HAWASSA UNIVERSITY

WONDO GENET COLLEGE OF FORESERY AND

NATURAL RESOURCES
DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
PROGRAM GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
SCIENCE

SENIOR RESEARCH PROJECT ON GIS APPLICATION ON THE

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE CASE
OF HAWASSA CITY, ETHIOPIA

BY:-ESUBALEW KASSAHUN

TO:- MIKIAS BIAZEN

JUNE, 2014

WONDO GENET, ETHIOPIA

Acknowledgments
Above all I extend thanks and respect for power full GOD throughout my life for his help
and guidance different hardship in my life. I would like to say thank you to my advisor
MikiasBiazen(MSC)who support me by directing and supervising my paper without any
tiredness. I wish to thank my sincere friends and classmate for their continuous moral support
and encouragement for giving different materials and technical support.

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Contents
Acknowledgments........................................................................................................................................i
List of figures..............................................................................................................................................iii
List of tables................................................................................................................................................iii
ABBREVATION.............................................................................................................................................iv
Abstract.......................................................................................................................................................v
1.Introduction..............................................................................................................................................1
1.1.BACKGROUND AND JUSTIFICATION........................................................................................1
1.2 Statement of the problem...............................................................................................................2
1.3.Research Question.............................................................................................................................2
1.4.Significance of the study...................................................................................................................2
1.5.Objectives..........................................................................................................................................3
1.5.1.General Objective...........................................................................................................................3
1.5.2.Specific Objectives.........................................................................................................................3
2.Literature review......................................................................................................................................3
2.1.GIS For Infrastructure Application....................................................................................................3
2.2.The Role Of GIS To Facilitate/Support Educational Sector..............................................................3
2.3.GIS In Road And Transport Infrastructure........................................................................................4
2.4.GIS In Road Network Analysis And Mapping..................................................................................4
2.5.The role of GIS in health care development......................................................................................5
2.6.GIS in health center distribution mapping and analysis.....................................................................5
2.7.GIS in disease distribution mapping..................................................................................................5
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS.....................................................................................................................6
3.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA.........................................................................................6
3.1.1 GIOGRAPHIC LOCATION..........................................................................................................6
3.1.2. POPULATION..............................................................................................................................6
3.1.3 CLIMATE......................................................................................................................................7
3.1.4.LAND USE SYSTEM....................................................................................................................7
3.1.5 VEGETATION...............................................................................................................................7

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 3.1.6.SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERSTICS..................................................................................7
3.1.7. SOIL AND GEOLOGY.................................................................................................................7
3.2 Material to be used............................................................................................................................8
3.3 Data collection methods....................................................................................................................8
3.3.1.primary data collection...................................................................................................................8
3.3.2.secondary data collection................................................................................................................8
3.4. Data Analysis.......................................................................................................................................9
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION......................................................................................................................10
4.1RESUILT.............................................................................................................................................10
4.1.1.road network of hawassa town....................................................................................................10
4.1.2.Spatial distribution of schools.......................................................................................................11
4.1.3.Spatial Distribution of Health Center............................................................................................12
4.1.4.spatial distribution of administrative office..................................................................................13
4.2.Discussion........................................................................................................................................14
5.conclusion and recommendation...........................................................................................................15
5.1.conclusion........................................................................................................................................15
5.2.recommendation.............................................................................................................................15
REFFERENCE..............................................................................................................................................16

List of figures
Figure 1;Road Map Of Hawassa town.......................................................................................................10
Figure 2;School Maps Of Hawassa Town.................................................................................................11
Figure 3;Maps Of Health Center...............................................................................................................12
Figure 4;Maps of Administrative Office....................................................................................................13

List of tables
Table 1 ;Materal Used.................................................................................................................................8

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ABBREVATION
 CAD-................COMPUTER ASSISTED DESIGN
 GIS-..................GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SCIENCE
 GPS-.................GEOGRAPHIC POSITIONING SYSTEM
 HTTP-..............HYPER TEXT TRANSPER PROTOCOL
 ITC-...................INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY COMMUNICATION
 SNNPR-..............SOUTH NATION NATIONALITY PEOPLE OF REGION
 UK-.......................UNITED KINGDOM
 WHO-...................WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
 WWW-.................WORLD WIDE WEB

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Abstract
Infrastructure is a basic physical and organizational structures needed for the operation set of
interconnected structural elements that provide framework supporting an entire structure of
development of society or enterprise or the services and facility necessary for an economy to
function. It can also an important application for judging a country or region development.

hawassa town infrastructure is increase from year to year at this time present service location is
changed.

