JSS MAHAVIDYAPEETA

JSS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

SRI JAYACHAMARAJENDRA COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING MYSURU-570006

MINI PROJECT (20ME69P)

SYNOPSIS

PROTOTYPE OF DEFENCE RADAR SYSTEM

VEHICLE

Submitted by
SL.NO USN NAME

1. 01JCE21ME008
2. 01JCE21ME043

3. 01JST21ME010
4. 01JST21ME017

Dr. MAHESH V.M

Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical
Engineering
JSSSTU, Mysuru

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

2023-2024
 CONTENTS

Sl no Contents Page no.

1. Abstract 1

2. Introduction 2

3. Literature Review 3

4. Objective 3-4

5. Components Used 4

6. Gantt Chart & Methodology 5

 ABSTRACT
This abstract explores the significance and functionality of defense radar system vehicles in modern
military operations. This Radar System consists of an Ultra-sonic Sensor and servo motor. These are the
main components of the system. The basic function of the system is to detect objects within its defined
range. The Ultra-sonic Sensors are connected to the servo Motor. The servo motor rotates about 180
degrees and provides visual representation on the processing Integrated development Environment
(IDE). The processing IDE provides graphical representation and also gives the angle or position of
object and the distance of object. This system is controlled by an Arduino UNO board. This board is
sufficient to control the ultrasonic sensor and to interface the sensor with the display device. The main
applications of this RADAR System are navigation, positioning and object identification, mapping and
spying or tracking and various applications. These low-cost system is also suitable for indoor
applications. RADAR is a type of object detection system that uses radio waves to measure the distance,
height, direction, or speed of objects.
A radar dish or antenna sends pulses of radio waves or microwaves that bounce off any object that passes
through its path. RADAR is capable of seeing things far away before humans can see them with their
own eyes. It acts as an early warning system as well as a tracking system. It is used as an object detection
system which uses electromagnetic waves. It is controlled by Arduino and uses ultrasonic sound sensors.
It uses a servomotor to continuously monitor a limited area. The goal of this project is to make a RADAR
which is cost-effective and accurate. Because of its insensitivity, it is able to work in harsh conditions
such as dirt, dust and rain. It constantly monitors a limited area and alerts the system if there are any
obstacles in the way. These specialized vehicles play a crucial role in detecting and tracking various
aerial threats, providing essential situational awareness to military forces. The abstract delves into the
key components and capabilities of such vehicles, including advanced radar systems, communication
networks, and integration with broader defence systems.
Furthermore, it highlights the strategic importance of mobility and flexibility in defense radar system
vehicles, enabling rapid deployment to different operational theaters and enhancing overall defensive
capabilities. The abstract also discusses the ongoing technological advancements in radar technology
and their implications for the future development of defense radar system vehicles, emphasizing the need
for adaptability and interoperability in the face of evolving threats.
The goal of this project is to make a RADAR that’s efficient, cost-effective, and reflects all the different
techniques that a radar is made up of.

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 INTRODUCTION
An Ultrasonic Radar defence system uses ultrasound waves, which are used to determine the distance,
altitude, and direction of objects. Ultrasound is waves with frequencies higher than the audible limit of
human hearing. The Radar system transmits ultrasound waves that travel a particular distance until it
hits an object in its path and gets reflected to the receiver, this helps in locating the exact position of the
object. An ultrasonic sensor primarily consists of the transmitter and the receiver which captures the
sound waves after it has travelled to and from the object. The sensor monitors the elapsed time between
the sound emission from the transmitter and its contact with the receiver to calculate the separation
between the obstruction and the sensor. When required, ultrasonic sensors may provide readings that are
even more exact and are typically within 1% of the requisite accuracy. Proximity sensors are the primary
use for ultrasonic sensors. They may be found in vehicle technology for self-parking and anti-collision
safety. Ultrasonic sensors are used in both industrial technologies and robot obstacle detection systems.
Compared to infrared (IR) sensors, ultrasonic sensors are less likely to be affected by smoke, gas, and
other particles in the air, when used for proximity sensing, even though heat can still affect the physical
parts.
In the modern world, Radar system comes in a variety of features and specifications, where some are
used for long-range defence surveillance and others are used for alert systems. The radar system is the
key component for the missile launching and guidance system. The Radar systems were developed
before and during World War II. They were primitively used only for detection and ranging. Recent
years have seen an increase in the use of radar systems for a spectrum of purposes, such as air defence,
antimissile systems, radar astronomy, air traffic control, marine radars that can be utilised to locate
submarines and ships, aircraft anti-collision systems, ocean monitoring systems, extra-terrestrial
surveillance systems, meteorological climate and weather monitoring, guided missile target locating
systems, altimetry and flight control systems, and ground-penetrating radar for geological investigation.
Modern radar systems can glean relevant information from noisy environments.
The term RADAR itself, not the actual development, was coined in 1940 by United States Navy as an
acronym for Radio Detection and Ranging. A radar system is the heart of a missile guidance system.
Small portable radar systems that can be maintained and operated by one person are available as well as
systems that occupy several large rooms. Radar was secretly developed by several nations before and
during the World War II. The term RADAR itself, not the actual development, was coined in 1940 by
United States Navy as an acronym for Radio Detection and Ranging. The modern uses of radar are
highly diverse, including air traffic control, radar, astronomy, air-defence systems, antimissile systems,
marine radars to locate landmarks and other ships; aircraft anti-collision systems; ocean surveillance
systems, outer space surveillance and rendezvous systems; meteorological precipitation monitoring;
altimetry and flight control precipitation monitoring; altimetry and flight control systems; guided missile
target locating systems; and ground penetrating radar for geological observations. High tech radar
systems are associated with digital signal processing and are capable extracting useful information from
very high noise levels. Our main aim of developing this project is to make the automated missile
launching devices which is highly helpful in defence technology and surveillance in upcoming years.
These launching vehicles can be used in army supported with tankers and other vehicles, used in navy
by supporting with ships, and used in aircraft by installing it in air-crafts. These launchers will be
actuated if there is any interruption in the radar signals.

