PRINCETON COLLEGE

HOME ECONOMICS GRADE 9 NOTE

FIRST TERM
2023/ 2024 ACADEMIC SESSION

TEACHER: MRS ADEYEMI OLUWAKEMI

FIRST TERM SCHEME OF WORK

1. Introduction to textile study

-basic textile terms, reason for the study of textile, general uses
- Weaving, knitting, crocheting

2. Classes and manufactures of fabrics

-Classification, identification, manufacturing of different fibres and fabric

3-4. Experiments and tests for different materials

- Microscopic, appearance, strength and burning tests

5. Care and handling of different fabrics

-factors to consider when laundering the different types of fabrics

6. Dress senses

- Basic elements of design, colour harmony, making patterns with lines

- Figure types, faults in figure types and solution

7. Dress for different occasions

-Colour combination, clothing accessories

8 -9. Garment construction

- The sewing machines, types and parts, care common causes of machine

- Practical

10- 11. Making of a garment

-cutting and joining of crossway strips

- Arrangement of fullness; gather, tucks, darts and pleats

12. Revision
WEEK 1

TOPIC: INTRODUCTION TO TEXTILE STUDY

REFERENCE: Home Economics for Junior Secondary School by E. A.

Anyakoha

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: at the end of the lesson, the student should be able
to:

1. Define Basic Textile terms.

2. Give reasons for study of textile
3. General uses of textile
4. Mention various method of textile construction
DEFINITION OF TEXTILE

Textile are woven materials which are made in large quantity in the industries.
They are made in different varieties.

BASIC TEXTILE TERMS

1. Fibre: this is hair-like basic unit of raw material used in the making of
yarns and fabrics e.g. cotton, linen, wool
2. Yarn: this is a thread like made by twisting fibres together
3. Fabrics: this is cloth constructed with yarn of directly by weaving, knitting,
crocheting and felting
4. The warp: is the yarn or thread which runs length wise in a fabric. It runs at
right angles across the selvedge grain.
5. The weft: is the yarn that runs cross-wise in a fabric. It runs at right angles
across the selvedge.
6. The selvedge: is the edge of the fabric made by the weft thread or yarn by
turning over the warp thread. It is the Mill-Finish edge of a fabric which
runs in a length-wise direction.
7. Grain: This refers to as the direction of yarns or threads in a fabric.
8. Bias: is the diagonal direction across the two grain lines, wrap, and weft.
Reasons for the study of textiles

1. To identify different types of fabrics.

2. To choose and select the suitable fabric for a given purpose.
3. To handle fabrics properly
4. To make you a wise consumer
5. To take proper care of the fabrics

General Uses of Textiles

Textiles are used for:

1. Construction of personal and family clothes e.g. dresses, underwear
2. House or soft furniture such as rugs, upholstery etc.
3. Construction of household linen such as bed sheets, curtains etc.
4. The production of sport wears such as shoes, T-shirts etc.
5. Keeping the body warm or cool e.g. sweaters and cotton users
6. Beautifying or adorning the body
7. They are used for Medicare for production of bandages, masks,
overalls, gloves etc.
8. They are used for making nets and tents.

Click on the video link on introduction to textile https://youtu.be/7Aqy3I7KtHo

Fabrics Construction Methods

This is the process of twisting fibres into yarns and yarns into fabrics or textiles:
(Twisting) (Construction)
Fibres Yarns Fabrics

Click on the video link on fabric construction https://youtu.be/NeRVurZ7llA

Fabric Construction Method
They include:
a. Weaving: this is the process of constructing fabrics by interlacing two set
of yarns (the wrap and the weft) at the right angle. Woven fabrics are
strong.
b. Knitting: the process of constructing fabrics by forming rows of loops with
the yarn. The loops support each other like a chain.
c. Crocheting: is the process of constructing fabrics by making a chain of
loops from a single yarn using just one hook or needle.
Other methods are braiding, knotting, bonding, felting etc.

Video link on fabric constcution method https://youtu.be/gJ1uJQcily8

Crocheted material
 EVALUATION
1. Give any five reasons for the study of textiles
2. Explain what the study of textile is all about.
3. A thread made by twisting or spinning fibre is ------------ (a) fabric (b) fibre
(c) yarn (d)warp
4. The thread which runs lengthwise in a woven fabric ------------ (a) weft (b)
selvedge (c) bias (d) warp
5. The thread that runs crosswise in a woven fabric is ------------ (a)warp (b)
weft (c) fibre (d) bias
6. The mill-finish edge of the fabric is ---------- (a) weft (b)warp (c) selvedge
(d) bias
7. The diagonal direction across the two grainlines, warp and weft, is called
(a)selvedge (b)warp (c) weft (d) bias
 ASSIGNMENT

1. Enumerate any five general uses of textiles

2. State five uses of textiles.
WEEK: 2

TOPIC: CLASSES AND PROPERTIES OF FIBRES

REFERENCE: Home Economics for Junior Secondary School by E. A.

