Biological classification ÷

The Early approaches

V v v
v
Aristotle was first to give Linnaeus gave 2 kingdom Aristotle also RH Whittaker in 1969
classification i.e. classified gave 5 kingdom
scientific classification by animals in
classifying plants into plantae(bact.,BGA,Fungi, classification i.e.
mosses,ferns,gymno.,ang groups like MONERA,PROTISTA,
trees,herbs and shrubs enemia (having
(based on morphological io.) & animals on basis of FUNGI,PLANTAE,AN
red blood) &
characters) presence of cell wall anemia(the one
IMALIA
not having)
-
v
Issues in the
Basis of 5 kingdom
early approaches
classification
It brought together prokaryotic
bact. & blue green algae (BGA) => cell structure
=> thallus organisation
Unicellular (eg-chlamydomonas) => mode of nutrition
& multicellular (eg-spirogyra) => reproduction
were placed together =>phylogenetic
Organisms with different cell relationships
wall were placed together
No differentiation between
mode of nutrition

v KINGDOM MONERA Reproduction

in bact.
Introduction (All bact.) Mainly by fission,in
They live in all type of unfavourable cond.
habitat,even extreme. Bacterial Phylum
they produce spores.
structure is simple but complex v & also reproduce
in behaviour. sexually by transfer of
Some are
Archaebacteria
(Primitive/ancient) DNA From one cell to
autotrophic(chemosynthetic or Live in most harsh habitat eg- other(conjugation)
photosynthetic) but majority are HALOPHILES(salty v
heterotrophic. ON BASIS OF areas),METHANOGENS(marshy
SHAPE BACTERIA MAY BE:- areas),THERMOACIDOPHILES(ho Eubacteria
=> spherical - coccus tsprings) Characterised by
=> rod shaped - bacillus presence of rigid
have well defined cell wall.
cell wall & if motile
t
=> comma shaped - vibrium Methanogens found in most
=> spiral - spirillum ruminant guts & produce biogas a flagella
Mycoplasma
from animal dung Lack cell wall
& are smallest
living cells and
can live
without O2

v v v v
Cynobacteria N2 fixing Chemosynthetic Heterotrophs
bacteria autotroph Mostly imp
Also called BGA & have chl- Oxidise inorganic decomposers,help in
a & are photosynthetic Fix atm. N2 in making
substances like
autotrophs,unicellular,colo specialised cells curd,antibiotics,fixing
nitrates,nitrites,am
nial,filamentous,marine or called heterocysts, N2 in legume roots &
monia & use
terrestrial habitat. Colonies Eg- some are pathogens
released energy
are surrounded by NOSTOC,ANABENA causing damage.
for ATP production
gelatinous sheath. Heterocyst provide Eg of bacterial
Play role in
& forms blooms in water anaerobic condition diseases-
recycling N,P,Fe,S
bodies required for N2 fix. cholera,typhoid,tetanus
,citrus canker
 KINGDOM PROTISTA
All single cell eukaryotes,some have flagella or cilia &
reproduces sexually & asexually involving zygote

He ¥7
formation and cell fusion

¥
Crysophytes Dinoflagellates Euglenoids Slime moulds Protozoans
Diatoms/golden All are heterotrophs &
Mostly marine & Most are fresh Saprophytic live as predators or
alga/desmids
photosynthetic. water org. found protists. parasites. 4 main
Fresh water as well groups:-
Appear in stagnant Body moves
as marine water.float
passively in yellow,green,br water. Instead of along decaying A) Amoeboid
own,blue,red cell wall they twigs & leaves Move & capture prey by
water(plankton) psudopodia. Marine
depending on have protein engulfing
Most are forms have silica shells
pigments. Cell layer pellicle organic material. on surface. Eg-
photosynthetic.
wall have stiff (makes body Under suitable amoeba,entamoeba
In diatoms cell walls (parasite)
cellulose plates flexible). Have a conditions they
form two thin
on outer short & a long form aggregation B) Flagellated
overlapping
surface. Most flagella. They called Either free living or
shells,which fit parasite. Have flagella.
have 2 are plasmodium
together in a soap The parasitic forms
flagella(one photosynthetic (may grow over causes disease like
box. Walls are
longitudinal in presence of several feet) in sleeping sickness.
embedded with silica Eg- trypanosoma
other sunlight & unfav. cond.
& are indestructible
transversely in heterotrophs in plasmodium C) Ciliated
thus they left behind
furrow b/w absence of differentiates & Aquatic,actively
large amt. of cell
plates. Red former by forms fruitning moving,have thousands
deposits in their of cilia,have cavity
dinoflagellate predating small bodies bearing
habitat over billions (gullet) that opens to
(GONYAULAX) org. They are spores at their outside of cell surface.
of years & now
multiplies connecting link tips. Spores bear The coordinated
called as movement of rows of
rapidly & cause between plants true
DIATOMACEOUS cilia cause the water
red tide. Toxins & animals. The walls,extremely laden with food to be
EARTH
released by pigments in resistant & steered into the gullet.
Being gritty soil is Eg- paramecium
them may kill them is identical survive for many
used in
fishes. to that of higher years.
polishing,filtration of
plants. Eg- Spores are D) Sporozoans
oils &
EUGLENA dispersed by air Have an infectious
syrups.DIATOMS are
currents. spore like stage in
chief producers of life cycle.
ocean. Eg- plasmodium
(Malarial parasite)

