ME2033 - Thermodynamics of Heat and Work Transfer Devices:

Individual Project
Semester: 4

Flash Point Apparatus

By

Index No. Name Marks

200005A W. R. J. Abeysekera

Date of submission 30/06/2023

Due date of submission 30/06/2023

Advisors’/Instructors’ names, associations, and signature

Department of Mechanical Engineering,

Mr. M. M. P. De Silva
University of Moratuwa

Department of Mechanical Engineering

University of Moratuwa
Sri Lanka
Summary
Under ME2033 Thermodynamics of Heat and Work Transfer Devices, the practical “Flash Point
apparatus” was conducted with the intention of determining the Flash point of gaseous fuel. The
flash point apparatus is a significant tool utilized to determine the lowest temperature at which a
liquid or semi-solid substance can produce enough vapor to ignite. This measurement is crucial
in assessing the risk of fire associated with the substance during its storage, transportation, and
handling. The apparatus operates by heating a small sample of the material in a sealed container
and exposing it to an ignition source to determine the temperature at which ignition occurs. This
test is widely employed in industries such as oil and gas to ensure compliance with safety
regulations and evaluate the flammability of different compounds. Additionally, it helps assess
the effectiveness of additives in reducing flammability. In summary, the flash point apparatus
serves as a vital safety measure in evaluating fire hazards and ensuring the safe handling of
substances.

Table of Contents

Summary...……………………………………………………………………………………..1

Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………………1

1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 2

2. Theory ..................................................................................................................................... 2

3. Materials and Methods ............................................................................................................ 4

4. Observations ........................................................................................................................... 5

5. Analysis & Results.................................................................................................................. 6

6. Discussion ............................................................................................................................... 6

7. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 10

8. References……………………………………………………………………………….....11

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 1. Introduction

Heat transfer fluids play a crucial role in thermodynamic systems as they help maintain desired
operating temperatures. However, it is extremely important to handle, store, and transport these
fluids with great care due to their potentially dangerous nature. This is particularly significant
when dealing with substances that have low flash points, fire points, or auto-ignition
temperatures. These characteristics indicate the temperatures at which the fluid, if it becomes
flammable, can catch fire or explode. To ensure the safe usage of heat transfer fluids, it is
essential to have a comprehensive understanding of these properties and the ability to accurately
determine them.

The flash point is the minimum temperature at which a substance produces enough vapors to
ignite when exposed to an external source of ignition. The flash point is determined by heating a
small amount of the substance in a sealed container and gradually increasing the temperature
until a flame becomes visible above the liquid. The temperature at which this flame becomes
noticeable is known as the flash point. Knowing the flash point of a heat transfer fluid allows for
the assessment of fire risks and the implementation of appropriate safety measures.

2. Theory

The flash point is the lowest temperature at which a liquid can produce enough vapor inside a
container to create a mixture that can ignite upon contact with air near the liquid's surface. A
lower flash point indicates that a liquid is more likely to catch fire. On the other hand, the fire
point represents the temperature at which a substance or fuel produces enough vapors to sustain
continuous combustion, even without an ignition source. It shows the temperature at which the
fuel will keep burning once ignited, even if the ignition source is removed.

Generally, the flash point, which is the minimum temperature at which a substance ignites and
burns rapidly when exposed to an ignition source, is higher than the fire point. The fire point is
an important safety measure to evaluate the potential fire hazard associated with a substance or
fuel. Furthermore, the auto-ignition temperature refers to the lowest temperature at which a fuel
can ignite on its own in a regular environment, without an external ignition source like a flame
or spark. It indicates the fuel's ability to ignite without relying on an external ignition source.

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If a substance has a low auto-ignition point, it can spontaneously ignite even without a spark or
flame when exposed to high temperatures or stored in environments where the temperature can
rise quickly. This characteristic presents potential fire hazards that need careful consideration
and management. When comparing these temperatures, it is observed that the fire point is higher
than the flash point. This is because the ignition and spread of fire within the fuel require
additional heat to break the secondary bonds between fuel particles, resulting in a higher fire
point. In the specific experiment conducted, the flash point of the material is determined using
the Pensky Martin flash point tester.

Various tests can be used to measure the flash point, such as the Abel flash point test, Pensky
Martens flash point test, Tag flash point test, Cleveland open cup flash point test, and Rapid
equilibrium methods. In this experiment, the "Rapid Equilibrium Method" is utilized. The flash
point is determined by analysing the temperatures recorded during both the heating and cooling
phases, enabling a comprehensive assessment of this critical parameter.

