Module 2

Seamanship and Ship Terms and Definition

Week 3-4 (4 hours)

Competence: A-III/2 F1.C2: Plan and schedule operations

A-III/2 F1.C3: Operation, surveillance, performance assessment and maintaining safety
of propulsion plant and auxiliary machinery
Knowledge, Understanding, and Proficiency: A-III/2 F1.C2 and C3.KUP1.8: Theoretical Knowledge on
naval architecture and ship construction, including damage
control
Course Outcome 2: Describe the different types of ship in reference to their design and purpose

I. Learning Objectives:

At the end of the topic, student must be able to:

LO 2.1 List different kinds of ships in reference to their design and purpose
LO 2.2 Identify and describe the major parts of the ship.

II. Topic

1. Seamanship and Ship Terms and Definition

III. Materials/References:
1. Type of Ships https://www.marineinsight.com/guidelines/a-guide-to-types-of-ships/
2. Type of ship you tube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tGP2dmkpARg
3. Container Ship https://www.marineinsight.com/types-of-ships/what-are-container-
ships/
4. Container ship you tube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dGUwNu55po&t=3s
5. Bulk Carrier https://www.marineinsight.com/types-of-ships/different-types-of-bulk-
carriers/
6. Bulk Carrier you tube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pmx0ycR6dno
7. Tanker Ship https://www.marineinsight.com/types-of-ships/different-types-of-tankers-
extensive-classification-of-tanker-ships/
8. Tanker ship you tube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c44TSsgQk3Y
9. Offshore Vessel https://www.marineinsight.com/types-of-ships/what-are-offshore-
vessels/
10. Offshore Vessel You Tube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oJhBCO87nis
11. Fishing Vessel https://www.marineinsight.com/types-of-ships/types-of-fishing-vessels/
12. Fishing Vessel You Tube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bLHfOfvcjfw
13. Different Parts of a Ship https://www.marineinsight.com/guidelines/parts-of-a-
ship/#:~:text=A%20ship%20comprises%20of%20both,%2C%20cofferdams%2C%20side
%20shell%20etc.
 IV. Procedure:

A. Introduction:
Sailor use many traditional nautical terms for the parts of or directions on vessel; starboard
(right), port (left), forward or fore (front), aft (rearward), bow (Forward part of hull), stern
(aft part of the hull). Vertical spars are masts, horizontal spars are booms (if they can hit
you), gaffs (if they’re too high to reach) or poles (if they can’t hit you).
Other terms
Walls are called ‘bulkheads’ or ‘ceilings’, while the surfaces referred to as ‘ceilings’ on land
are called ‘overheads’. Floors are called ‘soles’. The toilet is traditionally called the ‘head’,
the kitchen is the ‘galley’.

B. Learning Activities

1. Kinds of ships in reference to their design and purpose

2. The major parts of the ship.

C. Processing/Discussion:

Lesson 2.1: List different kinds of ships in reference to their design

1. Container Ships - As the name suggests, a vessel structured specifically to hold huge quantities of
cargo compacted in different types of containers is referred to as a container vessel (ship). The
process of sending cargo in special containers is known as containerization.
One of the most potent methods of hauling goods is done by Container Ships. These ships have
made it feasible to transfer towering quantities of cargo at a time and have changed the global
trade efficaciously.

Types of Container Ships On Basis Of Sizes:

