9

Science
Quarter 4 Week 5 - Module 5
Heat and Work

AIRs - LM
Science 9
Quarter 4 Week 5 - Module 5: Heat and Work
First Edition, 2021

Copyright © 2021
La Union Schools Division
Region I

All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any form
without written permission from the copyright owners.

Development Team of the Module

Author: Panfilo P. Morales Jr.

Editor: SDO La Union, Learning Resource Quality Assurance Team
Illustrator: Ernesto F. Ramos, Jr., P II

Management Team:

Atty. Donato D. Balderas, Jr.

Schools Division Superintendent

Vivian Luz S. Pagatpatan, Ph.D

Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

German E. Flora, Ph.D, CID Chief

Virgilio C. Boado, Ph.D, EPS in Charge of LRMS

Rominel S. Sobremonte, Ed.D, EPS in Charge of Science

Michael Jason D. Morales, PDO II

Claire P. Toluyen, Librarian II

 Target

Have you tried to heat a pot of tap water on a hot burner of a stove? It is observed
that the water temperature increases. In this situation, heat flows from hot burner
to the cold water. When two objects at different temperatures are put in contact, heat
spontaneously flows from an object of high temperature to the object of low
temperature. The natural flow of heat is always in the direction tending to equalize
the temperature. If the two objects are kept in contact long enough for their
temperatures to become equal, the two bodies are said to be in thermal equilibrium,
and there is no further heat flow between them. Let us take for example, when you
have a fever. You will use fever thermometer in your armpit in able to monitor your
temperature. Heat is flowing from your armpit to the thermometer; when the
temperature reading stops increasing, the thermometer is then in equilibrium with
your armpit, and they are at the same temperature.

How can we describe the internal energy of your body and the thermometer as
their temperature becomes equal? How much heat a body has or a system has?
Actually, everything in our earth release heat and is governed by heat. Heat is present
in any system where work is applied. Heat is energy in transit. Whenever work is
done on a body, energy is transformed. For every energy transformation, it is
associated by heat: it could be heat gain or heat loss.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

Most Essential Learning Competency

1. Construct a model to demonstrate that heat can do work (S9FE-IVe-42)

Specifically, the activities and literature will enable you to:

Subtasks:

Demonstrate that heat can do work.

Demonstrate how heat causes the internal energy of water to increase.
Solve worded problems regarding changes in the internal energy of
systems-based energy added to the systems and work done by the
systems.
 Jumpstart

Materials: Answer sheet, Pen

Procedure: Encircle the vocabulary words below. The words may be spelled
horizontally, vertically, or diagonally. Use the encircled words to identify what are
being described by the statements below.

T E N E M E N T M B I E S A R
I H A W A N N G U L L A M D A
I S E Z E B R A Y U O V Q I M
N E A R O M A N O B E T Q A O
T B P B M O O J O M P A N B N
R O Z O W O R K J O M B U A A
N A T T Z B D Y E R H E A T M
A C H T M A P Y R E T I B I O
L O E O P L A I N P A N Q C Y
E N R M N C L I M A T E G V E
N S M A T H E R M O M E T E R
E T A S M Q C A L O R I E Z Q
R R L S C H A N G E B O C E N
G I S K U L L B O N E D I S E
Y C D T E M P E R A T U R E T

_________1. This is study of heat and its transformation to other forms of energy.
_________2. It is a process wherein there is no gain or loss of heat.
_________3. The sum of all kinetic and potential energies of the atoms/ molecules in
the system.
_________4. It refers to the form of energy that is transferred between systems or
objects with different temperatures.
_________5. A measure of energy transfer that occurs when an object is moved
towards the direction of force applied on it.
_________6. The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of a gram of water
by one degree Celsius
_________7. A unit of energy named after the physicist who experimentally
determined the mechanical work needed to produce a given amount of
heat.
_________8. The average kinetic energy of atoms and molecules in a system measured
by a thermometer.
_________9. __________ energy is the other term used to refer to internal energy.
_________10. An instrument used to measure how hot or cold something is.
 Discover

Heat and Work

In 1798, American-British physicist Sir Benjamin Thompson first experimented

on the nature of heat. While supervising the boring of a brass cannon, he observed
that a tremendous amount of heat was generated in the process. He immersed the
cannon in a container of water and saw that the water near the cannon was boiling.
He also suggested a relation between the amount of heat generated and the
mechanical work done.

Mechanical Equivalent of Heat

English Physicist James Prescott Joule in 1845 experimentally determined the

mechanical work needed to produce a given amount of heat. It consisted of a falling
mass that turns paddles, resulting in an increase in water temperature. Joule had
shown that mechanical energy can produce heat and that they are related to each
other.

