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Ying-Kun Huang · Wen-Feng Li
Rong-Yue Zhang · Xiao-Yan Wang
Color Illustration
of Diagnosis and
Control for Modern
Sugarcane Diseases,
Pests, and Weeds
Color Illustration of Diagnosis and Control for
Modern Sugarcane Diseases, Pests, and Weeds
Ying-Kun Huang • Wen-Feng Li
Rong-Yue Zhang • Xiao-Yan Wang
In collaboration with
Hong-Li Shan, Jie Li, Jiong Yin, Zhi-Ming Luo,
Xiao-Yan Cang
Color Illustration of
Diagnosis and Control for
Modern Sugarcane Diseases,
Pests, and Weeds
Number of words: 310 thousand words

Ying-Kun Huang Wen-Feng Li
Sugarcane Research Institute Sugarcane Research Institute
Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences
Kaiyuan, Yunnan, China Kaiyuan, Yunnan, China
Rong-Yue Zhang Xiao-Yan Wang

Sugarcane Research Institute Sugarcane Research Institute
Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences
Kaiyuan, Yunnan, China Kaiyuan, Yunnan, China
ISBN 978-981-13-1318-9 ISBN 978-981-13-1319-6 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1319-6
Library of Congress Control Number: 2018948186
© China Agriculture Press and Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or
information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar
methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt
from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the
editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors
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in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721,
Singapore
Abstract
Sugarcane is the main sugar crop in China; in the process of promoting the modern
sugarcane industry, effective control of sugarcane diseases, pests, and weeds is an
important part of “high yield and high sugar” sugarcane cultivation technology.
Practice has proven that focus on the management of diseases, pests, and weeds can
not only significantly improve sugarcane yield and quality, but can also lead to
greater social and economic benefits from sugarcane production.
This book, with clear color pictures and scientifically accurate text, systematically
describes the 20 diseases, 40 pests, and 7 natural enemies of pests and weeds that
commonly occur in sugarcane production. The content includes details of:
• the occurrence and damage, identification of symptoms, and characteristics of
epidemic infections of sugarcane diseases, as well as control measures for these
diseases;
• the occurrence and damage, morphological identification, and life cycles of
sugarcane pests, and control measures for these pests;
• the parasitic (predation) characteristics, morphological identification, occurrence,
and life cycles of natural enemies of sugarcane pests, and approaches to the
protection and utilization of these entities; and
• the main weeds in sugarcane fields and their distribution and occurrence, as well
as chemical control measures for these weeds.
With its novel content, easily understood subject matter, and characteristics of
science, accuracy, practicability, and readability, this book is suitable for use in the
sugarcane scientific research, teaching, production, and management communities,
as well as being a source for reading and reference by relevant people, such as
teachers and students in agricultural colleges and universities.
v
Introduction
Sugarcane, the main source of sugar, is one of the most important economic crops in
the world. In China, sucrose yield accounts for more than 90% of total sugar
production, making China the third largest sugar producer in the world after Brazil
and India. The sucrose industry has become an important pillar of Chinese regional
economic development and the main source of increasing farmers’ income and local
financial growth in remote areas with minority populations. However, with the
development of sugarcane production, there have been changes in agricultural
farming systems, and the frequent introduction of sugarcane seedcane and the
abuse of chemical pesticides, together with the complicated climate and environ-
ment, diseases, pests, and weeds, have often caused great losses to sugarcane
production, and the occurrence of these problems is becoming increasingly serious.
According to still incomplete statistics, there are more than 1770 kinds of organisms
in the world that are harmful to sugarcane; among them are more than 120 sugarcane
diseases, more than 1000 types of sugarcane pests, more than 600 types of sugarcane
field weeds, and more than 50 types of sugarcane field rats (Chen 1982; The
Important Sugarcane Diseases Research Cooperation Group 1991; Rott et al.
2000; Huang and Li 2014 2016). The United Nations Food and Agriculture Orga-
nization (FAO) statistics have shown that global crops suffer from diseases, pests,
and weeds, with the average yield loss before harvest being 30%–35% (An and Guan
2009). The potential rate of sugarcane production loss caused by harmful organisms
was shown to be 15%–30%. In the process of promoting the modern sugarcane
