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OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 01/03/19, SPi
A N I N T R O DU C T IO N T O
E N G L I SH L E G A L H I ST O RY
An Introduction to
English Legal History
Fifth Edition
SI R J O H N BA K E R , Q. C . , L L . D. , F. B. A .
Emeritus Downing Professor of the Laws of England
and Honorary Fellow of St Catharine’s College, Cambridge;
Barrister and Honorary Bencher of the
Inner Temple and Gray’s Inn
1
1
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP,
United Kingdom
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship,
and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of
Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries
© Sir John Baker 2019
The moral rights of the author have been asserted
Fourth Edition published in 2002
Fifth Edition published in 2019
Impression: 1
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the
prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted
by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics
rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the
above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the
address above
You must not circulate this work in any other form
and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer
Crown copyright material is reproduced under Class Licence
Number C01P0000148 with the permission of OPSI
and the Queen’s Printer for Scotland
Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press
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Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and
for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials
contained in any third party website referenced in this work.
Preface to the Fifth Edition
This edition retains the structure and coverage of its predecessor, but it has been sub-
stantially revised throughout and parts have been rewritten. It might be thought that
legal history would not need much revision. In truth, it can become outdated with sur-
prising rapidity. Although historical facts do not change, information which has been
known for many years can be reinterpreted or reassembled in different ways, and new
evidence is always coming to light. Original source material is now more freely available
than ever before through the internet – almost to an overwhelming extent – and yet
many sources of the common law remain in manuscript and cannot be found online. In
the case of an elementary book such as this, there are added difficulties arising from the
wide range of periods and topics addressed: the need to abridge and simplify voluminous
and complex matter, with the added dimension of time, presents challenges which can
never be fully overcome.
It is gratifying to notice how much legal history has been written since the fourth
edition of this book appeared in 2002; but then, to some who will read this edition, that
amounts to a whole lifetime. Particular attention should be drawn to the Oxford History
of the Laws of England, the first volume of which appeared in 2003. Although more than
half of the series remains to be completed, the six volumes already in print are a deep
store of information and insight, and it is hoped that more will appear in the near future.
A great deal of new scholarship has also been gathered in Comparative Studies in
Continental and Anglo-American Legal History. Some of the most awkward remaining
gaps in basic knowledge have been in the area of public law, a subject long neglected by
English legal historians. But a new interest in the history of constitutional law was
awakened by the commemoration of Magna Carta in 2015, and this is reflected in the
author’s monograph The Reinvention of Magna Carta 1216–1616. Some of that interest
has percolated here and there into this edition.
The present edition takes account of relevant new discoveries and interpretations,
and of the second (enlarged) edition of Baker and Milsom. It would be impossible,
however, to incorporate all the new learning into this single volume, which is an intro-
duction rather than an encyclopaedia. The aim of an elementary textbook cannot be to
trace the history of every aspect of the law and the legal system, or to weigh all the
conflicting opinions on difficult questions, and so the concentration has been on the
main characteristics, institutions, and doctrines of English law over the longer term –
and particularly the evolution of the common law before the extensive statutory changes
and regulatory regimes of the last two centuries. This policy has inevitably resulted
in the exclusion of some whole areas of law and practice which have been important in
their time, or which have grown in importance in recent times, where their proper
treatment would have required major diversions and more pages than these two covers
can contain.
Another reservation concerns the relationship between law and time. Law does not
develop in a vacuum, because it operates in direct connection with real life, and yet the
relationship between legal development and social or economic change is less direct or
vi Preface to the Fifth Edition
automatic than might be supposed. Straightforward cause and effect are most likely to
be discernible in the case of legislative reform, where the law is changed deliberately
and suddenly in order to address a perceived defect. But even legislation, as will be seen
repeatedly throughout the book, was for most periods before the nineteenth century
regarded as a way of restoring, repairing, or reinforcing the common law rather than
supplanting it with something wholly new. If the common law itself sometimes lagged
behind society, it was because judges did not like deliberately to overturn the wisdom
of their predecessors. Many of the larger changes in the law came about less through
the explicit reversal of settled law than through unconscious shifts in the underlying
assumptions. Only changed assumptions can explain, for example, how judges could
take a benevolent approach to legal fictions which might otherwise be seen as brazen
attempts to undermine the law. But gradual evolution makes for long stories. How far
those legal stories can be aligned with the factual state of society in specific periods is
the difficulty. Social changes obviously raise new legal questions, but they do not in
themselves dictate the answers or indicate at what point in history the answers will be
forthcoming. Inclinations towards change were rarely unanimous, and they usually
only led to an alteration in the common law once thinking had shifted so generally that
it seemed inevitable. In any case, since judges and legal advisers were obliged to operate
within the existing frameworks of legal rather than popular thought, they had to find
intellectually manageable ways of squaring evolution with inherited wisdom. Even when
everyone could see the need for some new legal remedy, the process of finding one – in
a system tied constitutionally to the ancient forms of ‘due process’ – might require con-
siderable ingenuity.
For such reasons as these, it was not practicable for the present purpose to map
developments in the law against changes in the temper of succeeding ages by taking
one period at a time. It may seem elementary to divide history into periods, and that
is the scheme of the much larger Oxford History, but in a briefer survey of long-term
developments and lines of thought it would mean leaving lots of loose ends at the end
of every section. A seamless web is more readily understood by tracing the threads
than by cutting it into pieces. This introductory history is therefore, after the initial
chapters, arranged by legal or institutional topics, each of which is approached more
or less chronologically.
I am grateful to all my colleagues in the world of legal history, and to my wife Liesbeth
van Houts, for raising and discussing various questions over the years. Professor Yuzo
Fukao’s heroic enterprise of translating the fourth edition into Japanese in 2010–11
resulted in many helpful suggestions for improvement to the wording, and sometimes
to the thinking as well. Above all, I should record my lifelong indebtedness to the work
of Professor S. F. C. Milsom, who died in 2016. I attended his undergraduate lectures
over fifty years ago and have never lost my fascination with the subject into which he
inducted me. My own attempts to write legal history over five decades have made me
appreciate more and more every year the genius of his insights, the elegance of his writ-
ing, and the enduring power of his scholarship.
John Baker
April 2018
Contents
Preface to the Fifth Edition v

Table of Statutes xii
Table of Cases xxii
Kings and Queens since 1066 lix
List of Abbreviations lxi
PA RT O N E
1 Law and Custom before 1066 3
Communal Justice 6
From Communal to Personal Authority 10
Further Reading 13
2 The Common Law of England 15

Regional and Itinerant Royal Justice 17
Central Royal Justice 20
Effects on Local Justice 25
Justice outside the Common Law 31
The Reach of the English Common Law 33
Further Reading 41
3 The Superior Courts of Common Law 44

Magna Carta and Common Pleas 44
The Resurgence of the King’s Bench 48
The Exchequer of Pleas 54
Uniformity and Abolition 57
Further Reading 59
4 The Forms of Action 60
Originating an Action 60
Types of Original Writ 64
Judicial Writs 71
End of the Forms of Action 74
Further Reading 76
Table A. Principal types of original writ 77
5 The Jury and Pleading 78

From ‘Proof ’ to ‘Trial’ 79
Medieval Pleading and Legal Argument 83
The System Transformed 89
Decline of the Common-Law System 94
End of the Common-Law System 98
Further Reading 103
viii Contents
6 The Court of Chancery and Equity 105

The Chancery 107
Law and Equity 114
Mischiefs of the Chancery 120
Reform and Abolition 122
Further Reading 124
7 The Conciliar Courts 126

The Court of Star Chamber 127
The Court of Requests 128
Regional Conciliar and Equity Courts 130
The Courts of the Admiral and Marshal 131
Further Reading 133
8 The Ecclesiastical Courts 135

Canon Law and Common Law 137
Effect of the Break with Rome 140
Nineteenth-Century Reforms 142
Further Reading 143
9 Judicial Review of Decisions 145

The Writ of Error 146
Development of the Appeal 148
The Prerogative Writs 153
Administrative Law 161
Further Reading 164
10 The Legal Profession 165

Origins of a Professional Bench and Bar 165
The New Profession 171
The Judiciary 176
Civilian Advocates 180
Legal Education in the Universities 181
Further Reading 183
11 Legal Literature 185

Glanvill and Bracton 185
Formularies 187
Reports of Cases 188
Treatises 197
Further Reading 203
12 Law Making 206

The Common Law 207
Equity and Legal Change 214
Legislation 216
Law Reform Movements 226
Further Reading 235
Contents ix
PA RT T WO
13 Real Property: Feudal Tenure 241

Tenure 241
Tenure and Land Ownership 247
The Lord’s Rights under the Common Law 257
Further Reading 264
Table B. Types of tenure 266
14 Real Property: Uses and Fiscal Feudalism 267

Origins of Uses 267
Effect of Uses on Feudal Law 271
Further Reading 278
15 Real Property: Inheritance and Estates 279

Alienation 280
The Law of Inheritance 285
Provision for Spouses and New Families 288
Reversions and Remainders 294
Further Reading 296
Table C. Estates in land 298
16 Real Property: Family Settlements 299

The Durability of the Fee Tail 299
Remainders and Executory Interests 303
Powers 308
Trusts 309
The Strict Settlement 313
Further Reading 315
17 Other Interests in Land 317

The Term of Years 317
Tenancy at Will 325
Villein Tenure and Copyhold 325
The Trust as an Interest in Land 328
Mortgages 330
Licences 333
Further Reading 335
Table D. Types of property 336
Table E. Modes of conveying real property 337
18 Contract: Covenant and Debt 338

The Action of Covenant 339
The Action of Debt 342
Gaps in the Medieval Law 347
Further Reading 349
x Contents
19 Contract: Assumpsit and Deceit 350

