CONTRIBUTION OF BEEF

PRODUCTION TO FOOD SAFETY AND

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN
QUEENSTOWN
GEOGRAPHY REPORT WRITING RESEARCH

NAME & SURNAME: ASEMAHLE MKETO

GRADE & CLASS: 12-D

EDUCATOR’S NAME: MISS TYOBO

SUBJECT: GEOGRAPHY

APRIL 25, 2024

LUVUYO LERUMO HIGH SCHOOL
7736 St Matthews St, Queenstown, Komani, 5320
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION TITLE PAGE NO.
1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................. 2

2. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES ................................................................................ 3

3. RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS ................................................................................ 3

4. STUDY AREA ..................................................................................................... 4

INFORMATION ABOUT THE AREA ...................................................................... 4

5. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY........................................................................... 5

6. DISCUSSION, DATA ANALYSIS AND DATA INTERPRETATION ................... 7

A. FACTORS INFLUENCING ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN BEEF

PRODUCTION AT QUEENSTOWN ....................................................................... 7

A1. Provision For Grasslands For Animal Feed ............................................... 7

A2. Households Source Of Income .................................................................. 8

A3. Transcation Costs ...................................................................................... 8

B. FACTORS INFLUENCING FOOD SECURITY IN BEEF PRODUCTION AT

QUEENSTOWN...................................................................................................... 9

B1. Implementing Dairy Farming Methods ....................................................... 9

B2. Food Availability By Animal Control ........................................................... 9

B3. Livestock And Food Quality ..................................................................... 10

7. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .......................................................... 11

8. CONCLUSION .................................................................................................. 12

9. BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................................................... 13

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 1. INTRODUCTION
Beef is the culinary name for meat from cattle. Beef can be prepared in various ways
which can be cooked, grilled in varying degrees, dried as biltong or canned, while
trimming are often ground or minced, as found in various home prepared meals. The
sector within which beef is produced and classified is known as the “agricultural
farming industry”. The sector consists of sub-sector committees that represent their
industry’s interest to AgriSETA (Agricultural Sector Education and Training Authority).
These are namely Red Meat, Horticulture, Grains and Cereals, Fibre, Aquaculture,
Poultry, Milling, Pet Food and Animal Feed, Pest Control, Seed, Sugar; and Tobacco.
Cattle production is an important sub-sector of agriculture in South Africa. It
contributes approximately 25-30% to the total agricultural production per year
(Musemwa et al., 2008). The Red Meat sub-sector remains the biggest on the
agricultural farming industry sector. Furthermore, (AgriSETA, 2019) stated that
according to statistics collected since 2018 the province with the highest proportion of
livestock was the Eastern Cape (28%), followed by the Northern Cape and Free State
respectively accounting for 17% of total livestock in the country. This goes on to say
that in the agricultural industry and beef production in the Eastern Cape is the most
prominent in livestock production and the agricultural industry.
Beef contributes significantly to global calorie and protein supplies. Nonetheless, beef
should be managed with caution in order to increase this contribution. Foods from beef
are essential for human nutrition, according to research, because they support early
childhood and cognitive development (Scholtz et al., 2020). In the right amounts, meat
and milk are excellent sources of complete and easily digestible protein as well as
essential micronutrients. Beef products will continue to be in high demand. Many rural
households in Southern Africa rely on beef, and livestock (cattle) which beef by-
products are derived from. (Scholtz et al., 2020). Added that “These are critical to their
livelihoods and well-being”. The selection of production systems and good
management practices are critical for optimising beef protein output. Beef production
and marketing can help to stabilise food supplies and provide a buffer against
economic shocks and natural disasters for individuals and communities. Income and
social customs influence access to beef-derived meats. Animals as a source of
income, and thus food, is also unequally distributed. Gender dynamics play a role in
this inequality, especially in pastoralist and small-scale farming communities, where
female-headed households have fewer resources and, as a result, they own fewer and
smaller livestock, and within families where men often control the larger and more
commercial livestock operations. These issues are not unique to livestock, but they
are common among both beef producers and consumers, and they demand attention.

