Lecture 11

Power System Protection 2

Restricted Earth Fault, Multi-Winding Transformer
Causes of false differential currents

1. Turns ratio mismatch

2. CT mismatch
3. Under load tap changer
4. Phase shift between 𝑌 − ∆
5. Zero-sequence current mismatch
6. In-zone earthing transformer
7. Magnetizing inrush current
 Protection against harmonics

Assume Worst Condition

F= 2.2 – 2.3 𝑑𝜙 𝑑𝜙
= =0
Fm 𝑑𝛼 𝑑𝑡
∴𝛼= −
Io = (50-80) IN0 𝑡
−
If B > 1.4 T ∴ 𝜙 = 𝜙𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 𝜃 + (𝐼𝜙𝑅 − 𝜙𝑚 sin(−𝜃)) 𝑒 𝜏

𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜃 = 90
𝐼𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑟𝑢𝑠ℎ = 100 − 120 𝐼𝑁𝑜
Io 𝜔𝐿 𝐿
≫𝜏= → ∞ 𝐼𝑁𝑜 = 2 − 5% 𝐼𝑁
𝑅 𝑅
𝜙 = −𝜙𝑚 cos 𝜔𝑡 + ±𝜙𝑅 + 𝜙𝑚 𝐼𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑟𝑢𝑠ℎ = 100 − 120 2 − 5% 𝐼𝑁
𝜔𝑡 = 𝜋 = 5 − 6 𝐼𝑁
Fmax
𝜙𝑡 = 𝜙𝑚 + 𝜙𝑚 ± 𝜙𝑅 = 2𝜙𝑚 ± 𝜙𝑅
∴ 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 = 2𝜙𝑚 ± 𝜙𝑅
𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝜙𝑀𝑎𝑥 = 20% − 30% 𝜙𝑚
𝜙 = 2.2 − 2.3 𝜙𝑚
 Protection against harmonics

Phase A Typical analysis of the inrush current

waveform yields the following harmonic
spectrum

1st DC 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th

Phase B
100% 55% 63% 26.8% 5.1% 4.1% 3.7% 2.4%

Phase C
 Second harmonics restraining using transductor.

NrIr

100Hz

Id

To Trip
Harmonic restraining scheme

Restraining
50Hz

IOC
rel ay
To Trip
Iset 12 IN
 Harmonic restraining scheme

to overcome the problem of inrush current tripping of the transformer at start, there are two different schemes
employed in this respect. The first is designated as second harmonic restraining scheme and the second is designated as
harmonic restraining scheme.
- In the second harmonic restraining scheme (one version of it) a transductor is used as shown in the figure.
- Given above in which the second harmonic current contained in the inrush current, flowing in the operating coil of
the differential relay is extracted by using.
A passive LC series filter tuned to second harmonic (the inductance of the filter is included in the transformer T1
leakage inductance).
This second harmonic signal is then rectified and fed the bias which is in the form of DC flux in the transductor core
(the horizontal winding).
 Harmonic restraining scheme

The normal bias is also provided by a similar rectifier circuit derived from Nr Ir signal the operating current provide the
main change of the flux in the middle limb . i.e., the change in the flux will be superimposed on the DC flux level
provided by the restraining coil.
If there is an inrush condition, the current in the operating coil will not cause any significant variation of flux in the
transductor core because the core is fully saturated due to the DC flux provided by the Second harmonic and the
normal restraining rectifier circuit.
If there is fully saturated closed to an internal fault which means the knee point the core will not be operating point will
be
Therefore, the operating current will cause significant variation of the flux in the core which causes relatively large signal
to be induced in coil Co - which feeds. Signal to the trip coil
In this scheme the second harmonic itself. May not be sufficient to provide restraining. therefore, the total. Harmonic
restraining scheme is used.
Total harmonic restraining scheme

 which is shown in figure in which the fundamental component of current exist in the inrush current is extracted
using d Passive L-C Series filter tuned to 50 Hz .This fundamental signal is used to provide operation or tripping.
 However, the total harmonic signal is bypassed to a rectifier bridge circuit in order to assist the restraining
provided by the Nr Ir signal as shown in the figure.
- In cause then try case of inrush the relay to that caused by to operate the Phenomena the total harmonic will
restrain which effect is more the fundamental signal which relay.
- In case of internal fault, the fundamental signal extracted by the filter will be high enough to provide operation
since the restraining will be only provided by the normal Nr Ir signal.
- For heavy internal fault condition. The C.T. may saturate which yields harmonics in the operating current these
harmonics may cause the differential relay to restrain, and this is a serious disadvantage in this scheme. to avoid
this disadvantage an HSIOC. relay is added in series with the operating Coll of the differential relay. This HSIOC
relay is set to 12 times. The nominal current of the power transformer. This will guarantee an instantaneous
operation for any heavy internal fault.
Example
Example
 Example

