 mark)
ii) Potassium ions (1 mark)
b) For each of the process named in a(i) and (ii) above, state one condition necessary for the process to take place.(2 marks)
3. Name two cellular components of blood. (2 marks)
4. Below is a list of organisms which belong to classes insecta, chilopoda, Diploda and Arachnida; Tick, centipede, tsetse fly,
millipede place the organism in their respective classes in the table below. Give a reason (4 marks)
Class Organism Reason
Insecta
Chilopoda
Diplopoda
Arachnida
5. Name three sites where gaseous exchange takes place in terrestrial plants. (3 marks)
6.a) Distinguish between epigeal and hypogeal germination. (1 mark)
b) Name two factors that cause dormancy in seeds? (2 marks)
7. The diagram below represents a cell.
a) Identify the cell. (1 mark)

b) Give a reason for your answer in 7(a) above. (1 mark)
c) Name the parts labelled R and S. (2 marks)
8. a) The action of ptylin stops at the stomach. Explain. (1 mark)
b) State a factor that denatures enzymes. (1 mark)
c) Name the features that increase the surface area of small intestines. (2 marks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
9. The diagram below represents an organic from a bonny fish, study it and answer the questions that follow.
P
M
N
a) Name parts labelled N, M. (2 marks)

b) State the function of the part labelled P. (1 mark)
c) How are the structures labelled P adapted to their functions? (1 mark)
10.Give the name of the study of (4 marks)
a) The cell ................................................................................................................................................
b) Microorganism ....................................................................................................................................
c) Insects ..................................................................................................................................................
d) Fungi ....................................................................................................................................................
11. The equation below represents a metabolic reaction that occurs in the mammalian liver.
Amino acid ® organic compounds + urea .
a) Name the process. (1 mark)
b) What is the importance of the process to the mammal? (1 mark)
c) What is the source of amino acids in this process. (1 mark)
d) What is the difference between essential and non-essential amino acids? (1 mark)
12.a) What is meant by
i) Artecology. (1 mark)
ii) Synecology. (1 mark)
b) State two ways in which schistosoma species is adapted to parasitic mode of life. (2 marks)
13. The diagrams below represents some stages in mitosis.
A B C
a) Name the stages represented by the diagrams labelled A, B, C (3 marks)
b) State the significance of mitosis to an organism (1 mark)
14.a) Explain why Lamarck's theory of evolution is not accepted by biologist today. (1 mark)
b) State three pieces of evidence that support the theory of evolution. (3 marks)
15. The diagram below shows a type of thickening found in xylem vessels.
a) Name the type of thickening shown above. (1 mark)

Biology p1, p2&p3
b) Name the main chemical substance that forms the thickening in these vessels. (1 mark)
16. State causative agent of the following diseases. (4 marks)
a) Tuberculosis ..............................................................................................................................................
b) Bilharzia ....................................................................................................................................................
c) Cholera ......................................................................................................................................................
d) Malaria ......................................................................................................................................................
17. The following equationA summarises two chemical reactions.
Glucose + oxygen Carbon (IV) oxide + water + energy
B
a) Name the reaction indicated by arrow A (1 mark)

b) Name the cell organelle in which reaction A occur. (1 mark)
a) Name the bone. (1 mark)

b) Name the type of Joint formed by the bone at its anterior end with adjacent bone. (1 mark)
19.a) State what is meant by the term respiratory quotient (R.Q) (1 mark)
b) Complete the following equation for the aerobic respiration of compound A. (1 mark)
C55 H100O6  77O2  ______________+_______________
20. The diagram below represents a simple life cycle of common biological processes.
Process I
H2O + CO2 Substance B
Process II
a) Identify the product labelled B. (1 mark)

b) State three differences between process I and II (3 marks)
21. State two functions of human ear (2 mraks)
22.a) Other than sugars name two compounds that are translocated in phloem. (2 marks)
b) The chart below is a summary of the blood clothing mechanism in man
i) Name the blood cells represented by X. (1 mark)
ii) The end product of the mechanism represented by Z. (1 mark)
23. Below is a diagram of a part of mammalian nephron.
C
a) Name the parts labelled C and D. (2 marks)

b) Name the process indicated by arrows (®) in the diagram. (1 mark)
24. a) What is meant by the term allele? (1 mark)
b) State the function of deoxyribonucleic acid molecule?(DNA) (1 mark)
25. Name hormone responsible for apical dominance. (1 mark)