1. Panamax
 Panamax size vessels were first introduced in 1980.
 These vessels were of around 4000-5000 TEUs.
 Their dimension was such that they could pass the Panama canal. They were limited
to the max length of 294.1m, Breadth of 32.3m and max draught of 12m, which was
par in comparison to the dimensions of the canal.
2. Suezmax
 Suezmax max size vessels were introduced in relation to Suez canal. These vessels
have nearly the same size as that of the Suez canal.
 Suezmax vessels have a carrying capacity of around 12000 TEUs, with Breadth about
50-57 m and draught in between 14.4m-16.4m.
3. Post-Panamax
 Suezmax max size vessels were introduced in relation to Suez canal. These vessels
have nearly the same size as that of the Suez canal.
  Post-Panamax’s development was climactic. In the present world, they occupy nearly
30% of the world’s fleet.
 These size of vessels were subversive introducing new ideas and methods in the
container shipping market.
 Concept of cellular container vessels was introduced. Wherein the cell guides ran
from the bottom of the hold to some tiers above the deck. This n reduced the
running cost of ship owners as no lashing materials were used to secure the
containers but also improved the speed of loading and discharging and reduced
container shifting.
4. Post-Suezmax
 These are Ultra large container vessels with a carrying capacity of 18000 TEU with a
breadth of 60m 21m max draught.
 These vessels are known as Post Suezmax as their dimensions are too big for the
vessel to pass the Suez canal.
5. Post-Malacamax
 This size emulates the maximum permissible draught of 21m of Malacca Strait.
 For this size of the vessel to enter the Ports, the port authorities will have to be
ready. Presently only two ports in the world is ready to accept this size of vessel i.e.,
Singapore & Rotterdam.

2. Bulk Carier - Bulk carriers are a type of ship which transports cargoes (generally dry cargo) in
bulk quantities. The cargo transported in such ships is loose cargo i.e. without any specific
packaging to it and generally contains items like food grains, ores and coals and even cement.

Types of Bulk Carriers by Design

 Basic Bulk Carrier / Conventional Bulkers

 A conventional bulker is a vessel that is built with hatchways. Alongside, the vessel is
also equipped with cranes and transporters to facilitate ease in the loading and
unloading processes. These vessels enjoy much better tractability in terms of their
cargo loads and their navigational routes.
 These bulk carriers have holds capped by hatch covers.
 The number of holds depends on the size of the vessel. They range from 5 for 35000-
ton vessels to 9 for 250,000-ton vessel
 They use their own cranes to load and discharge the cargoes especially in ports
where there are no shore-cranes available.
 Combine Bulk Carriers
 These type of bulk carriers have special design and are quite expensive in comparison
to other types of Bulk Carriers.
 The vessels have greater flexibility in order to carry Ore bulk and even oil as Cargo.
 These vessels could be easily identified as the deck area has both pipelines and
Pontoons.
 Gearless Bulk Carriers
 Bulkers that are unequipped with cranes and conveyor facilities are gearless bulkers.
  Huge in size, these bulk carriers make port only on those ports of call which provide
conveyor and crane facilities to discharge their bulk loads. And since only a few ports
offer such facilities, there automatically comes a cap on the number of port calls
made by a gearless bulk carrier.
 These are the bulkers which have no cranes or even conveyors of their own.
 These bulkers are big in size and can only go alongside the largest and avant-garde
ports.
 These bulk carriers are very cost effective as there is no expense on installation,
maintenance and operation of the Cranes/Gears.
 Self-Dischargers
 These type of bulkers have Self-discharging/Loading facilities on board in the form of
Conveyors or Cranes.
 These vessels can operate in any inaccessible waterway as they do not require any
shore-based system to carry out operations.
 These bulk carriers have the capability to discharge directly on the quay, a barge, a
warehouse or hoppers.
 This application was introduced basically for deep sea trade in view of the adequacy
of the bulk handling facilities around the world.
 Bulker Lakers
 The bulk carrier ships that ply in the American Great Lakes are called as the lakers.
Recognisable on account of their distinct constructional style, these vessels enjoy
better operational longevity.
 These type of bulk carriers were embossed specifically for trading in Great Lakes.
 These vessels are exposed to very less corrosion damage and have a very long
lifespan as they trade only in the fresh water.
 The largest Laker is of 300m in length, with a width of 32m and a maximum draught
of 15m.
 BIBO or Bulk-In, Bags Out
 Acronym for Bulk-In, Bags Out; these kinds of bulkers streamline the loaded bulk
cargo in the vessel by sacking the same into smaller quantities. Since the process
occurs simultaneously, while the cargo is loaded onto the ship, these vessels
command unique respect amongst the other existing vessel kinds.
 This is a very special type of bulker, where the cargo is loaded as bulk but are
equipped with equipment to bag those bulk cargo and discharge them in bags.
 Open Hatch Bulk Carrier/Forest Product Carries
 These type of bulk carriers don’t have upper & lower wing tanks. In place of the
wing tanks, they have linear sides which helps them to accommodate forestry
products.
 As the name says, these vessels have an open hatch to directly load the cargo and
discharge.
3. Tanker Ship - Tanker ships are specialized vessels for carrying a large amount of liquid
cargo. Tankers are further sub-divided into different types on the basis of the cargo they
carry.