Flash point when heating = TH

Flash point when Cooling = TC

TH + TC
The Flash Point =
2

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 3. Materials and Methods

Apparatus

• Pensky Martin Flash Point tester

• Thermocouple
• Sample of diesel
• Bunsen burner
• Gas Circuit

Procedure

✓ The initial circuit was set, and a Bunsen flame was ignited.
✓ The brass container was filled with the oil to be tested and sealed.
✓ The container was then appropriately positioned, and a thermocouple was inserted into a
specially designed hollow space.
✓ The ignition jet was lit, creating a small flame. Subsequently, the flash point of the
container was determined using the ignition source.
✓ The textured handle was rotated, allowing light to enter the container.
✓ The flame was applied for approximately three seconds. A visible flash occurred,
accompanied by a soft "plopping" sound.
✓ The flash point was recorded for every five-degree increment in temperature.
✓ The Bunsen burner was turned off, and the apparatus was allowed to cool down.
✓ During the cooling process, the temperature at which the flash was no longer visible was
documented.
✓ This temperature represented the flash point during cooling, which is the lowest
temperature at which the flash occurred.

It should be noted that the same procedure can be applied to test coconut oil as well.

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4. Observations

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 5. Analysis & Results
For Diesel
𝑇𝐻 = 105 ℃
𝑇𝐶 = 92 ℃
105 ℃ + 92 ℃
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝐹𝑙𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 =
2
𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝑭𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒉 𝑷𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕 = 𝟗𝟖. 𝟓 ℃

6. Discussion

Define flash point and fire point. By how many degrees would you expect those two
temperatures to differ in the case of typical lubrication oil?

The Flash Point

The flash point refers to the minimum temperature at which a substance can release enough
vapor to ignite when exposed to an ignition source such as an open flame or spark. This
characteristic is essential for assessing the flammability and fire risks associated with liquids and
volatile chemicals. Understanding the flash point helps establish appropriate safety measures for
handling, storing, and transporting these substances, reducing the potential for fires and ensuring
overall safety.
The Fire Point

On the other hand, the fire point indicates the temperature at which a substance can sustain
combustion and continue burning independently for a prolonged period. Unlike the flash point,
which signifies brief ignition, the fire point indicates the temperature at which a fire can self-
sustain without relying on an external ignition source. Typically higher than the flash point, the
fire point provides valuable insights into the fire hazards and risks related to a substance. Having
comprehensive knowledge of the fire point assists in establishing suitable safety protocols to
prevent and manage fires, especially in industrial settings and when dealing with flammable
materials.

In ordinary lubrication oils, the difference between the flash point and fire point temperatures is
usually small. Typically, lubrication oils have a fire point that is only a few degrees higher than
the flash point. This means that once the oil reaches its flash point and ignites, it can sustain
combustion and keep the flame burning at a slightly higher temperature.

It is important to note that the specific flash point and fire point temperatures may vary
depending on the composition and additives present in a lubrication oil. For precise information
on the flash point and fire point values of a particular lubrication oil, refer to the product's safety
data sheet or consult the manufacturer.

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Describe why Flash point and fire point temperatures are important?

The flash point and fire point measurements of substances play a crucial role in assessing the
flammability and fire risks associated with various liquids and volatile chemicals. These
measurements provide valuable information for ensuring the safe handling, storage, and
transportation of potentially flammable materials.

➢ Optimal Material Selection

The flash point and fire point values are important considerations when choosing materials for
specific applications. Industries such as construction, transportation, and manufacturing need to
select substances with appropriate flash and fire points to minimize the risk of accidents or fires.

➢ Enhancing Fire Safety

Flashpoint and fire point data are instrumental in determining the necessary fire safety
precautions for the proper storage and handling of substances.

➢ Effective Emergency Response

In the event of a fire or accident involving flammable substances, flash point and fire point data
assist emergency responders in determining the most suitable firefighting techniques,
appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), and effective containment strategies.

➢ Thorough Risk Assessment

Flashpoint and fire point measurements contribute to comprehensive risk assessments and
hazard analyses in industrial processes. By understanding the flammability characteristics of
substances, engineers and safety professionals can identify potential hazards and implement
suitable control measures.

Importance of Flash Point for engine lubrication oil

The flash point of engine lubrication oil plays a crucial role in ensuring the safe and efficient
operation of engines. Here are some key reasons why the flash point is important for engine
lubrication oil:

❖ Fire Safety

The flash point indicates the minimum temperature at which the oil can produce enough vapors
to ignite when exposed to an open flame or spark. Knowing the flash point helps implement
proper fire safety measures, such as selecting appropriate storage and handling practices to
prevent accidental ignition and reduce the risk of fire.

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 ❖ Engine Performance

The flash point of lubrication oil affects its ability to provide effective lubrication and reduce
friction within the engine. Oils with a higher flash point are less likely to evaporate at high
temperatures, ensuring better lubrication and protection for engine components. This helps
maintain optimal engine performance, reduce wear and tear, and extend the engine's overall
lifespan.

❖ Oil Change Intervals

The flash point can influence the recommended oil change intervals. Oils with higher flash
points have better thermal stability and resist breakdown under high-temperature conditions,
allowing for extended oil change intervals without compromising engine performance or
protection. This can result in cost savings and reduced maintenance frequency for engine
operators.

