Biology 1 - 11/12

I. INTRODUCTORY CONCEPT

Hi learners! You learned from your previous biology classes that all living things are
made up of cells and that cells are considered as the building blocks of life or the smallest
unit of life that can self-replicate. Your body is composed of trillions of cells. It was calculated
by scientists to be about 37.2 trillion cells. That’s a lot of cells!

Cells are generally divided into two major types depending on their structure: The
prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In terms of age, prokaryotes have been around a lot longer
than their counterparts. They were originally the only type of cell for billions of years (the
oldest records date them back to roughly 3.5 billion years ago), and eukaryotes evolved from
them roughly 2-3 billion years ago.

Cells are like tiny packages that contain minute factories, warehouses, transport
systems, and power plants. They function on their own, producing their own energy and self-
replicating. It is the smallest unit of life that can replicate. Cells can also communicate with
each other and connect to create a solid, stuck together animal. Cells build tissues, which
forms organs; and organs work together to keep the organisms alive.

Are cells the same? How does these cells work? Are you excited to know more
about the prokaryotic, eukaryotic cells and the different types of cells/tissues? I believe yes,
so please be guided by the learning competencies below. You are expected to accomplish
all the challenges or activities given in this Learner’s Packet. So, keep on reading and
learning!

II. LEARNING COMPETENCIES

● Distinguish prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells according to their distinguishing features

(STEM_BIO11/12-la-c-3).
● Classify different cell types (of plant/animal tissues) and specify the functions of each
(STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-4)

III. ACTIVITIES
ELICIT:
Hello! I know that you learned from your previous science classes that there are
several types of cells, and this classification is primarily based on its structure. Let’s find out
if you could still remember these types. You are going to determine whether the picture of
cell below is a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell and if it’s a eukaryotic cell determine whether it

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is found in animals or plants by checking the corresponding box. Are you now ready? Let’s
start!

Activity 1: What is My Cell Type?

Cell Eukaryote Prokaryote Cell Eukaryote Prokaryote
Animal Plant Animal Plant
1. 4.

https://www.bumrungrad.com/en/health- https://www.slideshare.net/
blog/april-2017/anemia-red-blood-cells-loss mohammedhaashim/different-types-of-
plant-cells

2. 5.

https://www.meritnation.com/ask- https://microbenotes.com/prokaryotic-
answer/question/describe-the-structure- cells/
of-collenchyma/tissues/13892471
6.
3.

https://microbenotes.com/prokaryotic-cells/ https://medlineplus.gov/ency/
imagepages/8682.htm

ENGAGE:

Have you experienced having

an infected wound like the one shown
in figure 1? How about a ringworm
(figure 2)? What do you think causes
these infections/ skin diseases? What
is usually prescribed by doctors when
you have an infected wound? A
ringworm? Are these two caused by
https:// https://www.news24.com/
the same organism? www.medicalnewstoday.com/ health24/skincare/how-to-cure-
articles/249182 ringworm-20160112
Open wounds are usually infected by bacteria while ringworms are usually due to
fungal infection. Doctors prescribe antibiotics to cure the infected wound while antifungal
cream/medicine is given to cure ringworms. Bacteria and fungi are two different organisms
having different cell types. One is a prokaryote while the other is a eukaryote. Our body is
made up of trillions of eukaryotic cells. These cells have different work to do thus form part of
the different structures in our body. Do you want to know what cells are found in our skin,
brain, and heart? If yes, do the activity below. You will simply match the picture of the cell
with the tissue, then match the tissue with the organ given.

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 Activity 2: Match Me!

http://www.cityschools.com/mfleetwood/files/2017/11/levels-of-organization-1.pdf

EXPLORE:

From your Junior High School lessons in science, you learned that cells are the
fundamental unit of life and that all living organisms are made up of cells. These cells are
further classified into two types: the Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes. Bacteria which cause most
of your wound infections is an example of a prokaryote while a fungus which causes a
ringworm is considered a eukaryote. But what makes the bacteria a prokaryote and fungi a
eukaryote? Let’s figure it out! For Part A, you are going to read the discussion below and
make a Venn diagram showing the similarities and differences of prokaryotic and eukaryotic
cell. For Part B, you are going to focus on the types of cells/ tissues found in eukaryotic
organisms particularly of humans.

