2023 summer

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
_________________________________________________________________________________________ _________
SUMMER – 2023 EXAMINATION
Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Water Resource Engineering Subject Code: 22501
Important Instructions to examiners: XXXXX

1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer
scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance (Not
applicable for subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The
figures drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any equivalent
figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values
may vary and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgment on part of examiner of relevant answer
based on candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent
concept.
8) As per the policy decision of Maharashtra State Government, teaching in English/Marathi and Bilingual
(English + Marathi) medium is introduced at first year of AICTE diploma Programme from academic year
2021-2022. Hence if the students write answers in Marathi or bilingual language (English +Marathi), the
Examiner shall consider the same and assess the answer based on matching of concepts with model
answer.
Sub Mark
Q. No. Answer
Q. N. Scheme
Q-1 Attempt any FIVE of the following: 10 M

a State any Four advantages of irrigation. 02 M
Ans. Advantages of irrigation:
1) Yield of crops
2) Protection from famine
3) Improvement of cash crops ½M
4) Prosperity of farmers each
5) Source of revenue (Any
6) Navigation Four)
7)Hydroelectric power generation
8) Water supply
9) General communication
10) Development of fishery.
Page 1 of 18
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XXXXX
Define
b i) Runoff 02 M
ii) Dependable yield
Ans. i) Runoff:-The amount of water which flows over the surface of earth after all
losses have taken place is called as runoff. OR The part of rainfall which flows 01M
over the surface of water after all losses have taken place is called as runoff.
Runoff = Rainfall – Losses
ii) Dependable yield: It is the quantity of water available for a given number
01M
of years per rainfall cycle.
c Define duty and delta 02 M
Ans. i) Duty: It is the area in hectares irrigated by constant supply of water at the 01 M
rate of one cumec throughout the base period for a particular crop.
ii)Delta: Delta is total depth of water required by a crop during the entire 01 M
period of the crop from first to last watering for complete maturity of the crop.
d State any two functions of a spillway. 02 M
Ans. Functions of spillway-
1) Spillway is an arrangement provided at the crest of dam to expel the excess
1M
water rises above the full reservoir level.
each
2) This is necessary otherwise water will go on rising even above HFL and will
(Any
start flowing from top of dam which may affect stability of dam. Two)
3) Therefore it is very essential to provide spillway to dispose surplus water
on downstream side.
e Enlist the forces acting on a gravity dam. 02 M
Ans. Following are the forces acting on a gravity dam.
1)Water pressure
2)Weight of dam
½M
3)Uplift pressure
each
4)Pressure due to earth quick
(Any
5)Ice pressure Four)
6)Wave pressure
7) Silt Pressure
8) Wind pressure
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XXXXX
f Draw a neat sketch of Symon’s rain gauge. 02 M
Ans.
01M for
neat
sketch
& 01 M
for
labeling
Fig. Symon’s rain gauge

g State any two silt control measures of a reservoir. 02 M
Ans. Silt control measures of a reservoir:
1) Constructing check dams across the streams contributing water to the
reservoir.
2) Providing contour trenches on the steep and hilly slopes of the catchment 1M
3) Designing the reservoir properly causing the escape of silty water. each
4) Dredging the silt from reservoir. (Any
5) Selecting less errodable catchment area. Two)
6) Selecting proper reservoir site.
7) Constructing dam in stages.
8) Providing vegetation screens.
Q-2 Attempt any THREE of the following: 12 M
a Explain Hydrologic cycle with a neat sketch. 04 M
Ans. Hydrologic cycle – 02 M
1) In general it means a term to show the circulation of water from ocean to
atmosphere to the ground and back to ocean again.
2) Water from ocean is evaporated into atmosphere. The vapor is condensed
and fall onto earth as rain fall. Some of water is evaporated back to
atmosphere, some portion fall in direction of the ocean and some falls on land
surface.
3) A portion falling on land is retained by soil, depression and vegetation and
some portion runs as runoff and ultimately joins to ocean. The portion
retained by soil infiltrate through soil and joins ground water which joins
streams and ultimately ocean.
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4) The portion retained by vegetation returned to atmosphere by evaporation XXXXX