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 2. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

The study of this research work is focused on investigating the role of red meat (beef)
on household food security and economic development in the livelihoods of
households, small holder farmers and large scale farmers in Queenstown, and some
parts of the poor areas in the Eastern Cape region. The content will focus on livestock
production in the smallholder sub-sector, its challenges and key factors which
determine the role of beef production towards economic development within the
Queenstown study area. Factors such as food availability, provision of grasslands for
animal feed, income and employment status of household heads as an influential role-
play to food security are examined. Empirically, this report contributes to shed light on
possible determinants of food security in poor districts of the rural township in
Queenstown by method of observation in collecting data. The determinants of food
security are estimated in analysis from the observed data. A number of South African
households rely on the informal food economy for everyday food needs. However, little
research has been done in assessing the food security status of the poorest areas in
the Queenstown study area, where there is an informal agricultural economy. Only a
few studies have been conducted so far to assess the dietary diversity in rural areas
in the Eastern Cape Province, where most households depend on government grants
for their livelihoods. The available studies on the same topic focus on dry areas, which
receive inadequate rainfall.
The main aim of this paper is to explore small household farming in the cattle farming
industry for food security in Beef production. The emphasis would be to find out how
income dynamics drive food security, especially in districts relying on subsistence
farming and government grants.

3. RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
As the aim of this paper was to explore household food security in the study area of
Queenstown, the emphasis is on the outcome factors that influence economic growth
and food security in beneficial regions of the study area relying on farming and
government grants. The study addresses the following hypothesis statement: As there
are developments in agricultural industry, which are characterized not only by
quantitative, but also by qualitative indicators of growth, so there is a positive
relationship between food security status, economic development in beef production
and distribution to deponents of Queenstown and Eastern Cape region.

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 4. STUDY AREA
MUNICIPALITY DISTRICTS IN THE EASTERN CAPE PROVINCE

Figure 1: Overview map of the Eastern Cape, South Africa, which special focus on
Queenstown study area under Enoch Mgijima Municipality (marked with red borderline).

INFORMATION ABOUT THE AREA

The Enoch Mgijima Local Municipality in Figure 1 above (covered by the red border)
is a category B municipality situated within the Chris Hani District in the central part of
the Eastern Cape Province. It is the largest of the six municipalities in the District,
making up over a third of its geographical area. It was established by the
amalgamation of the Tsolwana, Inkwanca and Lukhanji Local Municipalities in August
(2016). The area has a rich historical background dating back to the 18 th century, with
a number of monuments and key places of interest.
The Enoch Mgijima Municipal area is an economic hub, due to its strategic position in
the middle of the national corridors to the Gauteng, Western Cape, Kwa-Zulu Natal,
Northern Cape and Free State Provinces. Parts of the municipality are developed with
relevant infrastructure so that modes of transport such as railways, roads and a small
airport are available to be utilised. Other parts of the region are experiencing a low
economic growth rate, with high levels of unemployment and poverty in the poorest
towns. Livestock provides more than half of the value of agricultural output in this area
through production and trade. The Area of the municipality is: 13 584 𝑘𝑚2 .

