THE PERCEPTION OF STUDENTS ON THE CONSEQUENCE OF SMOKING

_________________________

A Quantitative Research
Presented to the SHS Department
of the HOLY CHILD COLLEGE OF DAVAO - Green Meadows Campus
Davao City

_________________________

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

in Practical Research 1

_________________________

Barrera, James Robert

Benetiz, Arron
Casicnan, Alfred Jay
Egalan, John Joshua
Gabriel, Tyriel Feb
Guiral, Lord Jifferson
Mupon, Justin
Tolero, Gian Cristopher

March 2024
Background of the Study

Smoking, defined as the act of inhaling and exhaling the smoke of burning

tobacco or other substances that contain nicotine and alkaloids that are highly

addictive and dangerous to people’s health (Hilton et al., 2024). However, whether it

is smoked or chewed, tobacco is harmful. On the other hand, smoking can lead to

ongoing complications and long-term effects on your body system, putting you at risk

for certain health conditions over the years, such as heart disease, breathing issues,

and a higher chance of getting cancer (Heather, 2023). Even if you don’t smoke,

being around someone who does is still harmful (Center for Disease Control and

Prevention, 2023). In addition, Soliman et al. (2023), reported that smoking can

damage a woman’s reproductive system and make pregnancy more difficult, as well

as for men, which can affect the quality of their sperm and lower their chances of

having a child.

A number of international studies have discovered how smoking affects the

behavior and health consequences of smokers. For instance, according to Knudsen

et al. (2023), most people who smoke started smoking when they were teenagers.

Those who have friends and parents who smoke are more likely to start smoking

than those who don’t. Some teenagers say that they “just wanted to try it,” or they

thought it was “cool” to smoke. However, The Maine Department of Health and

Human Services (2013), states that nicotine is not only highly addictive, but it is also

poisonous, can be used as a pesticide on crops, and a drop of pure nicotine can kill

a person instantly depending on the individual sensitivity and the amount of nicotine

absorbed. as a result of getting hooked into smoking even the youth who dont smoke

regularly can suffer the unfriendly effects of nicotine addiction. On the other hand,

smoking also reduces some types of hormones such as cortisol, estrogen,

progesterone, prolactin, thyroid glands, and gonadotropins (Adriano et al., 2013). In

addition, Khan et al. (2017), found that smokers are more likely to engage in risky

behavior such as fights, carry weapons, attempt suicide, suffer from mental health

problems such as depression, and engage in high-risk sexual behaviors.

In the national setting, according to Esteban and Ticzon (2023), having friends

who smoke increases the likelihood that young people will smoke themselves. On

the other hand, even though most people are aware of the negative effects of

smoking and second-hand smoke, some still do not understand the real dangers of

smoking and they even think that it is harmless, also there are people who, despite

knowing the danger, do not think to start smoking (Shrestha et al., 2022). In addition,

most young people may still engage in smoking even when they know the negative

effects of smoking on their health and even when they know they shouldn't be

smoking (Elana, 2023).

Although existing research addresses the topic, these studies are still

relatively new and few in number. Moreover, most of these studies focused on

college students and adults but did not study the topic specifically among senior high

school students. Senior high school students, as younger youth, are at greater risk of

a lack of understanding in the negative effects of smoking. Furthermore, there is a

lack of such studies being conducted in Davao City. In this context, researchers feel

compelled to fill the identified research gap.

It is important to understand how students perceive the negative health effects

of smoking for several reasons. First of all, it can provide guidance for public health

programs that should reduce the incidence of youth smoking, which in turn can

reduce health care costs. Second, by removing perceptions or knowledge gaps

about the health concerns associated with smoking, programs can be better

customized to encourage students to make healthier choices and adopt healthier

behaviors. Considering that younger people are more susceptible to addiction, it is

important to address their perceptions of the health risks associated with smoking in

order to prevent smoking and reduce the risk of them becoming addicted to smoking.

Statement of the Problem

The study aims to know the perceptions of Grade 11 Tigris students at Holy

Child College Davao regarding the consequences of smoking on various aspects of

their lives.

