RESERVED FOR COVER PAGE

1.electronic distance measurement

Electronic distance measurement (EDM) is a method of determining the length between two
points using electromagnetic waves. EDM is commonly carried out with digital instruments called
theodolites.

EDM instruments are highly reliable and convenient pieces of surveying equipment and can be
used to measure distances of up to 100 kilometres. Each piece of EDM equipment available at
Engineer Supply provides dependably accurate distance measurements displayed on an easy-to-
read digital screen.

Devices known as total stations share similarities with theodolites and can be used to measure
distances as well as angles.

2.tacheometer
A tachymeter or tacheometer is a type of theodolite used for rapid measurements and determines,
electronically or electro-optically, the distance to target, and is highly automated in its operations.
Such tachymeters are often used in surveying. Tachymetry or tacheometry is the process of
measuring distance indirectly. This can be done by measuring time and speed in a moving vehicle
or by sighting through small angle a distant scale transverse to the line of sight.
3.level machine
A level is an optical instrument used to establish or verify points in the same horizontal plane in a
process known as levelling, and is used in conjunction with a levelling staff to establish the relative
heights levels of objects or marks. It is widely used in surveying and construct to measure height
differences and to transfer, measure, and set heights of known objects or marks.
It is also known as a Surveyors level, Builders level, Dumpy level or the historic "Y" level. It
operates on the principle of establishing a visual level relationship between two or more points, for
which an inbuilt telescope and a highly accurate bubble level is used to achieve the necessary
accuracy.
The optical level should not be confused with a theodolite which can also measure angles in the
vertical plane.

4.theodolite
A theodolite is a precision optical instrument for measuring angles between designated visible
points in the horizontal and vertical planes. The traditional use has been for land surveying, but
they are also used extensively for building and infrastructure construction, and some specialized
applications such as meteorology and rocket launching.
It consists of a moveable telescope mounted so it can rotate around horizontal and vertical axes and
provide angular readouts. These indicate the orientation of the telescope, and are used to relate the
first point sighted through the telescope to subsequent sightings of other points from the same
theodolite position. These angles can be measured with accuracies down to microradians or seconds
of arc.
5.total station
A total station or total station theodolite is an electronic/optical instrument used for surveying
and building construction. It is an electronic transit theodolite integrated with electronic distance
measurement (EDM) to measure both vertical and horizontal angles and the slope distance from
the instrument to a particular point, and an on-board computer to collect data and perform
triangulation calculations.
Robotic or motorized total stations allow the operator to control the instrument from a distance
via remote control. This eliminates the need for an assistant staff member as the operator holds
the retroreflector and controls the total station from the observed point. These motorized total
stations can also be used in automated setups known as Automated Motorized Total Station
(AMTS).