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 5. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The resources for primary data with which the study was done where collected through
observations conducted from parts of the town where cattle were raised and kept. The
method of the study is as follows:
I selected a site for the research: Mlungisi (under Queenstown) area in Enoch Mgijima
Local Municipality in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa (Figure 1). The area
research focused on regions of the town where small holder farmers and household
heads had cattle, and were in the selling industry of red meats and milk. The study
area was chosen to correspond to a gradient of decrease in rainfall and decreasing
accessibility to favourable livestock grasslands and areas for feed. I identified that
most small livestock holder farmers use destroyed recreational grounds and
unpropitious grasslands in the area in Mlungisi for veld feeding. To some extent that
some headed their cattle to the old Mlungisi cemetery yard to find greener pastures.
Much of the grass grows in these un-barricaded areas during rainy seasons and
makes it much convenient for the small livestock holder farmers to head their cattle to
feed. However, due to negligence and wide movement of the livestock, traffic
movement is sometimes disturbed (cattle cross roads) and this causes serious trouble
when some cattle destroy the resident’s vegetation lands and small gardens. I
therefore argue that neglected cattle destroy vegetation, damage soils and stream
banks, disrupting natural processes, and contaminate waterways with faecal waste.
To a certain extent, I would say it is there are disadvantages for small holder farmers
to keep livestock in the township such as I have aforementioned. The inland site,
Mlungisi, is less than 5 km radius from the Queenstown Central Business District. It
falls at the intersection of the Grassland and Thicket biomes and has a mean annual
precipitation of between 350 and 500 mm. Homesteads are built in a typical township
location layout and generally have only a small garden space for vegetable cultivation.
Also, there is limited access to communal land, which is used primarily for grazing by
livestock owners. It still lags behind in infrastructure such as tarred roads, and has
marginal local markets and poor transport systems. Most homesteads are clustered
with small plots of land (quarter of a hectare or less).
Nevertheless I have observed that the keeping of cattle, production and selling of cattle
by products (beef meat) by the small holder farmers contributes exponentially to the
social wellbeing of the livelihood of the consumers within the Mlungisi area. Beef meat
is sold in well-defined value market prices, and the value of livestock in this poor area
is much more than the market price of the product. However the economic growth also
reflects the challenges that livestock- keepers face, such as constrained finances and
access to information and services, as well as landlessness (Randolph et al., 2007).
The following benefits to keeping livestock in this developing area can be were listed
as:
 Livestock are used to accumulate wealth and in study area’s communities and
are often the only major asset (De Haan et al., 1997; Randolph et al., 2007;
Abay & Jensen, 2020). Figure 2 below shows one of the Queenstown residents
making sale of his cow. Cattle constitute a “savings account” used to purchase

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 agricultural inputs; invest in other income-generating activities; or pay for
expenses such as education, tertiary funding and funeral costs.
 Livestock contribute to staple food production by providing manure, contribute
to land preparation, and provide ready cash to buy planting materials or fertiliser
or to hire labour for planting, weeding, or harvesting. The contribution of
livestock thus increases the area of land cultivated, the yields and productivity
achieved, the feed produced from crop residues, and, through enhanced
nutrient recycling, the sustainability of the farming systems (Randolph et al.,
2007; Smith et al., 2013).
 Develops a source of in income when sold as packaged meats and bones to
local residents.
 Livestock can provides a buffer and additional income in times when harvests
fail or other disasters strike.
 Small ruminants are often owned by women, who may also control any income
obtained from their sale in the area. Improving women’s access to inputs and
services has the potential to reduce the number of malnourished people in the
world by 100–150 million (FAO, 2011b).

Figure 2: Small holder farmer, Zinikele Hadi, selling his cow marketed near Meat
Traders Abbaitors in Queenstown.