Specifically, the study sought to answer the following questions:

1. What are the perceptions on the consequences of smoking?

2. What are the ways students avoid smoking?

3. What insights can the participants share about these experiences?

Objectives of the Study

1. To identify the perceptions on the consequences of smoking among Grade 11

Tigris students at Holy Child College Davao

2. To identify the ways on how to avoid smoking among Grade 11 Tigris students at

Holy Child College Davao

3. To know the insights that participants can share about their experiences as Grade

11 Tigris students at Holy Child College Davao.

Significance of the Study

This study aims to determine the perceptions and health consequences for

students who smoke. The results of this study will be useful to the following:

Students. This study helps students who can benefit from the findings by

gaining a better understanding of the risks associated with smoking and the potential

health consequences. This knowledge can empower them to make informed

decisions about their own health behaviors, resist peer pressure to smoke, and seek

support if they already smoke and want to quit. Additionally, students can use the

information to promote smoke-free environments in their schools and communities,

promoting a healthier environment for themselves and their peers.

Educators. This study can help educators integrate smoking prevention

education into their curriculum, creating awareness among students about the risks

associated with smoking and empowering them to make informed decisions

regarding their health.

Parents/Guardians. This study can allow the Parents and guardians can

engage in conversations with their children about the risks of smoking, providing

guidance and support to prevent smoking initiation and promote healthier behaviors

among youth. They can also utilize the findings to advocate for smoke-free

environments and access to cessation resources in their communities.

Future Researcher. This study can guide future research by identifying gaps

in knowledge or areas that require further exploration. Researchers can build upon

these results to delve deeper into specific aspects of smoking’s impact on students,

such as the effectiveness of different intervention strategies, the long-term health

outcomes, or the cultural and social factors influencing smoking behaviors. This

study serves as a foundation for ongoing investigations aimed at refining our

understanding and developing more targeted approaches to address the complex

issue of smoking among students.

Definition of Terms

Consequence. In this study, it refers to the result or effect of an action. In this

case, the action is smoking, and the effect or result is what students perceive or

understand about the impact of smoking. This could include health effects, social

implications, or other consequences.

Perception. In this study, it refers to how students understand or interpret the

effects of smoking. It is the mental process that allows individuals to interpret and

make sense of the information they receive from their senses. In this case, it’s about

how students perceive or understand the effects of smoking.

Smoking. In this study, it is defined as an act of inhaling and exhaling the

smoke produced by burning a substance, most commonly tobacco in cigarettes,

cigars, or pipes. It is also a practice that involves the use of tobacco products, which

can have harmful effects on health.

 Chapter 2

Review of Related Literatures

In this chapter, the literature and studies were carefully selected and

deliberated upon on the basis of the relative reliability of the information presented.

This literature and studies help the researchers to have evidence and proof to their

study. Also, this chapter discusses the relevance of the study.

Perception on the Consequence of Smoking

A recent study by UC San Francisco and Stanford University School of

Medicine (2016), found that California adolescents perceive smoking cigarettes to be

riskier and less socially acceptable than they did 12 years ago. The study shows that

fewer teens plan to smoke or believe it makes them look mature, while more teens

believe that smoking is likely to trigger health problems such as heart attacks or lung

cancer. This shift in perception is due to strong and repeated tobacco control

messages. The study also suggested that more tobacco control messages are

needed, including those that address newer tobacco products such as electronic

cigarettes and vapes. The results might not pertain throughout the US or abroad

(Fernandez, 2016).

The primary cause of children's exposure to secondhand smoke is parental

smoking, which is impacted by parents' attitudes about their kids' exposure. A study

conducted by Chen et al. (2013), shows that parents’ gender, education level,

occupational type, smoking status, and agreement on a home smoking ban

independently predict parents’ evaluation of the consequences of parental smoking

in the presence of children. The results showed that one particular group was less

aware of the risks associated with parental smoking and expressed greater

acceptance of it. In order to reinforce attitudes against parental smoking, it is helpful

to encourage parents to establish a smoke-free home and raise awareness of the

negative effects of parental smoking.

Furthermore, according to Khan et al. (2016), tobacco smoking is the leading

cause of preventable illness and death in developed countries and the third leading

cause of death in South Africa, where 38% of adolescents have tried smoking. It has

led to an increased prevalence of cardiovascular diseases, cancer and respiratory

problems. On the other hand, students were aware that smoking causes disease and

that second-hand smoke is dangerous. While most people agreed that there was a

smoking ban in place, they didn't think it made the place better. Many would like a

total ban enforced in restaurants, clubs, bars and university campuses. They felt that

there were insufficient non-smoking signs in public areas. Many smokers stated that

they ignored regulations and only a minority stated that the policy encouraged

smokers to quit. In addition, smoking among students has decreased over the years.

This has been accompanied by an increase in knowledge of the harmful effects of

smoking. Regulations have thus had a positive effect; however, additional efforts are

required to motivate more people to quit smoking altogether and to prevent young

people from taking up the habit.