Biology p1, p2&p3
IGEMBE SOUTH FORM FOUR END OF SECOND TERM EXAM
BIOLOGY
Paper - 231/2
July/August 2016
Time: 2 hours
Answer ALL the questions in this section in the spaces provided.
1.a) What do you understand by the term 'sex linkage'? (1 mark)
b) Name two sex linked traits that are linked to the Y-chromosome; (2 marks)
c) A normal woman (carrier) marries a colour-blind man. Work out the probability of the couple giving rise to a colour-blind
daughter. Show your working use letter H for colour-blindness trait. (5 marks)
2. In an experiment to investigate a factor affecting photosynthesis, a leaf of a potted plant which had been kept in the dark
overnight was covered with aluminium foil as shown in the diagram below.
Aluminum foil
The set up was kept in sunlight for three hours after which a food test was carried out on the leaf.
a) Which factor was bring investigated in the experiment? (1 mark)
b) Which food test was carried out? (1 mark)
c) i) State the results of the food test. (2 marks)
ii) Account for the results in c(i) above. (2 marks)
d) Why was it necessary to keep the plant in darkness, before the experiment? (1 mark)
e) Why was aluminium foil used in the experiment. (1 mark)
3.a) A diabetic person and non-diabetic person each ate the same amount of glucose, one hour later, the glucose concentration
in the blood of the diabetic person was higher than that a of the non-diabetic person. Explain why? (2 marks)
b) Explain why the urine of a non-diabetic persons does not contain glucose. (2 marks)
c) Suggest how a high blood glucose concentration could cause glucose to be the present in the urine of a diabetic person.
(1 mark)
d) If the glomerular filtrate of a diabetic person contains a high concentration of glucose; he produces a large volume of urine.
Explain your answer. (2 marks)
e) In some forms of Kidney diseases, proteins from the blood plasma are found in the urine. Which part of the nephron would
have been damaged by the disease to cause proteins from blood plasma to be present in the urine. (1 mark)
4. Figure 1 and 2 below represent reproductive organ of plants and an animal respectively.
U Kidney
T
P
X
W
R Q
S
Y
N

Biology p1, p2&p3
a) Which letter in figure 1 and 2 represents the organs that produce female gametes ? (2 marks)
b) What is function of the structure labelled S? (1 mark)
c) Name the structure labelled W? (1 mark)
d) Which letters is figure 1 and 2 represents the structure where fertilization takes place. (1 mark)
e) Which letter in figure 1 represents the structure where male gametes are produced? (1 mark)
f) Explain how the following prevent self pollination
i) Protoandry (1 mark)
ii) Self-sterility. (1 mark)
5. In an experiment, a group of students set up four glass jars as shown in the diagram below. Jar A, B and C were maintained
at 25°C for 7 days, while jar D was maintained at 0°C for the same period of time.
A B C D
Pyrogalic
acid
bean Wet
seeds Wet Wet cotton
Wet cotton cotton
cotton wool wool
wool
wool
a) What was this set up supposed to investigate? (1 mark)

b) Why was pyrogallic acid included in glass Jar A. (1 mark)
c) Explain why glass Jar C and D were included in the experiment? (2 marks)
d) What results would you expect in glass jar A and B at the end of the experiment? (2 marks)
e) State two artificial ways of breaking seed dormancy. (2 marks)

Answer questions 6 (compulsory) in the spaces provided and either 7 or 8 in the spaces provided after question 8.
6.a) In an ecological study, a grasshopper population and that of crows were estimated in a certain grassland area over period of
one year. The results are as shown in the table below.
i) What is the relationship between the rainfall and grasshopper population? (1 mark)
ii) Account for the relationship stated in a(i) above. (3 marks)
b) Explain the relationship between the grasshopper population and that of crows? (3 marks)
c) If the data was used in the construction of pyramid of numbers, what would be the tropic level of (3 marks)
i) grasshopper...........................................................................................................................................
ii) Crows ...................................................................................................................................................
iii) the grass in the study area....................................................................................................................
d) If the studied area was one square kilometer state:
i) one method that could have been used to estimate the crow population. (1 mark)
ii) one method that could have bee used to estimate the grasshopper population. (1 mark)
e) Suggest what would happen if a predator for grasshopper entered the study area. (2 marks)
f) What is meant by the carrying capacity? (1 mark)
g) Why would the carrying capacity of wild animals in woodland grassland be higher than that of cattle? (2 marks)
h) What is an ecosystem? (1 mark)
i) State two causes of water pollution (2 marks)
7. How is the human eye adapted to its functions? (20 marks)
8. a) Discuss movement of a molecule of water from the soil to the atmosphere in plants. (14 marks)
b) What are the adaptations of the Red blood cells to their functions. (6 marks)