The main types of tankers are:

1. Oil Tanker - Oil tankers mainly carry crude oil and its by-products.
2. Liquefied Gas Carriers - A gas carrier (or gas tanker) is a ship designed
to transport LPG, LNG or liquefied chemical gases in bulk.
3. Chemical and Product Carriers - A chemical tanker is a type of tanker
ship designed to transport chemicals and different liquid products in
bulk

On the basis of their size, tankers are further divided into varies types such as:

 VLCC
 ULCC
 Panamax
 Aframax
 Suezmax
 Capesize
 Handymax
 Lighters
 Handy

4. Roll-on Roll-off Ships - Ro-Ro is an acronym for Roll-on/roll-off. Roll-on/roll-off ships are
vessels that are used to carry wheeled cargo.

1. A PCC (Pure Car Carrier) - is a kind of RoRo ship which transports only
cars; whereas a PCTC (Pure Car and Truck Carrier) transports not only cars,
but also trucks and other variations of four-wheeled vehicles.
2. Container Vessel + Ro Ro (ConRo) Ship - RoRo vessels that combine the
features of both a traditional container vessel and a RoRo ship are referred
to as the ConRo. Such vessels’ interiors are distributed in such a way that
both their loads are evenly distributed and balanced. The maximum load
that is transited by these vessels is between 20,000 to over 50,000 dead
weight tonnes (DWT).
3. General Cargo + Ro Ro Ship (GenRo) Ships - A normal cargo carrying
vessel equipped with the RoRo facility is termed as the GenRo. Slightly
compacter and smaller as compared to the previous two categorisations,
the GenRo is capable of carrying loads with approximate DWTs between
2,000 to almost 30,000.
 4. RoPax - RoPax is the reference given to a car carrying vehicle that also
provides for voyagers’ living aboard the vessel. RoPax though is mainly used
as a technical term, and these vessels are commonly called as ferries that
transport vehicles and passengers across river docks.

5. Complete RoRo Ships - A Complete RoRo vessel is a kind of car carrier

that is constructed with inclines both on its insides as well as on the outside.
Vessels of these kinds don’t have any hatchways, and are used mainly in the
high seas. They are self-contained and are capable of lading anywhere
between 2,000 to around 40,000 dead weight tonnes.

5. Passenger Ships - Passenger ships, as the name suggests, are mainly used for transiting
passengers.

They are mainly classified into:

1. Ferries – Vessels used for transiting passengers (and vehicles) on short-
distance routes are called ferries.
2. Cruise Ships – Mainly used for recreational activities, cruise ships are like
luxurious floating hotels with state-of-the-art facilities.

They are further classified as:

 Liners, Cruise Ships, Pilgrimage Ships
 Cross Channel Ferries, Coastal Ferries, Harbour Ferries
 Arctic and Antarctic Cruises

6.Offshore Vessels - Offshore vessels mainly help in oil exploration and construction jobs at sea.
Offshore vessels are of several types. Offshore vessels are ships that specifically serve
operational purposes such as oil exploration and construction work at the high seas. There are a
variety of offshore vessels, which not only help in exploration and drilling of oil but also for
providing necessary supplies to the excavation and construction units located at the high seas.

Some of the main ones are:

 Supply Ship: Vessels that supply to offshore rigs

 Pipe Layers: Vessels engages in laying pipes and cables
 Crane Barges or floating cranes: A crane vessel, crane ship or floating crane is a
ship with a crane specialized in lifting heavy loads
 Semi-submersible Drill Rigs: These are Mobile Offshore Drilling Units to make
stable platforms for drilling oil and gas
 Drill Ships: A drillship is a merchant vessel designed for use in exploratory
offshore drilling of new oil and gas wells or for scientific drilling purposes
 Accommodation Barges: Could be a stand-alone floating hotel or can include
accommodation as well as space for Cargo
  Production Platforms: To extract and process oil and natural gas, or to
temporarily store product until it can be brought to shore for refining and
marketing
 Floating Storage Unit (FSU) – Floating vessel mainly used for storage of oil and
by-products.
 Floating Production and Storage Unit (FPSO): A floating production storage and
the offloading unit is a floating vessel used by the offshore oil and gas industry
for the production and processing of hydrocarbons, and for the storage of oil
 Anchor handling vessels – These are used for offshore construction and
installation operations.
 Diving vessels – Are vessels used by divers for diving in the ocean for
underwater jobs.