Breach of Covenant as Trespass 350
Assumpsit for Nonfeasance 354
Assumpsit as a Contractual Remedy 358
Assumpsit in Lieu of Debt 363
Further Reading 368
20 Contract: Some Later Developments 369

The Common Indebitatus Counts 369
Parol Contracts and Perjury 370
Elaboration of Contract Law 372
Privity 375
Contractual Terms 378
Further Reading 384
21 Quasi-Contract 386
The Action of Account 386
Actions on the Case 390
Indebitatus Assumpsit 393
A General Principle 400
Further Reading 402
22 Property in Chattels Personal 403

Personal Property, Chattels, and Things 404
Modes of Transfer 408
Termination of Private Property in Chattels 412
Interests in Chattels 414
Early Restitutionary Proceedings 415
Detinue 416
Trespass and Case for Chattels 420
Trover and Conversion 423
Further Reading 426
23 Negligence 427
Trespass Vi et Armis and Negligence 428
Actions on the Case for Negligence 432
The Tort of Negligence 436
Further Reading 450
24 Nuisance 451
Remedies for Nuisance 451
Isolated Occurrences 461
Common or Public Nuisances 462
Further Reading 464
25 Defamation 465
Actions on the Case for Words 467
Attempts to Abate the Flood of Actions 470
The Scope of Defamation 472
Contents xi
Libel 475
Further Reading 477
26 Economic Torts and Interests 479

Monopolies 480
Unfair or Deceptive Competition 487
Domestic Relationships 489
Intimidation and Conspiracy 492
Further Reading 497
27 Persons: Status and Liberty 499

Some Partial Legal Disabilities 499
Villein Status 501
Freedom from Arbitrary Imprisonment 506
Freedom of Thought and Expression 510
Freedom from Slavery 513
Further Reading 515
28 Persons: Marriage and its Consequences 517

The Law of Marriage 517
Unity of Person 522
Bastardy 528
Divorce 529
Further Reading 538
29 Pleas of the Crown: Criminal Procedure 540

Crime and Tort 540
The Initiation of Criminal Proceedings 543
The Trial 547
The Avoidance or Mitigation of Punishment 552
Further Reading 560
30 Pleas of the Crown: The Substantive Criminal Law 562

The Means of Development 562
Criminal Responsibility 564
Degrees of Participation 567
Some Particular Offences 568
Further Reading 578
Appendix I: Specimen Writs 580

Original Writs 580
Judicial Writs 586
Prerogative Writs 588
Writ of Summons (1832) 591
Appendix II: Specimen Entries 592
An Action of Trespass 592
Proceedings at a Gaol Delivery 594
Index 599
Table of Statutes
Note: the best printed text of the statutes from 1236 to 1713 is The Statutes of the Realm (1810–27). For
the 1215 and 1225 versions of Magna Carta see the appendices to J. C. Holt, Magna Carta (3rd edn by
G. Garnett and J. Hudson, 2015).
Henry I’s Coronation Edict (or Charter) 1100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 206, 216, 260, 279, 411
Constitutions of Clarendon 1164 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137, 138, 216
Assize of Clarendon 1166. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252, 545
Assize of Northampton 1176 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 252, 542
Assize of Windsor 1179 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 252
Magna Carta 1215. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6, 217
cl. 2 (relief) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
cl. 4–5 (wardship) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .261
cl. 6 (disparagement of wards) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .261
cl. 12, 14, 15 (feudal aids) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .217, 258, 259
cl. 17 (common pleas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
cl. 18 (assizes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 24, 26
cl. 19 (assizes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
cl. 20 (amercements for trespass) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503, 552
cl. 24 (sheriffs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543
cl. 27 (administration of estates) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .412
cl. 32 (forfeiture) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542
cl. 34 (praecipe) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26, 255
cl. 36 (mortmain). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
cl. 39 (liberty of the subject). See Magna Carta 1225, c. 29
cl. 41 (merchants). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
2 Hen. III, Magna Carta 1217
c. 7 (widows) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
cc. 12–13 (assizes). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149
c. 32 (liberty) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548
c. 36 (feudal services) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .281
c. 40 (mortmain) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
9 Hen. III, Magna Carta 1225 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39, 217
c. 2 (relief) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
cc. 4–5 (wardship) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .261
c. 6 (disparagement of wards) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .261
c. 7 (widows) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289, 290
c. 11 (common pleas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 44–5, 47, 49
c. 12 (assizes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24, 149
c. 14 (amercements for trespass) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503, 552
c. 17 (sheriffs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26, 543
c. 18 (reasonable parts) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
c. 22 (forfeiture) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542
c. 24 (praecipe). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26, 255
c. 26 (de odio et atia) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544
c. 29 (liberty of the subject) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60, 105, 130, 154, 159, 225, 482–3, 502, 506–10, 548
c. 30 (merchants) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
c. 32 (feudal services) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .281
c. 36 (mortmain) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Table of Statutes xiii
20 Hen. III, Provisions of Merton 1236 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218

cc. 6–7 (guardians) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .261
c. 8 (novel disseisin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
c. 9 (bastardy). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528
20 Hen. III, ‘Statute’ of Ireland (De coheredibus) 1236 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
42 Hen. III, Provisions of Oxford 1258 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26, 63
43 Hen. III, Provisions of Westminster 1259. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218
52 Hen. III, Statute of Marlborough 1267 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217, 218
c. 5 (infringers of Magna Carta). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506
c. 6 (wardship) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264, 273
c. 9 (suit) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
c. 16 (primer seisin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
c. 17 (guardians in socage) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .261
c. 23 (waste) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
c. 29 (writs of entry) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
3 Edw. I, Statute of Westminster I 1275 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218
c. 4 (wreck). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .413
c. 6 (amercements for trespass) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552
c. 12 (refusal of trial) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549
c. 15 (bail) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
c. 29 (deceit by lawyers) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166
c. 36 (feudal aids). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
6 Edw. I, Statute of Gloucester 1278
c. 1 (damages and costs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
c. 3 (tenancy by the curtesy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
c. 4 (cessavit) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
c. 5 (waste) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284, 585
c. 8 (pleas of trespass) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26, 68
c. 9 (homicide). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .544, 571
7 Edw. I, Statute of Mortmain (De viris religiosis) 1279. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262–3
10 Edw. I, ‘Statute’ of Rutland 1282 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
12 Edw. I, Statute of Rhuddlan (or of Wales) 1284 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37, 339, 340, 342
13 Edw. I, Statute of Westminster II 1285 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218
c. 1, De donis conditionalibus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217, 292, 293–4, 299–302, 327, 583
c. 2 (replevin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
c. 4 (wreck). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .413
c. 11 (account). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
c. 12 (conspiracy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
c. 16 (wardship) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .261
c. 18 (elegit). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
c. 21 (cessavit). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
c. 24 (writs ‘in consimili casu’). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69, 295
c. 25 (assize of novel disseisin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256, 452, 460
c. 30 (nisi prius) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 88, 96
c. 32 (quale jus) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
c. 34 (rape) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .553, 573
13 Edw. I, Statute of Winchester 1285 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218
c. 2 (robberies) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
13 Edw. I, Statute of Merchants 1285. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
18 Edw. I, Quia emptores terrarum 1290 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218, 259, 263–4, 281
18 Edw. I, Statute of Quo Warranto 1290 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156
25 Edw. I, Confirmation of Magna Carta 1297 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .217
25 Edw. I, Confirmatio Cartarum 1297 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
xiv Table of Statutes
28 Edw. I, Articuli super Cartas 1300

c. 4 (Exchequer). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
c. 5 (court coram rege) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
33 Edw. I, Ordinatio de conspiratoribus 1305 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
34 Edw. I, De tallagio non concedendo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
9 Edw. II, Articuli cleri 1315. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138
Prerogativa Regis (date uncertain)
c. 13 (or 11) (wreck and royal fish) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406, 413
c. 16 (forfeiture) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542
1 Edw. III, st. ii (1327)
c. 11 (suits for defamation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
c. 12 (fines for alienation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
2 Edw. III, Statute of Northampton 1328
c. 2 (pardon for felony) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557
c. 8 (justices). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126, 177
4 Edw. III, c. 7 (executors, 1330) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
14 Edw. III, st. i, c. 14 (writs of privy seal, 1340). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .177
14 Edw. III, st. ii, c. 1 (taxation, 1340) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218
18 Edw. III, st. ii, c. 2 (justices of peace, 1344) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
18 Edw. III, st. iv (judges’ oath) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .177
23 Edw. III, Ordinance of Labourers 1349. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
25 Edw. III, st. i, De natis ultra mare 1351. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
25 Edw. III, st. ii, Statute of Labourers 1351 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
25 Edw. III, st. iv (provisors, 1351) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139
25 Edw. III, st. v (1351)
c. 2, Treason Act 1351 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568–9
c. 3 (juries) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548
c. 4 (jurisdiction of council) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126, 127
c. 11 (feudal aids) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
27 Edw. III, st. i (suing outside the realm, 1353) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139
27 Edw. III, st. ii, Statute of the Staple 1353, c. 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
28 Edw. III (1354)
c. 2 (marches of Wales) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
c. 3 (due process) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60, 105
c. 13 (juries de medietate linguae) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .501
31 Edw. III, st. i (1357)
c. 11 (administrators). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .412
c. 12 (error from the Exchequer) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147
34 Edw. III (1361)
c. 1, Justices of the Peace Act 1361. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552
c. 9 (labourers) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
42 Edw. III, c. 3 (due process, 1368) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60, 105, 126
45 Edw. III, c. 3 (tithes of wood, 1371) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139
50 Edw. III, c. 6 (fraudulent feoffments to uses, 1376) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
2 Ric. II, st. i, c. 5 (scandalum magnatum, 1378). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
6 Ric. II, st. i, c. 3 (writs of nuisance, 1382) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
13 Ric. II, st. i, c. 5 (admiralty, 1389) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132
13 Ric. II, st. ii, c. 1 (pardons, 1390) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .571
15 Ric. II (1391)
c. 2, Statute of Forcible Entry 1391 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552
c. 5 (uses and mortmain) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
16 Ric. II, Statute of Winchester 1392, c. 5 (praemunire) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139
Table of Statutes xv
17 Ric. II, c. 6 (subpoena, 1393). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