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 LITERATURE REVIEW

Different types of researches have been made by different researchers in developing this type of project.
However, they have a different application and have different technologies implemented. Some of those
papers are mentioned below stating their technology and application. “The Idea” Army, Navy and the
Air Force make use of this technology. The use of Arduino in this provides even more flexibility of
usage of the above-said module according to the requirements.
1. D.A. Ghoghre , Ahire Dhanshri, Ahire Priyanka, have presented the radar system which is used for
only object detection, and can be implemented for surveillance only and not available in defence
technology.
2.Kadam D. B, Patil Yuvr J. B., Chougale Krishna V., Perdeshi Swagat S., have published “Arduino
Based Moving Radar System”. This system is based on making a vehicle which is moved automatically
by the signals of the ultrasonic sensor, controlled by the Arduino Uno processor and its software
commands.
3.T. V. Karthikeyan., A. K. Kapoor , Scientists Defence Research and Development laboratory,
Hyderabad, have published paper on “Guide Missiles”. They have worked on the team of human
controlled and semi-automatic missile launching devices. They tell about computer controlled and
automated missile system which is highly actuated by huge power systems, however these systems needs
human interface or help while locking the target to be attacked.
4.Pamfil Somadiag [5]., He has designed “Air and Ballistic Missile Defense Systems LTC.” This system
is used to launch the missile with the help of air through ballistic missile launching vehicle. These
systems are designed to provide low cost in defence technology, but it has low efficiency than other
system and needs proper maintenance.
5.C. Isik., S. K. Ider., B. Acbar , worked on “Modelling and verification of a missile launcher system.”
They have developed a reusable launcher which is highly support the financial wastages in defence
testing and other working systems. However, these missile systems after a single usage will be affected
highly, and needs more spares and small operating systems for rebuilding the launching tools. It also
needs proper housing which is high in cost than normal missile launching tools.
6.Srijan Dubey, Supragya Tiwari and Sumit Roy, have performed an object detection system with the
help of ultrasonic sensor and published “Implementation of Radar using Ultrasonic Sensor”, this system
is used for detecting objects in an open surface and provide alarming system to indicate the interference
of objects. This is a surveillance system which can able indicate.

OBJECTIVES
1.The goal of this project is to create a working Ultrasonic radar system that is capable of monitoring a
particular area mounted on a remote-controlled vehicle.
2.The ultra-sonic sensing technology since its emergence and some of these include home security
systems, robotics applications, distance measurement, tank level measurement, in production lines, and
proximity detection applications.
3.These innumerable applications have made it possible to solve technical problems faster and cheaper
without compromising safety, quality and stability.
4.To measure the distance of the object from the system.
5.To measure the angle of the moving object.

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6.Reducing human time and effort.
7.To detect the fixed or moving object.

COMPONENTS
1.Arduino Uno: The Arduino Uno board is used as a controller. Initially, the device requires a direct
connection to a computer at the first setting steps. The most important advantage with Arduino is the
programs can be directly loaded to the device without requiring any hardware programmer to burn the
program.
2.Ultrasonic Sensor: The sensor works with the simple high school formula that The Ultrasonic
transmitter transmits an ultrasonic wave, this wave travels in air and when it gets objected by any
material it gets reflected back toward the sensor this reflected wave is observed by the Ultrasonic receiver
module.
3.Servo Motor: A servomotor is a rotary actuator or linear actuator that allows for precise control of
angular or linear position, velocity and acceleration. It consists of a suitable motor coupled to a sensor
for position feedback.
4.Jumper Wires: Jumper wires are conductive cables with connector pins at each end, used to establish
temporary connections between components on a breadboard or other prototyping devices without
soldering.
5.Bluetooth Module: A Bluetooth module is a small electronic device that enables wireless
communication between two compatible devices using Bluetooth technology. It operates on the 2.4GHz
frequency band and can be used for a variety of applications, such as data transfer, audio streaming, and
connecting peripherals like keyboards and mice to computers or smartphones.
6.Motor: A 12V motor is an electric motor designed to operate at a nominal voltage of 12 volts,
commonly used in various applications such as automotive components, DIY projects, robotics, and
small appliances. These motors can be DC (Direct Current) or AC (Alternating Current), with DC being
more common for low-voltage applications.
7.Electronic speed controller (ESC): An Electronic Speed Controller (ESC) is a device that regulates
the speed of an electric motor. It’s an essential component in many electrically powered vehicles and
models, such as drones, RC cars, and boats.
8.Bread Board: A breadboard is a construction base used for building and testing temporary prototypes
of electronic circuits without the need for soldering. It’s a rectangular board with a grid of holes where
components and jumper wires can be inserted to form connections. Breadboards are reusable and popular
in educational settings and among hobbyists for their ease of use.

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 GANTT CHART &METHODOLOGY

1.Initially the components like Arduino uno, ultrasonic sensor, bread board, jumper wires are purchased
from the market.
2.The next step will be Initializing the coding for Arduino Uno microcontroller regarding the rotation of
servo motor and detection range.
3.Once the coding is done then next step would be building the remote-controlled vehicle using a
transmitters and receivers.
4.The crucial part is while placing the ultrasonic sensor into the servo motor without damaging the circuit.
5.Further these radar component's will be mounted on the RC vehicle.
6.The RC vehicle will be connected to battery and the radar system will be connected to the computer to
get the output.