To prepare the building map of hawassatown infrastructure indicate a recent condition.

The study will mainly focus on preparing building infrastructure map of hawassa town which is
located as southern region of Ethiopia, basic on this area mainly focused social services map and
the area surrounding by town.

To prepare this map we used primary (collecting a point data and taking by using GPS) and
secondary data (satellite image, Google map and Google earth).

Data for this study would be collected from two sources primary and secondary sources.The data
analysis for this study would use different techniques. For examples to analyze the data using
software would be implemented which depending primary and secondary data type would be
used compute and GIS software to analyze the data.

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1.Introduction
1.1.BACKGROUND AND JUSTIFICATION
• INFRASTRUCTURE has several meanings depends on the term of context used in terms
of utility and facility functional operations, the infrastructure represents the underground
aboveground cables and pipes networks supported with all related assets. While civil
engineers concerned with other urban area service functions such as
roadnetworks,bridges,train/bus station,schools,hospitals,universities and public
services(al-hader.m.et.al,2009).

• Infrastructure is generally defined asset of interconnected structure elements, utility and

services. Such sectors of economy and society as transport, water and sanitation power
and electriccity,telecommunication,irrigation,health care ,education and administrator
office(keskinen.a,2007)

• The GIS would be a fundamental component of India's planning and development

infrastructure, providing visibility in to various aspects of the national economic and
governance process, development process,enterprice commerce and citizen
participation(Dr.shailesh.N,2011).Given the ever increasing demand for infrastructure in
developing countries such as Indiacompanies are looking forward with advancing GIS for
infrastructure to develop applications that use geospatial technology
extensively(www.geospatialworld.net/paper/application/articleview.aspex?aid)

• The use of GIS in infrastructure planning will be exported as a means to provide such
systematic approach. The study addresses the application of GIS in the planning and
design of urban infrastructure in a newly planned urban development in Egypt called
“new fayoum”,focusing on the planning and design of anew sewerage network with
pumping station facilities and a roadnetwork. It is concluded that GIS can be an
important tool for the success of the Egyptian government new urban development
strategy to facilitate informed decision making in its planning process(Brussel.m,2001).

• Regional infrastructure is a collection of public assets that can be managed to maximize

public profit.GIS,akey set of tools increasingly adopted by local and regional
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 governments, represent an important step towards truly integrated infrastructure asset
management systems(Phd.A.Lemer,2008)

• The general objective of this study are to show map of infrastructure in the hawassa town
and the data collection methods will be collected in to two ways. These are primary data
collection like GPS(for collection point data),field observation and interview and
secondary data collection like written documents, internet and other resources.

1.2 Statement of the problem

• Unequal distribution of infrastructure due to lack of appropriate plannig.The distribution
of infrastructure is sometimes uneven or it tends to concentrate somewhere and it will be
very sparsely at some area and dense at other area. Sothis distribution need to be
evaluated,therefore,to look up the distribution of service sector maps which are made
using GIS and GPS are very valuable. To reduce unequal distribution of infrastructure,
prepare map 0f infrastructure and plan and manage of sector of the town

1.3.Research Question
• Is the number of infrastructure in the town proportional with the number of population

• Is the number of infrastructure in the town proportional with its size?

• Does the town has enough number of infrastructure

1.4.Significance of the study

• Prepare maps of infrastructure to identify the location of different services. This is
important for the society that get infrastructure maps easily

• The result of the study will serve as back information many researchers, who wants to
work on the town.

• Use as model for those students who wants to write their senior proposals on GIS
application.

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1.5.Objectives

1.5.1.General Objective
• To prepare the building map of hawassa town infrastructure with indicate a recent
condition

1.5.2.Specific Objectives
• To produce maps of the town which shows the location and distribution of different
infrastructure

• To point out the distribution of infrastructure in relation area of each kebele

• Analysis major infrastructure services in the study area

2.Literature review

2.1.GIS For Infrastructure Application

applications of GIS in the various domains of infrastructure planning and
management date from relatively recently. A related computer application known as
computer-assisted design (CAD) emerged simultaneously with GIS, but was initially
more successful at capturing interest within the infrastructure community. CAD systems
generally lack the ability to deal with a wide range of geographic data types, multiple
attributes, relationships between features, and referencing to geographic coordinate
system(Longley et al. 1999).
Today, almost all utility companies and infrastructure-related agencies are users of
GIS.AGIS user should be at least aware of the important of effective design(Longley et al.
1999).