Anyakoha

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: at the end of the lesson, the student should be able
to:

1. Classify fibres into natural and man-made.

2. Enumerate the properties of each fibre.

CLASSES OF FIBRES

Fibres

Natural Fibres Man-made Fibres

Animal Vegetable Cellulose Non-cellulose

Fibres Fibres Based Based
Wool Cotton Rayon Nylon
Silk Linen Acetate Polyester

Click on the video link on properties of fibre https://youtu.be/Vi6RPMbau98

 PROPERTIES OF FIBRES

COTTON
Cotton is a vegetable fibre. It is made from cotton balls or cotton plant. Cotton
plant grows in the northern part of Nigeria, Egypt, China, America, India, Asia
etc. Typical cotton fabrics include calico, brocade etc.
PROPERTIES OF COTTON
1. It is absorbent
2. It is strong and reliable
3. It wrinkles quickly.
4. It can withstand friction.
5. It is cool and comfortable to wear
6. It can be dyed easily.
7. It gives smell of burning paper, when burning.
LINEN
Linen is a vegetable fibre. It is gotten from the stem of flax plant. The flax plant
grows in country like France, Belgium Russia Northern Ireland etc. Typical linen
fabrics include damask, lawn, twill etc.
PROPERTIES OF LINEN
1. It is stronger than cotton and durable.
2. It is absorbent and cool to wear.
3. It creases badly.
4. It burns readily.
5. It can fray badly and easily.
6. It is not fluffy. It therefore suitable as dish-cloth or glass-cloth
7. It can stand high temperature.
8. It dries slowly
9. It gives off smell of burning paper.
WOOL
Wool is an animal fibre. It is gotten from the hair or fleece of sheep, the hair of
camel, Angora rabbit or goat can be used. It is commonly produced in countries
such as Britain, Australia, Argentina, etc. Typical linen fabrics gabardine, woolens
e.g. blankets, garbadine etc.
PROPERTIES OF WOOL
1. A wool fibre has scaly appearance.
2. It is elastic and springy to touch.
3. It is absorbent.
4. It is stronger when dry than when wet.
5. It shrinks easily especially when treated with hot water.
6. It can absorb moisture very well without appearing damp
7. It is readily affected by bleach and attacked by moth and other insects.
8. It gives off the smell of burning feathers when burnt.
SILK
Silk is an animal fibre. It is produced by silk worm. Silk is produced chiefly in
France, Italy, China and Japan. Typical silk fabrics include chiffon, satin, silk
velvet, organza etc.

PROPERTIES OF SILK
1. It is very strong
2. It is smooth, beautiful and has natural luster
3. It is springy or elastic
4. It is crease-resistant.
5. It is warm to touch and absorbs moisture easily
6. It hangs or drape well
7. It is weak when wet.
8. It is expensive fibre.
9. It gives a smell of burning feathers when burnt
PERIOD 2
MAN-MADE SYNTHESIS FIBRES
Man-made fibres can be classified into two:
a. Cellulose-based fibres: made from cellulose which is obtained from cotton
linters or wood pulp e.g. viscose rayon, acetate
b. Non- Cellulose based fibres: made entirely from mineral substance such as
coal and petroleum e.g. polyester, nylon

VISCOSE RAYON
Viscose rayon is made by treating wood pulp or cotton linters with certain
chemicals. It is therefore called regenerated cellulose fibre. Viscose rayon is
used for bed-sheets, table-covers, home furnishing, underwear etc.
PROPERTIES OF VISCOSE RAYON
1. It is absorbent.
2. It is soft and drapes well.
3. It is not very strong especially when wet.
4. It is cool and has smooth surface.
5. It creases badly and moth proof.
6. It resembles silk in appearance only.
7. It is creases badly.
ACETATE
This is also a regenerated cellulose fibre. It is made from wood, pulp or cotton
linters treated with acetic acid and acetic anhydride. Acetate fabrics can be used
for dresses, lingerie, shirts, ties, umbrella, and rain wears etc.
PROPERTIES OF ACETATE
1. It has silk-like rich soft attractive appearance
2. It is fairly cool to wear but uncomfortable in hot weather
3. It is moderately elastic
4. It is not very absorbent dries quickly
5. It is not attracted by moth and mildew
6. It can be dyed in rich colours.
7. It is not very absorbent.

NYLON
Nylon is the family name for all synthetic polyamides. Nylon is used for different
types of garments e.g. night wears, stockings, curtain, upholstery etc.
PROPERTIES OF NYLON
1. It is very strong and very elastic.
2. It does not crease easily.
3. It does not absorb much moisture of water
4. It is easily to wash and dries easily.
5. It is not comfortable to wear in hot weather.
6. It is light in weight and requires no ironing.
 7. White nylon may become grey or yellow with age.
8. It is weakened by prolonged exposure to sunlight.