1 Hen. IV, c. 8 (assize against patentee, 1399) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .241
2 Hen. IV
c. 11 (admiralty, 1400) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132
c. 15 (de heretico comburendo, 1400) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .510
4 Hen. IV, c. 23 (judgments at law, 1402) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115, 117
5 Hen. IV, c. 5 (malicious wounding, 1403). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573
13 Hen. IV, c. 7 (riot, 1412) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552
3 Hen. V. st. ii, c. 6 (clipping coin, 1415) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570
18 Hen. VI, c. 29 (juries de medietate linguae) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .501
Royal Marriages Act 1428 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .219
1 Edw. IV, c. 2 (sheriffs’ tourns, 1461) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3 Edw. IV, c. 4 (importation of playing cards, 1463) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482
8 Edw. IV, c. 2 (liveries, 1468) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547
22 Edw. IV, c. 7 (enclosing woods, 1482) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .241
1 Ric. III (1484)
c. 1 (uses). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215, 271
c. 4 (juries in tourn). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
c. 7 (final concords) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
3 Hen. VII (1487)
c. 1, ‘Pro camera stellata’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127
c. 14 (compassing the king’s death) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568
4 Hen. VII (1490)
c. 4 (proclamation of exigent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
c. 12 (justices of peace) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153
c. 17 (wardships and uses). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273, 274
c. 24 (final concords). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
7 Hen. VII, c. 2 (protections, 1493). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
11 Hen. VII (1495)
c. 1 (adherence to de facto king). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568
c. 8 (usury) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
c. 17 (birding with nets). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .241
12 Hen. VII, c. 7 (petty treason, 1496) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570
19 Hen. VII (1504)
c. 9 (mesne process) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71
c. 15 (wardships and uses). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
c. 28 (attainders) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
4 Hen. VIII, c. 2 (benefit of clergy, 1512) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556, 572
5 Hen. VIII, c. 2 (clothiers’ marks, 1513) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
21 Hen. VIII (1529)
c. 7 (embezzlement by a servant). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576
c. 11 (restitution of stolen goods) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .410
c. 15 (falsification of recoveries) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
22 Hen. VIII (1530)
c. 9 (murder by poisoning). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556
c. 14 (abjuration) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553
23 Hen. VIII (1532)
c. 1 (benefit of clergy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .556, 572, 573, 574
c. 5 (commissions of sewers) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162, 225
c. 6 (recognizances). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
c. 11 (escape) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556
c. 15 (costs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49, 73
xvi Table of Statutes
24 Hen. VIII, c. 12, Restraint of Appeals 1532 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

25 Hen. VIII (1533)
c. 6 (buggery) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573
c. 14 (heresy trials) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .510
c. 19, Submission of the Clergy 1533. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
c. 21, Ecclesiastical Licences Act 1533 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .521
27 Hen. VIII (1536)
c. 10, Statute of Uses 1536 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211, 220, 274–7, 290, 305–7, 323, 324
c. 12 (clothiers’ marks, 1536) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
c. 16, Statute of Enrolments 1536 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276–7, 324
c. 26, Laws in Wales Act 1536 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
31 Hen. VIII (1539)
c. 1 (partition). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
c. 6 (monks) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
c. 8 (proclamations) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
32 Hen. VIII (1540)
c. 1, Statute of Wills 1540 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272, 276, 305–6
c. 12 (sanctuary) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554
c. 16 (aliens) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
c. 30, Statute of Jeofails 1540 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
c. 38, Marriage Act 1540 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531
c. 45 (Court of Wards). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
33 Hen. VIII (1541)
c. 26 (Sir John Shelton’s will) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
c. 39 (Court of Surveyors). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
34 & 35 Hen. VIII (1542)
c. 5 (explanation of the Statute of Wills) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
c. 26 (Wales and the Marches) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
35 Hen. VIII, c. 6 (tales de circumstantibus, 1543) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
1 Edw. VI, c. 12 (criminal law, 1547) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .555, 569, 574
2 & 3 Edw. VI (1549)
c. 8 (lessees) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
c. 13 (tithes). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139
2 & 3 Ph. & Mar., c. 7, Sale of Horses Act 1555. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
1 Eliz. I, c. 1 (royal supremacy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141, 511
27 Eliz. I, c. 8 (Exchequer Chamber, 1585) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54, 147
43 Eliz. I, c. 6 (costs). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
1 Jac. I, c. 8, Statute of Stabbing 1603. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572
21 Jac. I (1624)
c. 3, Statute of Monopolies 1624 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483, 485
c. 6 (benefit of clergy for women) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
c. 16, Statute of Limitations 1624 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322, 437
c. 28 (sanctuary) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554
3 Car. I, c. 1, Petition of Right 1628 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
16 Car. I (1641)
c. 10, Star Chamber Abolition Act 1641 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126, 509
c. 11 (ecclesiastical courts). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
c. 14, Ship-Money Act 1641 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227, 509
Blasphemy Act 1648. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
12 Car. II, c. 24, Military Tenures Abolition Act 1660 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
13 Car. II, c. 12 (ecclesiastical courts) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
13 Car. II, st. ii, c. 2 (mesne process, 1661) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Table of Statutes xvii
22 & 23 Car. II (1670)

c. 1, Coventry’s Act 1670 (wounding) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573
c. 9, Duties on Law Proceedings Act 1670. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
c. 10, Statute of Distribution 1670. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .412
29 Car. II, c. 3, Statute of Frauds 1677
s. 4 (contracts) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
s. 7 (declaration of trust). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
s. 10 (trusts) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
s. 12 (tenancy pur auter vie) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
s. 17 (sale of goods) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
31 Car. II, c. 2, Habeas Corpus Act 1679. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157, 509
1 Will. & Mar., st. i, c. 27 (Council in the Marches, 1689). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
1 Will. & Mar., st. ii, Bill of Rights 1689 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552
3 Will. & Mar., c. 9 (benefit of clergy for women, 1691) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
4 Will. & Mar., c. 18 (malicious informations, 1692) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547
6 & 7 Will. & Mar., c. 6 (marriages, 1694) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520
7 & 8 Will. III, c. 35 (marriages, 1695) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520
8 & 9 Will. III, c. 11, Administration of Justice Act 1696 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347, 437
9 [& 10] Will. III (1698)
c. 15 (arbitration) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
c. 35, Blasphemy Act 1698. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .512
12 & 13 Will. III, c. 2, Act of Settlement 1700 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179
1 Ann., st. ii, c. 9 (defence witnesses, 1702) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .551
3 & 4 Ann., c. 8 (or 9), Promissory Notes Act 1704 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
4 & 5 Ann., c. 3, Administration of Justice Act 1705
s. 4 (several pleas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
s. 9 (attornment) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .281
ss. 12–13 (penalties) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
[5 &] 6 Ann. (1707)
c. 9 (benefit of clergy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
c. 11, Union with Scotland Act 1707 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
c. 58 (or 31), Act preventing Mischiefs from Fire 1707. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
8 Ann., c. 19, Copyright Act 1710 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
4 Geo. I, c. 11, Transportation Act 1718. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556
6 Geo. I, c. 5 (error from Ireland, 1719) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4 Geo. II, c. 26 (Latin and court-hand, 1731) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
11 Geo. II, c. 19 (parol leases, 1738) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
26 Geo. II, c. 33, Lord Hardwicke’s Marriage Act 1753 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518, 521
12 Geo. III, c. 20 (refusal to plead, 1772) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549
19 Geo. III, c. 74 (criminal punishments, 1779) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557, 558
32 Geo. III, c. 60, Fox’s Libel Act 1792 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .512
39 Geo. III (1799)
c. 81, Combination Act 1799 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494
c. 85 (embezzlement) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577
39 & 40 Geo. III, c. 106, Combination Act 1800 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494
41 Geo. III, c. 107 (copyright, 1801). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
47 Geo. III, c. 36 (abolition of slave trade, 1807). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .515
56 Geo. III, c. 100, Habeas Corpus Amendment Act 1816 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
59 Geo. III, c. 46 (appeal of murder, 1819) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81
4 Geo. IV (1823)
c. 76, Marriage Act 1823 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .521
c. 83, Factors Act 1823 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
xviii Table of Statutes
7 & 8 Geo. IV, c. 28, Criminal Law Act 1827 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549, 557
9 Geo. IV, c. 31 (petty treason, 1828). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570
11 Geo. IV & 1 Will. IV (1830)
c. 68, Carriers Act 1830 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
c. 70, Law Terms Act 1830. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148
2 & 3 Will. IV (1832)
c. 39, Uniformity of Process Act 1832 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58, 75, 591
c. 92, Privy Council Appeals Act 1832 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
3 & 4 Will. IV (1833)
c. 15, Bulwer Lytton’s Act 1833. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
c. 27, Real Property Limitation Act 1833 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75, 322
c. 41, Judicial Committee Act 1833. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
c. 73, Slavery Abolition Act 1833 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .515
c. 105, Dower Act 1833 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
c. 106, Inheritance Act 1833 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
5 & 6 Will. IV (1835)
c. 54, Lord Lyndhurst’s Act 1835. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531
c. 65, Lecture Copyright Act 1835 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
c. 76, Municipal Corporations Act 1835 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159
6 & 7 Will. IV (1836)
c. 32, Building Societies Act 1836. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .333
c. 85, Marriage Act 1836 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .521
c. 114, Trial for Felony Act 1836 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .551
7 Will. IV & 1 Vict., c. 86 (burglary, 1837) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574
1 & 2 Vict., c. 62, Judgments Act 1838. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4 & 5 Vict., c. 21, Conveyance by Release Act 1841 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
6 & 7 Vict. (1843)
c. 85, Evidence Act 1843 (Lord Denman’s Act). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
c. 96, Lord Campbell’s Libel Act 1843 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
8 & 9 Vict. (1845)
c. 106, Real Property Act 1845 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
c. 112, Satisfied Terms Act 1845. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
9 & 10 Vict. (1846)
c. 54 (bar of Common Pleas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174
c. 93, Fatal Accidents Act 1846 (Lord Campbell’s Act) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445–6, 490
11 & 12 Vict. (1848)
c. 42, Indictable Offences Act 1848 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
c. 43, Summary Jurisdiction Act 1848 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .233, 552
c. 78 (crown cases reserved) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149
14 & 15 Vict., c. 99, Evidence Act 1851 (Lord Brougham’s Act) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
15 & 16 Vict. (1852)
c. 76, Common Law Procedure Act 1852 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75, 148, 322, 591
c. 83, Patent Law Amendment Act 1852 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
17 & 18 Vict. (1854)
c. 31, Railway and Canal Traffic Act 1854 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
c. 125, Common Law Procedure Act 1854. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100
18 & 19 Vict., c. 41, Ecclesiastical Courts Act 1855 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143
19 & 20 Vict., c. 120, Settled Estates Act 1856. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .315
20 & 21 Vict. (1857)
c. 43, Summary Jurisdiction Act 1857 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152
c. 54 (fraud by trustee or bailee). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577
c. 77, Court of Probate Act 1857 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143
c. 85, Matrimonial Causes Act 1857. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525, 536
Table of Statutes xix
21 & 22 Vict., c. 106, Government of India Act 1858. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483

