Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University ‫جامعة األمير سطام بن عبدالعزيز‬

‫كلية‬
College of Engineering Electrical
‫الهندسة‬
Engineering Department
‫قسم الهندسة الكهربائية‬

EE205: Electrical circuits Laboratory Section Number:

# Experiment Experiment Number

Experiment Title

Experiment Number Date of Experiment Experiment #

Experiment Title Experiment 2

Resistors, Current and Voltage measurements,

# Experiment Experiment Number
and Ohm's Law

Date of Experiment Wednesday

Experiment Title -13/09/2023
Date of Experiment
Date of final report Wednesday -20/09/2023

Student’s Name Mohammed zafir ALshobi

ID Number 443050072

Instructor’s Name Dr.Abdullah Noman

Grade

of

final

report
 Table of content

Table of content...........................................................................................1

Objectives:...................................................................................................2

Materials: ....................................................................................................2

Background:................................................................................................4

Procedures ..................................................................................................6

Experimental Procedures ...........................................................................8

Results .......................................................................................................12

Conclusion ................................................................................................15

1
Objectives:

The objectives of this experiment are:

1. Familiarization with the lab policy, electric circuit components,

safety rules, and main equipment (multi-meters, power supplies,
decade resistance box).
2. Verification of Ohm’s law

Materials:

For the simulation experiments to verify Ohm's law, Kirchhoff's

Voltage Law (KVL), and Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL), the
following materials are required:

1. Simulation Software:
- Simulink software or any other simulation environment capable of
circuit analysis.

2. Circuit Components:
- Connecting wires:
These are used to establish electrical connections between the
various components in the circuit, such as the power supply,
resistors, ammeter, and voltmeter.
 Circuit board or breadboard:
A circuit board or breadboard provides a platform for arranging and
connecting the components in a circuit. It allows for easy
prototyping and modification of the circuit.
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 - Resistors:
These are passive electronic components that provide a specific
amount of resistance to the flow of electric current. In the given data,
resistors with values of 100 Ω and 1 kΩ were used.
 Ammeter:
An ammeter, also known as a current meter, is used to measure the
electric current flowing through the circuit. It is connected in series
with the circuit to measure the current accurately.

- Voltage Source:
A voltmeter is used to measure the voltage across different components
in the circuit. It is connected in parallel to the circuit to measure the
voltage accurately.
- A voltage source (Vs) used with a specific value (e.g., 15 V ,30 V)

3. Measuring Instruments:
- Voltmeter:
- A voltmeter to measure the voltage across each resistor in the
verification experiment.

3
 Background:

Circuit analysis is a fundamental aspect of electrical engineering and

plays a crucial role in understanding and designing electronic systems.
Ohm's law, Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL), and Kirchhoff's Current
Law (KCL) are foundational principles in circuit analysis.
Ohm's law, named after the physicist Ohm, states that the current
flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage
across it, given the resistance remains constant.

Ohm's law is a fundamental principle in electrical circuits. It states that

the current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the
voltage applied across it, provided the resistance remains constant.
Mathematically, Ohm's law can be expressed as I = V / R, where I
represents the current, V represents the voltage, and R represents the
resistance.

Verifying Ohm's law involves setting up circuits with different

resistors, applying a voltage, and measuring the resulting current to
validate the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance.
Kirchhoff's laws, named after the German physicist Gustav
Kirchhoff, are fundamental principles used to analyze electrical
circuits. Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) states that the algebraic sum
of all voltages around any closed loop in a circuit is equal to zero. KVL
is based on the conservation of energy principle and is used to
determine the voltage drops across different elements within a circuit.
Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) states that the algebraic sum of
currents entering and exiting a node in an electrical circuit is equal to
zero. KCL is based on the principle of conservation of charge and is
used to analyze the current distribution within a circuit.

4
 Verifying KVL involves constructing circuits with multiple loops,
measuring the voltages across various elements, and confirming that
the sum of the voltages around each closed loop is zero. Verifying
KCL involves constructing circuits with multiple nodes, measuring the
currents at different points, and confirming that the sum of currents at
each node is zero.
By conducting simulations and measurements based on these
principles, students can gain a deeper understanding of circuit analysis,
validate the theoretical concepts, and develop practical skills in
working with electrical circuits.