POLYESTER
Polyesters are also products of complex series of chemical processing using
petroleum products and other chemicals. Polyesters are used for varieties of
dresses, bed sheets, pillow cases, home furnishing etc.

PROPERTIES OF POLYESTERS
1. They are strong.
2. They are stretched very well and do not absorb much water.
3. They are easy to wash and dry up easily.
4. They are warm to wear
5. They are resistant to moths and rots
6. White polyester tends to stay whiter in wear than other man- made fibers.
7. polyesters are often used to add strength to wool or cotton
8. They are resistant to abrasion
9. They do not dye easily.
EVALUATION

1. Which of the following is elastic and springy to touch? (a)cotton (b) wool
(c) nylon (d)linen
2. Which of the following is not fluffy? (a)cotton (b) wool (c) nylon (d)linen
3. Which of the following is very strong and very elastic? (a)cotton (b) wool
(c) nylon (d)linen
4. Which of the following resembles silk in appearance only? (a) viscose
rayon (b) cotton (c) nylon (d) linen
5. Which of the following has smooth, beautiful and has natural luster?
(a)cotton (b) wool (c)acetate (d) silk
6. State any five properties of each of the following: (i.)silk (ii.) wool

ASSIGNMENT

1. State any five properties of each of the following:

i. Nylon

ii. Cotton
WEEK: 3 & 4

TOPIC: EXPERIMENT AND TEST ON FIBRES

REFERENCE: Home Economics for Junior Secondary School by E. A.

Anyakoha

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: at the end of the lesson, the student should be able
to:

1. Describe the steps in the manufacture of fabric.

2. Identify different fabrics using the correct test: appearance, handle, strength
microscopic and burning tests.

MANUFACTURE OF FABRIC
Each fabric is manufactured through various processes.
Manufacturing process of cotton fibers;
Cotton fabrics are processed from the bolls by the following steps
1. Ginning: this is separating or removing cotton fibres from the seeds. The
hairs left on the seeds after ginning are called linters.
2. Bailing: the ginned cotton is pressed in bales which are sent to factory or
mill.
3. Cleaning: this is removing impurities in the cotton in the mill.
4. Carding: This is separating the shorter fibres from the longer ones. The
longer ones are formed with thick ropes which are called sliver.
5. Combing: This is the process of removing shorter fibres.
6. Drawing: In this process the ropes are twisted and made ready for spinning.
7. Spinning: This is making the twisted fibres into yarn or thread.
8. Dyeing: In this process, the yarn is bleached or dyed into different colours.
9. Weaving: The yarns are used to produce fabrics.
Manufacturing processes of silk;

A silk worm spin filaments ( the fibres) for its cocoon. It then turns into pupa.
The fibres are then held together by bsilk gum. Before the pupa changes into a
moth, the cocoon is put into boiling water. This softens the gum. The silk fibre is
then drawn from the cocoon. The raw silk is reeled up into skeis and packed into
small bundles called books. Silk fibre is very finer tiny to handle. Thereafter, silk is
processed by the following steps:

Throwing: is the process of twisting silk fibre to form a strong yarn

De-gumming: is the process of removing the silk-gum from the yarn by boiling in
soapy water.

Weaving: is the process of constructing the yarn into silk fabric.

Weighting: makes the fabric heavier

Click on the video link below on cotton manufacturing process
https://youtu.be/K69WTOXQZa4

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QHgNoSYlhYs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8ndAJRtHrJQ

Simple Fabric Finishes

Fabric finishes are treatments given to fabrics after construction. These finishes
help to improve the appearance and handles of the fabrics. They can also affect
the care required by the fabric. These include:
 1. Lustre / Sheen Finishes: these give a glossy or lustrous appearance to
fabrics.
2. Drip-dry Finish: this helps to prevent creasing or wrinkling. Fabrics given
drip-dry finish do not require ironing.
3. Crease-resistant Finishes: these prevent ceasing
4. Shrink-resistant Finishes: these control the amount of shrinkage which a
fabric will undergo when it is washed.
5. Water-repellant Finishes: these make fabric resist wetting by water.
6. Flame-resistant Finishes: these prevent fabrics from flaring and burning
up quickly.
7. Moth-proof Finishes: these prevent fabrics from being attacked by moth.

EXPERIMENT AND TEST ON TEXTILE FIBRES

Care label on garment can tell you the type of fabric and how to care for it, often
these Label are not available. Therefore, it is necessary to learn how to identify
fabric using simple experiments and tests.