Since heat is the same as thermal energy, heat can also be expressed in joules
and calories. A calorie (cal) is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of
a gram of water by one degree Celsius. An old unit of heat known as the British
Thermal Unit (BTU) is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of a pound
of water by one degree Fahrenheit. We can use the following scale in converting units
of heat energy.

1 calorie = 4.186 joules (J)

1 kilocalorie = 1000 calories
1 BTU = 252 calories

Thermodynamics

Joule had shown that in doing work, heat is produced or released. But is the
reverse possible? That is can heat do work? Consider the following situations:

1. The cover of your cooking pot is lifted by the expanding steam as the food you
are cooking comes to a boil.
2. The steam that escapes through the spout of a kettle turns a pinwheel placed
in from of it.

Heat can do work!

study of heat and its transformation to other forms of energy thermal, mechanical,
electrical, chemical, or radiant and vice versa.

Conservation of Energy and Thermodynamics

The concept of the conservation of energy states that: Energy cannot be created
or destroyed. The first law of thermodynamics is actually based on this concept. It
states that: The change in internal energy of a system equals the difference between
the heat taken in by the system and the work done by the system. Internal energy of
a substance is the sum of molecular kinetic energy (due to the random motion of the
molecules), the molecular potential energy (due to forces that act between the atoms
of a molecule and between the molecules), and other kinds of molecular energy.
The first law of thermodynamics is just another version of the conservation of
energy. It simply states that part of the heat transferred to an object is used by the
object to do work. The remaining heat changes the internal energy of the object.
When heat flows in instances where the work done is negligible, the internal
energy of the hot substance decreases and the internal energy of the cold substance
increases. While heat may originate in the internal energy supply of a substance, it
is not correct to say that a substance contains heat. The substance has internal
y when referring to the energy actually
in transit from hot to cold.

The law is expressed as

= Q-W

Where:

Q = the amount of heat flowing into a system during a given process

W = the net work done by the system
= ernal energy

This is derived from the conservation of energy given as out how heat is related
to work? Or how heat is related to work?

Q=

We will use Joule (J) as our SI unit for energy.

transferring energy by either work, heat or a combination of the two.

Sample problems:

1. If 200 J of energy is added to a system that does 150 J of external work. By

how much is the thermal energy of the system raised?

Given: Q = 200 J
W = 150 J

Find: U = ?

Solution:
U = Q- W
= 200 J 150 J
= 50 J

2. If 500 cal of heat are added to a gas, and the gas expands doing 500 J of work
on its surroundings, what is the change I he internal energy of the gas?

Given: Q = 500 cal or 2,093 J (remember that 1 cal = 4.186 J)

W = 500 J

Find: U = ?

Solution:
U = Q-W
= 2,093 J 500 J
= 1,593 J
Key concepts:

1. The increase in the internal energy of a system is equal to the amount of heat
added to a system minus the work done by the system.
2. Adiabatic process is a process without gain or loss of heat.
3. Internal/ thermal energy is the sum of all kinetic and potential energies of
the atoms/ molecules in the system.
Let us find out how heat is converted into work and how heat causes an increase
 Explore

Activity 1: Heat Can Do Work!

Objective:
Construct a model to demonstrate that
heat can do work.

Materials:
Ruler
Scissors
Paper
Needle
Thread/ thin string
Candle

Procedure:

1. Cut a piece of paper 4 inches in length and 4 inches in width. Cut about 3
inches towards the center from every corner.

2. Thread a needle and make a large knot at the end.

3. Using the cut paper and threaded needle make a

pinwheel.

Photos by: Panfilo P. Morales Jr.

 4. Light a candle. Hold the end of the
string and place the pinwheel about 4-
6 inches over the candle. Observe what
happens.

Caution:

! Do not place the pinwheel

too close to the flame.
It may catch fire.

Guide questions: Photo by: Panfilo P. Morales Jr.

Q1. What happens to the paper turbine when it is placed over a candle?
Q2. Make a diagram of the energy changes that take place.

Q3. Basing from the activity, can heat do work? Explain.

The first activity clearly demonstrates that heat can do work. The thermal energy
coming from the candle heats the surrounding air. When the surrounding air is
heated, it expands and rises. As the heated air rises, it causes the paper turbine to
spin. The thermal energy from the candle causes mechanical work on the paper
turbine thus, heat can do work.

Activity 2: Heat and Internal Energy

Objective:
Demonstrate how heat causes the internal energy of water to increase.

Materials:
Pot
Thermometer
500ml of water
stove
Pen
Answer sheet
Procedure:
1. Put 500ml of water into a pot.
2. Place a pot of water into a stove. Measure the temperature of water.
3. Let it boil. Measure its temperature while boiling and after boiling.