KINGDOM FUNGI
Heterotrophs,cosmopolitan
(occur everywhere)

Introduction "

V v ✓
STRUCTURE NUTRITION REPRODUCTION
They are filamentous except Mostly heterotrophs & => By vegetative-
yeast which is unicellular. absorb soluble organic fragmentation,fission,budding
Body consists of long slender matter from dead substrate => Asexual-
thread like Hyphae & it’s (saprophytes), some are spores(conidia,sporangiospores,
network called mycelium. The parasites too. They can also zoospores,aplanospores)
continuous hyphae with live as symbionts in => Sexual-
multinuclear situation are association with algae as oospore,ascospore,basidiospore
called coenocytic & others lichens and with roots of Spores are produced in fruitning
have septae or cross walls. higher plants like pinus as bodies. The sexual cycle involves-
The cell wall contains chitin mycorrhiza
Plasmogamy —> karyogamy —> meiosis
and polysaccharides Fusion of Fusion of In zygote
protoplasm b/w 2 nuclei results in
2 motile or non haploid
motile gametes spores
Haploid spores—> fusion begin—>
dikaryophase—> nuclei fuse—> diploid
body—> meiosis —> haploid spores
 Four groups of fungi
v v v v

Phycomycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes Deutromycetes

Found in aquatic
habitat & on decaying
wood in moist &
damp places or as
obligate parasites on
plants. Mycelium is
asepetate/
coenocytic. Asexual
repro. by zoospores
(motile) or
aplanospres (non
motile). These are
produces
endogenously in
sporangium.
Zygospores are
formed by fusion of
two gametes,if
similar -> isogamous
or if dissimilar ->
anisogamous or
oogamous
Eg- mucor,rhizopus
(bread mould) and
albugo (parasitic
fungi on mustard)
(Sac fungi)
Multicellular (except
yeast) Mycelium is
branched & septate. The
asexual spores are
conidia produced
exogenously on the
special mycelium called
conidiophores. Sexual
spores are ascospores
which are produced
endogenously in sac like
asci which are arranged
in ascocarps (fruitning
bodies). Neurospora is used
in genetic & biochemical
work. Many members like
morels & truffles are
edible & are considered
delicacies. Eg-
yeast,aspergillus,penicilli
um,claviceps,neurospora
(Mushrooms,bracket (Imperfect fungi)
fungi,puff balls)
Sexual phase
Grow in soil,logs,tree
is absent,they
stamps,living plants as
produce only
parasites Eg-rust &
asexual
smut. Mycelium is
spores called
branched & septate.
conidia. Many
Asexual spores are
members are
absent. Vegetative
decomposers
repro. by
& help in
fragmentation. Sex
mineral
organs are absent but
cycling.
plasmogamy takes
Eg-
place. Dikaryotic stage
Colleotrichum
is found which gives
,trichoderma,
rise to basidium.
alternaria
Karyogamy and
meiosis takes place in
basidium producting 4
basidiospores(exogeno
usly). Fruitning body is
called basidiocarp. Eg-
Agaricus
(mushroom),ustilago(s
mut),puccinia(rust)

Alternaria
Aspergillus
Agaricus
Mucor

Viruses,viroids,prions & lichens

These acellular org. were not included in whittaker’s classification

VIRUS
V v N

Introduction History of virus Important points

They are not truly living &
are acellular having inert
crystalline structure
outside living cell. Once
they infect a cell they take
over the machinery to
replicate,killing the host.
They are obligate
parasites.
In addition to proteins
The name virus meaning venom
viruses also have genetic
or poison was given by pasteur.
material that could either be
DJ Ivanowsky (1892)
RNA or DNA.
recognised certain microbes as
No virus contain both RNA &
caused organism of the mosaic
DNA. A Virus is a
disease of tobacco. These were
nucleoprotein and the
found to be smaller than
genetic material is infectious.
bacteria-proof filters.
In general viruses that infect
MW Beijernick (1898)
plants have ssRNA & Viruses
demonstrated that the extract
infecting animals have either
of the infected plants of
ssRNA or dsRNA or dsDNA.
tobacco could cause infection
Bacterial viruses or
in healthy plants called the fluid
bacteriophage are usually
as (contagium vivum fluidum i.e.
dsDNA virus.
infectious living fluid)
In plants symptom may be
WM Stanley (1935) showed that
mosaic formation, leaf rolling
viruses could be crystallised
& curling, yellowing & vein
and crystals consist largely of
clearing,dwarfing & stunted
proteins.
growth
 VIROIDS PRIONS LICHENS
Discovered by TO Diener in
Only contains protein & Symbiotic association b/w algae &
1971. It was smaller than
lack DNA or RNA. Cause fungi.
viruses and caused potato
bovine spongiform ALGAE—> phycobiont(autotroph)
spindle tuber disease. It was
encephalopathy (BSE) i.e. FUNGI—> mycobiont(heterotroph)
found to be a free RNA ; it
mad cow disease in cattle & Lichens are good pollution
lacked the protein coat that is
also cause Cr-Jacob indicators as they do not grow in
found in viruses,hence named
disease (CJD) in humans polluted areas (sulphur indicator)
viroid. The RNA of viroid was
of low molecular weight