1. Appearance and handle: this is not definite test because a number of

fabrics can have similar appearance and handle.
To Perform:
Examine the fabric closely and feel its texture with fingers.
2. Microscopic test: this is a test to study the structure of a fabric under
microscope.
To Perform:
a. Pull a fibre from the fabric and mount the fibre on a slide with cover
slip.
b. Examine the specimen (fibre) under low power and repeat under high
power.
Click on video link below on microscopic test
https://youtu.be/Rj82EPee0VA
3. Strength test: this is a test of both the wet and dry strength of the fibre.
To Perform:
i. Draw two yarn from the length-wise grain of fabric.
ii. Wet one thoroughly in water and pull.
iii. Hold the dry yarn between the first finger and thumb of each hand
and pull.
iv. Repeat the pulling with the dry yarn.
v. Note the strength of each. Find out if the wet yarn is weaker, stronger
or the same as the dry one
Click on the video link below on strength test
https://youtu.be/5C_44ahEN-U

4. Burning Test
To Perform:
i. Draw yarns from the fabric hold the yarns in flame or lighted candle
and withdraw rapidly.
ii. Observe whether the rate of burning, smell the fumes and the nature
of the ashes.
 Click on the video links below on burning test
https://youtu.be/iKFBXxDHOoI
https://youtu.be/e2RyE7i0sCk

S/N FIBRE APPEARANCE AND MICROSCOPIC TEST

HANDLE
1. Cotton (a) It is cool to feel and fairly (a) Fibre is flat
firm. (b) It has a characteristics
(b) It has a dull appearance twist
(c) Resembles a twisted
2. Linen (a) A crisp handle Fib re is rounded and smooth
(b) A dull appearance with swelling of nodes and
intervals.

3. Wool (a) It has protective fibre Wool fibres are covered with
(b) Rough and dull appearance scales that overlap and point
(c) A spring or elastic feel towards the tip of the fibre.
(d) It is warm to wear
4. Silk (a) it has a smooth and rich (a) Silk has a smooth surface
lustrous appearance (b) Raw sick fibres are seen
(b) it’s soft, smooth and as double filaments
resilient to handle.

5. Viscose (a) A smooth fairly soft handle (a) Fibre is rounded with
Rayon (b) A smooth lustrous groove running length-
appearance wide
(c) It resembles silk (b) It looks like transparent
rods.
6. Acetate (a) It is silk-like Fibre is rounded with one or
(b) It drapes well more surface ridges which
(c) It has smooth and soft look thickened lines.
handle
(d) It may be dull or lustrous
7. Nylon Fabric is very smooth and Filament looks like a smooth
slippery glass rod

8. Polyester These have a smooth slippery Filament looks like glass rod
feel, slightly stiffer than nylon.
S/N FIBRE STRENGH TEST BURNING TEST

1. Cotton (a) It is strong when dry (a) Burns in and out of

(b) It is about 20% strong flame
when wet (b) Fame smells like
burning paper
(c) Leaves very little grey or
white powdery ash.
2. Linen (a) Stronger than cotton. Similar to cotton.
(b) 20% stronger when
wet.
3. Wool Loses strength when wet (a) Does not burn but
smolders.
(b) Gives smell of hair or
feathers.
(c) Leaves a bead of porous
carbon that is crushable.
4. Silk Loses about 20% of its Similar to wool
strength when wet.
5. Viscose Loses strength when wet Similar to cotton
Rayon
6. Acetate It loses less strength than (i) Burns like cotton
viscose when wet.
(ii) gives a faint smell of acetic
acid or vinegar

(iii) fumes smell like boiling

celery

7. Nylon Loses strength when wet i. Shrink from flame

ii. Melts into a hard white
or grey bread
 iii. Fumes smell like boiling
celery

8. Polyester Loses no strength when wet i. Shrinks from flame

ii. Melts giving a slightly
sweet or aromatic smell
iii. A round, hard black bead
is formed.

EVALUATION

1. Outline the steps in manufacturing each of the following fabrics.

2. Linen is suitable for (a)dish cloth (b) duster(c)desk cloth (d) rug
3. Which of the following smolder when burnt and gives the smell of burning
hair? (a) silk (b) nylon (c) cotton (d)wool
4. Which of the following has rough and dull appearance? (a) silk (b) nylon
(c) cotton (d)wool
5. Which of the following tests, do you have to observe the rate of burning,
smell the fumes and the nature of the ashes? (a) strength test (b)microscopic
test (c)burning test (d)appearance test
6. Which one of the following fibres shrinks and melts from flame into a hard
white or grey bead? (a) silk (b) nylon (c) cotton (d)wool

ASSIGNMENT

Home Economics for JSS, page 307, questions 1-10

WEEK: 5

TOPIC: CARE AND HANDLING OF DIFFERENT FABRICS

REFERENCE: Home Economics for Junior Secondary School by E. A.