According to the research of Aguillon and Romano (2012), many people

including youths that smoke are less aware of the harmful effects of smoking.

Smokers also perceive that smoking has a positive effect on them but it is wrong.

The prime suspect of the positive sensation felt by the smokers is the nicotine, which
makes its user addicted to smoking. On the other hand, nonsmokers perceive

smoking has a negative attribute to everyone. In addition to that, smoking alleviates

stress which is a very common enemy of students, especially when there are

burdensome works and studies to do.

Many students and youth are using tobacco, despite the well-known dangers

associated with smoking. Nicotine and other harmful chemicals in tobacco can have

severe health consequences, especially for children, adolescents, and pregnant

women. Attractive and affordable cigarette designs are contributing factors to the

popularity of smoking among young people. Schools, families, and society should

work together to promote anti-smoking campaigns, raise awareness, teach refusal

skills, and discourage smoking. Strict rules against selling cigarettes to minors are

necessary to prevent teenage addiction and related psychological health issues. It is

crucial to maintain a safe educational environment by promoting healthy habits and

educating students on the consequences of smoking. (Hoi, 2021)

Ways to avoid smoking

According to Tupas and Agreda (2020), students in northern Iloilo frequently

skip classes to smoke with friends, leading to decreased academic performance.

The study emphasizes the importance of health and the need for smokers to quit,

especially among below-average learners. In this study, anti-smoking campaigns are

effective methods to discourage students from smoking. No e-cigarettes smokers in

the group because of its values. Parents and guardians play a vital role in the

implementation of this advocacy. Also, the local government units should regulate

the implementation of policies and ordinances regarding the smoking of minors.

Thus, anti-smoking campaigns and messages could be excellent avenues to

educate students about ordinances and laws, and the effects of smoking on our

health.

A study conducted by Cleveland Clinic (2023), suggests seven effective ways

to avoid smoking. First, chewing gum, sunflower seeds, toothpicks, or candy can

help reduce anxiety. Second, forming a solid social group through activities like

bowling, softball, golf, volunteering, or making online friends can help reduce

cravings and prevent smoking. Third, maintaining a schedule with meaningful

activities can help reduce cravings and prevent smoking. Fourth, holding something

else can keep hands busy and prevent smoking. Fifth, participating in a hobby can

relieve stress and keep cigarettes away. Sixth, getting more sleep can reduce stress

levels and help quit smoking. Seventh, indulging in a hobby like coding,

photography, or model building can help relieve stress and keep cigarettes out of

one's hands.

Moreover, a study conducted by Reachout Australia (2024), found that when

a person quits smoking, they may experience nicotine withdrawal symptoms such as

irritability, hunger, insomnia, headaches, sweating, nausea, depression, and anxiety.

Triggers like stress, anger, and certain activities can make you want to smoke. You

can avoid these triggers by changing your routine or finding a replacement activity.

Talk to your friends, figure out your vulnerable situations, and try nicotine

replacements like gum, patches, lozenges, and inhalers. Consult your doctor to find

the best method for quitting smoking.

In addition, a study conducted by MD Anderson’s Tabacco Treatment

Program (2019), the number of smokers in the United States has been decreasing,

70% of them want to stop. According to Maher Karam-Hage (2019), using

medication and counseling together is the most effective way to stop smoking. He

claims that by giving a mild form of the nicotine effect and preventing the brain from

experiencing the pleasurable effects of nicotine, drugs like Chantix (Varenicline) help

lessen cravings for the drug. Nicotine replacement treatments, such as gum and

patches, provide the body with tiny amounts of nicotine to help reduce cravings. The

patch plus one additional prescription or over-the-counter medication, such as gum,

lozenges, nasal spray, or a puffer, works best together.

Insights of Participants about smoking experiences

According to the National Library of Medicine (2019), peer pressure is a

significant aspect that can influence an individual’s behavior, especially in teenagers.

When students are surrounded by peers who engage in risky behaviors such as

smoking, they may feel the urge to fit in. As a result, students who experience peer

pressure from friends are more likely to engage in behaviors they might otherwise

avoid, such as smoking cigarettes.

Theoretical framework

There are two theories discovered by researchers to support this study are

The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and Social Learning Theory (SLT).

The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)

The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), is a psychological framework that

suggests an individual’s intention to engage in a behavior is influenced by three main

factors: their attitude towards the behavior, subjective norms, and perceived

behavioral control. In the context of students’ perceptions on the consequences of

smoking, this theory can be used to understand how students’ attitudes towards

smoking, the influence of social norms related to smoking within their peer groups or
society, and their perceived ability to resist or control their smoking behavior may

impact their actual smoking behavior. For instance, if a student has a negative

attitude towards smoking and perceives that their social norms are against smoking,

they are likely to have a lower intention to smoke. Similarly, if a student perceives

that they have a high level of control over their smoking behavior, they are likely to

have a higher intention to smoke.

