Topic: Electricity and Magnetism

Introduction to Electricity:
Electricity is the flow of electric charge through conductors, such as
wires, due to the movement of electrons.
Electric charge is quantified in coulombs (C), and the fundamental unit of
charge is the elementary charge, ee, which is the charge of a single electron
(e≈1.6×10−19e≈1.6×10−19 coulombs).

Electric Circuits:
An electric circuit is a closed loop through which electric charge can
flow, typically consisting of a power source (e.g., battery or generator),
conductors (wires), and loads (e.g., light bulbs, resistors).
In a series circuit, components are connected end-to-end, so the same
current flows through each component.
In a parallel circuit, components are connected across common points,
allowing different currents to flow through each component.

Ohm's Law:
Ohm's Law states that the current (II) flowing through a conductor is
directly proportional to the voltage (VV) applied across it and inversely
proportional to the resistance (RR) of the conductor.
Mathematically, Ohm's Law is expressed as V=I×RV=I×R, where VV is voltage
(in volts), II is current (in amperes), and RR is resistance (in ohms).

Electrical Power:
Electrical power (PP) is the rate at which electrical energy is transferred
or converted in a circuit, measured in watts (W).
Power is calculated using the formula P=V×IP=V×I, where VV is voltage and
II is current.
In a circuit with resistance (RR), power can also be calculated using
P=I2×RP=I2×R or P=V2RP=RV2.

Magnetism:
Magnetism is the force of attraction or repulsion between magnetic
materials.
Magnets have two poles: north (N) and south (S), and like poles repel while
opposite poles attract.
The magnetic field lines around a magnet extend from the north pole to the
south pole, forming closed loops.

Electromagnetic Induction:
Electromagnetic induction is the process of generating an electromotive
force (emf) or voltage across a conductor by changing the magnetic field around it.
This phenomenon is the basis for electrical generators, transformers, and
many other applications in electrical engineering.

Faraday's Law and Lenz's Law:

Faraday's Law of electromagnetic induction states that the induced emf in a
circuit is proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic flux through the
circuit.
Lenz's Law states that the direction of the induced emf is such that it
opposes the change in magnetic flux that produced it.