Anyakoha

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: at the end of the lesson, the students should be able
to:

1. State the reason for carrying for clothing.

2. Enumerate the laundry agents and equipment.
3. State the general steps in laundry.

CARE OF DIFFERENT FABRICS

Care of clothing is very important because fabrics require different treatment.

REASON FOR THE CARE OF CLOTHING

1. To make the clothing last longer.

2. To save money, since clean cloth last longer.
3. To kill any disease-carrying germs.
4. To ensure that whatever cloth you have will be available for wearing.

LAUNDRY AGENTS

Laundry agents are substances which help in removal of dirt from fabric articles.
They are:
 1. Water
2. Detergents laundry soap
3. Stiffeners
4. Bleaches
5. Stain removal

Water

Water is the most important material for the laundry process.

Uses of Water in Laundry

1. Soaking clothes and household articles before washing.

2. It cleanses articles with non-greasy dirt to a certain extent.
3. It is used for rising washed articles
4. It is used to dampen articles before ironing.

Detergents

Detergents are substances that cleanses or aid the removal of dirt. Soap and
synthetic detergents are all detergents. Soap is made by the reaction between
fats/oil of animal/ vegetable origin, and alkalis (caustic soda). Examples soap are
B29, Canoe, Bimbo etc.

Synthetic detergents are made from mineral or petroleum products. Common

detergents in Nigeria are Klin, Omo, Ariel etc. while synthetic detergents are
suitable for heavily soiled articles, soap are for washing delicate articles.

Uses of soap and detergents in Laundry

1. They enable the water to wet the dirty fabric.

2. They lower the surface tension of water.
3. They break up grease-held dirt in the fabric into particles.
4. They remove dirt from fabric

Bleaches

These are chemicals capable of whitening fabrics and removing stains by

destroying pigmented matter. Common examples are Hypo, Jik

Uses of Bleaches in Laundry

1. They make white cotton and linen fabrics whiter.

2. They remove certain stains
3. They kill germs in fabrics.

Stiffening Agents

These include different types of laundry starch, such as, hot water starches, cold
water starch and spray starch.

Uses of Stiffening Agents in Laundry

1. To stiffen cotton and linen fabrics.

2. To give the fabrics a fresh look.
3. To make fabrics keep clean for longer period.

Stain Remover

A stain is a spot or mark made on fabric which gives a colour that is different
from the rest of the fabric.
 STAIN REMOVERS STAINS

Methylated spirit Greasy stain, lipstick

Lemon juice Iron mould(rust), ink

Kerosene Palm oil, tar

Turpentine Shoe polish

Ammonia Perspiration

Celycerine Chocolate

Bleach Mildew

Enzymatic detergent Blood

LAUNDRY EQUIPMENT

These can be classified according to their uses.

1. Equipment and tools for collecting dirty clothes e.g. laundry basket, bags or
bins.
2. Equipment and tools for washing e.g. basins, washing machine buckets, and
laundry tubs or tray.
3. Equipment and tools for drying include clothes lines, hangers, pegs etc.
4. Iron and pressing equipment include the iron, ironing board and pads, etc.
GUIDELINES AND STEPS IN LAUNDRY FABRICS

1. Sorting: dirty clothes are sorted out according to their colours.

2. Mending: before washing all articles should be mended.
3. Stain removal: look for any special stains on the clothes and remove them
before washing.
4. Soaking: heavy soiled articles that colour-fast such as bed sheet, white
linen can be soaked for one hour before washing. Do not soak coloured
articles that are not colour-fast e.g. veritable wax print, locally dyed
material.
5. Washing: wash the cleanest articles before the dirtiest.
6. Rinsing: is the process by which dirty soapy water is washed off the
clothes.
7. Boiling: boil if necessary. Boiling helps to whiten articles and kill any germ
in the clothes.
 8. Bluing and Stiffening: if desired add blue to the last rinsing water. Cotton
and linens can be stiffened with starch.
9. Drying: dry coloured articles under shade to prevent the bleaching effect of
sun and avoid fading of colours. Dry white cotton and linen articles in the
sun.
10. Finishing/ Ironing: it is best to iron laundered articles when they are
slightly damp.
11. Airing: after ironing, air the finished article
12. Folding and Storage: after airing, clothes can be stored by either folding
and putting into boxes, or hanging in wardrobe.

EVALUATION

1. Outline steps in fabric laundry

2. Substances which aid in removal of dirt from fabric articles are called
laundry (a) buckets (b) agents (c) supports (d) trough
3. Which of the following fabrics can withstand hot ironing temperature?
(a) linen (b)cotton (c)wool (d) viscose rayon
4. Which of the following fabrics can withstand boiling during laundry? (a)
nylon and polyester (b) wool and silk (c) (d)
5. All these are importance of water in laundry except (a) Soaking clothes
(b) stiffen article (c) dampen articles before ironing (d) rising washed
articles
6. All these are importance of bleach in laundry except (a) white cotton and
linen fabrics whiter (b) remove certain stains (c) make fabrics rusty (d)
kill germs in fabrics

ASSIGNMENT

Home Economics for JSS, page 314, questions 1-5

WEEK 6 & 7

TOPIC: DRESS SENSE

REFERENCE: Home Economics for Junior Secondary School by E. A.