Part A
Activity 3: Prokaryotic Cell vs. Eukaryotic Cell

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Directions: Read and analyze the discussion about Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.
Identify the distinguishing characteristics of the two cells. Write your answer in the Venn
diagram below. Then, answer the questions that follow.
The first cells to appear on Earth were prokaryotic cells. A prokaryote is an organism
made of a single prokaryotic cell with no true nucleus. The earliest prokaryotes may have
arisen more than 2.5 billion years ago. Bacteria and prokaryotes. They are very small cells
(1-10 mm in diameter) with a simple structure. Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus. This
means that their DNA is not enclosed in a membrane inside the cell. Instead, prokaryotes
have a single loop of circular DNA called nucleoids that floats in the cell’s cytoplasm, but
they lack membrane-bound organelles. Protein-making bodies called ribosomes also form
part of the cytoplasm. Like
all cells, prokaryotes have
a cell membrane. All
prokaryotes also have a
cell wall surrounding the
cell membrane. Their cell
wall is made up of
peptidoglycan. The cell
wall helps provide support
and protection for the cell.
Some prokaryotes are Fig. 1 The structure of a typical bacterial cell (a) and an electron microscopy photo of a
bacterial cell (b). [Image taken from G. J. Tortora, B. R. Funke and C. L. Case, Microbiology:
enclosed by an additional An Introduction, Pearson Education, Inc., San Francisco, 8th edn, 2004].

layer. This layer is called

the capsule. The capsule has a sticky surface area, so it allows prokaryotes to cling to
surfaces, such as your skin and your teeth. Prokaryotes reproduce asexually. Organisms
belonging to the Kingdom Eubacteria and Kingdom Archaea, such as bacteria, blue-green
algae, archaeans, and spirochetes, are examples of prokaryotes. In contrast, eukaryotic
cells are more complex than prokaryotic cells. They are generally larger (10-100 mm in
diameter) than prokaryotic cells. They all have a cell membrane, ribosomes, and DNA as
prokaryotic cells do. However, the DNA of eukaryotic cells are double stranded arranged into
chromosomes and does not float freely in the cytoplasm. Instead, it is found in the nucleus,
an internal compartment bound by a cell membrane. The nucleus is one kind of organelle
found in eukaryotic cells. Organelles are structures that perform specific functions. Most
organelles are surrounded by a membrane. Some organelles have membranes that form
channels which help transport substances from one part of the cell to another part of the cell.
Eukaryotes are organisms made of one or more eukaryotic cells. The earliest eukaryotes,
like the first prokaryotes, were single-celled organisms. They arose about 1 billion years later
than the earliest prokaryotes. Later, multicellular eukaryotes arose. Every type of
multicellular organism that
exists is made up of
eukaryotic cells.
Eukaryotes reproduce
sexually and/or asexually.
Animal cells, plant cells,
fungi, and protists are
eukaryotes.

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 Plant Cell Animal Cell

Figure 2: Example of a Eukaryotic Cell (Animal and Plant Cells)

https://science.howstuffworks.com/life/cellular-microscopic/plant-cells-animal-cells.htm
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES

BOTH

1. From which type of cells did multicellular organisms arise?

2. Name at least 2 examples of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

3. How will you know that the cell you are studying under a microscope is a prokaryote?

Part B
There are hundreds of types of cells found in eukaryotic organisms like humans
which were grouped into tissues. These tissues are grouped into four main types: the
epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve tissues. What do you think is/are the reason/s
behind this classification?

Activity 4: Where Do I Belong?

What will you do?