The CTs on the delta side of the power transformer are to be connected in wye. We may
therefore select the CT ratio on this side to be such that the CT secondary current will be
around 5 A when the primary current is 8367.39 A.
Select the CT ratio of 9000 : 5.
This produces CT secondary currents on this side of (8367.39 × 5/9000) = 4.65 A.
The three CT secondary current phasors are shown in Figure 8.12.
Example

The CTs on the wye side of the power transformer are going to be connected in delta. Thus,
the CT ratios must be such that the CT secondary winding currents will be close to
(4.65/√3).
This calls for a CT ratio of 577.35/2.68, or 1077 : 5. Selecting the nearest standard CT ratio
of 1000 : 5 produces CT secondary winding currents of magnitude 577.35 × 5/1000 =
2.886 A.
This will produce a CT delta line current of magnitude 2.886 × √3 = 5A
As in the case of single-phase transformers, the relay taps can be used to reduce this
magnitude mismatch further.
The actual phasors of the CT secondary currents are shown in Figure 8.12. It should be
noted that the CTs on the wye side of the power transformer are connected in such a manner
that the currents in the relays are exactly in phase, and very small currents flow in the
differential windings of the three relays during normal conditions. The currents are
calculated with due attention given to the polarity markings on the CT windings.
 Sensitivity of the differential protection of ∆/Y or Y/∆ transformer to internal fault

N2
If 0 N1 VP/VS 0

if

VS
VP

0 0

𝑥𝑉𝑡 𝐼𝑓 𝑁2 𝑥
If If If 𝐼𝑓 = 𝐼𝑓′ =
𝑅𝑛 𝑁1
Rn
if 𝐼𝑓 𝑥𝑉𝑠 𝑥 2 𝑉𝑡 𝑉𝑠
𝐼𝑓′ = = ∗
𝑉𝑝 3 3𝑅𝑛 𝑉𝑝
𝑉𝑡
= 𝑛 𝐼𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑅𝑛

Compensated by CT
R R R Selected according to turns ratios
ground fault current
limiting
 Sensitivity of the differential protection of ∆/Y or Y/∆ transformer to internal fault

N2 - If 𝐼𝑓′ = 𝐼𝑠𝑒𝑡 of relay:

If 0 N1 VP/VS 0
𝑥2
if 𝐼𝑠𝑒𝑡 = 𝐼𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑛=1

VS
VP

0 0 3
Let 𝐼𝑠𝑒𝑡 = 20% 𝐼𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
If If If
𝑥2
Rn 20% 𝐼𝐹𝐿 = 𝐼𝐹𝐿
if 3

∴ 𝑥= 0.2 ∗ 3 = 60%
𝑉𝑡
If = 𝑛 𝐼𝐹𝐿
𝑅𝑛

R R R 3 𝐼𝑠𝑒𝑡
𝑥=
𝑛
 Sensitivity of the differential protection of ∆/Y or Y/∆ transformer to internal fault

If - If 𝐼𝑓′ = 𝐼𝑠𝑒𝑡 of relay:

𝑥2
n=2 𝐼𝑠𝑒𝑡 = 𝐼𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑛=1
n=1 3
Let 𝐼𝑠𝑒𝑡 = 20% 𝐼𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
Iset 𝑥2
20% 𝐼𝐹𝐿 = 𝐼𝐹𝐿
3

x ∴ 𝑥= 0.2 ∗ 3 = 60%
Percentage of
winding unprotected
𝑉𝑡
If = 𝑛 𝐼𝐹𝐿
𝑅𝑛
∴ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑘 3 𝐼𝑠𝑒𝑡
𝑥=
𝑡𝑜 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑛
𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Restricted earth fault protection

N2
If 0 N1 VP/VS 0

if

VS
VP

0 0

𝑎𝑡 𝐼𝑓 = 𝐼𝑠𝑒𝑡
If If If X

𝑥𝐼𝐹𝐿 = 20% 𝐼𝐹𝐿 𝑛=1

if if R ∴ 𝑥 = 20%
Rn 𝐼𝑓 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑝 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑥

R R R
Multi-winding transformer protection

 Used to connect 3 lines

 In Primary Turns Ratio depend on 𝐼𝐹𝐿 and

loading current in secondary
 How to choose CT ratios

 The CT ratios are chosen so that when any two

windings are in service, equal secondary
currents are produced. The third winding is
assumed to be open-circuited under these
conditions.
 The ratios of all three CTs are chosen in this
fashion
Multi-winding transformer protection

