Ce 416 File 3

CE 416 – PRINCIPLES OF PRESTRESSED/REINFORCED CONCRETE
Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beams

➢ The reinforcements are tension rebars only.
➢ Theoretically, the stress of concrete will reach its maximum usable strain of 0.003
also referred to as the crushing strain as shown in the concrete stress-strain
diagram in Figure 1.
Figure 1
Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beams (Cont.)
➢ When the section rotates such that the maximum concrete strain has reached
0.003, it is now considered to have reached its Ultimate Moment Capacity (NSCP
2015, Art. 422.2.2.1).
➢ As the beam rotates and the strains are linearly varying, the concrete stresses will
follow the shape of the concrete stress-strain diagram as illustrated in Fig. 2.
Figure 2. Concrete Stress Block Converted from Parabolic to Rectangular

➢ The relationship between “a” and “c” is defined by the formula (NSCP 2015 Eqn.
422.2.2.4.1).
𝒂 = 𝜷𝟏 𝒄 𝐄𝐪. 𝟏
➢ The Empirically, the value of 𝜷𝟏 has been established by the NSCP as:
Figure 2. Value of 𝜷𝟏
➢ The slope of the inclined line is Es, the steel elastic modulus, thus, the yield strain of
steel is simply equal given by the formula:
𝐟𝐲
𝛆𝐲 =
𝐄𝐬
Figure 3. Idealized Steel Stress-Strain

Figure 2. Concrete Stress Block Converted from Parabolic to Rectangular
Σ𝐹 = 0 Σ𝑀 = 0
𝐚
𝐂𝐜 = 𝐓𝐬 0.85fc ′ ab = As fy 𝐌𝐧 = 𝐂𝐜 𝐨𝐫 𝐓𝐬 𝐝−
𝟐
➢ According to the NSCP (Table 421.2.2), the usable portion of the nominal moment
capacity is only 90% or a reduction factor ∅ = 0.90. This is applicable to tension-
controlled classification where the tensile strain of the rebar exceeds 0.005.
➢ Also, the USD requires that,

∅𝑀𝑛 ≥ 𝑀𝑢 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑀𝑢 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠.
➢ Flexural members are required to be “ductile”. These members are designed to

undergo ductile failure when their ultimate capacities are reached.
➢ Ductile failure is preferred over brittle failure because failure for the former is slow
in developing and more than adequate tell-tale signs manifest before the section
collapses. In contrast, brittle failure is sudden with little or no warning leading to
disastrous consequences.
Figure 4. Comparison among ultimate moment capacities of beams with

different amounts of tensile reinforcements
➢ In an over-reinforced beam, the concrete extreme compression fiber will reach its
crushing strain before the tension reinforcement yields. In contrast, in an under-
reinforced beam, the tension reinforcement will yield first before the
concrete crushes.
➢ A balanced condition is defined as a beam section where the concrete crushing

of its extreme compression fiber occurs simultaneously with the yielding of the
tension reinforcement.
Maximum Steel Ratio, 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙
➢ In order to ensure that the flexural member will be “ductile”, the amount of the
tension reinforcement is controlled.
➢ The NSCP ensures that the flexural member will be under-reinforced by
prescribing a minimum strain of 0.004 for the tensile reinforcements (Art.
409.3.3.1).
Figure 5. Singly Reinforced Beam Section

➢ Compression stress are at the top
and tensile stresses are at the
bottom.
By similar triangles,
Figure 5. Singly Reinforced Beam Section

From the equilibrium equation Ts = Cc,
𝐄𝐪. 𝟐
Introducing the notation,
𝐄𝐪. 𝟑
Points to remember:
𝐄𝐪. 𝟒
Minimum Steel Ratio, 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏
➢ Also, the Code has a minimum steel ratio with the same objective of making the
beam section ductile. If the steel reinforcements are too low, then the effect of
the steel reinforcements is no longer felt as if the section is pure concrete only.
➢ Concrete being a brittle material, will lead to brittle failure if the amount of
tension reinforcement is negligible. Thus, there is a need to provide a minimum
amount of steel reinforcements, and this is specified in the NSCP 409.6.1.2 where,
Minimum Steel Ratio, 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏
➢ The NSCP stipulates further that this steel ratio should not be lower than 1.4/fy,
hence, the minimum steel ratio is,
𝐄𝐪. 𝟓
Analysis of a Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam:
Analysis of a Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam:
Step 5) Solve for “a” to determine the lever arm in Fig. 5. The expression for “a” is
taken from Eq. 2.
Step 6) Determine the moment capacity.

Sample Problem No. 1
A simply supported beam shown is to support a total dead load of 15 kN/m. Determine the live load
that the beam can resist in accordance with the requirements of the NSCP. Use fc’ = 35 MPa and
Grade 60 rebars (Fy = 414 MPa). The reinforcements shown are 5-36mm dia. bars.
Figure P-1. A simply supported beam

Solution:
Step 1) To solve for 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 , first 𝛽1 must be determined.
Step 2) To solve for the steel ratio, the effective depth “d” and As must first be
determined.
Solution:
Step 3) Since the actual steel ratio exceeded the maximum limit, therefore, the valid
steel ration is,
Solution:
Step 4) Next is to determined the “a”,
Step 5) The ultimate moment capacity can now be solved.
The next step is to analyze the beam in order to get the maximum positive moment.
Different approaches are available but a simple straightforward procedure is,
(a) Determine the reaction at the left support “A”.
Solution:
(b) From the shear diagram below, note that the slope of the shear diagram is equal
to “w”. This is used to locate “x” the point of “zero shear” which is also the “point of
maximum moment”.
Figure P-2. Shear diagram

Solution:
(c) The difference between the moment from Point A to
Point D is represented by the area of the shear diagram Figure P-2. Shear diagram
from Point A to Point D. Point A is a hinge support and the
moment there is zero. Hence, the area of the triangle
between A and D is the maximum positive moment.

Solution:
(d) Now, this maximum moment is equated with the ultimate moment
capacity of the beam.
(e) The load above with subscript “u” represents the factored load.
Since the load is vertical, then the only applicable load combination
from the NSCP (Eq. 203-2) is 1.2DL + 1.6L. This load combination leads to
the expression for the live load.
Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beams
Next Topic:
Design of a Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam
END

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CE 416 – PRINCIPLES OF PRESTRESSED/REINFORCED CONCRETE

Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beams

Figure 2. Concrete Stress Block Converted from Parabolic to Rectangular

Figure 3. Idealized Steel Stress-Strain

Figure 2. Concrete Stress Block Converted from Parabolic to Rectangular

➢ Also, the USD requires that,

➢ Flexural members are required to be “ductile”. These members are designed to

Figure 4. Comparison among ultimate moment capacities of beams with

➢ A balanced condition is defined as a beam section where the concrete crushing

Figure 5. Singly Reinforced Beam Section

Figure 5. Singly Reinforced Beam Section

Step 6) Determine the moment capacity.

Figure P-1. A simply supported beam

Step 1) To solve for 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 , first 𝛽1 must be determined.

Step 5) The ultimate moment capacity can now be solved.

Figure P-2. Shear diagram

Figure P-3. A simply supported beam

Figure P-4. A simply supported beam

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