23 & 24 Vict., c. 144, Matrimonial Causes Act 1860 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537
24 & 25 Vict., c. 97, Malicious Damage Act 1861. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574
24 & 25 Vict., c. 100, Offences against the Person Act 1861 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .233, 573
25 & 26 Vict. (1862)
c. 68, Copyright Act 1862 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
c. 88, Merchandise Marks Act 1862 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
28 & 29 Vict., c. 99 (county courts, 1865) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123
30 & 31 Vict., c. 35, Criminal Law Amendment Act 1867 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .551
32 & 33 Vict. (1869)
c. 46, Administration of Estates Act 1869 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
c. 110, Debtors Act 1869. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
33 & 34 Vict. (1870)
c. 14, Naturalization Act 1870 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .501
c. 93, Married Women’s Property Act 1870. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525
36 & 37 Vict., c. 66, Judicature Act 1873. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58–9, 75, 123, 148, 152, 173
38 & 39 Vict. (1875)
c. 77, Judicature Act 1875 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
c. 86, Conspiracy and Protection of Property Act 1875. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
c. 91, Trade Marks Registration Act 1875. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
39 & 40 Vict., c. 59, Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152–3
40 & 41 Vict., c. 18, Settled Estates Act 1877. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .315
43 & 44 Vict., c. 42, Employers’ Liability Act 1880 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
44 & 45 Vict., c. 60, Newspaper Libel and Registration Act 1881 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
45 & 46 Vict. (1882)
c. 38, Settled Land Act 1882 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .315
c. 51, Bills of Exchange Act 1882 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
c. 75, Married Women’s Property Act 1882 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526
46 & 47 Vict. (1883)
c. 38, Trial of Lunatics Act 1883 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566
c. 57, Patents, Designs and Trademarks Act 1883. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
51 & 52 Vict. (1888)
c. 41, Local Government Act 1888 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160, 226
c. 64, Law of Libel Amendment Act 1888 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
53 & 54 Vict. (1890)
c. 39, Partnership Act 1890 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
c. 44, Sir Robert Finlay’s Act 1890 (judicature) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153
c. 69, Settled Land Act 1890 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .315
54 & 55 Vict., c. 51, Slander of Women Act 1891 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
56 & 57 Vict. (1893)
c. 63, Married Women’s Property Act 1893 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527
c. 71, Sale of Goods Act 1893 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234, 372, 380, 382
60 & 61 Vict. (1897)
c. 65, Land Transfer Act 1897 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
c. 87, Workmen’s Compensation Act 1897 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
61 & 62 Vict., c. 36, Criminal Evidence Act 1898 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .551
6 Edw. VII (1906)
c. 47, Trade Disputes Act 1906 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496–7
c. 58, Workmen’s Compensation Act 1906 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
7 Edw. VII, c. 47, Deceased Wife’s Sister’s Marriage Act 1907 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531
1 & 2 Geo. V, c. 13, Parliament Act 1911. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218
9 & 10 Geo. V, c. 71, Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act 1919. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183, 500
10 & 11 Geo. V, c. 55, Emergency Powers Act 1920 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .513
xx Table of Statutes
11 & 12 Geo. V, c. 24, Deceased Brother’s Widow’s Marriage Act 1921 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531
13 & 14 Geo. V, c. 19, Matrimonial Causes Act 1923 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537
15 & 16 Geo. V (1925)
c. 18, Settled Land Act 1925. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .315
c. 20, Law of Property Act 1925 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285, 331, 372
c. 23, Administration of Estates Act 1925 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
c. 49, Supreme Court of Judicature (Consolidation) Act 1925 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .216
16 & 17 Geo. V, c. 60, Legitimacy Act 1926. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529
19 & 20 Geo. V, c. 36, Age of Marriage Act 1929 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530
24 & 25 Geo. V, c. 41, Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1934. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
25 & 26 Geo. V, c. 30, Law Reform (Married Women
and Tortfeasors Act) 1935. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400, 527
1 Edw. VIII & 1 Geo. VI, c. 57, Matrimonial Causes Act 1937
(A. P. Herbert’s Act) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537
1 & 2 Geo. VI (1938)
c. 45, Inheritance (Family Provision) Act 1938 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .412
c. 63, Administration of Justice (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1938 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163
8 & 9 Geo. VI, c. 28, Law Reform (Contributory
Negligence) Act 1945 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
9 & 10 Geo. VI, c. 36, Statutory Instruments Act 1946 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
10 & 11 Geo. VI, c. 44, Crown Proceedings Act 1947 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163
11 & 12 Geo. VI (1948)
c. 41, Law Reform (Personal Injuries) Act 1948 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
c.66, Monopolies and Restrictive Practices Act 1948 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
12, 13 & 14 Geo. VI, c. 103, Parliament Act 1949 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218
13 & 14 Geo. VI (1949)
c. 76, Marriage Act 1949 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .521
c. 78, Married Women (Restraint upon Anticipation) Act 1949 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526
15 & 16 Geo. VI & 1 Eliz. II, c. 66, Defamation Act 1952 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477, 487
2 & 3 Eliz. II, c. 34, Law Reform (Enforcement of Contracts) Act 1954 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
4 & 5 Eliz. II (1956)
c. 46, Administration of Justice Act 1956 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
c. 74, Copyright Act 1956 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
5 & 6 Eliz. II (1957)
c. 11, Homicide Act 1957 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560
c. 31, Occupiers’ Liability Act 1957 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
6 & 7 Eliz. II, c. 66, Tribunals and Inquiries Act 1958 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163
7 & 8 Eliz. II, c. 73, Legitimacy Act 1959 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529
8 & 9 Eliz. II, c. 9, Judicial Pensions Act 1959 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179
From 1963 statutes are cited by the calendar year instead of the regnal years of the parliament in
which they were passed: Acts of Parliament Numbering and Citation Act 1962 (10 & 11 Eliz. II, c. 34)
Criminal Procedure (Right of Reply) Act 1964 (c. 34). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551

Law Commissions Act 1965 (c. 22) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Murder (Abolition of Death Penalty) Act 1965 (c. 71) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560
Misrepresentation Act 1967 (c. 7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
Criminal Law Act 1967 (c. 58) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542
Matrimonial Homes Act 1967 (c. 75). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .216
Sexual Offences Act 1967 (c. 60) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573
Theft Act 1968 (c. 60). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .410, 574, 577
Clean Air Act 1968 (c. 62) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460
Family Law Reform Act 1969 (c. 46) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529
Table of Statutes xxi
Divorce Reform Act 1969 (c. 55) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538

Administration of Justice Act 1969 (c. 58). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .212
Administration of Justice Act 1970 (c. 31) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133
Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1970 (c. 33) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491, 519
Matrimonial Proceedings and Property Act 1970 (c. 45) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527
Courts Act 1971 (c. 23). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 59, 131, 180
Wild Creatures and Forest Laws Act 1971 (c. 47) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
Criminal Damage Act 1971 (c. 48) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574
European Communities Act 1972 (c. 68) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .212
Administration of Justice Act 1973 (c. 15) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179
Juries Act 1974 (c. 23). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Torts (Interference with Goods) Act 1977 (c. 32) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
Administration of Justice Act 1977 (c. 38). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 (c. 50). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384, 448
Wales Act 1978 (c. 52) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Housing Act 1980 (c. 48) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
Supreme Court Act 1981 (c. 54) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74, 156, 161, 179, 216
Occupiers’ Liability Act 1984 (c. 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
Family Law Reform Act 1987 (c. 42) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529
Consumer Protection Act 1987 (c. 43). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1989 (c. 34). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
Sale of Goods (Amendment) Act 1994 (c. 32). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 (c. 33) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .551
Treasure Act 1996 (c. 24) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .413
Family Law Act 1996 (c. 27) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538
Defamation Act 1996 (c. 31) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
Trusts of Land and Appointment of Trustees Act 1996 (c. 47) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Civil Procedure Act 1997 (c. 12) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102, 216
Human Rights Act 1998 (c. 42). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .212
Crime and Disorder Act 1998 (c. 37) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568
Government in Wales Act 1998 (c. 38) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Scotland Act 1998 (c. 38) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 (c. 31). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
Civil Contingencies Act 2004 (c. 36) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .513
Constitutional Reform Act 2005 (c. 4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123, 153, 180
Compensation Act 2006 (c. 29) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447, 450
Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007 (c. 15). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163
Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 (c. 4). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .512
Coroners and Justice Act 2009 (c. 25) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .512
Succession to the Crown Act 2013 (c. 20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Defamation Act 2013 (c. 26) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470, 473, 477
Social Action, Responsibility and Heroism Act 2015 (c. 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450
Consumer Rights Act 2015 (c. 15). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
Trade Union Act 2016 (c. 15). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497
Table of Cases
CASES CITED BY NAME