7.Fishing Vessel - Ships or boats used for recreational or commercial fishing at sea are called
fishing vessels.

Fishing vessels are mainly classified into two types – trawlers and non-trawling vessels.

 Trawlers, Purse Seiners: A fishing trawler, also known as a dragger, is a

commercial fishing vessel designed to operate fishing trawls. Trawling is a
method of fishing that involves actively dragging or pulling a trawl through the
water behind one or more trawlers. A purse seine is a large wall of netting
deployed around an entire area or school of fish. The seine has floats along the
top line with a lead line threaded through rings along the bottom. Once a school
of fish is located, a skiff encircles the school with the net.
 Factory Ships: A factory ship, also known as a fish processing vessel, is a large
ocean-going vessel with extensive on-board facilities for processing and freezing
caught fish or whales

8.Speciality Vessel - Speciality vessels are constructed and used for specific purposes.

 Tugs: A tug (tugboat) is a boat or ship that manoeuvres vessels by pushing or

towing them.
 Tenders – A boat or a larger ship used to service or support other boats or ships,
generally by transporting people and/or supplies is called a tender vessel.
 Pilot Crafts – Pilot crafts are used for the transportation of harbour pilots.
 Cable Layers – Cable laying vessels help in laying cables on to the sea bed.
 Research Vessels – They are special types of vessels used for carrying out a
variety of researches at sea. Some of the most common types of research
vessels are:
 Seismic vessels - Seismic vessels are ships that are solely used for the
purpose of seismic survey in the high seas and oceans. A seismic vessel is
used as a survey vessel for the purpose of pinpointing and locating the
best possible area for oil drilling in the middle of the oceans.
 Hydrographic vessels - A hydrographic survey ship is a vessel designed to
conduct hydrographic research and survey. Nautical charts are produced
 from this information to ensure safe navigation by military and civilian
shipping.
 Oceanographic vessels - Oceanographic research vessels carry out
research on the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics
of water, the atmosphere, and climate, and to these ends carry
equipment for collecting water samples from a range of depths, including
the deep seas, as well as equipment for the hydrographic sounding of the
seabed, along with numerous other environmental sensors.
 Polar vessels - Polar research vessels are constructed around
an icebreaker hull, allowing them to engage in ice navigation and operate
in polar waters. These vessels usually have dual roles, particularly in
the Antarctic, where they function also as polar replenishment and
supply vessels to the Antarctic research bases. An example of a polar
research vessel is USCGC Polar Star.
 Naval research vessels - investigate naval concerns, such as submarine
and mine detection or sonar and weapons trials. An example of a naval
research vessel is the Planet of the German Navy.
 Fisheries research vessel - requires platforms capable of towing different
types of fishing nets, collecting plankton or water samples from a range
of depths, and carrying acoustic fish-finding equipment.
 Oil exploration - is performed in a number of ways, one of the most
common being mobile drilling platforms or ships that are moved from
area to area as needed to drill into the seabed to find out what deposits
lie beneath it.
 Salvage Vessels – Salvage vessels are vessels engaged in salvage operation;
recovery of lost property at sea.
 Lightships: A light vessel, or lightship, is a ship which acts as a lighthouse. They
are used in waters that are too deep or otherwise unsuitable for lighthouse
construction.
 Barge Carriers: A barge is a flat-bottomed boat, built mainly for river and canal
transport of heavy goods.
 Timber Carriers: Vessels that carry timber
 Livestock Carriers: Vessels that carry livestock/animals
 Ice breaker ships: They are used for cutting ice deposits in extremely cold
climate conditions to make waters navigational.