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 6. DISCUSSION, DATA ANALYSIS AND DATA
INTERPRETATION

A. FACTORS INFLUENCING ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN BEEF

PRODUCTION AT QUEENSTOWN

A1. PROVISION FOR GRASSLANDS FOR ANIMAL FEED

The South African Red Meat sub-sector is considered dualistic in nature; there is a
clear distinction between commercial and smallholder sectors (informal/communal)
sector (such as the identified and investigated Queenstown study area). The informal
sector is further divided into two sub-sectors, which includes, small-scale subsistence
producers and emerging producers. Something unique to the Province is that typically
small-scale subsistence producers tend to keep livestock either as a form of social
standing or as an investment. Nonetheless, approximately 59 million hectares of South
Africa has been reported as suitable for extensive livestock farming.
On account of this, the Integrated Sustainable Rural Development Strategy (IRSDS,
2004) identified livestock farming as the agricultural enterprise with the most likely
chance of improving household food security and addressing poverty alleviation in the
small-scale communal farming areas of Enoch Mgijima Municipality in the Eastern
Cape. The table (TABLE 1) below outlines the livestock statistics across all nine
provinces in South Africa. Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF,
2016) reported a total of 41 800 million cattle, along with other livestock such as:
sheep, pigs and goats across the country. Overall, the province with the highest
proportion of livestock was the Eastern Cape (28%), followed by the Northern Cape
and Free State respectively accounting for 17% of total livestock in the country. An in-
depth look at the data shows that the Eastern Cape accounts for 25% of cattle
livestock.

TABLE 1: LIVESTOCK STATISTICS 2019

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The statistics for high a number of cattle in the Province and subsequently the city
Queenstown result to the need and provision for extensive grassy planes, interspersed
with Acacia trees which are an ideal, natural habitat for cattle. The outer sweet veldts
are of an excellent quality to fatten the heads, with a high nutrient content from a large
variety of grass types, excellent for beef production. This could eventually allow the
small holder farmers in the township to purely run their herds off the veld, without
having to seek and cover for extra feed to keep up their condition and quality meat
production when slaughtered, packaged and sold at market value prices to local
residents.
A2. HOUSEHOLDS SOURCE OF INCOME
Beef produces capital through the sale of animals and livestock products for farmers
of all categories. Livestock products are among the top 10 commodities exchanged
globally with a value of around 6.5 million USD (Ahmad, 2018). Farmers in low- and
middle-income areas hold livestock as a status mark with a higher status or as
emergency cover and sell it to fulfil their needs. This also provides opportunity to
women who particularly depend on livestock animals as a major source of income. In
this current study, the majority, 36.40% of the farmers, reported that their primary
source of income was livestock and the sale of livestock or livestock production. At
20.80% were government social grants, whilst 11.70% were skilled labour, and 7.80%
were generated from the transport business. Table 2 shows the household’s head
source of Income.
Table 2: The Household's head primary source of Income.

A3. TRANSCATION COSTS

Transaction costs are the main barrier smallholder farmer’s face in getting higher
prices from participating in the formal markets in South Africa (Sotsha et al., 2018;
Lubinga et al., 2018; Gwiriri et al., 2019. Hence, Musemwa et al. (2007) argue that
most communal cattle farmers' remote location coupled with poor road networks
results in high transactional costs and reduces the price traders are prepared to pay
for the cattle. Despite those communal farmers being in areas with good road linkages,
the formal markets' distance determines the transaction costs. In the Eastern Cape,
Nqeno (2008) reported that long distance to the markets is the leading cause of
communal farmers getting low economic value for their cattle.

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Various scholars affirmed communal farmers' lack of market information, market
system, and suitable animals were the leading cause of higher transaction costs
(Mapiye, 2017; Lubinga et al., 2018). Hence, communal farmers were getting low
prices for their animals because of high transaction costs. In Mlungisi, small holder
farmers usually prefer on-farm cattle sales to avoid incurring high transaction costs
and loss of carcass value caused by transporting cattle over long distances. According
to Marandure et al. (2016), the custom feeding facility is a centralized market, and they
eliminate transaction costs by allowing buyers to come to the facilities. Prominently,
the CPFS provided an opportunity for communal farmers to attain higher prices for
older animals and reduce transaction costs (Gwiriri et al., 2019). Hence, Ndoro et al.
(2013) asserted that cattle in the auction pens often fetch better prices than those sold
elsewhere.