Anyakoha

LEARNING OBJECTIVE: at the end of the lesson, the student should be able
to:

1. State different figure type

2. Mention common figure fault or problems
3. Describe colour combination suitable for different figure type
4. Give patterns and styles suitable for each figure type

CONTENT
 DRESS SENSE

This is the ability of an individual to dress well at all time. Dressing well requires
a good knowledge of colour, texture and style of the materials.

FIGURE TYPE

Figure type refers to physical shape or appearance of the individual. It is the way
an individual is built. Different people have different shapes which are peculiar to
the individual alone.

DIFFERENT FIGURE TYPE

• Tall and Slim- Slender figure

• Short and Slim- Petite
• Tall and Fat- Huge
• Short and Fat- Stout
DIFFERENT FIGURE TYPE
Figure in clothing construction means the body outline or shape of a person. No
two persons are exactly alike. Therefore, different people have different figure
type. There are also figure faults. These faults can be concealed with suitable
styles, colour and patterns of cloths.

COMMON FIGURE FAULTS /PROMBLEMS

Figure faults are defaults in the shape of individuals. They affected the way
dresses fit such individuals. Styles of dress which look beautiful on one person
maybe ugly in another because people have different fault such as:
1. Very long or very short neck
2. Big bust or flat chest.
3. Very short or very tall figure
In each case a person can choose those styles, patterns or design and colour that
help to enhance good features and hide the effect.

COLOUR COMBINATION IN DRESSES

There are different types of colours. Different people have different complexion
and body sizes. Some colours make people look bigger while other make them
look smaller. It is therefore important to choose the right colour always.

COLOUR, PATTERN AND STYLES FOR DIFFERENT FIGURE

TYPES

S/N FIGURE SUITABLE UNSUITABLE

1. Tall and 1. Large flowery 1. Vertical stripes

slender 2. Warm colour 2. Tight dress
3. Contrasting colour for skirt 3. V-shape or low
and blouse narrow neck line
 4. Horizontal design 4. Collarless dress
5. Shinny or bulking fabrics 5. Tiny designs
6. Full sleeves and collars 6. Sleeveless garment
7. Gathered or pleated skirts
8. Rich trimmings and frills and
broad belts
2. Short and 1. Vertical stripes or line 1. Fabrics with large
plump/stout 2. Light weight fabrics prints
3. Cool colour 2. Horizontal or
4. V or U or rectangular necklines diagonal lines
5. Fitted sleeves 3. Large sleeve
6. Narrow bet in colour of dress 4. Tight fitting dresses
with high collar
5. Wide belts

3. Large chest 1. V-shape neckline 1. Very high

2. Open collars, straight lapels. necklace
3. Fitted sleeves 2. Draped and
4. Vertical lines gathered bodices
3. Full sleeves
4. Breast pocket
5. Horizontal lines
frills on bodice
4. Flat chest 1. Gathered and draped styles 1. Fitted bodices
2. Bodice should have added 2. Too wide
fullness neckline
3. Bows, drapes.
5. Short neck 1. Open neckline 1. Tie neck bands
2. V-shape neckline 2. High polo neck
3. U-shape neckline
4. Open collar
6. Long necks 1. High neckline Wide or boat-shaped
2. Turtle neck and high collar neckline
3. Frills at neckline
4. Huge jewelries
5. Use of scales
7. Large hips 1. Shaped skirt from waist 1. Fitted skirts
2. Gathers can be used if waist is 2. Pockets at hip
small
 3. Use wide neck and shoulder 3. Too narrow a
lines to avoid triangular shape. bodice
4. Straight dresses with no belt
5. Stitched down pleats
6. Gored skirt (six pieces)

EVALUATION

1. State any two styles that are not suitable for:

i) a figure with large bust
ii.) a figure with large hips
2. Enumerate four guide lines for choosing colour in clothes
3. Different people have (a)the same figures (b) similar figures (c)one figure
(d)different figures
4. Choose colours that fit colour in your ------ (a) (b) wardrobe (c) (d)
5. Flat chest person should avoid (a) Gathered styles (b) draped styles (c)
fitted bodices (d) fullness bodice
6. When two or more colours combined together to produce a pleasing colour
to an outfit is called colour --------- (a) harmony (b) wheel (c) balance
(d)mixing

ASSIGNMENT

Home Economics for JSS page 320, questions 1-5

WEEK: 8

TOPIC: DRESS FOR DIFFERENT OCCASSIONS

REFERENCE: Home Economics for Junior Secondary School by E. A.