9.High Speed Craft - High-speed crafts are a special type of technologically advanced high-
performance (typically high speed) marine vehicles. Though most of these technologies are
not used in commercial vessels, a few have been successfully implemented and tested in
conventional merchant vessels of small scale.

Some of the main types of high-speed crafts are:

 Multihulls including wave piercers

 Small waterplane area, twin-hull (SWATH)
 Surface effect ship (SES) and Hovercraft
 Hydrofoil
  Wing in Ground Craft (WIG)

10. Dredger - Dredging is an excavation activity usually carried out underwater, in shallow seas
or freshwater areas with the purpose of gathering up bottom sediments and widening
Dredgers are vessels with excavation tools used for removing sand and other types of deposits
from the seabed. Dredgers are used for several purposes such as making shallow coastal areas
navigational, deep-sea mining etc

.Dredgers are mainly classified into two types:

 Mechanical dredgers - These are available in a variety of forms, but each has
the same working principle of “hand-packing”. These are equipped with a grab
or a bucket, which is driven on the loose bed sediments, then material get filled
in the bucket and the bucket is then raised to transport it to the requisite
disposal site.

 Bucket Dredgers - These are the oldest type of mechanical dredgers.

These are fixed on anchors so considered as stationary dredgers but can
be moved along the semi-arcs while dredging, with the help of winches.
 Bucket Ladder Dredgers - These kind of dredgers are just modification
of conventional bucket dredgers, the series of buckets used in these
dredgers are mounted on a wheel which mechanically picks up the
sediments. They are more efficient and can be used to rip out even
powerful and hard corals. The only limitations of these dredgers are
their low production, the requirement of more anchor lines and high
level of noise, which made them obsolete these days.
 Grab Dredgers - Grab Dredgers (or Clamshells) are also stationary
dredgers fastened either on anchors or on spud-poles. The cutting tool,
of these dredgers, is a grab which consists of wire operated two half-
shells.
 Backhoe Dredgers - These are also referred to as Dipper dredger and
are somewhat similar to onshore excavators. These are used for
harbour maintenance and shallow dredging. These are hydraulically
driven excavators and consist of a half-open shell or a digging bucket
which is capable of digging across a wide range of materials.

 Hydraulic dredgers - The key feature of hydraulic dredgers is that the material
dredged by these type of dredgers is in suspension form and raised through the
pumping system and fed to outlet pipes.

 Suction Dredgers - These are generally employed to remove sand or silt

deposits from the seabed. They have a vertical suction pipe, which is
pushed vertically inside the sand deposit and dredged material is sucked
with or without water jet. The dredged material is laden into barges or
can directly to the reclamation area.
  Trailing Suction Hopper Dredger - A Trailing Suction Hopper Dredger is
a self-driven dredging vessel. It consists of hoppers or trailers with
bottom gates or valves. The material is loaded in hopper hydraulically
when this hopper or trailer is filled, the bottom valves or gates are
closed and the hopper is raised up with cranes or winches.

Lesson 2.2: Identify and describe the major parts of the ship.

1. Monkey Island - The term “monkey island” refers to a place on the ship which is located
at the top most accessible height. Technically, it is a deck located directly above the
navigating bridge of the ship. It is also referred to as the flying bridge on top of a
pilothouse or chart house, and also as the ship’s upper bridge. Sailors would use this
place to perform solar and stellar observations.
2. Bridge - The ship’s bridge is the commanding station of a ship. It controls the ship
movement through its navigational equipment, It controls important deck machinery,
main engine and ship’s navigation system.
3. Funnel - A Funnel or Stacks is a chimney on a vessel used to discharge engine and boiler
smoke. Lifting of the exhaust gasses, clear from the deck, is the constitutional purpose
of the Funnel.

