DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION
Descent with modification refers to
passing on the traits from parent
organism to their offspring, known as
heredity, basic unit of heredity is gene
Gene-blueprint for making organisms
MECHANISMS OF EVOLUTIONARY
DESCENT WITH MODIFCATIONS
Mutation
 Classic gene-changing process in
which the offspring inherit changes
genes due to mistakes in the gene
copying process
 Three types of mutation; insertion,
deletion and substitution
 A mutation can change one allele
to another but the net effect is a
change in frequency
Migration
 Population of species that have diff
charac may migrate to mix and
change the general population that
existed b4
Genetic Drift
 Change in alleles frequencies In a
population from generation to
generation that occurs due to the
chance events
TYPES OF GENETIC DRIFT
Population Bottleneck
 Occurs when a sudden sharp
decline in the population results in
a drastic reduction of the total
genetic diversity of the original
population
Founder effect
 Happens when there is a loss of
genetic variation because of the
migration of the small subgroup in
a population
 Loss of genetic variation that
occurs when a new population is
established by a small number of
individuals that are cleaved from a
larger population
Clarifying Natural Selection
 Accdg. To Charles Darwin, when a
species adapts to a new
environment, thanks to its genetic
makeup
 Variation- genetic variation within
a population can be inherited
 Competition- overproduction of
offspring leads to competition for
survival
 Adaptation- individuals with
beneficial adaptations are more
likely to survive to pass their genes
 Selection- change in allele
frequency(evolution)
 Natural selection doesn’t give a
variation or rise a new traits, it
selects genes already present in a
population
 It determines which descemdants
survive to pass on ther gene based
on environmental conditions
Evolution for Darwin
 Evolution brings a remarkable
change in the structure of living
organisms which helps them to
adjust in a better manner in the
environment”
John Ray
 17th Century: the species concept
  Modem concept of a species
 Members of one species doesn’t
inbreed with members of another
species
 Studied fossils and recognized
them as remnants of organisms
that were once alive
Carl Linnaeus
 18th century
 Developed modem taxonomic
system
George Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
 Wrote a 36 volume histoire
Naturelle (natural history”)
 Debate in the age of earth
Erasmus Darwin
 Believed that the offspring
inherited features from their
parents and that organism today
descended from a common
ancestor
 “Zoonomia”- Erasmus ideas on
evolution
 “the love of the plants”
Georges Cuvier
 Books on comparative anatomy
 Science of paleontology
Jean Baptiste Lamarck
 Proposed that individuals were
able to pass on their traits to their
offspring
 Organisms altered their behavior
in response to environmental
change
James Hutton
 Proponent of uniformitarianism
 Understanding the geological
processes that shaped Earth
Charles Lyell
 Shaping the earth’s surface due to
gradual long term natural changes
 Wrote about them on his book
“principles of geology”
Charles Robert Drawin
 Came up with the idea that the
best-adapted organisms are those
that can survive to breed and pass
on their traits to their offspring
Alfred Russel Wallace
 Though he made independent
study on the origin of organisms,
Wallace arrived at the same
conclusion of Darwin
Two significant scientist in the history of
evolution
Charles Darwin and hos theory of
Evolution
 Book: on the origin of species
 Darwin’s concept of natural
selection was based on several key
observations
Jean Baptiste Lamarck
Theory of use and disuse
 Organisms could alter the size,
shape, or structure of body parts
by using them in new ways
Theory of Inheritance of Acquired
Characteristics
 Organisms inherit their traits from
their parents and they may also
pass them on to the next
generation of offspring
EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION
EMBRYOLOGY
1. the fossil record of change in earlier  Similarities in the early
species development of various
2. the chemical and anatomical similarities organisms.
of related life forms
 Suggests common ancestry
3. the geographic distribution of related
because all the embryos have
species
similar early developmental stages.
4. the recorded genetic changes in living
organisms over many generations
DNA/PROTEIN SEQUENCES
 DNA sequencing is the most
BIOGEOGRAPHY advanced tool or evidence for
evolution.
 Study of distribution of plants and By comparing DNA sequences, scientists
animals on earth can determine how closely related one
 As observed by Charles Darwin in species is to another.
the Galapagos Islands, there were
finches with different shapes on
beaks depending on their location
FOSSIL RECORDS- fossil contains
preserved remains or evidence of ancient
organisms
HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURE

 Structures that are similar in

related organisms because they
were inherited from a common
ancestor.

 Homologies are the result of

divergent evolution.
 Bat, human, horse, frog

ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES
 Possess similar features and
functionality due to exposure to a
standard selective pressure
 Analogous are a result of
convergent evolution

VESTIGAL ORGANS
 Functionless and reduced
remnants of organs that were once
present and functional in their
ancestors.
 Evolution has reduced their size