Central tendency

Central tendency. One of the salient

characteristics of the distribution of the
sample data is that most of the observations
tend to concentrate in the centre of the
distribution. This characteristic of
distribution is known as Central Tendency.
Central tendency is usually expressed in
three ways :
1. The average value (Arithmetic Mean)
2. The middle value (Median)
3. The most frequently occurring value
termed as mode. 112
Quantitative Description of Distribution:

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Quantitative Description of Distribution:

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Quantitative Description of Distribution:

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3. Mode is the value that occurs most
frequently, in a frequency histogram or
frequency polygon, it is the observed value
corresponding to the high point of the
graph. However, the mode is not a rigidly
defined measure. In fact mode is the most
unstable average and its true value is
difficult to determine.
For example, the recorded observations are :
(a) 2,3,2,4,5,2,7,6,2,4,2 Mode2
(b) 4,3,2,3,2,3,5,2,3,2 Mode2 and 3
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Quantitative Description of Distribution:

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Measures of Dispersion:
Dispersion: The extent to which the data is
scattered about the zone of central tendency
is known as dispersion.
There are several measures of dispersion out
of which the following are important:
 The range
 Standard deviation
 Variance
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 Quantitative Description of Distribution:
Range:
Range is the simplest measure of dispersion
in a sample. It is used particularly in the
control chart. It is the difference between
the largest observed value and the smallest
observed value.
standard deviation: is the most useful
measure of dispersion of a set of numbers. It
is the r.m.s. value.
Standard deviation is defined as the root
mean square of the differences between the
observations and the mean. 120
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If, X1, X2, X3,...,Xn are n number of
observations, we know that

where i varies from 1 to n.

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Normal Curve:

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Normal Curve:

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 Problems
1

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Solution

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Solution (another method)

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 Problems

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Solution

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Solution

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 Problems
3

Solution

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Problems

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 Problems
4

Solution

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 Problems
5

Solution

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 Problems
6

Solution

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 Problems
Solution

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 Problems
7

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 Problems
8

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 Problems
9

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 Problems
9

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 Problems
10

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 Problems
10

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 Problems
11

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 Problems
12

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Problems

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 Problems
13

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 Problems
14

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Problems

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 Problems
15

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 Problems
15

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Table A: Area under the Normal Curve

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Table A: Area under the Normal Curve

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Table A: Area under the Normal Curve

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Table A: Area under the Normal Curve

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Table A: Area under the Normal Curve

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Table A: Area under the Normal Curve

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