and transpiration. Thus the hydrologic cycle includes evaporation,
precipitation and run off.
02 M
For fig
Fig. Hydrologic Cycle

b Describe Runoff and state factors affecting runoff. 04 M
Ans. Runoff:-The amount of water which flows over the surface of earth after all
losses have taken place is called as runoff. OR The part of rainfall which flows
over the surface of water after all losses have taken place is called as runoff.
01 M
Runoff = Rainfall - Losses
Factors affecting runoff:
1) Intensity of rainfall
2) Duration of rainfall
3) Distribution of rainfall
4) Topography 03 M
5) Geology (Any
6) Surface condition Three)
7) Storage condition
8) Shape of catchment
9) Meterological conditions
c Describe in brief factors affecting duty. 04
Ans. Following are the different factors affecting on duty :-
1) Method & system of irrigation: Improper method & system of irrigation
(i.e. in case of free flooding) causes wastage of water resulting in reduction in
duty.
2) Rainfall: If the rainfall is more then water requirement of crop get reduced.
Hence duty will be more. 01 M
3) Method of tilling: If proper method of tilling is adopted there will be (Any
less wastage of water, thus duty is more. Four)
4) Type of crop: Water requirement changes as per type of the crop. Duties are
different for different crops. Duty will be less for a crop requiring more water and
vice-versa
5) Climatic condition of area: In hot season, the atmospheric temperature
of the area becomes high, the evaporation loss is more hence duty gets
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reduced as crop requires more water. XXXXX

6) Method of assessment: The tendency of using more water can be
checked by adopting volumetric assessment which gives more duty than
area wise assessment.
7) Canal condition: Water losses through seepage, leakage are more in case
of defective/damaged canal. So duty will be less.
8) Character of soil & sub-soil: If soil is permeable, water lost due to
percolation will be more, hence duty will be less and vice-versa.
d Describe in brief with neat sketch area capacity curve. 04M
Ans.
01M
For fig
Fig. Area-Capacity elevation curve

1) Area capacity curve is a curve in which two curves are plotted in one graph
having area in hectares of water spread and reservoir capacity plotted at x and
y axis resp.
2) The area curve gives information about area under submergence and useful
in determining control level of dam.
3) The capacity curve provides the information about capacity of reservoir
which is useful in deciding capacity of reservoir.
4) From the contour map of reservoir area, the water spread of the reservoir
at any elevation is directly determined by measuring area at that contour with 03M
the help of planimeter.
5) The capacity may be determined by taking contour areas at equal intervals
and summing up these areas by following methods:
a) Trapezoidal formula
b) Prismoidal formula
Q-3 Attempt any THREE of the following: 12M
a Explain the Practical Profile of a gravity dam 04M
Ans. 1) It is trapazoidal section. It is not right angled but some modifications are 03 M
made.
2) Above HFL Free board is provided to avoid overtopping.
3) Height of dam is increased due to provision of free board.
4) Top width is provided at top.
5) Road way at top is possible.
6) All types of forces acting on the dam.
7) For reservoir empty condition tension is developed at toe and hence
some masonry is provided on u/s side.
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XXXXX
01M
For fig
b Describe the concept of Low and High gravity dam. 04M

Ans. Low gravity dam:
1) A gravity dam is said to be low when it’s height in meters is less than the
expression :
Where,
H = Height of dam in meters.
λ = Safe allowable compressive stress for dam masonry or concrete.
w = Specific weight of water.
02M
s = Specific Gravity of dam material.
2) In general, If height of dam is less than 88 m, it is called low dam.
3) The resultant passes through the lower middle third point.
4) Maximum compressive stresses do not exceed the permissible limit.
5) Upstream face of dam is vertical.
High gravity dam:

1) A gravity dam is said to be high when it’s height in meters is more than the
expression :
Where, 02M
H = Height of dam in meters.
λ = Safe allowable compressive stress for dam masonry or concrete.
w = Specific weight of water.
s = Specific Gravity of dam material
2) In general, If height of dam is more than 88 m, it is called high dam.
3) The resultant may go outside the middle third point.
4) Maximum compressive stresses may exceed the permissible limit.
5) Upstream face of dam given a slope for lower portion of dam height to
maintain resultant in middle third portion.
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XXXXX
c Differentiate earthen dam and gravity dam w.r.t. seepage, foundation, 04M
construction and maintenance.
Ans. Criteria Earthen dam Gravity dam
Seepage There is more seepage Comparatively there is less
through the body of the dam seepage in case of gravity dam.
and it’s foundation compared
to gravity dam.
Foundation They can be founded on any They cannot be founded on any
01M
soil. soil without proper foundation.
each
Constructio 1. For its construction skilled 1. For its construction skilled
n labours are not required. labours are required.
2. Construction cost of 2. Construction cost of gravity
earthen dam is less. dam is more.
Maintenanc Maintenance cost of earthen Maintenance cost of gravity
e dam is more. dam is less.
d State the components and use of the Bandhara scheme. 04M
Ans. Component parts of Bandhara: 02M
1. Bandhara
2. Screen wall and outlet
3. Scouring sluices
4. Canal on lining wall(off taking canal)
5. Flood Bank
Uses of the Bandhara scheme:
1) The main object of bandhara is to raise water level on upstream side.
2) The raised water can be diverted in the canal on one or both sides of bank.
02M
3) Bandhara irrigation is useful during long dry spell in monsoon.
4) The irrigated area is compact and hence irrigation is intensive, length of
canal is less, transit losses are also less, all these factors lead to high duty of
water.
5) The water of small catchments which would otherwise have gone waste is
fully utilized.
Q4 Attempt any THREE of the following: 12M
a State advantages and disadvantages of well irrigation (Two each) 04M
Advantages of well irrigation:
Ans. 1. Well is simplest and cheapest source of irrigation. 02M
2. The farmer has to pay for canal irrigation which is not the case with well (Any
irrigation. Two )
3. Well can be dug at any convenient place.
4. Evaporation loss is less as compare to canal irrigation.
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Disadvantages of well irrigation: XXXXX

02M
1. Surface wells are not deep enough and may dry up during summer. (Any
2. Sometimes they turn brackish in nature hence may not be suitable for drinking. Two )
3. Without Electricity this system is not working.
4. Water supply is limited to storage capacity of canal.
b Enlist the components of a drip irrigation scheme stating the purpose 04M
of each.
The components of a drip irrigation scheme:
Ans. 1) Pump unit 02M
2) Control heads or control valves:
3) Mainlines, submains and laterals
4) Emitters or drippers
The purpose of each component of a drip irrigation scheme:

1) Pump unit: It conveys water from source and provides pressure for
delivery into pipe system.
2) Control heads or control valves: These valves control discharge and
pressure of water in complete system. 02M
3) Mainlines, submains and laterals: Water is pumped from source and
conveyed to the fields from the control head through mainlines, submains and
laterals.
4) Emitters or drippers: It is a device by which the discharge of water from
lateral to the plants can be controlled.
c Draw a neat sketch of diversion headworks showing all component 04M
parts.
02M for
neat
sketch
Ans.
02M for
correct
labeling
Fig. Diversion Headwork
Page 8 of 18
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d Differentiate between weir and barrage 04M
Sr. Weir Barrage
No.
Ans. 1) Initial cost of weir is low Initial cost of barrage is high.
2) Area of submergence is more due Area of submergence less due
to large afflux. to less afflux.
3) Due to crest there is problem of There is good control over silt
silting. entry into canal.
4) The raising and lowering of shutter The raising and lowering of
is not convenient it requires more gate is convenient as it can be
time and labour as it is done operated mechanically. 01M
manually. each
5) The control over flood is not There is good control over (Any
possible. flood situation.
four)
6) It is difficult to inspect and repair. These provides better facilities
for inspection and repair of
various
structure.
7) Roadway is not possible across Road way can be provided
river. across the river.
8) Storage of water is done by crest In barrage most of water
and very little by or nil portion of storage is done by shutter and
water is by gate. very less or nil portion of water
is by crest.
e Draw neat sketch of diversion head work
02M for
neat
sketch
02M
for
correct
labelin
g
Fig. Diversion Headwork
Page 9 of 18
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Q. 5. Attempt any TWO of the following: XXXXX12

a The analysis of a storm yielded the following information regarding 6M
isohyets. Calculate the average death of rainfall.
Isohyets
90- 110-
interval in 70-80 80-90 100-110 120-130
100 120
mm
Area in kM2 12 80 110 95 135 65
Ans.
Isohyets Main Rainfall