2.2.TheRole Of GIS To Facilitate/Support Educational Sector

GIS is typically used in most application field as an advanced and technology legaltool. Even if
GIS is considered as a simplea bettertool, the progress in presentation preparation and flexibility
appear to justify consideration of the benefits that GIS provides to micro-planning(Hite.J,2008)

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GIS has been supporting educational decision making process such as granting new affiliation,
examination management and educational micro-planning. Educational decision support system
which is formally structured and design to collect, maintain and supply relevant, reliable and
timely information to guide educational policy, planning and management
decisions(www.journals.savap.org.pk )

GIS database of spatial and non spatial data which dealt with the location and geometric aspects
of features and attribute data which dealt with the characteristics of feature, such as number of
teachers and number of students(www.savap.org.pk.pdf )

2.3.GIS In Road And Transport Infrastructure

Roads are main arteries of modern society’s infrastructure, contributing heavily to the
distribution of goods and persons(Husdal.J.1999).with GIS technology, helping transportation
professional conduct the complex analysis require to plan the transportation system of the
future.Increasingly,transportation planners are integrating land use, environmental and green
house gas consideration, along with energy consumption factors in to their planning
process(www.esri.com/locations ).

GIS of road infrastructure is designed to manage road infrastructure data.

In addition to data examination, it enables an active planning of new
road infrastructure and maintenance of the existing road infrastructure.
It also enables monitoring of all construction and maintenance phases in
relation to road infrastructure and an automatic preparation of reports and
calculations of the road infrastructure works performed(www.gis.luz.si)

2.4.GIS In Road Network Analysis And Mapping

GIS can be a useful tool in the planning of road networks in new development. The use of GIS in
road network planning is explored and the implementation of some application of GIS to the
road network planning is demonstrated(Ebrahim.et.al,2011)

Data in the cornerstone of all road safety activity and is essential for the diagnosis of the road
crash problem and for monitoring road safety efforts(WHO,2010)

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Road network analysis location referencing system the operational and planning analysis which
accurately identify of the road network. The same spatial representation of the road network is
being used by all applications and will be used to manage various data on roads and bridge
infrastructure, includingcondition,inventory,traffic,rights of ways and
locations(www.easts.info.pdf)

2.5.The role of GIS in health care development

Health planner confronted with the problem of selecting the optimum location for health facility
in relation to the spatial distributions of the respective area population and infrastructure facility
already in place. Although, this is not an easy exercise the application of GIS may aid in decision
making(Hook RM, 1987)

GIS permit the combinations of complex populations, health care service and clinical data in to
maps that illustrate the relationships at fine resolution and can help in from decision making
regarding care for safety net populations (Boone C., 1999).

2.6.GIS in health center distribution mapping and analysis

GIS, coupled with GPS, can help used to map and assess health service. Paper maps sketched by
health workers for routing and planning immunization companies do not show the relative
positions of populations and health services. GIS and GPS can be used to develop social and
health services maps that are geographically scaled and positioned (www.esri.com/../care.html).

GIS can show how health service center related to the population it serves overlaying a clinic
location with demographic layer and generating buffers around each health clinic lets managers
identify any portions of the population that are inadequately served (www.esri.com/../care.html).

GIS can identify catchment areas of health centers and also locate suitable site for a new health
facility (Balaji L., 2000)

2.7.GIS in disease distribution mapping

GIS has many applications in the field of public health. GIS has the ability to combine data from
many sources for identification and mapping of environmental factors associated with disease
factors which makes it particularly useful for disease surveillance and monitoring. It can be a
useful tool for analyzing the spreads of disease in both developed and developing countries as

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well as management strategy for allocating resources and for understanding high risk areas of
disease (Booker S. et al., 2007).

GIS helps generate thematic maps that depict the intensity of a disease it can create buffer zones
around selected features and then combine this information disease incidence data to determine
how many cases fall within the buffer (www.gis@development.net).

3. MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA

3.1.1 GIOGRAPHIC LOCATION

Hawassa city is located at latitude 7”3’north and longitude 38”28’east and 273km south of Addis
Ababa via debreziet and 125km north of Nairobi (SNNPR. Hawassa City Administration and
Agriculture and Rural Development Department; 2004)

Hawassa is as capital of south nation nationalities and people s region and the sidama zone.
Hawassa city bounded by Lake Hawassa in the west oromia region in the north
Wendogenetworeda in the east and shebedino in the south the city administration has an area of
1457.2 sq km divided in to 8 sub cities and 32kebeles (SNNPR. Hawassa city Administration
and Agriculture and rural development department; 2004)

3.1.2. POPULATION
According to the result of housing and population census of 2002 E.C Hawassa town has a
population number of about 292533 people out of which 150486 are males and 142027 are
females in which, 183027 and 109506 live in urban and rural respectively (SNNPR, Hawassa
City Administration and Agriculture and Rural Development Department; 2004).

 The annual population growth rate 4.02

 4.8 in urban
 2.8 in rural
 51% male and 49% female

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3.1.3 CLIMATE
The city of Hawassaenjoy favorable climatic conditions because of its geographic location
of shores of HawassaLake. The mean annual precipitation is 998.9mm. Temperature
varies between 6”c in winter and 34’’c in summer. The city experiences sub humid is
called ‘woinadega’ in Amharic type of climate. The average annual temperature is 20.
Hawassa gets rain fall twice in a year .if falls during ‘belg’ and ‘keremt’.The min
temperature is blow6”c and max temperature are higher than 32”c (SNNPR, Hawassa City
Administration and Agriculture and Rural Development Department; 2004).

3.1.4.LAND USE SYSTEM

The town administration has a total area cover of 157.2 square kilometers, from these area about
555.1 ha is an open area. 1267ha is covered by forest and8497.4ha is area which is covered by
agriculture (SNNPR, Hawassa City Administration and Agriculture and Rural Development
Department; 2004).

3.1.5 VEGETATION
The vegetation Zone is influenced by attitude rain fall and soil fertility in west eastern part of the
watershed, mountain composed of podocarpusfalcutuse and junipruspropcera is dominate In sub
humid western part shrub and thickness domain, while on the lower foot slopes on the valley
floor grass land, bush land and accacia land prevail.(TignehE,2009).

3.1.6.SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERSTICS
The diverse agro ecological setting as a result wide altitude and heterogeneity of cultural
intensities of the community made the area to support different livelihood system the south
eastern part of the town is densely populated with enset favorite Sidama people with a density of
1000 people per square kilometer (Tigneh, E. 2009).

3.1.7. SOIL AND GEOLOGY

Soil formation in factor of climate parent rock material the nature of land form, soil organism.
Geologically the sub basin as part of the Ethiopian rift valley system was formed during the
tertiary uplifting following regression of the Mesozoic towards the south east uprising was
associated by infraction of basaltic magma though figures later technatic and geographic process

7
resulted with the present shape of the area (SNNPR, Hawassa city administration and agriculture
and rural development department; 2004)

However according to the studies the Ethiopia geological surveys structurally there are numerous
rift system faults with north and north trend along which lake Hawassa oriented. (Tigneh E,
2009)

3.2 Material to be used

Table 1 ;Materal Used

Number Material Purpose/function

1 Google earth To digitize the road and known
point data
2 ARC GIS 9.3 To analysis infrastructure and
boundary of the town
3 GPS To collect point data
4 DNR GARMIN To download GPS data
5 Microsoft Excel Edit x,y data(latitude and
longitude)
6 Stationary Material Write note of field work
7 Computer That can have full power to run
GIS software

3.3 Data collection methods

data for this study was collected from two ways. These are primary data collection and secondary data
collection

3.3.1.primary data collection

for the study area the data was collected by using GPS(for collecting point data ),field observation and
interview of the local people about the infrastructure of the study area. From the ,the collection of major
infrastructure(school, health center, road network and administrative office)was collected.

3.3.2.secondary data collection

secondary data which was used for this study was collected from internet(different
website),administrative office information ,existing document and Google earth.

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3.4. Data Analysis
The data analysis for this study would use different techniques. For examples to analyze the data
using software would be implemented which depending primary and secondary data type would
be used compute and GIS software to analyze the data. Also different data which is collected by
GPS will be uploaded Garmin software , Microsoft excel software , ARC GIS software to add
data in to the ARC GIS environment for digitizing or displaying purpose to prepare the out of the
results.

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4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1RESUILT

4.1.1.road network of hawassa town

road is one of infrastructure of once country. So GIS is used to manage different type of roads.
Road network of maps of hawassa shown below.

Figure 1;Road Map Of Hawassa town

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4.1.2.Spatial distribution of schools
In this analysis, schools are found on alamora,gebeyadar,piassakebeles,etc and do not found on
tesso,milliniumadebabay,gudumale are some of them.the map of the school are found below.