4. Accommodation - The accommodation

area is the house for crews and lives. It has all the amenities along with offices, gym,
crew cabins, hospital, salon, recreation room, common rooms, laundry and galley. It is a
key part of the ship and consists of the garbage disposal system, fresh water system,
sewage treatment plant, refrigeration system (domestic) and air conditioning for
accommodation block.
5. Funnel Deck - Funnel releases exhaust gases into the atmosphere from engine exhaust
room of the ship. It has a similar function to chimneys in factories. Nowadays extra care
has been taken in discharging shoot from the funnel to preserve the atmosphere from
pollution.
6. Boat Deck - Ship hull structure is covered by the deck floor. There can be multiple decks
or deck sections on a ship. The deck at the top which bears maximum exposure to
weather is referred to as the main deck or weather deck. On the basis of the position of
 a ship’s deck, decks are of six main types; main deck, poop deck, upper deck, lowers
deck, weather deck and foredeck.

7. Mast - The mast is a rangy spar arrangement which is elevated more or less vertically to
the Centre line of a ship. It has several purposes which include carrying derricks and also
giving fundamental height to the navigation light, salient yards, radio or radar aerials
and scanners.
8. Flying Bridge - It is an extended area on top of a weather deck or an open area of the
superstructure which provides an unobstructed view of the fwd and aft along with the
sides of the vessel to the navigational officers.
9. Stem - Front-most part of the boat or ship’s bow is termed as Stem of the ship. The keel
itself is extended up to gunwale to form the curved edge called stem of the ship.
10. Forecastle - The forecastle is one of the foremost parts of the ship of length less than 7%
of total deck length, It was initially used in military vessels, in which the soldiers used
forecastle to take defensive positions.
11. Fore Deck - The foredeck is the forward part of a weather deck, between the
superstructure and the foc’sle superstructure. Basically, it is a part of the vessel forward
of the mast.

12. Bulbous Bow - It is a jut out bulb at the bow of the vessel just below the W/L. It cuts the
water and tweaks the water flow around the hull, increasing the vessel’s speed, fuel
 efficiency and stability. 12-15% of better fuel efficiency is observed in the vessel with
the bulbous bow.
13. Stern - The stern is aft end structure and designed to provide low resistance, high
propulsion efficiency and avoid vibrations. It is the rearmost part of a ship which keeps
the water out. Rudders and propellers are hanged to the stern.
14. Poop Deck - It serves as a roof to the cabin constructed in the aft of the ship. It
facilitates the captain and helmsman to supervise the entire working crew. But in
modern ships, the poop decks are provided either in the centre of the ship or on the
starboard.

15. Side Thrusters - These are somewhat like a propeller and fitted on either side of the bow
of the ship. It helps in manoeuvring ship under slow speed in congested waters near
ports or canals. These are also referred to as tunnel thruster. Side thrusters influence
the total running cost of a ship to a greater extent. These are either hydraulically or
electrically powered.
16. Rudder - Without steering, we can’t move a vehicle in the desired direction; so the
propeller propels the ship and rudder steer the ship. The rudder is a flat hollow
structure, housed in the aft of the propeller. It consists of following parts: rudder trunk,
moveable flap, main rudder blade, hinge system, links and rudder carrier bearing.
Rudders are of three types: balanced type, semi-balanced type and unbalanced type
rudder.

17. Propeller - It is a mechanical device having blades fitted on a central shaft. These blades
rotate and their rotational energy is converted into pressure energy and due to this,
the propeller produces thrust required for propulsion. It pushes the sea water
backwards and, in turn, the sea water helps the ship in moving forward.
18. Ship Cargo Gear (Derrick/Crane) - Derricks (Cranes) are used to lift and carry the safe
working load on a ship. These are electrically or hydraulically operated equipment for
easier operations. The capacity of ship cargo cranes and gears for handling cargos is 15
tons to 4000 tons per hour.

19. Cargo Holds - Enclosed space to retain and store cargo or freight container carrying coal,
grain and salt is referred to as a cargo hold.
20. Hatch Cover - To prevent the cargo storage from any kind of spoilage, especially to
make storage spaces air as well as watertight, hatch covers, are required. Generally, to
save the food items ( or any other cargo) transported by ship from rain during the
voyage.

21. Freeboard - Freeboard can be defined as the distance measured from the waterline to
the higher edge of the freeboard plating/deck plating at sides of amidships.

22. Hull - The hull is a watertight body of a vessel which may be open or may be partially
covered with a deck. Hull has several watertight decks and bulkheads as the major
transverse membrane.