5
 Procedures

To verify Ohm's law using the circuit shown in below in Procedure 2: 1

with a resistor R = 100 Ω, the following steps were followed:
1. The necessary components were gathered:
- The voltage source (e.g., battery or power supply) was obtained.
- A resistor with a resistance of 100 Ω was used.
- A multi-meter was set to measure current and voltage.
2. The polarity of the voltage source was identified:
- The positive and negative terminals of the voltage source were
determined. The positive terminal was connected to the positive terminal
of the resistor, and the negative terminal was connected to the negative
terminal of the resistor.
3. The circuit was connected:
- One end of the resistor was connected to the positive terminal of the
voltage source.
- The other end of the resistor was connected to the negative terminal
of the voltage source.
- Care was taken to ensure secure connections with no loose wires.
4. The multi-meter was set up:
- The multi-meter was set to measure DC current in the appropriate
range.
- The multi-meter was connected in series with the resistor, meaning
it was inserted in the path of current flow, in series with the resistor.
5. The current was measured:
- The voltage source was turned on.
- The multi-meter displayed the current flowing through the circuit,
and the value of the current was noted.
6. The multi-meter was set up for voltage measurement:

6
 - The multi-meter setting was changed to measure DC voltage in the
appropriate range.
- The multi-meter was disconnected from the current measurement
setup and connected in parallel to the resistor.
- The positive lead of the multi-meter was connected to one end of
the resistor, and the negative lead was connected to the other end.
7. The voltage was measured:
- With the voltage source still on, the multi-meter displayed the
voltage across the resistor, and the value of the voltage was noted.
8. Ohm's law was applied:
- The current (I) was calculated by dividing the voltage (V) across
the resistor by the resistance (R). The calculated current was compared to
the current measured in step 5.
- The expected current was calculated using Ohm's law: I = V/R,
where I is the current, V is the voltage, and R is the resistance.
- The measured current was compared with the calculated current. If
Ohm's law held true, they should have been approximately the same.
By following these steps, the circuit was assembled, the current and
voltage were measured, and Ohm's law was verified using the given
resistor and voltage source.

7
Experimental Procedures

Procedure 2: 1.
Verification of Ohm's law Assemble the circuit shown in Fig. 1.4 using a resistor R
100. Make sure that the polarity of the voltage source and the multi-meters are
correct, and that the correct measurement range has been selected.

The input voltage was increased from VS = 0 volts to VS = 10 V in

steps of 1 volt.

The current I and the voltage U were measured at each step without
changing the measurement range setting of the multi-meter. The results
were recorded in Table 3.

The same procedure was repeated for R=1 kΩ. The measurements
were recorded in Table 1.3.

8
 Table 1.3: Measurement of current and voltage for R=100 Ω and R=1k Ω

VS (V) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

I
9.5 17.94 28.8 39 48.8 58.1 67.9 77.7 86.7 97.1
R=100 (mA)
Ω
U (V) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

I
1.08 2.05 3.04 4.03 5.01 6.02 6.99 8.05 8.98 9.99
(mA)
R=1 kΩ

U (V) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

In Table 1.3, the voltage source (VS) was gradually increased from 0 V
to 10 V in steps of 1 V. At each step, the current (I) and voltage (U) were
measured for both R=100 Ω and R=1k Ω resistors.

For the R=100 Ω resistor, as the voltage was increased, the current was
also increased. The relationship between voltage and current was found to
follow Ohm's law, as the current was directly proportional to the voltage.
The measured values of current and voltage matched the expected
behavior.

Similarly, for the R=1k Ω resistor, similar observations could be made.

As the voltage increased, the current also increased, but at a lower rate
compared to the R=100 Ω resistor. This was because the higher resistance
limited the current flow. Once again, the measured values aligned with
the expected behavior described by Ohm's law.

9
 By recording these measurements, data was gathered to analyze the
relationship between voltage and current for different resistances in
accordance with Ohm's law.

The measured was Plotted currents currents versus voltages in Fig. 1.5:
U (V) versus I (mA)

Fig. 1.5: Current-Voltage characteristics (Ohm’s law) for R= 100 Ω and R=1kΩ

10
What relationship can be seen between current and voltage at
different resistances?

The relationship between current and voltage at different resistances can be

understood through Ohm's law. Ohm's law states that the current flowing
through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage applied across it,
and inversely proportional to the resistance of the conductor.
Mathematically, Ohm's law can be expressed as: I = V / R

where I represents the current, V represents the voltage, and R represents

the resistance.

Based on Ohm's law, data observed the following relationships:

1. Direct relationship between voltage and current:

- When the voltage across a resistor increases, assuming the resistance

remains constant, the current flowing through the resistor also increases.

- Conversely, when the voltage decreases, the current decreases

proportionally.