In this activity you will classify the different cells/tissues given into epithelial,
connective, muscle, and nerve cells/tissues. Consider the shape, structure and clues given
in classifying these sample cells/tissues. Good luck!
Table 1: Types of Cells/Tissues
EPITHELIAL CONNECTIVE MUSCLE NERVE

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 1. 2. 3.

5. 6.
4.

7 8.

9.

EXPLAIN:

Answer the following questions:

1. What is your basis of classifying those cells/tissues under epithelial, connective,

muscular and nervous?

2. What is an epithelial cell/tissue? How about its function?

3. What is a connective cell/tissue? What is its function?

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 4. What is a muscle cell? How about its function?

5. What is a nerve cell? What is its function?

ELABORATE:

All cells maybe classified into two basic-cell types, depending on their internal
organization. Prokaryotic cells or prokaryotes lack a true nucleus, while eukaryotic cells or
eukaryotes possess a new nucleus. Prokaryotes contain DNA arranged in a single circular
structure called nucleid, but they lack membrane-bound organelles. While eukaryotes, has a
double stranded DNA arranged into chromosomes and its organelles are surrounded by
membranes. Eukaryotes are more complex and are generally larger than prokaryotes. Below
is a comparison of prokaryotes and eukaryotes that will help you distinguish between these
two types of cells.

Table 2. Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

Cell Structure Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Size Smaller (1-10 mm in diameter) Larger (10-100 mm in diameter)
Nuclear envelope Absent Present
Cell wall Made of peptidoglycan when Made up of cellulose when
present present
Membrane bound Absent Present
organelles
Nuclear material Single loop of circular DNA Double-stranded DNA arranged
into chromosomes
Ribosomes Small (20 nm) Large (30 nm)
Cytoskeleton Absent Present
Mitochondria Absent Present
Chlorophyll Not found in chloroplasts when Found in chloroplasts
present
Reproduction Asexual Sexual and asexual

Eukaryotic cells especially those found in the body are organized into tissues to carry
out specific functions. There are generally four types of tissues based on the type of cell that
composed them. The epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissues. These
different types of tissues have distinct structures and functions. Different tissues make up an
organ. The stomach, for example, is made up of four types of tissues. The inner wall of the
stomach is lined by columnar epithelial cells for absorption of digested food. The stomach is
surrounded by smooth muscle tissue that is responsible for movement of the stomach
(peristalsis) during digestion. The stomach walls also contain nervous tissues (nerves) that
transmit signals to and from the brain. Blood cells, a type of connective tissue, are
responsible for the transport of absorbed food. Loose connective tissues are also found in

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the stomach. These different tissues
have specialized functions with a
common objective, that is to digest
food, the function of the stomach.

EPITHELIAL TISSUE (Covers)– this

type of tissue is commonly seen
outside the body as coverings or as
linings of organs and cavities. It is
characterized by closely joined cells
with tight junctions. Being tightly
packed, tight junctions serve as
barriers for pathogens, mechanical
injuries, and fluid loss. The functions of the epithelia include protection, absorption,
secretion, and sensation.

Epithelial tissues are classified by the number of their layers and by the shape and
functions of the cells.

Classification of epithelial tissues based on the shape.

1. Squamous epithelium has cells that are wider than their height (flat and scale-like).
This is found as the lining of the mouth, esophagus, and including blood vessels and
in the alveoli of the lungs. Function for exchange of material through diffusion.
2. Cuboidal epithelium has

intended for secretion.

3. Columnar epithelium has cells taller than they are wide (column-shaped). Columnar
epithelium can be further classified into ciliated columnar epithelium and glandular
columnar epithelium. This works for secretion and active absorption.

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 4. Transitional epithelium has cells that can change from squamous to cuboidal,
depending on the amount of tension on the epithelium.
Classification of epithelial tissues based on the number of layers.
1. Simple epithelium – only one cell thick (uni-layered)
2. Stratified epithelium – having two or more cells in thickness or multi-layered
3. Pseudo stratified columnar – single layer of cells; may just look stacked because of
varying height; for lining of respiratory tract; usually lined with cilia.