Abbots Ripton (Parson) v. Can (1376) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
Abernethy v. Hutchinson (1825) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
Acres v. Stutevill (1352) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Acton v. Symon (1634). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
Adam the Apprentice, his Case (1321) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
Adlingfleet v. Maidstone (1362) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354, 356
Agar v. Lisle (1614) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
Agmondesham’s Case (1590) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
Albert (Prince) v. Strange (1849) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
Aldred v. Benton (1610) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
All Souls College, Case of, ex parte Heron (1655) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159
Allen v. Flood (1898) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153, 496
Allen v. Gulf Oil Refining Ltd (1981) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Alston v. Pamphyn (1596) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
Amner d. Fulshurst v. Luddington (1583) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Andrew v. Boughey (1552) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
Andrews v. Webb (1607) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106, 370
Angell v. Satterton (1663) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
Anisminic Ltd v. Foreign Compensation Commission (1969). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163
Anns v. Merton L.B.C. (1978) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447, 449
Anstey Case (1158) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 135
Anton Piller K.G. v. Manufacturing Processes Ltd (1976). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .216
Archbold v. Sweet (1832) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
Archer’s Case (1595). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Archer (Justice), Re (1672) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179
Arglasse v. Muschamp (1682) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Armes v. Nottinghamshire C.C. (2017) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
Armory v. Delamirie (1722) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .413, 425
Arris v. Stewkly (1677). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
Arscott v. Escott (1528) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468
Arundel’s Case (1594) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474
Arundel (Earl) his Case (1500). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Ash v. Ash (1696) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Ashburn Anstalt v. Arnold (1989) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
Ashby v. White (1703) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461, 510
Ashford v. Thornton (1818) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81, 545
Asshecombe v. Accon (1400) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
Astley v. Fereby (1510) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
Aston v. Heaven (1797) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
Att.-Gen. v. Barnard (1582). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476
Att.-Gen. v. Bastwick, Burton, and Prynne (1629) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .512
Att.-Gen v. Brereton (1614) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106
Att.-Gen. v. Capel (1494). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
Att.-Gen. v. Cooke and others (1569) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .512
Att.-Gen. v. Donatt (1560). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150
Att.-Gen. v. East and How (1596) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127
Att.-Gen. v. Elliot, Holles, and Valentine (1628). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178, 509, 511
Table of Cases xxiii
Att.-Gen. v. Gooderick (1612). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474

Att.-Gen. v. Gresham (1596) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
Att.-Gen. v. Joiners’ Company (1582) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .481
Att.-Gen. v. Nichol (1809) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
Att.-Gen. v. Northumberland (Earl) (1567) (Case of Mines) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
Att.-Gen. v. Porter (1592) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Att.-Gen. v. Poultney (1665) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Att.-Gen. v. Skynner and Catcher, sheriffs of London (1588) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128, 507, 546
Att.-Gen. v. Strode (1629) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
Att.-Gen. v. Taylor (1678) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .512
Att.-Gen. v. Tutchin (1704) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .512
Att.-Gen. v. Ward, Barnes, and Smith (1628) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
Aubrey v. Flory (1321) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
Audelet v. Latton (1519–26). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
Aumale (Countess) v. Countess of Gloucester (1276) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293, 524
Aumeye’s Case (1305) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Austin v. Culpeper (1683) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476
Aylesbury v. Wattes (1382) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70, 341, 348, 352
Ayton v. Van Santen (1665) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
Bach v. Longman (1777) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
Bacon v. Bacon (1640) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
Bagg’s case (1615) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158
Baker’s Case (1410). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
Bakere v. Londeneys (1384) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
Baldeswell v. Pulter (1366) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
Baldwyn v. Smyth (1585) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Banastre v. Banastre (1583) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
Banbury v. Bank of Montreal (1918). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Bankes v. Allen (1615) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468
Barantine (Drew) his Case (1411) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Barber v. Colefax (1591). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
Barfote v. Smyth (1533) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468
Barham v. Hayman (1561) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91
Barham v. Dennis (1600). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490
Barley, Case of. See Orwell v. Mortoft
Barnabas v. Traunter (1640) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476
Barnes’ Case (c. 1650) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Baron v. Wilson (1533). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Barre v. Hales (1329) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Barrow v. Lewellin (1614) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474
Barry v. Pierrpont (1287). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .188
Bartie v. Herenden (1560) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118, 310
Bartilmewe v. Shragger (1498) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
Batty v. Metropolitan Pty Realisations Ltd (1978) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
Bayfield v. Collard (1646) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
Bayly v. Davye (1550) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Beamish v. Beamish (1861) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522
Beatrix, late Queen of Germany v. Earl of Cornwall (1274) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Beard v. Webb (1800). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523
Beauchamp (Lord) v. Croft (1497) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466, 475
Beaufort (Cardinal) his Case (1453). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Beaulieu v. Finglam (1401) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434, 435
Beckingham and Lambert v. Vaughan (1616) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
xxiv Table of Cases
Bedingfield v. Leder (1585) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .481

Bellhouse v. Claveryng (1341) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593
Belyng’s Case (1312) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222, 299
Bendlowes v. Kemp (a. 1584) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
Berden v. Burton (1382). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71, 429, 435
Berenger v. Barton (1309) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
Berford v. Balard (1389). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
Berkeley Peerage Case (1861) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
Bermondsey (Prior) v. Harding (1481) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
Bernard’s Case (1133) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Bernardestone v. Heighlynge (1344) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70, 453
Berrie’s Case (1599) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160
Berry v. Heard (1622). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
Bespiche v. Coghill (1628). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
Beswick v. Beswick (1966–68) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211, 378
Beswick v. Cunden (No. 1) (1595). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
Beswick v. Cunden (No. 2) (1596) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454, 455
Bettini v. Gye (1876). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
Beverley v. Dodmore (1367) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
Beverley (Provost) his Case. See Sutton’s Case
Biere v. Mule (1388) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Billyng v. Bullok (1359) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
Binions v. Evans (1972) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
Birch v. Wright (1786) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
Birchester v. Leech (1390) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
Bircot’s Case (1573) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482
Bishop v. Newman (1619) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158
Blackamore’s Case (1610). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Blacksmith (The) his Case (1587). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480
Blades v. Higgs (1862) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
Blakett’s Case (1410). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Blanchard v. Hill (1742) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
Bland v. Moseley (1587). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
Blanke v. Spinula (1520). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
Blofield v. Payne (1833) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
Bluet v. Bowland (1472) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
Blyth v. Birmingham Waterworks Co. (1856). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442
Blyth v. Topham (1607) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92, 464
Bodenham v. Halle (1456). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
Bodon v. Vampage (1507) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
Bohun v. Broughton (1456). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140
Bole v. Horton (1673). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .210
Boles v. Walley (1559) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Bonham’s Case (1610) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Bonham v. Lord Sturton (1554) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Boosey v. Whight (1900) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
Boson v. Sandford (1689) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
Botye v. Brewster (1595) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215
Boulston v. Hardy (1597). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
Boulton and Watt v. Bull (1795) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
Bourgchier v. Cheseman (1504) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .421, 423, 576
Bourne v. Mason (1669) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
Bowdo v. Bowdo (1542). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532
Table of Cases xxv
Bowdon v. Peleter (1315) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .416

Bowen v. Hall (1881). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492
Bowles v. Bradshaw (1748) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
Bowry v. Pope (1588) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
Bradford Corp. v. Pickles (1895). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
Bradley v. Methwyn (1735) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476
Bradshaw v. Nicholson (1601). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436
Bradshaw v. Porter (c. 1660) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Brancaster v. Master of Royston Hospital (1383) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319, 341
Brent’s Case (1575) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Brent v. Haddon (1619) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
Brett v. Read (1634) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
Bretton v. Barnet (1599). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
Bridlington v. Middleton (1388). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
Bridge v. Wain (1816) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
Bright v. Eynon (1757) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Bright v. Hutton (1852) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Brigs Case (1623) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
Broad v. Jollyfe (1621). See Jollie v. Broad
Broadmeadow v. Rushenden (1364) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351, 352
Broke v. Abbot of Woburn (1444) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436
Broker’s Case (1490). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
Bromage v. Genning (1616). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130
Broughton v. Prince (1589) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172
Broune v. Franceys (1521) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458
Brown v. Bridges (Lord) (1589) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Brown v. Edgington (1841) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
Browne (Serjeant) his Case (1532) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
Browne v. London (1668) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
Bruton (Prior) v. Ede (1470) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
Bryant v. Herbert (1878) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
Brydges v. Warnford (1553). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91
Buckeridge v. Sherly (1671) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
Bukton v. Tounesende (Humber Ferry Case) (1348) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69, 351, 420
Bulkeley v. Wood (1591). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474
Bulmer Ltd v. Bollinger S.A. (1974) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .212
Bulthorpe v. Ladbrook (1607). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .217
Bunting v. Leppingwell (1585) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .518
Burford v. Dadwel (1669) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Burgavenny (Barony), Case of (1604) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
Burgess v. Wheate (1759). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Burgh v. Potkyn (1522) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Burgh v. Warnford (1553). See Brydges v. Warnford
Bushell’s Case (1670) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158, 559
Butler v. Baker (1591) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213, 317
Butler v. Butler (1657) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
Butterfield v. Forrester (1809). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
Butts v. Peny (1677) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .513
Byard v. Bradell (1586). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .491
Bydeford v. Aunfrey (1291) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .416
Byrne v. Boadle (1863) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442
Bysshoppe v. Viscountess Mountague (1600). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
Cadell v. Palmer (1833) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .312
xxvi Table of Cases
Cadigan v. Say (1256). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339