B. FACTORS INFLUENCING FOOD SECURITY IN BEEF PRODUCTION

AT QUEENSTOWN

B1. IMPLEMENTING DAIRY FARMING METHODS

Dairy farming is the main and most important source of livelihood for the majority of
the small and landless farmers. These small farmers rear the low-milk-producing
cattle. Such farmers may be educated to turn to modern dairy methods by purchasing
elite dairy animals and improving husbandry techniques to maximize milk yield, which
would help boost their livelihoods and serve as a complete food for other people.
Animal products not only help in human growth but also provide essential
micronutrients for the human body. Cow milk is a major source of calcium, which is a
main component of bone growth, blood clotting, and muscle contraction. Dairy
products promote bone strength during infancy and puberty and decrease the
likelihood of osteoporosis and type 2 diabetes. Meat is a good source of iron, which is
essential to motor growth and neurological processing, including thoughts and
memory (Nyaradi et al., 2013). Iron-containing supplemental foods such as meat are
especially essential for infants with inadequate iron reserves or inadequate intake
(Obbagy et al., 2019). Essential improvement and awareness about livestock
production will help to improve the nutritional and health status of the Queenstown
local members.
B2. FOOD AVAILABILITY BY ANIMAL CONTROL
Quantity of food relates to food balance and means availability of enough food to feed
the community. Livestock had several effects on the quantity of food available to the
population of Queenstown. The was the use of livestock for ploughing which produced
large changes in the area of land cultivated by small holder farmers and the time
needed for cultivation.
Livestock are able to make use of plant products that cannot be digested by people
(especially in this case of making use of grass forages and crop residues). Because
of this ability land not suitable for crop production can be made productive through
livestock raising.

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Use of livestock manure (by some residents who planted crops and vegetation in their
households) as fertiliser enhanced the amount of food available on crop production.
In some countries the conversion of low quality feed into manure is the major benefit
from livestock production.
Animals can have devastating effects on crop yields if they gain access to crops
destroying the crop through trampling or eating of the crop. Damage to gardens by
cattle results when food gardens are not fenced to keep cattle out, and sometimes
cattle were not adequately controlled by owners to prevent them from roaming into
food gardens. When cattle are confined the cost of production is increased due to the
need to build fences and provide food for the enclosed cattle. Alternatively if gardens
have to be fenced it could be that the person who does not gain benefit from owning
cattle has an additional production cost from having to fence their garden.
B3. LIVESTOCK AND FOOD QUALITY
Food quality relates to two factors in provision of food security. First people’s diet
consists of a variety of foods of appropriate quality to ensure nutritional needs are met.
Second food available is of sufficient quality both in provision of nutrients and that the
food is healthy and not contaminated with toxins or pathogenic organisms.
Diets of many people in poor and middle-income countries, and even those of some
populations in affording households, tend to be low in high-quality protein, iron, vitamin
A, zinc, calcium, and other nutrients. Livestock products can provide significant
improvements in food quality through provision of high quality protein, concentrated
energy and other nutrients in milk. While dietary requirements for
carbohydrates/energy can be met from grain and root crops as we usually see in our
poor communities that most people rely on bread, protein deficiencies are often not,
especially in the case of children and pregnant and lactating women. While there is
considerable variation across different types of animal source foods (meat- or dairy),
the majority are dense in energy, multiple and essential micro- and macronutrients,
and amino acids, some of which are rarely found in plant source foods (e.g.,
vegetables, grains, legumes, and nuts), such as vitamins B12 and D.
Infants, young children, adolescents, and pregnant and lactating women have higher
nutrient requirements per kg bodyweight and are more vulnerable to nutrient
deficiencies and associated negative health outcomes if they consume insufficient
amounts of key micronutrients. As animal source foods tend to be dense in many
nutrients, relatively small amounts can be eaten to meet multiple requirements, making
these helpful additions to the diets of vulnerable people groups in the Mlungisi area,
particularly young children (from 6 months of age). There is also some evidence of
associations between animal source food consumption and reduced risks of stunting
and improved micronutrient status, growth, and/or cognitive performance. It should,
however, be noted that it is difficult to make unequivocal conclusions in studies such
as these as numerous other impacting factors cannot always be controlled.