CONNECTIVE TISSUE (Connects) – include a large group of different tissues characterized

by having dispersed cells and large extracellular space called extracellular matrix. The
extracellular matrix may be solid (as in bone), soft (as in loose connective tissue), or liquid
(as in blood).
The functions of connective tissues are varied depending on the type of connective
tissue. It functions mainly for binding and support of other tissues. Other functions of
connective tissues include protection, provision of cushion, maintenance of body form, filling
body space, storage of fats, transport of nutrients and wastes, body defense and repair of
body part.
Connective tissues are classified into three large groups: connective tissue proper
(loose and dense connective tissues, reticular connective tissues, elastic connective tissues,
and

©RaffySalceda
adipose tissues), supportive connective tissue (cartilage and bones), and fluid connective
tissues (blood and lymph). The supportive and fluid connective tissues are further grouped
into specialized connective tissue.
Table 3: Summary of Connective Tissue Proper

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Coppyright@2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

https://www.mccc.edu/~falkowl/documents/TissuesandSkin.pdf
Table 4: Summary of Specialized Connective Tissue (Support & Fluid Connective Tissues)

Coppyright@2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

MUSCULAR TISSUE (Contracts) – muscular tissues are contractile tissues responsible for
https://www.mccc.edu/~falkowl/documents/TissuesandSkin.pdf
movement. The muscle cells called muscle fibers that make up muscle tissues contain
myosin and actin, proteins involved in muscle contraction. There are three types of muscular
tissues: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle
tissues.

SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE

Description: Long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells;

obvious striations.

Functions: Voluntary movement; locomotion;

manipulation of the environment; facial
expression; voluntary control.

https://www.quora.com/How-do-skeletal-muscles-produce-movement

https://quizlet.com/220550480/muscle-tissue-diagram/

CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE

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 https://www.britannica.com/science/cardiac-muscle
https://ib.bioninja.com.au/options/option-d-human-physiology/d4-the-heart/cardiac-muscle.html

Description: Branching, striated, generally uninucleate cells that interdigitate at

specialized junctions (intercalated discs).

Functions: as it contracts, it propels blood into the circulation; involuntary control.

SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE Description: spindle-shaped cells

with central nuclei; no striations;
cells arranged closely to form
sheets.

Functions: propels substances or

objects (foodstuffs, urine, a baby)
along internal passageways;
https://slideplayer.com/slide/8099651/ involuntary control.

NERVOUS TISSUE (Conducts)

https://www.delawarepublic.org/post/motor-neuron-research-
could-broaden-understanding-nerve-cells
Coppyright@2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Description: neurons are branching cells; cell processes that maybe

quite long extend from the nucleus-containing cell body; also contributing
to nervous tissues are non-irritable supporting cells (glial cells).

Functions: transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to

effectors (muscles and glands) which control their activity.

EVALUATE:

Directions: Read each item carefully and write the letter of the correct answer on your
answer sheet.
1. Which of the following best describes the organism seen on this
diagram?
A. The organism is prokaryotic because it has ribosomes.
B. The organism is eukaryotic because it has multiple flagella.
C. The organism is eukaryotic because, because it has a cell
membrane.

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 D. The organism is prokaryotic because it does not contain membrane-bound ©Rafaela B. Salceda

