BIOETHICS REVIEWER MIDTERM

TABLE OF CONTENTS ADVANTAGES/BENEFITS

01 CONTRACEPTION ➢ Avoidance of unplanned pregnancy

➢ Protection from STI's or sexual
02 MUTILATION & STERILIZATION transmitted infection
➢ Most contraceptive are reversible
03 ABORTION
➢ Couples can decide the gap between
04 EMBRYO STEM CELL every
RESEARCH ➢ child in a family and the number of
children to have in a family
05 ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION
AND IN VITRO FERTILIZATION
02 MUTILATION AND
06 EUTHANASIA STERILIZATION
01 CONTRACEPTION MUTILATION (or maiming)

• Closely linked to the ethics of abortion • Act of physical injury that degrades
is the ethics of contraception the appearance or function of any
• voluntary prevention of conception living body, usually without causing
death
SYNONYMS WITH: • Any lessening of the integrity of the
✓Family planning human body
• Usage of term:
✔Planned Parenthood
✓ Usually employed to describe
✔Responsible Parenthood victims of accidents, torture,
physical assault, or certain
✔Birth Control
pre-modern forms of
punishment
✓ Some ethnic groups practice
TWO BASIC MORAL ARGUMENTS ritual mutilation (e.g.
AGAINST CONTRACEPTION HAVE scarification, burning,
EXISTED HISTORICALLY flagellation, tattooing, and
➢ Classical Argument wheeling as rt of a rite of
➢ Toleration of Contraception passage)
• Major Mutilation: renders individual
unfit for natural functions [e.g.
TWO MAIN TYPES OF CONTRACEPTIVE sterilization, removal of tongue]
METHODS • Minor Mutilation: does not destroy
1. Temporary (Spacing Methods] its function (e.g. removal of tonsils or
appendix)
➢ Barrier
➢ IUDs
➢ Hormonal FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION (FGM)
➢ Emergency Contraception ➢ Involves the partial or total removal of
2. Terminal Methods external female genitalia or other
injury to the female genital organs for
➢ Male Fertilization non-medical reasons
➢ Female Fertilization ➢ Recognized internationally as a
violation of the human rights of girls
and women
 BIOETHICS REVIEWER MIDTERM
➢ The practice also violates a person's
rights to health, security and physical
integrity, the right to be free from
torture and cruel, inhuman or
degrading treatment; and the right to
life, in instances when the procedure
results in death.
TYPES OF GENITALIA MUTILATION
• Type 1: Clitoridectomy. The partial or total
removal of the clitoral glans (the external and
visible part of the clitoris, which is a sensitive
part of the female genitals), and/or the
prepuce/clitoral hood (the fold of skin
surrounding the clitoral glans)
• Type 2: Excision. The partial or total
removal of the clitoral glans and the labia
minora (the inner folds of the vulva), with or
without removal of the labia majora (the outer
folds of skin of the vulva).
• Type 3: Infibulation. This is the narrowing
of the vaginal opening through the creation of
a covering seal. The seal is formed by cutting
and repositioning the labia minora, or labia
majora, sometimes through stitching, with or
without removal of the clitoral prepuce/clitoral
hood and glans.
• Type 4: This includes all other harmful
procedures to the female genitalia for non-
medical purposes, e.g. pricking, piercing,
incising, scraping and cauterizing the genital
area.
MALE GENITAL MUTILATION (MGM)
• Sometimes known as 'male
circumcision'
• It refers to any treatment that involves
the partial or complete removal of the
external male genitalia or any harm to
the male genital organs for cultural,
religious, or other non-therapeutic
reasons.
TYPES OF MALE GENITALIA
MUTILATION
Type 1: The excision or injury of part or all of
the skin and specialized mucosal tissues of the
penis including the prepuce and frenulum
(circumcision, dorsal slut without closure).