 The CTs must of course be connected in wye

on the delta side and in delta on the wye side of
the power transformer. This will ensure that the
phase shifts created in the currents of the power
transformer are compensated by the CTs, so that
the secondary currents are once again in phase.
The CT ratios are chosen so that when any two
windings are in service, equal secondary currents
are produced. The third winding is assumed to be
open-circuited under these conditions
Multi-winding transformer protection

 It is interesting to note that under certain

conditions a two-winding differential relay can
be used to protect a three-winding transformer.
If the transformer is connected to a source only
on one side, the other two winding CTs could
be paralleled to produce a net secondary
current, which can then be used in a two-
winding protection scheme. However, when
more than one winding has a source behind it,
paralleling two windings could be dangerous
Multi-winding transformer protection

 Consider the case illustrated in Figure 8.13(b).

If the power transformer winding A is open,
then an external fault on the side B would be
supplied by the source on the side C. This should
produce equal currents in the paralleled
connection, and in the relay. However, because
of unequal CT ratios, or unequal error in the two
sets of CTs, there may be a residual current in
the paralleled connection, which flows in the
differential coil of the relay. It also flows in half
of the restraint coil, but is clearly insufficient to
prevent the relay from operating if the
differential current is above the pickup setting of
the relay.
Multi-winding transformer protection

 A much safer practice is to employ a

specially designed three-winding differential
relay, which utilizes three restraint coils, each
being supplied by its own CTs. In the case
discussed above, this ensures that even if the
differential coil of the relay has an unbalance
current flowing in it, the restraint coils of the
relay will carry the full fault currents flowing in
windings B and C of the power transformer.
The relay will thus be prevented from tripping
for this external fault.
Example 8.5

 Consider the three-phase three-winding transformer shown in Figure 8.13. Let the three windings be
rated at: 34.5 kV, delta, 500 MVA; 500 kV, wye, 300 MVA; and 138 kV, wye, 200 MVA. The rated line
currents on the delta side have been calculated in Example 8.4 to be 8367.39 A. As before, the CT ratios
for the wye-connected CTs on this side are 9000 : 5.
Example 8.5

 To determine the CT ratios on the 500 kV side, we must assume that the 138 kV side is carrying no load. In this
case, the 500 kV side will carry 577.35 A, when the 34.5 kV side is carrying 8367.39 A. (This will be an
overload for the 500 kV side, but we are using these figures only to calculate the CT ratios. It is not implied that
with the 138 kV side unloaded, the transformer will continue to carry 500 MVA.) As the CTs on the 500 kV side
are delta-connected, the CT ratios on this side are 1000 : 5, as in Example 8.4.
 The 138 kV side, with the 500 kV side open, and the transformer loaded to 500 MVA (once again, only
theoretically, to facilitate calculating the CT ratios), the line currents will be
Example 8.5

 Since these CTs are going to be connected in delta, the secondary current should be 5/√3 2.886 A. This calls
for a CT ratio of 2091.85 : 2.886. This gives the nearest available standard CT ratio of 3600 : 5.
 When the transformer is normally loaded, i.e. 500, 300 and 200 MVA in the three windings, the three
winding currents will be 8367.39, 346.41 (3/5 of 577.35) and 836.74 (2/5 of 2091.85) amperes, respectively. The
corresponding secondary currents produced by the CTs in the relay connection will be
Example 8.5

 The differential current will be 4(3.0 2.01 4.65) 0.31 A. With the ample restraint current provided by the three
currents in a three-winding differential relay, this relay will not mis-operate for this condition.
 Now consider the possibility that a two-winding differential relay is used, with the CT secondaries on the 500 and
138 kV sides being paralleled, as in Figure 8.13(b). Under normal loading conditions determined above, there is no
difference in the relay performance. However, consider the case of the 34.5 kV winding being open, and a fault on
the 138 kV side being supplied by the system on the 500 kV side of the transformer. Let the fault current on the
500 kV side be 10 000 A and that on the 138 kV side be 10 000 x 500/138 or 36 231 A. The relay currents
produced by the two sets of CTs are
Example 8.5

 Assume that the CT on the 500 kV side has a 10 % error, while the CTs on the 138 kV side have negligible
error under these conditions. Thus, the current in the differential winding and half the restraint winding of the
relay will be
 (87.16 − 0.9 × 86.6) = 9.22 A.
 This is equivalent to 200 % of the restraint because only half the restraint winding gets this current, and it being
well above the normal pickup setting of 0.25 A for the differential relay, will trip the relay for this condition. It is
thus not advisable to use a two-winding differential relay for this case
Thank You