organelles.
2. Which of the following statements best identifies these two cells? Cells are not drawn to scale.
A. Both cell X and cell Y are eukaryotic.
B. Both cell X and cell Y are prokaryotic.
C. Cell X is prokaryotic while cell Y is
eukaryotic.
D. Cell X is eukaryotic while cell Y is
prokaryotic.
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/structure-of-a-cell/
3.A scientist studying aquatic life discovers a new organism.
He studies it under the microscope and draws a diagram of
what he sees.
A. The organism is prokaryotic because it has cytoplasm.
B. The organism is eukaryotic because it has cilia.
C. The organism is prokaryotic because it has a cell
membrane.
D. The organism is eukaryotic because it has nucleus.
©Rafaela B. Salceda
4. Based on the diagrams, which organism(s) are
eukaryotic and why? Note: Cells are not drawn to scale.
A. Organisms 2 and 3 only, because both use
flagella.
B. Organisms 1, 2 and 3, because they are all
single-celled.
C. Organisms 1 and 2 only, because both have a
nucleus.
D. Organisms 1, 2 and 3 because they all have
ribosomes
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/structure-of-a-
cell/
5. Jenny is viewing a cell under the microscope. The presence of which of the following
structure would tell her that the cell is eukaryotic?
A. Cytoplasm C. Nucleus
B. Ribosomes D. DNA

6. Which of the following is the function of the epithelial tissue?

A. Supports body parts C. Covers body parts
B. Binds body party D. Forms the framework of organs

7. Which of the following is NOT a type of connective tissue?

A. Adipose B. Cartilage C. Blood D. Skin

8. Which of the following is NOT a muscular tissue?

A. B. C. D.

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 https://basicmedicalkey.com/ https://www.apsubiology. https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/ https://www.chegg.com/
muscle-tissue-4/ org/anatomy/2010/2010 494199759088257820/? homework-help/questions-and-
answers/

9. Smooth muscle is found mainly in …

A. Heart B. Stomach C. Brain D. Spinal Cord

10. Which type of tissue is designed to stretch?

A. Stratified B. Squamous C. Transitional D. Epithelial

EXTEND:

A. To further intensify your knowledge about prokaryotes and eukaryotes, you are going to
make a poster drawing of these types of cells showcasing its similarities and differences.
Refer to the criteria for rating/ rubrics on page 14 and answer this question,
What is/are the distinguishing characteristics of prokaryotes? Eukaryotes?

B. Make a concept map showing the classification and functions of the different types
of cells and tissues. Refer to the Rubrics or criteria for rating below.

IV. RUBRICS FOR SCORING

Rubrics for the activities given under Extend

A – Prokaryote/ Eukaryote Poster/ Drawing
Criteria Outstanding (5) Satisfactory (3) Needs Improvement (1)
Drawing Accurate with Accurate but lacks Not accurate
accuracy complete information some information
Correctness of Correctly labeled all Correctly labeled Correctly labeled some of
label the parts of the most of the parts of the parts of the
prokaryotic and the prokaryotic and prokaryotic and eukaryotic
eukaryotic cells eukaryotic cells cells
Similarities & Clearly showed the Showed some of The similarities and
differences of similarities and the similarities and differences of prokaryotic
prokaryotic & differences of differences of and eukaryotic cells are

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 eukaryotic prokaryotic and
cells eukaryotic cells
Workmanship Neat and
appropriately colored
B – Concept Mapping
Criteria 3 2
Concept and Shows an understanding
Terminology of the topic’s concepts
and principles and uses
appropriate terminology
and notations
Knowledge of Identifies all important
the Relationship concepts and shows an
among concepts understanding of a
relationship among them.
Ability to Constructs an appropriate
communicate and complete concept
through concept map and includes
maps examples; places
concepts in an
appropriate hierarchy and
places linking words on all
connections.
Source: Bartels Model-https://www.pubs.sciepub.com
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prokaryotic and not clearly shown.
eukaryotic cells
Not so neat and Messy and not colored
appropriately properly
colored
1
Makes some mistakes Makes many mistakes
or shows a few in terminology and
understandings of show a lack of
concepts. understanding of many
concepts
Identifies important Makes many incorrect
concept but make some connections.
incorrect connections.
Places almost all Places only a few
concepts in an concepts in an
appropriate hierarchy appropriate hierarchy
and assigns linking and assigns or uses
words to most few linking words;
connections; produces a produces a concept
concept map that is map that is difficult to
easy to interpret. interpret.
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