Type 2: The excision or injury to the glans
(glandectomy) and/or penis shaft, [penectomy)
along with Type I MGM. Any procedure that
interferes with reproductive or sexual function
in the adult male.
Type 3: The excision or destruction of the
testes [castration, orchidectomy) with or
without MGM.
MORAL ISSUE
➢ Theory: The principle of totality
presupposes that exists for the whole.
The good of the part is subordinated to
the good of the whole; the whole is the
determining factor for the part and can
dispose of its own interest. The main
notions on which the principle
grounds itself are the whole, the part,
and their mutual relationships.
ETHICAL ISSUES
➢ The main issues that raise ethical
dilemmas following the development
of assisted reproduction techniques are
the right to procreate or reproduce, the
process of in vitro fertilization itself.
➢ Those who believe in the absolute
autonomy of the worn an over her
body take the other extreme approach.
➢ By the use of contraception
/Sterilization it is possible to lessen
maternal, infant and child mortality
and to reduce prevalence of sexually
transmitted diseases.
STERILIZATION
➢ Sterilization is a permanent method of
birth control
➢ Republic act No. 10354
 BIOETHICS REVIEWER MIDTERM
➢ An act providing for National policy
on responsible parenthood and
reproductive health
COMMON STERILIZATION METHODS
Vasectomy in Males
➢ This prevent sperms produced in
testicles to enter the ejaculated semen
➢ The vasa deferentia, the tubes which
connects the testicles, to the prostate
are cut and closed. Starting about 3
months after a vasectomy the semen or
cum won't contain any sperm
Tubal ligation in Females
➢ known popularly as "having one's
tubes tied"
➢ which allow the sperm to fertilize the
ovum to the uterus and would carry
the fertilized anum to the uterus are
doses
OTHER PROCEDURE THAT RESULTS IN
STERLITY
Castration in Males
➢ the testicle is surgically removed.
Hysterectomy in Females
➢ the uterus surgically removed
permanently presenting pregnancy and
some diseases, such as uterine cancer
ADVANTAGES
➢ It is very effective at preventing
pregnancy. It is considered a
permanent method of contraception
DISADVANTAGES
➢ It requires minor surgical procedure
and there is a small rich & haematoma
and infection after the procedure.
➢ The catholic church has strongly
condemned all artificial methods of
contraception such as tubal ligation
and vasector
➢ We are obliged once more to declare
that the direct Interruption of the
generative process already begun as
above all direct absorption even
therapeutic reason, are to be absolutely
excluded as lawful means of
regulating the number of children.
03 ABORTION
WHAT IS ABORTION?
➢ Abortion is a medical procedure that
terminates a pregnancy by removing
the embryo or fetus from the uterus. It
is a complex and controversial issue
that depends on individual
circumstances, values, and beliefs
TYPES OF ABORTION
1. Threatened abortion
2. Inevitable abortion
3. Missed abortion
4. Complete & Incomplete abortion
5. Recurrent abortion
ADVANTAGES OF ABORTION
➢ Safe termination of unwanted
pregnancy
➢ Control over reproductive health
➢ Reduction of poverty
➢ Women right's
DISADVANTAGES OF ABORTION
➢ Physical Risks
➢ Emotional & Psychology
➢ Impact
➢ Social stigma
➢ Ethical concerns
➢ Reduce fertility
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HOW & WHY, IT BECOMES A MORAL aborted fetuses or live embryos.
ISSUE? Although tissue from aborted fetuses
can be used without moral complicity
➢ Abortion becomes a moral issue
in the underlying abortion, obtaining
because involves complex questions
stem cells from embryos necessarily
about the value of human life,
kills them, thus raising difficult
personal autonomy, and the role of
questions about the use of embryonic
government in regulating reproductive
human material to save others. The
choices. Some people believe that life
controversy has slowed the pace of
begins at conception and that ending a
stem cell science and shaped many
pregnancy through abortion is
aspects of its subsequent development.
equivalent to taking human life,
making it a morally wrong act. Others
believe that a person has a right to 05 ARTIFICAIL INSEMINATION AND
make their own choices about their IN VITRO FERTILIZATION
own body and that the decision to
WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION?
have a abortion should be based on
individual circumstances and personal ➢ it is an assisted method of
beliefs. The moral and ethical reproduction in which sperm is
considerations around abortion have provided typically by means of
led to debates, discussions, and even masturbation and is infected into
legal battles around the world. woman's reproductive tract through a
catheter
➢ an old form of fertilizing a woman.