Figure 2;School Maps Of Hawassa Town

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4.1.3.Spatial Distribution of Health Center
spatial distribution of health center will be analyzed and represent of a map.

Figure 3;Maps Of Health Center

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4.1.4.spatial distribution of administrative office
administrative office is one of infrastructure that accelerateofficialwork. Thisanalysis is done by
ARC GIS SOFTWARE and the shape file get in administrative office of hawassa town

Figure 4;Maps of Administrative Office

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4.2.Discussion
In the study period we used the following steps. Those are:-

1.Adjust the instrument to collect data like accuracy, coordinate system ,duration of time to
record data ,units and data format.

2. After this adjustments record point data and tracking data.

3. After collecting primary data finish to download in to the computer by using system.

By writing the X, y coordinate in to Microsoft excel when finish writing the whole save as
text tap declination data format and then and then add X,Y data in to ARC GIS SOFTWARE for
analysis the result.

4. After finishing downloading process continue the analysis process or to prepare map process.
The all process is the main analysis part in our study and we use secondary data follow the
following step.

A. First reconnaissance the study area

B. to known the X, Y coordinates

C. to available the internet connection

D. to check the accuracy

E.download the satellite image of the study area

F.Digitizing the satellite image

When finishing digitizing the information after this overlay the primary and secondary data
which prepare the map by changing both data in to one coordinate system.

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5.conclusion and recommendation
5.1.conclusion
spatial variation in almost all infrastructure exist everywhere in the world.hence,area variability
in the spatial distribution of infrastructure among the different towns exists too. There is much
imbalance in spatial distribution of infrastructure in the town.

Generally the study indicates that building infrastructure are increasing in year to year due to the
impacts of increasing the number of users. This was able to generate location based on
information as regarding to exact position and distribution of the social services on hawassa
town which shows that the services was not located clearly in the study area. The study further
emphasizes the importance of remote sensing and GIS in spatial analysis and the benefits
accruable to efficient building services network on the town.

5.2.recommendation
In health care service
 the government and private investor must build health center among the main
road street and accessible areas.
 building health centers inthe town and also additional clinics must build.
 adopting tools such as GIS to make possible an updated health data.GIS here can
be employed to have data's on the location and capacity of the health facilities
which can be modified every time when change is seen.
In Education
 the government and private investors must build schools far from the main
street
 build new school, preparatory and college for the town
 use GIS tool for their future plan of establishing schools leaving
appropriate data GIS tools can point out the best and appropriate location
for established new schools with high profit

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REFFERENCE
 Al -Hader Mahmoud and RodziAhmed,The smart city Infrastructure
development&Monitoring, may 2009
 Balaji,L.N,2000,GIS in health,17-20
 Booker .s and ulzinger,2007 integrated disease mapping in polyporasite world geospatial
health,141-146
 Boone,country,1999 health and human service need assessment preliminary finds
summary report,colombia
 Brussel, M.J.G., 2001, “The Application of Information Systems in the management of
Utility Infrastructure”. ITC lecture note.
 Dr.shaileshnayak,secretary minister of each sciences, government of India planning
commission national GIS interimcore group,june 2011
 ebrahim and ihabyehyaabeda-elihafez planning road networks in new cities using
GIS,may 2011
 hite,j.s,2008,school mapping and GIS in educational micro-planning, workingdocument,
international institution for educational planning
 husdal.J,1999, road transportation management using GIS venticle routing and tracking,
unpublished course paper for MSC in GIS university of leciester,uk
 hook.RM,1987,decenteralize planning in Kenya public administration and development
 keskinen antro,2007,mapping road infrastructure in developing countries Appling remote
sensing and GIS-the case of the taitahills,kenya
 Longleyp.a,mf good child,d.jMaguire and d.w rhind,editors,1999,geographical
information systems principles,techniques,management and applications newyork,wiley
 PHD.A.C Lemer,progress towards integrated infrastructure assets
managementsystems:GIS and beyond,2008
 SNNPR:Hawassa city administration and agriculture and rural development,2004
 tigneheshete,the spatial analysis of erosion and land degradation,2009
 world health organization(WHO),2010
 http://www.geospaitalworld.net/paper/application/article.view.aspex?
 http://www.savap.org.pk.pdf.
 http://www.esri.com/../care.html

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 http://www.GIS@development.net
 http://wwwesri.com/locations
 http://www.easts.info.pdf

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