Area in
interval AxP
kM2
in mm
70-80 12 900
2M for
80-90 80 6800 Main
Rainfa
ll
90-100 110 10450
2M for
100-110 95 9975 AxP
calcula
tion
110-120 135 15525
120-130 65 8125
1M for
sum
1M
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b The base period, intensity of irrigation and duty of various crops under a XXXXX6M
canal are given in the table below. Find the reservoir capacity, if the canal
has 20% losses and reservoir has 12% losses.
Base period Duty at the field Area under
Crop
(days) (ha/cumec) the crop (ha)
Wheat 120 1800 4500
Sugar cane 360 800 5400
Cotton 200 1400 2200
Rice 120 900 3500
Vegetables 120 700 1200
Ans. 1) Wheat
∴ 300 Cumec - days
2) Sugar cane
∴ 2430 Cumec - days 1M
3) Cotton
∴ 314.28 Cumec - days

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4) Rice XXXXX
∴ 466.67 Cumec - days 1M

5) Vegetables
∴ 205.71 Cumec - days
Hence total volume of water required on the field for all crops
= 300 + 2430 + 314.28 + 466.67 + 205.71
= 3716.66 Cumec – days
Now 1 Cumec-day = 1 Cumec flowing for the whole day = 1 x 24 x 60 x 60 1M
m3
1 hectare-meter = 1 x 104 m3
Hence 1 Cumec-day =
1M
∴ Total volume of water required on the field
= 3716.66 x 8.64 hectare-meters = 32111.94 hectare-
meters 1M
Since losses in the canal system are 20% the volume of water required at
the head of the canal
= ha-m
Allowing 12% reservoir losses, the storage capacity of the reservoir

= ha-m
1M
OR
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Delta ( ) in m Area Volume

XXXXXOR
Base Duty (D) (A) of Water
period at the field under required
Crop
(B) (ha/cume the (ha-m)
(days) c) crop
(ha)
Wheat 120 1800 4500 2592

= 0.576
Sugar
360 800 3.888 5400 20995.2
cane 4M
Cotton 200 1400 1.234 2200 2714.8
Rice 120 900 1.152 3500 4032
Vegetable
120 700 1.481 1200 1777.2
s
Total 32111.2
Total volume (V) of water required by crops = 32111.2 ha-m

Canal losses are 20%
100-20 = 80% =
1M
Canal losses are 12%
100-12 = 86% =
∴ Reservoir capacity of the reservoir

1M
=
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C Fix the LSL of a reservoir having 400 km² catchment area. Expected silting XXXXX6M
rate is 250 m³/km²/year and Life of 75 years. The crop water storing
requirement is 82 mm³. The Canal has 42 km length, bed slope of 1/1500,
Full supply depth at the head 1.0 m and tail bed level at RL 186.500.
Contour RL (m) 212 214 216
Capacity (mm3) 7.5 9.2 11.7
Ans. Given Data:

Reservoir/ catchment area (CA) = 400 km²
Rate of silting = 250 m³/km²/year
Life of reservoir = 75 years
Expected quantity of silt in life
= CA x Rate of silting x Life of reservoir
= 400 x 250 x 75 = 7.5 mm3
2M
= 7.5 mm3
So for corresponding 7.5 mm3, ∴LSL = 212 m
Canal bed level at the head + FSD at the head of the canal
Canal bed level at the tail end = 186.500 2M
Rise in canal bed between tail and head = 212-186.500 =25.5
Canal bed level at the head = 186.500 – 25.5 = 212 m
Full supply depth at the head = 1.0 m
2M
Minimum R.L. at L.S.L. = 212+1 = 213 m
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XXXXX
Q. 6. Attempt any TWO of the following: 12
a Draw standard layout of Lift irrigation scheme showing all major 6M
components.
Ans. 4M for
neat
sketch
2M for
major
compo
nents
b Describe in brief with neat sketch 6M

i) Aqueduct
ii) Super passage
iii) Level crossing
Ans. i) Aqueduct:
The irrigation structure constructed for passing the canal water safely
over the drainage water is called an aqueduct. 1M
Aqueducts are constructed under the following situations
1) The discharge of drain is more in comparison to canal discharge.
2) The bed level of canal is sufficiently above the high flood
level in the drain.
1M
Fig. Aqueduct
Page 15 of 18
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ii) Super passage: XXXXX