HEALTH TEACHING
➢ Health teaching about abortion
WHAT IS IN VITRO FERTILIZATION?
typically dudes information about the
different types of abortions, the ➢ Conception outside the reproductive
potential risks and complications, and system of women.
the importance of seeking medical ➢ Union between sperm and egg in a
care from a licensed provider. Patients test-tube.
may also be counselled on birth
control options and the potential
emotional and psychological impacts 06 WHAT IS EUTHANASIA
of the procedure. It Important to note
➢ The word "euthanasia itself comes
that health teaching about abortion
from the Greek words "eu" (good)
may vary depending on individual's
and "thanatos" (death)
specific medical needs.
➢ Meaning ‘good death’, may be
classified as either negative or
04 EMBRYONIC STEM CELL positive. The word, as it is generally
RESEARCH applied, refers to the act or method of
causing death painlessly so as to end
➢ Embryonic stem cell research come suffering.
from eggs that were fertilized at in ➢ Can be characterized as directly or
vitro fertilization clinics but never indirectly bringing about the death of
implanted in women's uteruses. another person for that person's sake.
➢ Embryonic stem cells, which have the
potential to save many lives has been a
research topic which is a source of
ethical, legal, and social controversy
because it must be recovered from
 BIOETHICS REVIEWER MIDTERM
TYPES OF ACTIVE & PASSIVE
EUTHANASIA
✓ Passive
✓ Indirect
✓ Active
✓ Assisted
✓ Voluntary
✓ Nonvoluntary
1. PASSIVE EUTHANASIA
➢ When death is brought by an omission
• E.g. when someone lets the
person die, this can be done
by withdrawing or
withholding treatment.
➢ Withdrawing treatment:
• For example: Switching off a
machine that keeps the person
alive.
➢ Withholding treatment:
• For example, not carrying out
a surgery that will extend life
of the patient for a short time.
2. INDIRECT EUTHANASIA
➢ Providing treatments mainly to reduce
pain that has a side effect of
shortening the patient's life.
3. ACTIVE EUTHANASIA
➢ When death is brought by an act for
example taking a high dose of drugs
➢ To end a person's life by the use of
drugs, either by oneself or by the aid
of a physician.
4. ASSISTED EUTHANASIA
➢ Refers to cases where the persons who
are going to die need help to kill
themselves and ask for it
➢ May be something as simple as getting
drugs for the person, and putting those
drugs within their reach.
5. VOLUNTARY EUTHANASIA
➢ Committed with the willing or
autonomous cooperation of the
subject. This means that the subject is
free from direct or indirect pressure
from others
6. NONVOLUNTARY EUTHANASIA
➢ When the patient is unconscious of
unable to make a meaningful choice
between living and dying, and an
appropriate person takes that decision
for him/her. This is usually called
murder, but it is possible to imagine
cases where the killing would count as
a favour for the patient.
ADVANTAGES OF EUTHANASIA:
1. realizing individual autonomy
2. reducing needless pain & suffering
3. Providing psychological reassurance
to dying patients.
4. there is more control over the final
decisions in life Patients can avoid the
issue of caregiver guilt w/ euthanasia
DISADVANTAGES OF EUTHANASIA
1. Euthanasia could allow people to
choose death for reasons that go
beyond illness
2. Second opinions are not always
necessary for Euthanasia
3. Euthanasia would require a change to
the legal & medical statutes in most
countries.
4. Some doctors may purposely give out
false Information