Caesar v. Corsini (1593). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .501
Calton’s Case (1588) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Calvin’s Case (1609) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
Calwodelegh v. John (1479) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407, 422
Calye’s Case (1584). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
Camillo Tank S.S. Co. Ltd v. Alexandria Engineering Works (1921) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
Candler v. Crane, Christmas & Co. (1951). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Canterbury (Archbishop) v. Abbot of Battle (1140) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .217
Canterbury (Prior) his Case (1383) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
Canterbury (Prior) v. Hore (1493) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
Cantrell v. Churche (1601). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150, 355, 454
Caparo Industries plc v. Dickman (1990) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
Capel’s Case (1592). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Capell’s Case (1494) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331, 332, 347
Carles v. Malpas (1455) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .419
Carpenter’s Case (1558). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470
Carpue v. London & Brighton Rly Co. (1844). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442
Carr v. Lancashire and Yorkshire Rly Co. (1852) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
Carrier (The) his Case (1473) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576
Carter’s Case (1586) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
Cartwright’s Case (1569) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .513
Carvanell v. Mower (1533). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
Carver v. Pierce (1647). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
Catterall v. Catterall (1847) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522
Caunt’s Case (1430) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357, 380
Cavendish (Lord) his Case (temp. Eliz.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127
Chabbok v. Saman (1361) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
Chamber v. Mountegomery (1506) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544
Chamberlain v. Harvey (1697) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .513
Chambers v. Jennings (1703) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132
Chandelor v. Lopus (1604) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380–1
Chandler v. Webster (1904). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .401
Chandos (Lady) v. Sympson (1602) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345, 376
Chaplain v. Shepherd (1315) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
Charles v. Antoigne (1383) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Charnele v. Ferrers (1370) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .419
Chedder v. Savage (1406) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105
Chikuma (The) (1981) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Child d. Heath v. Baylie (1623) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Cholmeley v. Humble (1595) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Cholmley’s Case (1586) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .491
Christ Church, Canterbury (Prior). See Canterbury (Prior)
Christie v. Griggs (1809) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442
Chudelegh v. Napton (1400) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Chudleigh’s Case (1594) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Churche v. Brownewick (1667). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Clark v. Chambers (1878) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446
Clarke v. Holmes (1862) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
Clarke v. Johnson (1774) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .401
Clarke v. Manning (1608) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Clarke v. Shee and Johnson (1774) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
Claxton v. Lilburn (1638) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81
Table of Cases xxvii
Clere v. Brooke (1573) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286

Clerk v. Ferour (1320) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Clerk v. More (1452). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
Clerk v. Terrell (1507) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436, 489
Clerk v. Winterbourne (1329). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
Clerke v. Martin (1702) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
Cleymond v. Vincent (1520) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364, 366
Clifton (Sir Gervase) his Case (1600) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .410
Coffyn v. Gropall (1551). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
Coggs v. Barnard (1703) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .421, 441, 442
Cok v. Durant (1377) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
Coke v. Rendlesham (1531) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
Colan v. West (1367) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437, 438
Cole’s Case (c. 1625) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .491
Cole v. Forth (1672) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Cole v. Saxby (1800) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Colgate v. Bacheler (1602) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480
Collins v. Jessor (1704). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .518
Colman v. Grene (1528). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Colston v. Carre (1601) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
Colthirst v. Bejushin (1550). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296, 304
Combe v. Gargrave. See Marshalsea (The), Case of
Commendams, Case of (1616) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
Compton (Sir Henry) his Case (c. 1621) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526
Constable’s Case (1601) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133
Constable v. Gamble (1601). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .414
Conyngesby’s Case (1493) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
Cook v. Fountain (1676) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Cook v. Grevvett (1671) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81
Cooke v. Wotton (1571) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Cooling v. Great Northern Rly Co. (1850). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Coombe v. Coombe (1881) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446
Cooper v. Chitty (1756) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
Cooper v. Wandsworth Board of Works (1863) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162
Corbet’s Case (1599) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
Corbet v. Stury (1292) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
Corbett v. Corbett (1600) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307, 309
Cordell’s Case (1573) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Core v. May (1536) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
Cornewe, Ex parte (1475) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157
Corny and Curtis v. Collingwood (1676) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
Cotterill v. Starkey (1839) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
Cottington v. Hulett (1587) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
Couch v. Steel (1854) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
Coventry (Prior) v. Grauntpie (1309) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69, 481
Cowell v. Edwards (1800) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Cowper v. Ashfield (1583) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
Cowper v. Broun (1543). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
Cox v. Gray (1610) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71
Cox v. Kitchin (1798) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150
Cox v. Matthews (1672) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
Cox v. Ministry of Justice (2016) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
Cranmer’s Case (1572). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306, 309
xxviii Table of Cases
Craw v. Ramsay (1670) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500

Crawford v. Whittal (1773) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
Cremour v. Sygeon (1521–25) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
Cressingham v. Bulmer (1301) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .341
Creting’s Case (1373) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
Cristy v. Sparks (1680) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81, 370
Critoft v. Emson (1506) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436
Crogate v. Marys (1608). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Cromwell (Lord) his Case (1581) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Cropp v. Tilney (1699). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474
Cross v. Gardner (1689). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .381
Crow v. Rogers (1724) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
Crowland (Abbot) v. Thrupp (1285) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504
Cunningham v. Laurents (1788). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
Cuny v. Brugewode (1506) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430, 442
Curtes (Joan) her Case (1336). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532
Curtes v. Chersey (1559) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .518
Cut v. Preston (1329) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460
D & F Estates Ltd v. Church Commrs (1988) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447, 449
Dacre of the South (Lord), Re (1535) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150, 178, 274
Dalby v. Berch (1330) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
Dale’s Case (1585). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .357, 381
Dale v. Broune (1495). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Dalton v. Brereton (1370) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .351
Dalton v. Mareschal (1369) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91, 351
Danby v. Thwyng (1532) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468
Daniel v. Bere (1292) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Danvers’ Case (1433) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
Darcy v. Allen (1602) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
Darley v. Reginam (1846) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156, 210
Darnel’s Case (1627). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508
Dartnal v. Morgan (1620) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
Davenant v. Hurdys (1599) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225, 483
Davie v. New Merton Board Mills (1959) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
Davis Contractors Ltd v. Fareham U.D.C. (1956) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
Davyes v. Gardiner (1593) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
Davys v. Henbery (1536) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
Dawney v. Dee (1620) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .461
Day v. Edwards (1794) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
Day v. Savadge (1614). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
De Grey. See Grey
De Mara v. Bohun (1199) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .251
De St Edmunds. See St Edmunds
Decker v. Pope (1757). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Deen v. Londonthorpe (1284). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Delabar and Delavall v. Gould (1661). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
Delariver v. Spigurnel (1281) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Dell v. Hygden (1595). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Dent v. Scott (1648) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526
Derry v. Peek (1889). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379, 447
Devon v. Norfolke (1671). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
Dickinson v. Watson (1682) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .431
Digges’s Case (1600) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
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machine. Fortunately I had presence of mind enough to keep my
watch going, as well as the captain’s chronometer, for otherwise I
would have had no knowledge of the passage of time. Once or twice
the scarlet women visited the ship, but seemed nervous and wary,
and made no effort to approach or molest me, merely gazed about
as if searching for something—perhaps for me—and then retiring.
Several times, too, I ventured on deck, and peered over the ship’s
side, but saw none of the giantesses, although with the glasses I
could see crowds of the beings about the city in the distance.
“Also, I noticed among them, several individuals who were much
smaller than the rest, and who appeared to be men, although I could
not be sure. I also discovered, and almost lost my life in the
discovery, that the atmosphere of this place is unfit for human beings
to breathe, and is thick with sulphurous fumes. Close to the ground
these fumes are so dense that a person would succumb in a few
moments, but at the height of the Chiriqui’s decks, nearly seventy
feet above the rocky bed on which she rests, the air is breathable,
although it causes one to choke and cough after a few minutes. And
I am sure that the houses of these giant beings have been built on
the summits of the basalt columns in order to avoid the suffocating
fumes of the lower levels. Later, too, I learned that the membrane-
like frills upon these creatures are a sort of gills, or as I might say,
natural gas-masks, which by some means enable the beings to
breathe the sulphur-laden air. But even with these, they avoid the
lower areas where the fumes are the worst, and only visit them when
necessity arises, which accounts for my being left in peace, with
none of the horrible women near the ship, for days at a time. I
discovered the presence of the sulphur gas on the first day when,
attempting to eat, I removed my gas-mask. Suffocating as I found
the fumes, I was compelled to endure them, and gradually I became
slightly accustomed to them, so that now I have little trouble in
breathing during the short time it takes me to eat my meals. At all
other times I must wear the apparatus, and I thank God that this is
so, for I know now that it is the gas-mask which so far has preserved
my life.
“On the tenth day after my arrival I noticed a number of the
giantesses gathering about the huge, spherical airship which still
rested on its cradle near the Chiriqui, but which, I have forgotten to
state, ceased to emit its green or red lights after it had landed. Lying
there it resembled nothing so much as a gigantic can-buoy or a
floating mine, if one can imagine a buoy two hundred yards in
diameter.
“On the day I mentioned, all interests seemed to be centered on
the thing, and cautiously peering from the shelter of the deck-house,
I watched the proceedings. Presently several of the women entered
the sphere through an opening in its middle band; the aperture
closed behind them, and immediately there was a low, humming
sound as of machinery. As the sounds issued from the sphere, the
cables to which were attached the smaller spheres (which glowed
red when carrying the Chiriqui through the air) were drawn in until
the two smaller spheres were resting in recesses at the axes of the
large sphere, and where they appeared merely as hemi-spherical
projections. Then, slowly at first, but with ever increasing speed, the
slender rods about the large sphere began to move back and forth,
or rather in an oscillating manner, until they were vibrating with such
rapidity that they appeared merely rays of light. Slowly, majestically,
the immense globe rose from its cradle, and gathering headway,
leaped upward to an immense height. Then, tilting at an angle, it
passed over the city and headed for an immense pinnacle of rock,
which, fully seven miles from where I stood, reminded me of a
gigantic chimney or funnel.
“Although it was barely visible to the naked eye, I could see it
distinctly through the glasses, and I watched it with the most intense
and concentrated interest. For a few moments it remained, poised a
hundred feet or so above the pinnacle. Then, from the towering,
tapering rock, a terrific jet of steam roared forth, and striking the
great spherical machine above it, hurled it upward and beyond my
vision. Give close heed to these words, whoever may, by God’s
grace, be listening to what I say, for upon them may hinge the fate of
the human race. Only by this means, by being shot upward by this
titanic jet of steam, can the airship leave this subterranean land and
emerge through the crater by which it entered bearing the Chiriqui.
Within this place it can sail at will; once above the crater opening it
can travel anywhere, although it cannot land; but by some unknown
force or magnetic attraction or freak of gravitation the machine
cannot ascend through the crater, although, when over it, it will drop
like a plummet through the opening. And herein—for the sake of
humanity, listen to this and remember my words—lies a means of
destroying the machine, for by surrounding the crater with powerful
guns the sphere can be shelled as it emerges and utterly destroyed.
To attempt to do so as it returns to the crater would be suicidal, for
once in the outer air, it emanates vast quantities of most poisonous
gas, and all living things within a radius of several miles would be
struck down unconscious, as were my companions on the Chiriqui.
Even if gas-masks were worn, it would be most difficult to destroy
the machine as it descended, for it travels with incredible speed in its
descent and, moreover, the terrible creatures who man the thing
would see that enemies lurked near and would find some means of
destroying them, or by the mysterious magnet force they control,
would draw even the heaviest cannon to the machine as an ordinary
magnet draws needles or iron filings. So if the thing is to be
destroyed, it must be done as the machine emerges from the crater.
Would to God that I could tell where the crater is, but beyond feeling
sure it is at the summit of an Andean peak, I have no means of
locating it.
“But I was telling of what occurred on that tenth day when the
spherical airship was projected from my sight by the blast of steam.
As the machine vanished, the women who had watched its
departure, returned to their city, and I swept the landscape with my
glasses, wondering at the bleak, terrible scenery and bizarre colors.
“As I focussed the binoculars upon a level plateau, perhaps a mile