Biology p1, p2&p3
IGEMBE SOUTH Form FOUR END OF SECOND TERM EXAM
BIOLOGY
Paper - 231/3
July/August 2016
Time: 2 hours
CONFINDENTIAL
Each candidate will require:
1. W - A maize seedling with first foliage leaves grown in the dark (it should have remains of grain)
2. White tile
3. Glass rod
4. Scalpel / razor
5. Iodine solution
6. Benedict's solution
7. 4 test-tubes
8. Test tube rack
9. Test -tube holder
10. Means of heating
11. The school get confidential atleast 10 days before the practical
1. You are provided with a specimen W which was grown in the dark. Examine the specimen.
a) Draw and label all observable parts of the specimen. (3 marks)
b) State the functions of any two parts you have labelled. (2 marks)
c) Cut off the shoot and keep the rest of the specimen for use in question (d). Crush the shoot on a white tile using a glass rod.
Carry out the following food tests. Record your observations and conclusions in the table below. (2 marks)
TEST OBSERVATION CONCLUSION
I) Add a drop of iodine solution to a
portion of the crushed shoot on a
white tile
ii) Place another portion of the crushed

shoot in a test tube. Add 3 drops of
benedict's solution. Shake the
mixture and heat
d) Remove the grain from the remaining part of the specimen. Crush it and carry out the following tests. Record your
observations and conclusion in the table below. (2 marks)
TEST OBSERVATION CONCLUSION

I) Add a drop of iodine solution to a portion of the crushed
grain on the white tile.
ii) Place another portion of the crushed grain in a test tube.

Add 1cm³ of Benedict's solution. Shake the mixture and
heat.
e) Account for your results in (c) and (d) above (4 marks)

2.a) Examine photograph A, B1 and B2 carefully and answer the questions that follows. B2 was extracted from B1
A B1 B2

Biology p1, p2&p3
i) What name is given to the coiled part labelled T found on specimen A. (1 mark)
ii) Name the type of response exhibited by the coiled part on specimen A. (1 mark)
iii) Name the stimulus responsible for the response named in (ii) above. (1 mark)
iv) Explain how the response exhibited by the coiled part on specimen A occurred. (3 marks)
v) State the biological significance of the response described in (iv) above to the survival of the specimen. (1 mark)
b) Use photograph specimen labelled B1 and B2 above to answer the questions below.
i) State the agent of pollination for the specimen above. (1 mark)
ii) Give a reason for your answer. (1 mark)
iii) Describe the external features of the leaves of the specimen B2. (2 marks)
iv) Based on the floral parts, state the class to which specimen B belongs. (1 mark)
v) Give a reason for your answer in (iv) above. (1 mark)
3. Below is a diagram representing a dissection of an organism, study it and answer the questions below.
a) Name the parts labelled P and Q ( 2marks)

b) From the observable features only, explain the adaptations of parts labeled R to its functions.
c) Identify and explain the role of the part labelled S
Identify S. (1 mark)
Explain the role of S. (1 mark)
d) With reason, classify the organism into; (4 marks)
i) Kingdom .........................................................................................................................................
Reason......................................................................................................................................................
ii) Class ................................................................................................................................................
Reason......................................................................................................................................................
e) i) In the diagram identify the heart and the trachea. (2 marks)
ii) State the adaptations of the trachea to its functions. (2 marks)

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Biology p1, p2&p3

MAKUENI COUNTY CLUSTER PREPARATORY EXAMINATION 2016

a) Identify the specialized cell. (1 mark)

a) State the function of the part labeled K and L ( 2mark

A fat molecule Fat droplets

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a) Name phases labeled A and C. (2 marks)

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i) Identify the eye defect (1 mark)

a) What condition is the person suffering from? (1mark)

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a) Identify structures labeled A, B, C, and D. ( 4 marks)

Beaker Water bath (370C)

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Mineral salts and humus

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SECTION B: (40 MARKS)

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Each candidate should have the following:-

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a) What type of flower is

a) Name the organs B and C. (2marks)

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ii) Deoxyribose sugar/ 5 carbon sugar;

c) Down‟s syndrome/ turners syndrome/ klinefelters syndrome;

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6. a) BLOOD SUGAR LEVEL AGAINST TIME

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d) C – Starch solution was hydrolysed or broken down; to monosaccharide by solution K;

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(a) Identify the above apparatus. (1mk)

Mention the equivalent of the following in the mammalian breathing system.

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Name the eye defect shown above. (1mk)

(a) Identify the type of the tooth. (1mk)

(a) Name the type of placentation shown. (1mk)

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2.5g 2.4g 2.7g 3.0g 3.1g 3.2g

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(a) Name the bones represented by T, X, Y and Z. (2mks)

(a) Name the structures labelled X and Y. (2mks)

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CENTRAL KENYA NATIONAL SCHOOLS JOINT MOCK - 2016

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23. - It matures very fast; ¹

24. D.N.A R.N.A

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Pun Net Square

(c) Parental phenotype: Pale green Pale green;

Phenotypic ratio 1 green: 2 pale green: (reject 1: 2)

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(ii) Magnification = x ½ to 2; (1mk)

(a) Name the parts labelled.

7. The diagram below show single circulation a fish.

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(a) What is the name of the organ? (1 mark)