Social Learning Theory (SLT)

Social Learning Theory, proposed by Albert Bandura, postulate that

individuals learn through observing the behaviors of others and the outcomes of

those behaviors. In the context of students’ perceptions on the consequences of

smoking, this theory suggests that students may form their beliefs and attitudes

about smoking based on their observations of others. For example, if a student

observes a family member or friend experiencing negative consequences as a result

of smoking, they may develop a negative attitude towards smoking and be less likely

to start smoking themselves. Conversely, if a student observes someone, they

admire enjoying smoking without apparent negative consequences, they may

perceive smoking as less harmful and be more likely to try it.

 Chapter 3

Methodology

This chapter presents the description of the research method and procedure

of the study, which includes the research instruments. The research will be in a

Descriptive research design. The third chapter will also explain the study’s research

design, research participants, the procedures done to collect the needed data, and

the statistical data gathered, reviewed, and interpreted by the researchers.

Research Design

The researchers shall use descriptive research design to explore the

perceptions and understanding of senior high school students regarding the

consequences of smoking. According to Creswell (2023), a descriptive research

design describes the characteristics of a population or phenomenon being studied.

Primarily used to gain an understanding of a group or phenomenon. This involves

collecting data through surveys, interviews, or observation. Descriptive research is

well-suited for this study as it aims to provide a detailed and accurate representation

of the students’ perceptions, attitudes, and beliefs regarding the consequences of

smoking. This design focuses on answering the “what” and “how” questions, rather

than the “why” questions, which aligns with the objectives of the study.
 In line with the descriptive research design, the study will investigate and

describe the phenomenon as it is observed and reported by the participants, without

any preconception or biases. The experiences and perspectives gathered from the

participants will be summarized and subjected to a thematic analysis. The identified

themes and patterns will then be presented, along with their potential implications for

the relevant participant or affected members of society.

Research Locale

The study was conducted at Holy Child College of Davao, located in

Barangay Sto. Niño, Tugbok District, Davao City, an urban area. The pin location is

7°04’53.4"N 125°30’42.0"E. The chosen participants were senior high school

students, specifically those in grade 11 of section Tigris.

Research Participants

The research participants are 10 individuals who are enrolled in Holy child

college of Davao specifically in section grade 11 Tigris. Additionally, participants are

qualified and selected on the basis that they must have experience smoking.

Individuals who do not experienced smoking are not qualified for participation.

Furthermore, purposive sampling will be used to determine participants for the

study. According to Robinson (2014), purposive sampling is the intentional selection

of respondents based on their ability to unravel a specific theme, concept, or

phenomenon. As utilized in qualitative and mixed methods research, this sampling

involves an iterative process of selecting research subjects rather than starting with a

predetermined list of the population being studied. This method is often used in

qualitative research where the researcher wants to select participants who are

knowledgeable about the topic being studied. In this case, the researcher is

interested in the perception of students on the consequences of smoking, so they

would select participants who have relevant knowledge or experience in this area.

Data Source

This study will use a survey questionnaire to understand the perceptions of

students on the consequences of smoking. The participants are students who have

experienced the effects of smoking either personally or through their peers. The

survey will be distributed to students from the mentioned locale. The questionnaire

will include questions about their experiences, challenges, and realizations related to

smoking and its consequences. Moreover, if a researcher has a follow-up question,

they will ask it to gain a better understanding of the subject matter. This could involve
asking for more specific details, seeking clarification on a previous response, or

probing deeper into a particular topic.

The ten participants selected for the survey will answer the questions face-to-

face. According to Samuelson and Nordhaus (2009), The survey questionnaire is a

research instrument that is commonly used in social sciences research, including

psychology and sociology. It is particularly useful in this study because due to their

fast, efficient, and inexpensive nature. it allows the researcher to collect data from a

large number of students, which is necessary to understand the perceptions of

students on the consequences of smoking. The survey questionnaire provides a

standardized method for data collection, which means that all respondents are asked

the same questions in the same way.

Research Procedure

The researcher will first submit their letter of request to the principal and their

draft questionnaire to their adviser for review and improvement. Once the adviser

approves the draft, the researcher will then seek permission from the school head of

the senior high school department and the grade 11 adviser of section Tigris at Holy

Child College of Davao, where the data will be collected.