!
Caution:
Be extra cautious in handling very hot substances!

Temperature before Temperature while Temperature after

boiling (°C) boiling (°C) boiling (°C)

Guide Questions:

Q1. Compare the temperature of water before it is boiled, while it is boiling, and after
it has boiled.
Q2. What does the increase in temperature indicate?

Alternative Activity: This activity can be done in the absence of the materials
required in Activity 2 and if you have the following: smart phone/ tablet/ laptop and
stable internet connectivity.

Objective:
Demonstrate how heat causes the internal energy of water to increase.

Materials:
Smart phone/ tablet/ laptop
Internet connectivity
Pen
Answer sheet

Procedure:

1. Go to this site:
https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/energy-forms-and-changes
 2. Click/ tap on the play button.

3. Select Intro.

Photo by: Panfilo P. Morales Jr.

4. Do the following:
a. Select Energy Symbols.
b. Drag the beaker of water and place it over one of the heating set-ups.
c. Drag a thermometer and place it inside the beaker of water.
d. Drag the heater-switch up to heat the beaker of water until the water
boils then drag it back down.

Photo by: Panfilo P. Morales Jr.

 5. Observe what happens. Describe the temperature of water before heating,
while heating, and after heating.

Temperature before Temperature while Temperature after

heating heating heating

Guide Questions:

Q1. Compare the temperature of water before it is boiled, while it is boiling, and after
it has boiled.
Q2. What does the increase in temperature indicate?

Now that you have seen that heat can cause the internal energy of the water to
increase, let us answer a couple of worded problems.

Deepen

Activity 3: Changes in the Internal Energy of Systems

Objective:
Solve worded problems regarding changes in the internal energy of systems-
based energy added to the systems and work done by the systems.

Materials:
Pen
Answer sheet

Procedure: Answer the following worded problems. Write the complete solution on
your answer sheet. Every item is worth 5 points. (given = 1pt, formula = 1pt, solution
= 1pt, answer = 1pt, units used = 1pt)

1. 320 J of energy is added to a system that does 80 J of external work, by how

much thermal energy of the system is raised?

2. If a system has 7.2 cal of heat added to it, and does 20 J of work, what is the
change in its internal energy?

3. About 750 cal of heat is added to a system that does 42 J of work. What
 Gauge
Congratulations! I trust that after completing all the activities in this module, you
have now fully understood the concepts of heat and work, and the first law of
thermodynamics. To further strengthen your mastery and crystalize your
understanding, perform the following activity!

Part 1

Multiple Choice: Read each question carefully. Choose the letter of the best
answer. Write the letter of your choice on the answer sheet provided.

1. The internal energy of a system is initially 40 J. The system does 54 J of

energy is added to the system by heat?

A. 29 J B. 51 J
C. 70 J D. 159 J

2. While a gas does 900 J of work on its surroundings, 1,400 J of heat is added
to the gas. What is the change in the internal energy of the gas?
A. 500 J B. 900 J
C. 1,400 J D. 2,300 J

3. If 1000 cal of heat are added to a gas, and the gas expands doing 750 J of
work on its surroundings, what is the change in the internal energy of the
gas?
A. 3,346 J B. 3,436 J
C. 4,363 J D. 4,633 J

For numbers 4-5, consider this situation:

A beaker containing 500 mL of water has 800 J of work done on it by

stirring and 700 cal added to it from a hot plate.

4. What is the change in the internal energy of the water in joules?

A. 3,037 J B. 3,307 J
C. 3,370 J D. 7,330 J

5. Determine the change in the internal energy of the water in calories.

A. 189 cal B. 198 cal
C. 891 cal D. 918 cal
Part 2

Modified True or False: Study each statement. In your answer sheet, write True if
the statement is correct. If the statement is incorrect, change the underlined word/s;
write the word that will make the statement correct.

1. Heat can do work.

2. Thermodynamics is the study of work and its transformation to other forms
of energy.
3. Energy cannot be created nor destroyed.
4. 1 calorie is equal to 4.186 J.
5. Internal energy of a substance is the product of molecular kinetic energy, the
molecular potential energy, and other kinds of molecular energy.
6. The first law of thermodynamics is just another version of the conservation of
energy.
7. The second law of thermodynamics simply states that part of the heat
transferred to an object is used by the object to do work. The remaining heat
changes the internal energy of the object.
8. Adiabatic process is a process without gain or loss of heat.
9. The increase in the internal energy of a system is equal to the amount of heat
added to a system plus the work done by the system.
10. Joule (J) is the SI unit for energy.