from where the Chiriqui rested, I gasped in surprise. Clearly defined,
lay the remnants of what had once been a steamship! Had I given
the matter thought, I might have known that the Chiriqui was not the
first vessel to have fallen a victim to these awful beings; but the sight
of another ship’s skeleton came to me as a terrific shock. As nearly
as I could judge, the vessel had been dismantled, for only the great
steel frame remained, with the mighty boilers and other portions of
the ship scattered about, and gruesomely like some mammoth
creature lying disemboweled upon the earth.
“I was consumed with a mad desire to visit that pathetic wreck, but
I knew not to what dangers I would be exposed, once I left the
security of my ship. Not a being was in sight, however, and carefully I
studied the land, visually measuring the relative distances between
myself and the wreck, and between the city and the route I must
traverse. Having already observed that the giantesses moved slowly
and cumbrously on foot, I at last decided that even if they attempted
to intercept me I could regain the Chiriqui before I was overtaken, so
I threw caution to the winds and prepared to undertake my
hazardous journey. Slinging the loaded rifle on my back, with the
revolver at my belt, and still further arming myself with a keen-edged
fireaxe, I hunted up the pilot’s ladder, lowered it over the lowest side
of the ship,—which was also the side farthest from the city,—and
clambering down the Chiriqui’s lofty sides, leaped down upon the
ground. To my amazement, I landed in a dense jungle of dry, tough
vegetation which rose to my shoulders. From the deck, looking
directly downwards, I had thought this dull-green growth a short, wiry
grass, and, of course, in its relative proportion to the gigantic women,
it was no higher than ordinary grass to a normal human being. It was
a wonderful example of the theory of relativity, but my mind was not
interested in scientific matters at the time, and I merely gave thanks
that the miniature jungle,—which I saw was composed of giant
lichens—would afford me cover through which I might sneak in
safety, and with little chance of detection.
“Without much difficulty I made my way to the other vessel, and
found her even more dissected than I had supposed. Why the
denizens of the place had torn her to bits I did not then know, but
certain portions of her machinery and fittings had been left intact,
and, as I examined these, I made another and most astounding
discovery. Deeply engraved upon a brass plate was the ship’s name
‘U. S. S. Cyclops!’ For a space I stood staring, scarcely able to
believe my eyes. Here then was the solution to that mystery of the
sea, the disappearance of the collier, as laden with manganese, she
vanished without word or trace when off the Barbados during the
World War. No doubt, I thought, many a mystery of the sea had been
caused by the damnable work of these beings with their infernal
machine. But why, for what reason, did they capture ships? Why did
they carry off the unconscious persons upon the vessels? And why
did they tear the vessels apart? It was all a mystery which, in all its
horrible, gruesome, ghoulish details I was soon to solve.
“There was nothing more to be learned from the remains of the
Cyclops, and in safety I returned to the Chiriqui to find, to my
surprise and terror, that a gang of the monstrous females had
boarded the ship in my absence and were stripping her of
everything. But as they caught sight of me, all threw down whatever
they had and fled precipitately, leaving me once more in undisputed
possession of the ship. I was relieved at this, for it was obvious that I
had no need to fear the creatures. By now, too, I had formulated a
theory to account for this strange dread of a being who was a puny,
miserable thing compared to them. Unquestionably my gas-mask
rendered me a most grotesque and unknown creature in their eyes.
My remaining alive and active while all others upon the ship had
succumbed to the noxious gas had probably caused them to think
that I was a supernatural being. The fact that I could go about and
breathe the sulphur-laden air would cause them to regard me with
even greater wonder and superstition, and, as I found later, the fact
that I was never seen to eat, confirmed their belief that I was some
mysterious being against whom their gases and their deviltries were
of no avail.
“I had not much time to devote to such matters, however. Soon
after regaining the Chiriqui I heard excited cries from the land, and
looking over the ship’s rails, I found an immense crowd had gathered
near the empty cradle of the airship, and that all were gazing
upward. Following their example, I stared into the greenish void and
instantly understood. Descending rapidly towards the plain, came the
great sphere, and, suspended below it, was the hull of another
captive ship. And as I focussed my glasses upon this, I rubbed my
eyes and gaped. The dull gray color, the lines, the raking funnels, the
barbettes and gun muzzles left no room for doubt. Incredible as it
seemed, the captive vessel was a warship! What hope then had my
fellow men upon earth? What chance was there if these giant
creatures could send forth their flaming machine, and by it, capture
the fastest, most powerful war-vessels—all within the space of a few
hours?
“Rapidly the machine and its burden approached, and presently
descended gently dropping the war vessel close to the Chiriqui. My
worst fears were confirmed. The vessel was an American destroyer,
the McCracken, and I knew that scores of my countrymen must lie
unconscious upon her, and in a few moments would be carried off to
some unknown horrible fate. What that fate was I had already
surmised. That first demonstration of the ferocious cannibalism of
the giantesses upon the Chiriqui’s deck had been enough to make
my blood run cold.
“But I had not yet guessed even a fraction of the true horror of it.
Scarcely had the McCracken been dropped upon the earth, when
the women swarmed upon her, and once more I saw the creatures
gathering the inert forms of men and carrying them to the city. And
rapidly, too, they commenced dismantling and tearing the destroyer
into bits. How they had accomplished this with the Cyclops had
puzzled me, but now I witnessed the process close at hand. From
the vicinity of the waterfall, lines or pipes were led to the vessel’s
side; presently there was the roaring sound of steam; dense clouds
of vapor arose from the cataract; the water ceased to flow, and from
the extremities of the lines or tubes twenty-foot jets of blinding flame
shot out. As easily as though made of wax, the steel sides, the
massive beams, the armored barbettes of the warship melted and
were cut by these jets, and as the pieces fell apart, the spherical
airship took a position above the vessel, and by its magnetic power,
lifted tons of the fragments, then sailing off, deposited them in some
spot beyond the city. It was then, as I saw the ship rapidly dissolving
before my eyes, that the inspiration came to me which may make it
possible for me to communicate with the outside world and may, if
God wills, serve to warn my fellow men of the fate which will
overtake them if these terrible creatures are allowed to follow out
their plans. As the jets of flame cut through the McCracken’s
superstructure, and the radio antennae fell in a tangled mass across
the deck, I forgot all else and rushed to the wireless room of the
Chiriqui. Here was my chance. If the ship’s radio transmitter was still
in working order; if the auxiliary battery was still charged, I might
send out messages which, small as the chances were, might reach
the ears of some of the countless thousands of persons who listened
each night at their receiving sets. I trembled with fear that I would
find the transmitter injured or dismantled. I shook with dread that the
battery might be dead. I felt faint with apprehension that the
message, if sent, might never penetrate the sulphur-laden
atmosphere or might never reach the outer world. And I realized,
with a sickening sinking of my heart, that even if heard my
communication might be regarded as a hoax, and no attention would
be given it. But I would do my best. The radio set had not been
molested. Everything was in working order, and I set myself the task
of transmitting my story each night at the same hour, repeating it
over and over again, until the storage batteries are exhausted, for to
get up steam and start the dynamos is beyond my powers. Had I
knowledge of Morse I would send my story by that code, but I have
not, and so—I must cease. For the love of your race and of your
dear ones listen, I beseech you, until I can resume.”
Here the message broke off abruptly, and Frank and I sat staring at
each other, fearing to speak lest we might interrupt or miss the words
which might come, and listening with straining ears at the head-sets.
For an hour we sat there and then, once more the voice spoke.
“The doom that I feared is approaching. I have been here for three
months and this will, I know, be my final message. Oh that I could
only be sure that someone has heard my words, that my fate has not
been in vain but has served to warn my fellow beings. But I must
hurry on. I have learned everything of importance. I have watched,
studied and have even learned to understand much of the language
of these beings. I found that there were men. They are puny beings
compared to the women, though ten-foot giants compared to normal
men, and they are cowed, abject, mere slaves of the females. Only
enough male children are permitted to survive to propagate the race.
All others are killed.
“As they reach manhood only those males of super-intelligence,
strength and virility are permitted to live. The others are destroyed
and—yes, horrible as it sounds, their bodies, like those of the
murdered infants and of the aged, sick or infirm, are devoured. And
as fast as the males attain middle age their lives are forfeited. Long
ago these beings subsisted upon the few wild creatures which
roamed their land; but long ago all these were exhausted and human
flesh became the only meat. There is no vegetable food, and for a
time the sacrificed surplus males, and the aged, provided food for
the race. But gradually the male births decreased, female children
preponderated, and with the increased population resulting, the
males were too few to nourish the others. Then, through what
damnable accident or design I do not know, the creatures went forth
in their airship and discovered the teeming millions of human beings
on earth.
“But the bulk of humanity was and still is safe from them, at least
until new means of attacking mankind are devised, for the globular
airship cannot approach the land. The very power it uses to lift the
greatest steamships and carry them off, draws the machine to the
earth and holds it fast. But above water, which acts as an insulator
apparently, the apparatus can operate at will. And they have a two-
fold purpose in capturing ships. All the available metal in this land
was exhausted in constructing two of the spherical machines. One of
these never returned from its first trip, and only the one remains. To
construct more, these giant women plan to use the metal salvaged
from captured ships, until a vast fleet of the infernal things is ready to
go forth and wipe the seas clean of ships and human beings. And
the bodies of the men and women, struck down by the gas, are to
serve as food for these demons in human form.
“This is the most horrible, blood-curdling thing of all. Rendered
unconscious by the gas, the victims remain in a state of suspended
animation indefinitely, exactly as do grubs, spiders and insects when
stung by certain species of wasps and placed in their nests to
provide food for their young. Stacked in great storage vaults these
breathing, living, but paralyzed human beings are kept, and as
needed, are taken out.
“Already they have a supply on hand sufficient to last them for
over a year. Some of the Cyclops company are still preserved; there
are over three hundred from the Chiriqui, hundreds from other ships,
and the entire crew of the McCracken.
“All these things I learned little by little, and mainly through a
friend, for marvelous as it may seem, I have a friend—if friend he
can be called, a miserable, trembling, terrified male, who, doomed to
death, sought to escape his fate and sought refuge with me,
dreading my presence less than his doom, and hoping that such a
feared and almost reverenced being as myself might protect him. For
two months he has been my companion, but he cannot eat anything
but meat and the supply of meat upon the ship is getting low, and
sooner or later he must succumb. And the women, maddened at his
escape from their clutches, though not yet daring to approach too
closely to me, are getting bolder. Some time, at some unguarded
moment, they will find the poor fellow alone and will fall upon him.
And in his terror, in an effort to buy his life, he will, I know, reveal to
them that I am but an ordinary mortal, a man who eats and drinks
and who survived the gas by mechanical and not supernatural
means. But I will not be taken alive by these fearful female
cannibals. When the time comes, as I know it will, I will blow my
brains out, and though they may devour my body they will not rend
me alive. No more ships have been brought in here since the
McCracken was captured. But this I know is due to the fact that all
the energies of these creatures are being devoted to building
additional air machines. This work goes on in a vast cavern beyond
the city where tremendous forces, furnaces with heat beyond human
conception and machines of which we know nothing, are controlled
by the internal steam, the radiant energy and the magnetic powers of
the earth’s core.
“And now, again let me implore any and all who may hear my
words to give close attention to what I say, for here again is a means
by which humanity may combat and destroy these ghastly, gigantic
cannibals. The spherical air-machines are helpless from above.
Their magnetic or electrical forces extend only downwards. The
gasses they throw out are heavier than air and descend but cannot
ascend, and by means of swift planes, huge bombs and machine
guns, the things can be easily destroyed. And they cannot travel
without throwing off the dazzling green light. Only when motionless
are they dark. And so they will offer easy marks and can be readily
detected. So, I beseech you who may hear, that the governments
are notified and warned and that a fleet or many fleets of airplanes
properly equipped patrol the seas, and at first sight of one of the
green meteors rise above it and utterly destroy it without mercy.
“Wait! I hear a terrified scream.... I am back again at the
transmitter. It was the fellow who has been with me. Poor devil! He
has met his fate, but after all it was the custom of his people, and,
moreover, he would have starved to death in a few days. For that
matter I, too, face starvation. The ship’s stock is running low; all the
food upon the McCracken was destroyed in cutting up that vessel,
and unless another ship is captured I will have no food after two
weeks more. What a strange thought! How terrible an idea! That the
awful fate of hundreds of my fellows would be my salvation! But I will
never live to die from hunger. I can hear the terrible screams of my
late companion on the deck outside. God! It is the end! The fellow
must have told the enraged females. His body has been torn to
shreds. With bloody hands and reeking lips they are rushing towards
the upper deck where I sit. They are here! This is my last word! God
grant that I have been heard! I am about to⸺”
Crashing in our ears came the report of a pistol.
The End
1 The message as it came in, was halting, and interrupted, with many unintelligible
words and repetitions, as if the sender were laboring under an intense strain or was an
amateur. For the sake of clarity and continuity, the communication has been edited and
filled in, but not altered in any detail.
2 The metropolitan papers reported the meteor on the eighteenth and stated it was
observed by those on the Chiriqui on the evening of the seventeenth, but it must be
remembered that the Chiriqui was in the western Pacific and hence had gained a day
in time.
Transcriber’s Note: This story appeared in the July 1927 issue of