2. Inverse relationship between resistance and current:

- When the resistance of a circuit increases, assuming the voltage remains

constant, the current flowing through the circuit decreases.

- Conversely, when the resistance decreases, the current increases

proportionally.

In summary, if the voltage across a resistor is increased, the current through

the resistor also increases. However, if the resistance of the circuit is
increased, the current decreases. This relationship between voltage, current,
and resistance is fundamental to understanding electrical circuits and is
described by Ohm's law.
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Results

These results represent the measured values of current (I) and voltage (U)
for different input voltages (VS) in steps of 1 V. The measurements were
recorded for two different resistances, R = 100 Ω and R = 1 kΩ. The table
shows the corresponding values of current and voltage for each step.

The results indicate that for both R = 100 Ω and R = 1 kΩ, as the input
voltage (VS) increases, the current (I) also increases following Ohm's law.
The relationship between current and voltage is linear, where the current is
directly proportional to the voltage. The measurements align with the
expected behavior described by Ohm's law.

These results provide valuable data for analyzing the relationship between
current, voltage, and resistance in electrical circuits and can be used for
further analysis and calculations.

The results of the experiment showed a clear relationship between voltage

and current for different resistances in accordance with Ohm's law.

For the R=100 Ω resistor, as the voltage increased from 0 V to 10 V in

steps of 1 V, the current also increased proportionally. This indicates a linear
relationship between voltage and current, as predicted by Ohm's law. The
measured values of current and voltage matched the expected behavior,
confirming the validity of Ohm's law for this resistor.

Similarly, for the R=1k Ω resistor, the current also increased as the
voltage was increased. However, the rate of increase was lower compared to
the R=100 Ω resistor. This is because the higher resistance of the 1k Ω

12
resistor limits the current flow. Nonetheless, the relationship between voltage
and current remained consistent with Ohm's law, albeit with a lower slope.

Overall, these results demonstrate the fundamental principles of Ohm's

law, which states that the current flowing through a conductor is directly
proportional to the voltage applied across it, while inversely proportional to
the resistance of the conductor. The measured data provides empirical
evidence supporting this relationship and can be used for further analysis and
calculations in electrical circuit design and analysis.

13
Procedure 3:

Circuits were constructed for each of the following cases, and the verification was
done by measuring the voltage and current.

R=15 V /15 mA = 1000 Ω

(R= 1 kΩ).
R=15 V /15 mA = 1000 Ω (1 kΩ).

V=8V
V=8V

I ≈ 0.068 A or 68 mA
I ≈ 0.068 A or 68 mA

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 Conclusion

In conclusion, The experiment conducted to verify Ohm's law

successfully demonstrated the expected behavior of current and voltage in
circuits with fixed resistors. The results confirmed the inverse
relationship between current and voltage, as predicted by Ohm's law.

1. Ohm's Law Verification: The measurements confirm the validity of

Ohm's law, which states that the current flowing through a resistor is
directly proportional to the voltage applied across it, and inversely
proportional to the resistance of the resistor. The observed data aligns
with this relationship, indicating that the current and voltage values are
consistent with the expected behavior.

2. Linear Relationship: The data exhibits a linear relationship between

current and voltage for both resistances. As the voltage increases, the
current also increases, indicating a direct proportionality between the two
variables. This behavior is in accordance with Ohm's law and
demonstrates the linear nature of the relationship.

3. Resistance Influence: The measurements highlight the influence of

resistance on the current-voltage relationship. For the same change in
voltage, the current varies based on the resistance value. Higher
resistances, such as the 1 kΩ resistor, result in smaller currents compared
to lower resistances, such as the 100 Ω resistor. This observation
confirms the inverse relationship between resistance and current
described by Ohm's law.

15
 4. Consistency with Theory: The results obtained from the
measurements are consistent with the theoretical expectations based on
Ohm's law. The data provides empirical evidence supporting the
fundamental principles of electrical circuits and validates the relationship
between current, voltage, and resistance.

These conclusions emphasize the fundamental nature of Ohm's law and

its applicability in analyzing and understanding electrical circuits. The
measurements serve as experimental evidence that confirms the expected
behavior and can be utilized in further analysis, circuit design, and
calculations involving resistors and electrical components.

At the end ,these experimental verifications of Ohm's law, Kirchhoff's

Voltage Law, and Kirchhoff's Current Law in the simulations validate the
fundamental principles of circuit analysis. They provide a practical
understanding of the behavior of electrical circuits and establish a
foundation for more complex circuit designs and analyses.

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