Anyakoha

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: at the end of the lesson, the student should be able
to:

1. Select suitable clothes for different occasion

2. Define clothing accessories
3. Mention five examples of cloth accessories
CONTENT PERIOD 1

Dresses for Different Occasion

1. School Cloths: the fabric for the school cloth should be durable, washable,
colorful and comfortable. The style should suit the school activities.
2. Cloth for Office Work: the cloth should be comfortable, smart and simple.
Over dressing and make-up should be avoided. Noisy shoes should be
avoided
3. Cloth for Household Work or Activities: it is very important to dress
neatly and comfortably. An apron or overall can be worn over the dress to
protect it.
 4. Cloth for sleeping (Night gown or Pyjamas): this should be comfortable
and loose. A house coat can be worn over the night gown outside the
bedroom.
5. Cloth for Sport, Picnics and Relaxation: the cloth should be free and
cover the body decently. Fabrics should be washable, comfortable and
durable.
6. Cloth for Religious Worship: this should be decent and avoid
overdressing in order not to distract the attention of other worshippers.
7. Cloth for Travel: the cloth should be comfortable and not creased easily.
They should be washable.

Complementary Accessories
These are the additional things we wear in order to complete our cloths, e.g.
1. Shoes
2. Hats
3. Gloves
4. Stockings
5. Jewelries
6. Cufflinks
7. Ties
8. Handkerchief
9. Scarf
10.Belt
EVALUATION

1. What are clothing accessories?

2. State suitable clothes for different occasions.

ASSIGNMENT

1. Mention any ten clothing accessories

WEEK 9
TOPIC: THE SEWING MACHINE

REFERENCE: Home Economics for Junior Secondary School by E. A.

Anyakoha

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: at the end of the lesson, the student should be able
to:

1. Name types of sewing machine.

2. List parts of sewing machine and their uses
3. State care of sewing machine

SEWING MACHINE
Sewing machine is an equipment for garment construction. It is a major sewing
equipment. It is expensive and complicated piece of equipment. It is therefore
important that one choose it wisely and handle it carefully.

Types of Sewing
1. Hand Sewing: this is operated just with hand. It requires to be placed on a
table

2. Treadle Sewing Machine: this is operated with the feet. The worker has
both hand free for guiding the work, it normally has a special stand.
 3. Electric Sewing Machine: this is operated with the aid of an electric motor.
Some hand and treadle machine can be converted to electric sewing
machine by using the electric motor.

Click on the video links below on how to operate sewing machine

https://youtu.be/kCZxfaPHAio

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0fa9MSwrK-g
 Parts of sewing machine and their functions.

S\N SEWING MACHINE FUNCTIONS

PARTS

1. Balance wheel I. It is turned either forward or backward

to make the machine sew.
II. It raises and lower the needle.

2. The presser foot It holds the fabric firmly in place of stitching.

3. Presser foot lifter It raises and lower the presser foot

4. Feed- dog It holds the fabric tight against the presser

foot.
 It pulls the along for stitching as it moves up
and down.

5. Throat plate Provides slots or opening through which the

needle projects down-ward and the feed-dog
upward.

6. Needle clamp It is an attachment for needle.

7. Stitch regulator It is used to shorten or lengthen the stitches or

the machine.

8. Bobbing It is used for winding thread which goes into

the lower part of the machine.

9. Bobbing case It is the case that holds the bobbing.

10. Tension disc This regulates the tightness to the thread as it

forms the stitch.
11. Spool pin This holds the spool of the thread.

12. Thread guides These support the thread from one part of the
machine to another. They prevent the thread
from twisting.

13. Stop motion screw This is worsened to disconnect the needle and
stop it from moving when the machine is
operated. It is at the balance wheel

Care and Maintenance of sewing Machine

1. Study the machine handbook of instructions carefully.

2. Clean the machine often by dusting to remove dirt and dust.
3. Oil the necessary points according to the handwork.
4. Cover the machine when not in use.
5. Always carry our machine properly and use carefully.
6. Do not scratch the plain work of machine by using sharp object like scissors
on it
Minor Problems in Machine Stitching

Faults Causes

1. Skipped stitches i. Bent or blunt needle

ii. lmproperly set needle
iii. Needle of incorrect lenght

2. Breaking of machine needle i. Improper setting of needle

ii. Pulling fabric without raising
the needle
iii. Sewing over a pin on fabric
3. Constant breaking of thread i. Tension of thread too tight
ii. Use of poor quality thread
iii. Incorrect threading of
machine
iv. Uneven winding of the
bobbin
4. Imperfect stitching i. When needle or bobbin is
stronger