Amazing Stories Magazine.
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Introduction to Veterinary Science Meecee Baker

Impeachment an American history First Edition, Modern

Analysing Sentences An Introduction to English Syntax

The Muqaddimah An Introduction to History Ibn Khaldun

Exploring Mathematics An Engaging Introduction to Proof

Introduction to Generative AI: An ethical, societal,

Gateways to Democracy: An Introduction to American

English Linguistics An Introduction 4th edition

Preface to the Fifth Edition

vi Preface to the Fifth Edition

Preface to the Fifth Edition v

2 The Common Law of England 15

3 The Superior Courts of Common Law 44

5 The Jury and Pleading 78

6 The Court of Chancery and Equity 105

7 The Conciliar Courts 126

8 The Ecclesiastical Courts 135

9 Judicial Review of Decisions 145

10 The Legal Profession 165

11 Legal Literature 185

12 Law Making 206

13 Real Property: Feudal Tenure 241

14 Real Property: Uses and Fiscal Feudalism 267

15 Real Property: Inheritance and Estates 279

16 Real Property: Family Settlements 299

17 Other Interests in Land 317

18 Contract: Covenant and Debt 338

19 Contract: Assumpsit and Deceit 350

20 Contract: Some Later Developments 369

22 Property in Chattels Personal 403

26 Economic Torts and Interests 479

27 Persons: Status and Liberty 499

28 Persons: Marriage and its Consequences 517

29 Pleas of the Crown: Criminal Procedure 540

30 Pleas of the Crown: The Substantive Criminal Law 562

Appendix I: Specimen Writs 580

Table of Statutes xiii

20 Hen. III, Provisions of Merton 1236 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218

xiv Table of Statutes

28 Edw. I, Articuli super Cartas 1300

17 Ric. II, c. 6 (subpoena, 1393). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

xvi Table of Statutes

24 Hen. VIII, c. 12, Restraint of Appeals 1532 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

Table of Statutes xvii

22 & 23 Car. II (1670)

xviii Table of Statutes

Table of Statutes xix

21 & 22 Vict., c. 106, Government of India Act 1858. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483

Criminal Procedure (Right of Reply) Act 1964 (c. 34). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551

Table of Statutes xxi

Divorce Reform Act 1969 (c. 55) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538

CASES CITED BY NAME

Table of Cases xxiii

Att.-Gen. v. Gooderick (1612). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474

xxiv Table of Cases

Bedingfield v. Leder (1585) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .481

Table of Cases xxv

Bowdon v. Peleter (1315) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .416

xxvi Table of Cases

Cadigan v. Say (1256). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339

Table of Cases xxvii