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 7. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Given the current and projected scarcity of resources, as well as the expected increase
in demand for livestock products within the area, there is widespread agreement that
increasing resource efficiency would be a critical component to improving the sector's
environmental sustainability. More efficient use of natural resources is a critical
strategy for decoupling livestock growth from negative environmental impacts.
Improving feed-to-food conversion efficiency in animal production systems is a critical
strategy for improving the sector's environmental sustainability. I would recommend
livestock movement to be limited to an acceptable level (in terms of animal welfare),
especially during the hotter hours of the day. Furthermore, when providing feed or
heading cattle to feed on grasslands, livestock movement should be limited as much
as possible, because livestock that are allowed to move around a lot will expend more
energy, which is inefficient and increases maintenance costs.
According to a recent AgriSETA (2017) study, approximately one-third of all food
produced is wasted. Even before it reaches the consumer, a large amount of food is
wasted. Reducing waste along the animal food chain can significantly help to reduce
the demand for resources such as land, water, energy, and other inputs to food
security such as nutrients. Current prices for inputs used in livestock production, such
as land, water, and feed, frequently do not reflect true scarcity. As a result, the sector's
resources are being over-utilised, and production processes are inefficient. Any future
environmental policies must include adequate market pricing for natural resources. A
further necessary policy element for improving resource use is ensuring effective
management rules and liability, whether the resources are owned privately or
communally.
With regards to household’s source of income I found that, the social grant was the
only source of income for many homes with pension-holding heads of household.
Unemployed farmers rely on agriculture in terms of revenue generation and food
security. One respondent stated: “We planned to sell our cattle in the feedlot after
three months and have the income to buy food.” Shelembe (2018) mentioned that
households with unemployed heads are more likely to be vulnerable to food insecurity.
Households who cannot meet their daily food requirements are also susceptible to
illnesses and micronutrient deficiencies (Shelembe, 2018).
Full access to grasslands utilization with place based farmer support and continuity to
implementing land reform must be addressed. More strategic use of land resources
demands a stronger commitment to placing small-scale farmers at the centre of local
food systems. Rural revitalization and more spatially balanced development are
necessary if food systems were to become more sustainable. In particular, smallholder
and newly established farmers require support, and access to land cannot be
disconnected from access to water, markets, and information, farming related grants
and social grants, to enhance the position of farmers relative to big retail companies.
Local farmers’ markets, local processors, and local procurement must be encouraged
by public and also supermarket procurement. Central to this strategy are land transfers
to black farmers and providing timeous and adapted producer advice and support.
Land adjacent to former homeland areas, cities, and smaller towns should be targeted.

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 8. CONCLUSION
This study reviewed the literature on household food security and economic growth,
the contribution of livestock towards smallholder food security, beef production in
Queenstown and rural Eastern Cape. The perception of food security and
implementation of new farming systems to the conservation was critically discussed.
Livestock production in the smallholder sub-sector, its challenges and key factors that
determined its role towards farmers' income, the progress of the small holder farmers
and household heads in Mlungisi Queenstown, and the perception regarding its impact
were also discussed. The discussion of household’s source of income has led to the
conclusion that the grants positively impacts smallholder farmers' income and lead to
income growth. The chapter also highlighted the risk factors contributing to smallholder
farmers' low economic returns. Livestock production plays an essential role in
smallholder farmers' economic and food security status at Queenstown. Beef cattle
production contributes significantly to household food security. Intensifying food
insecurity in rural areas has resulted in assessing the impact of the programme
towards household food security. AgriSETA (2017) stated that livestock provides
essential functions in the life of rural households and is one of the agricultural sub-
sectors with a significant potential for economic growth and development. Therefore
the outcome of the hypothesis has proven correct that as developments continually
occupy the agricultural industry, the relationship between food security statuses,
economic development in beef production is significantly increasing in the livelihoods
of small holder cattle farmers and household heads of Komani.

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 9. BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Randolph, T.H., Schelling, E., Grace, D., Nicholson, C.F., Leroy, J.L., Cole, D.C.,
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household food security, uMsunduzi Local Municipality. MSc thesis. University of
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