After the questionnaire has been reviewed, improved, and revised, the

researchers will distribute it to the selected students who have experience and

understanding of the consequences of smoking. The students will be asked to

answer the questionnaire honestly to maintain credibility and not to influence the

study’s outcomes.
 The final step, therefore, would be to analyze the data collected from the

students’ responses to the questionnaire. This would involve interpreting the data

and drawing conclusions based on the responses.

Research Instrument

The study will utilize survey through giving participants a questionnaire face to

face. The sources of data in this research are the responses given by the

participants, who are the students having experience and perception about the

consequence of smoking.

The main purpose of this qualitative Descriptive study is to understand the

perception and experience of students on the consequence of smoking. Specifically,

it sought to answer the following questions:

1. What are the perceptions on the consequences of smoking?

Probed Questions

1.1 Do you believe that smoking has a negative impact on the quality of life?

1.2 What do you think are the consequences of smoking on an individual’s health?

1.3 How do you perceive the impact of smoking on the environment?

1.4 What do you think are the consequences of smoking on mental health?

1.5 What do you think are the consequences of smoking on the respiratory system?

2.What are the ways students avoid smoking?

Probed Questions
2.1 What are the reasons you avoid smoking?

2.2 What are the benefits you associate with not smoking?

2.3 How do you educate yourself about the dangers of smoking?

2.4 What are the health concerns that make you avoid smoking?

2.5 What are the alternatives you use instead of smoking?

3. What insights can the participants share about these experiences?

Probed Questions

3.1 What valuable lessons have you learned from your experiences?

3.2 How do you believe these experiences affected you as a person?

3.3 How do you cope with these challenges?

3.4 What are the strategies you use to manage these challenges?

3.5 What are the things you would like to change about your current situation?

Ethical Consideration

In this study, the researchers often make sure to follow important ethical rules

for this study and explain the purpose of the study clearly to the participants and let

them ask questions if they need to. Before collecting any information, the

researchers make sure to get permission from each participant. They do this by

having the participants read and sign a form that explains what the study is about.

The researchers also make plans to keep the participants’ personal information

private and to make sure the participants don’t get hurt or have any problems from

the study. When the researchers write about the results, they will be accurate and

fair. They won’t use the results in any way that could harm the participants or make

people think badly about them. In addition, the researchers seem to have put a lot of
thought into making sure this study is ethical and safe for the participants. Their

approach seems very thoughtful and responsible.

Data Analysis

Figure 1. The flowchart for the thematic analysis procedure. (Creswell, 2017)
The data analysis of this study is anchored on the Creswell (2017) method of

thematic analysis by following the steps shown in Figure 1.

 This is the first step where data is gathered from the students. The data is

collected through a survey questionnaire that includes questions about their

perceptions of the consequences of smoking.

After data collection, the data is organized in a way that makes it easier to

analyze. This could involve coding the responses to the survey questions.

The next step is to use thematic analysis to identify and categorize the

responses. Themes are patterns or recurring features in the data. Themes can be

identified by grouping responses that have similar meanings.

Once the themes have been identified, they can be interpreted in the context

of the research question. This involves making sense of the data and drawing

conclusions about the off perception of students on the consequence of smoking.

The final step is to present the findings in a clear and concise manner. This

could involve writing a report or presenting the findings at a conference.

Trustworthiness of the Study

The accuracy of a research study, data, and findings is referred to as its

trustworthiness. There are several methods for determining the credibility of an

investigation, but the simplest is to apply the four tenets proposed by Guba and

Lincoln (1982). They proposed that in qualitative research, credibility, dependability,

transferability, and confirmability should be used instead of quantitative counterparts.

Since then, most scholars have used and expanded on these four trustworthiness

tenets.

Credibility. To ensure the credibility of this study, consistency and accuracy

will be practiced during the face-to-face survey, which will be conducted with

students having experience on smoking. Furthermore, during this phase, all their
responses will not be recorded and not taking into account the researchers’ own

biases or opinions. This confidence can be placed in the validity of the research

findings.

Dependability. To ensure the dependability of the study, the researchers will

preserve the raw data and analyses they collect, allowing for more review and

validation at a later time. The subjects' confidentiality is the researchers' first concern

when it comes to ethics. The study's material and research questions will be given by

participants through face to face. Prior to the study, the participants will be re-

informed informally on the rules of ethics and study framework.

Confirmability. The confirmability of the study is achieved by the use of a

structured approach to data collection and analysis. This allows for the verification of

the findings by other researchers, which is essential for establishing the

confirmability of the study.

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