Sewing Machine Accessories

Sewing machine accessories are attachments that can be used with the machine.
These accessories can be bought with the machine or separately. They can be used
for various sewing processes. The following are some of the accessories:

1. Zipper foot: for inserting zip and piping trim.

2. Hammer foot: for stitching narrow hem without basting or pressing.
3. Button-holes: maker: for making button-holes.
4. Gathering foot: for making gathering stiches.
5. Edge stitching: for making embroidering.
EVALUATION

1. State any five ways of caring for the sewing machine.

2. Name five sewing machine accessories
3. Treadle machine is operated with (a) motor (b)hand (c) foot (d)electric
motor
4. The part of the sewing machine that raises and lowers the needle is (a)
presser foot (b) balance wheel (c) feed dog (d)bobbin
5. Which of these regulates the tightness of the thread during stitching? (a)
bobbin (b) needle (c) tension disc (d)motion screw
6. All these are examples of sewing machine accessories except (a)zipper foot
(b)button-hole maker (c) gathering foot (d) presser foot
 7. The attachment for needle is needle --------- (a) clamp (b) holder (c) case (d)
presser

ASSIGNMENT

1. Home Economics for JSS page 328, questions 1-5

WEEK: 10

TOPIC: GARMENT MAKING PROCESSES

REFERENCES: Home Economics for Junior Secondary School by E. A.

Anyakoha

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: at the end of the lesson, the student should be able
to:

1. Explain the meaning of darts, tucks, gathers and pleats

2. Descried crossway stripes

ARRANGEMENT OF FULLNESS

Fullness in clothing construction means the provision of extra allowance in the

garment. Fullness is done to shape a garment. It can be created or controlled by
using darts, tucks, gathers and pleat

Darts
Darts are tapered folds of fabric. They are stitched on the wrong side of a garment
section. It shapes a flat piece of fabric to fit into natural curves of the body in bust
area, armhole, neckline and waist. Darts can be straight, curved or double pointed

Click on the video link below on darts

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VNufCuZuOPw

Uses of darts

1. They control fullness.

2. They turn that fabric into shapes fit the human figure.
3. They help to give a good fitting and shape to the finished garment.

Tucks

Tucks are special stitched made in garments. They are stitched for all or part of
the length. The fold is formed on the right side of the garment. They create a
decorative element which can also add fullness to a garment.

Uses of tucks

1. To reduce or control fullness.

 2. To provide extra width.
3. To reduce a garment, as a style feature.
4. They can be used to hide a join in the fabric.

Click on the video link below on tucks

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YboeT7l4m44

Pleats

Pleats are folds in a garment done on the waistline of skirts, yokes and sleeves at
equal distance to release fullness. Pleats are done on top and fall neatly to the bot-
tom of fabric.

Click on the video link on pleat https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bIeZi4aQ_0w

Gathers
Gather are small, soft folds made in garments. Gathers are used for distributing full-
ness evenly in a given area. The material required will be twice the width or it can
be varied based upon the effect required. Gather is used in neckline, sleeves, waist-
line and yoke. Gathers can be done by hand, machine or by elastic.

Click on the video link on gathers https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bIeZi4aQ_0

CROSSWAY STRIPS

Crossway strips are also called bias strips. These strips are very useful in clothing
construction. Bias strips can be cut out on the true cross grain is fabric.
Click on the video link https://youtu.be/Y4D_DWyrsis

Uses of crossway strips:

1. To neaten raw edges in the process known as binding.
2. To strengthen the raw edges i.e. facing raw edge.
3. To decorate the edges of a garment.
4. for piping.
It is therefore used for neatening or decorating armholes, necklines and other
curved edges.
Cutting and joining crossway strips:
• Cutting
- select a suitable square or rectangular piece of fabric.
- fold one corner of the fabric over. The weft edge should be lie along the wrap or
lengthwise grain.
- cut along the diagonal fold.
- mark the width of the strip reunited using pins or tailor's chalk.
- use a ruler and make the lines parallel to the raw bias edge.
- mark out the required number of strips you need.
- cut beside the pins or marks.
• Joining the bias strips
- place the strips flat on the table with the right sides up.
- cut the ends of the strips parallel with the grain.
- place the bias edges together, with the right sides facing and the corners
overlapping for the depth of the seam.
- baste along the seam line.
- machine stitch on the seam line and remove the basting.
- press the seam allowance open and flat.
- cut off the protruding ends, if necessary.
EVALUATION
1. Define fullness
2. List four types of fullness in garment
3. Fullness in clothing construction means the in the provision of _________
garment. (a) big allowance (b) extra allowance (c) small allowance (d)
4. It can be created or controlled by using (a) crossway strip (b) tucks (c) gathers

ASSIGNMENT
Home Economics for JSS page 341, questions 1-5