❖ Compatibility with Engine Components

The flash point can impact the compatibility of lubrication oil with engine components and
materials. Higher flash point oils are preferred in engines operating at elevated temperatures or
with components sensitive to heat, as they reduce the risk of oil degradation and potential
damage to engine parts. Ensuring compatibility with seals, gaskets, and other engine materials is
essential for preventing leaks and ensuring proper engine functioning.

By considering the flash point of engine lubrication oil, manufacturers, maintenance personnel,
and users can make informed decisions regarding oil selection, storage, and usage. This helps
maintain a safe working environment, optimize engine performance, and minimize the risk of
engine damage or failure due to inadequate lubrication or flammability hazards.

Comments on the suitability of coconut oil as an engine lubricant

Coconut oil is not typically suitable as an engine lubricant due to several reasons:

➢ Thermal Stability

Coconut oil has a lower flash point and thermal stability compared to dedicated engine oils.
Engines generate high temperatures during operation, and lubricants must withstand these heat
levels without breaking down. Coconut oil may undergo thermal degradation and oxidation at
high temperatures, leading to reduced lubrication effectiveness and potential engine harm.

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 ➢ Viscosity and Lubrication Properties

Coconut oil has a relatively low viscosity compared to conventional engine oils. Engine
lubricants need to maintain a specific viscosity range to ensure proper lubrication and protection
of engine components. The lower viscosity of coconut oil can result in insufficient lubrication,
increased friction, and accelerated wear of engine parts.

➢ Compatibility

The composition of coconut oil differs from that of typical engine oils, which can cause
compatibility issues with engine seals, gaskets, and other materials. Incompatibility may lead to
leaks, reduced sealing effectiveness, and potential damage to engine components.

➢ Additives and Performance

Engine oils often contain specific additives that offer additional benefits like detergency, anti-
wear properties, and corrosion protection. Coconut oil lacks these specialized additives designed
for the demanding requirements of internal combustion engines. Consequently, coconut oil may
not provide sufficient protection against engine wear, deposit formation, and other related issues.

Considering these factors, it is generally recommended to use engine lubricants specifically

formulated for automotive applications instead of coconut oil. These specialized oils are
designed to meet the specific requirements of engines, ensuring optimal performance, protection,
and longevity. While coconut oil may have various uses and advantages in other applications, its
characteristics make it less suitable as an engine lubricant.

Suggest methods to minimize the errors of the experiment.

It is crucial to use a properly calibrated heating apparatus and continuously agitate the sample
during the heating process. Thorough and consistent stirring helps distribute heat evenly
throughout the vessel, ensuring uniform heating of the sample.
Regular maintenance and calibration of the flash point apparatus are important to improve
precision and reduce experimental errors. Proper maintenance ensures that the apparatus
functions correctly and provides accurate measurements.
Reducing the time intervals between temperature observations can enhance the precision of flash
point measurements.
Having a comprehensive understanding of the flash point identification process leads to more
accurate measurements.
Minimizing human error is essential for accurate measurements. Operators should diligently
follow the test procedure, carefully verifying each step for accuracy. Clear and comprehensive
instructions should be provided to operators, and involving multiple individuals in conducting
the test can help ensure consistency and accuracy in the results.

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 7. Conclusion
❖ Understanding the flash point temperature is crucial for ensuring safety and selecting
appropriate working fluids.

❖ It helps in implementing necessary precautions during the handling, storage, and

transportation of flammable substances.

❖ Experimental flash point temperatures may deviate from actual values due to factors like
sample rejection and human errors.

❖ Coconut oil has a low flash point and a tendency to solidify, making it unsuitable as a
motor lubricant.

❖ Having a good understanding of the flash point is essential for effectively managing
fluids exposed to different temperatures.

❖ Engine oil with a high flash point provides safety and reliable engine operation.

❖ Oils with higher flash points offer better protection against wear and reduce the risk of
quick ignition.

8. References

[1] Author links open overlay panelN.H. Jayadas a et al., “Tribological evaluation of coconut oil
as an environment-friendly lubricant,” Tribology International,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301679X06001289 (accessed Jul.
13, 2023).

[2] J. Fitch, “How to test Flash Point,” Machinery Lubrication,

https://www.machinerylubrication.com/Read/19/flash-point-test (accessed Jul. 13, 2023).

[3] “Flash point: Lubricants: Stanhope-Seta,” Stanhope, https://www.stanhope-seta.co.uk/flash-

point-testing-explained/flash-point-test-applications/flash-point-
lubricants/#:~:text=Why%20measure%20the%20flash%20point%20of%20lubricants%3F
%201,require%20special%20precautions%20for%20safe%20handling%20More%20items
(accessed Jul. 13, 2023).

[4] LLC. Engineers Edge, “Flash point and fire point of oil,” Engineers Edge - Engineering,
Design and Manufacturing Solutions,
https://www.engineersedge.com/lubrication/flash_point_fire_point.htm (accessed Jul. 13,
2023).

[5] Madhu, “Difference between flash point and fire point,” Compare the Difference Between
Similar Terms, https://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-flash-point-and-
vs-fire-point/ (accessed Jul. 13, 2023).

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