When the drainage water at a point of crossing is taken over the canal,
the structure is called super passage. It is just the reverse of aqueduct.
Super passages are constructed under the following conditions.
1) The discharge of drain is small in comparison with the canal
1M
discharge.
2) Sufficient clearance is available between the FSL of canal and the
drain bed. In this type, canal is not open for inspection. It is very
difficult to clear off the deposited silt.
1M
Fig. Super passage

iii) Level crossing:
When the canal bed level and drainage bed level are practically at same
level, drain water is taken into the canal and it is allowed to intermingle
with the canal water.
Such a type of cross-drainage work is known as level crossing. It is
constructed under following condition.
1) R.L. of canal bed and natural drain are practically at same level.
2) The discharge of drain and that of canal is approximately
1M
of same magnitude.
3) The duration of the flood in the drain is short and silt load brought
by flood water is less.
4) No other structure is economically feasible.
Page 16 of 18
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XXXXX
1M
Fig. Level crossing

c Design a most economical section of a canal having design discharge 6M
of 4 m³/s, bed grade 1/2500 and the canal is lined with concrete N =
0.012 and side slope is 1:1.
Given data:
Design discharge: Q = 4 m³/s
Bed grade S = 1/2500
N = 0.012
Side slope as 1:1, n = 1
For most economical section,
Half of top width = Length of sloping side
1M
R = d/2
1M
Area
1M
Page 17 of 18
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By manning’s formula XXXXX
1M
Using equation,
1M
1M
Page 18 of 18

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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

Subject Name: Water Resource Engineering Subject Code: 22501

Important Instructions to examiners: XXXXX

Q-1 Attempt any FIVE of the following: 10 M

Subject Name: Water Resource Engineering Subject Code: 22501

Subject Name: Water Resource Engineering Subject Code: 22501

Fig. Symon’s rain gauge

Subject Name: Water Resource Engineering Subject Code: 22501

4) The portion retained by vegetation returned to atmosphere by evaporation XXXXX

Fig. Hydrologic Cycle

Subject Name: Water Resource Engineering Subject Code: 22501

reduced as crop requires more water. XXXXX

Fig. Area-Capacity elevation curve

Subject Name: Water Resource Engineering Subject Code: 22501

b Describe the concept of Low and High gravity dam. 04M

High gravity dam:

Subject Name: Water Resource Engineering Subject Code: 22501

Subject Name: Water Resource Engineering Subject Code: 22501

Disadvantages of well irrigation: XXXXX

The purpose of each component of a drip irrigation scheme:

Fig. Diversion Headwork

Subject Name: Water Resource Engineering Subject Code: 22501

Fig. Diversion Headwork

Subject Name: Water Resource Engineering Subject Code: 22501

Q. 5. Attempt any TWO of the following: XXXXX12

Isohyets Main Rainfall

Subject Name: Water Resource Engineering Subject Code: 22501

∴ 300 Cumec - days

∴ 2430 Cumec - days 1M

∴ 314.28 Cumec - days

Subject Name: Water Resource Engineering Subject Code: 22501

∴ 466.67 Cumec - days 1M

∴ 205.71 Cumec - days

Allowing 12% reservoir losses, the storage capacity of the reservoir

Subject Name: Water Resource Engineering Subject Code: 22501

Delta ( ) in m Area Volume

Wheat 120 1800 4500 2592

Total volume (V) of water required by crops = 32111.2 ha-m

∴ Reservoir capacity of the reservoir

Subject Name: Water Resource Engineering Subject Code: 22501

Ans. Given Data:

Subject Name: Water Resource Engineering Subject Code: 22501

b Describe in brief with neat sketch 6M

Subject Name: Water Resource Engineering Subject Code: 22501

ii) Super passage: XXXXX

Fig. Super passage

Subject Name: Water Resource Engineering Subject Code: 22501

Fig. Level crossing

Subject Name: Water Resource Engineering Subject Code: 22501

By manning’s formula XXXXX

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