industry, variety is the basis; cultivation is the key; and diseases, pests, and weeds are
the greatest threat. The management of sugarcane diseases, pests, and weeds is an
important part of sugarcane cultivation. Practice has proven that, if we concentrate
our efforts on the management of diseases, pests, and weeds, this can not only
significantly improve sugarcane yield and quality, but can also lead to great social,
economic, and ecological benefits from sugarcane production (Li 2010). Over the
years, according to practical production, personnel in Chinese sugarcane research
institutes and those dealing with sugar industry technology systems have carried out
systematic research on, and have ascertained, the distribution, occurrence, and
vii
viii Introduction
characteristics of the decreases and increases of the main diseases, pests, and weeds
in different sugarcane areas. Practical integrated control techniques have been
summarized and implemented, much basic information and real pictures have been
accumulated, a series of accomplishments have been made in these fields, and strong
technical support has been provided for the improvement of sugar industry efficiency
in China in regard to the reduction of the loss caused by the diseases, pest and weeds
and the increase of economic benefits (Lu et al. 1997; Zhou et al. 1999; Wang 2007;
An and Guan 2009; Xion et al. 2010; Li et al. 2010, 2013; Li and Huang 2012; Wei
et al. 2012; Shan et al. 2014). However, the broad masses of workers and sugarcane
growers in China often have difficulty in identifying some sugarcane diseases, pests,
and weeds during sugarcane production, and do not know how to control them, thus
missing appropriate times for control, eventually causing major disasters and serious
losses affecting the development of the sugar industry in this country. Against this
background, with encouragement and substantial support from relevant institutions,
and combined with findings on the scientific and technological development of
sugarcane and the actual production of sugarcane areas in China, we have carefully
summarized and sorted many years’ scientific achievements and pictorial materials,
and finally wrote this book, entitled, “Color Illustration of Diagnosis and Control for
Modern Sugarcane Diseases, Pests, and Weeds”.
The book targets existing questions regarding the control of diseases, pests, and
weeds in current sugarcane production, in order to help the broad masses of
sugarcane producers and technicians to understand and grasp the following factors:
• the species and distribution of diseases, pests, and weeds in sugarcane areas, and
the damage they cause;
• ways to improve the level of scientific control of sugarcane diseases, pests, and
weeds;
• ways to effectively control the occurrence of diseases, pests, and weeds;
• ways to enhance their own capabilities for disaster reduction and prevention; and
• ways to ensure the quality of sugarcane varieties and sugarcane production safety.
This book, with clear color pictures and scientifically accurate text, systematically
describes the 20 diseases, 40 pests, and 7 natural enemies of pests and weeds that
commonly occur in sugarcane production. The content includes details of:
• the occurrence and damage, identification of symptoms, and characteristics of
epidemic infections of sugarcane diseases, as well as control measures for these
diseases;
• the occurrence and damage, morphological identification, life cycles, and control
measures for sugarcane pests;
• the parasitic (predation) characteristics, morphological identification, occurrence,
and life cycles of natural enemies of sugarcane pests, and approaches to the
protection and utilization of these entities; and
• the main weeds in sugarcane fields and their distribution and occurrence, as well
as their chemical control measures.
Introduction ix
The book, entitled “Color Illustration of Diagnosis and Control for Modern
Sugarcane Diseases, Pests, and Weeds”, is edited by the Yunnan Key Laboratory
of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement, Sugarcane Research Institute, and Yunnan
Academy of Agricultural Science, and is supported by the Earmarked Fund for
Sugar Crop Research System (CARS-170303) and the Earmarked Fund for Yunnan
Province Agriculture Research System. During the compiling of this book, some
relevant materials and pictures from our peers were referred to and referenced, and
we herewith express our sincere thanks to those individuals.
Owing to the limited time taken for the compilation of this book, we hope that the
readers will make suggestions if there are some shortcomings and mistakes. We
believe this book is suitable for people involved in sugarcane scientific research,
teaching, production, and management, as well as for reading and reference by
interested people and relevant teachers and students in agricultural colleges and
universities.
Sugarcane Research Institute Ying-Kun Huang

Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Wen-Feng Li
Sciences, Kaiyuan, Yunnan, China Rong-Yue Zhang
April 16, 2018 Xiao-Yan Wang
Hong-Li Shan
Jie Li
Jiong Yin
Zhi-Ming Luo
Xiao-Yan Cang
References
An YX, Guan CX (2009) Atlas of main pests and their control in sugarcane. Jinan University Press,
Guangzhou
Chen QL (1982) Sugarcane diseases in the world. Agriculture Press, Beijing
Huang YK, Li WF (2014) The list of harmful organism and natural enemies resources in modern
sugarcane. China Agriculture Press, Beijing
Huang YK, Li WF (2016) Colored atlas of control on diseases, insect pests and weeds of modern
sugarcane. China Agriculture Press, Beijing, China
Li WF, Wang XY, Huang YK, Wang MQ, Luo ZM, Lu WJ (2010) The potential quarantine
sugarcane pests. Plant Prot 36(5):174–178
Li WF, Huang YK (2012) Diagnosis detection and control technology of modern sugarcane
diseases. China Agriculture Press, Beijing
Li WF, Shan HL, Huang YK, Yin J, Wang XY, Luo ZM, Shen K, Zhang RY (2013) Occurrence
dynamics and control strategies of major pests and diseases of sugarcane in Yunnan. Sugar
Crops China 1:59–62
Li YR (2010) Modern sugarcane. China Agriculture Press, Beijing
Lu GD, Li CC, Pan CZ, Zhang XB (1997) Sugarcane diseases in China. Sugarcane 10(4): 19–23
Rott P, Bailey RA, Comstock JC, Croft BJ, Saumtally AS (2000) A guide to sugarcane diseases.
CIRAD and ISSCT, Montpellier
x Introduction
Shan HL, Li WF, Huang YK, Luo ZM, Wang XY, Shen K, Zhang RY, Yin J (2014) Investigation
of diseases and insect pests on new propagation and demonstration varieties/lines in national
sugarcane system. Sugar Crops China 2:50–63
The important sugarcane diseases research cooperation group (1991) The preliminary report of
sugarcane diseases investigation in the sugarcane planting provinces (partly), Mainland China.
Sugarcane Canesugar 1: 1–8
Wang BH (2007) The occurrence and research progress of sugarcane diseases in China. Sugar
Crops China 3:48–51
Wei JJ, Deng ZY, Huang CH, Huang WH, Yan MX, Liu HB, Tang HQ (2012) Preliminary report
on investigating major sugarcane fungal diseases in Guangxi. J South Agric 43(9):1316–1319
Xion GR, Li ZP, Zhao TT, Cai WW, Wang JG, Wang WZ, Feng CL, Zhang YL, Zhang SZ (2010)
Primary investigation to sugarcane on the diseases in Hainan Province. Chin J Trop Crops 31
(9):1588–1594
Zhou ZH, Wang ZY, Chen KC (1999) Colored atlas of control on diseases, insect pests, mouse and
weeds of sugarcane. Guangxi Science and Technology Press, Nanning
Contents
1 Diagnosis and Control of Sugarcane Important Diseases . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.1 Sugarcane Pineapple Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.1 Occurrence and Damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.2 Identification of Symptoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.3 Characteristics of Epidemic Infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.4 Control Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Sugarcane Eyespot Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 Sugarcane Smut Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4 Sugarcane Red Rot Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.5 Sugarcane Pokkah Boeng Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.6 Sugarcane Brown Stripe Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
xi
xii Contents

1.7 Sugarcane Yellow Spot Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.8 Sugarcane Ring Spot Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.9 Sugarcane Rust Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.10 Sugarcane Brown Spot Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.11 Sugarcane Leaf Scorch Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.12 Sugarcane Sooty Mold Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.13 Sugarcane Mosaic Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.14 Sugarcane Streak Mosaic Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.15 Sugarcane Yellow Leaf Syndrome, SYLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Contents xiii

1.16 Sugarcane Bacilliform Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
1.17 Sugarcane White Leaf Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
1.18 Sugarcane Ratoon Stunting Disease (RSD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
1.19 Sugarcane Red Stripe Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
1.20 Sugarcane Leaf Scald Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
2 Diagnosis and Control of Sugarcane Main Pests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
2.1 Sesamia inferens Walker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
2.1.2 Morphological Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
2.1.3 Occurrence and Life Style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
2.2 Chilo infuscatellus Snellen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
2.3 Argyroploce schistaceana (Snellen) (Also Known as
Tetramoera schistaceana Snellen) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
xiv Contents
2.4 Proceras venosatus (Walker) (Also Known as Chilo

sacchariphagus Bojer) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
2.5 Tryporyza intacta Snellen (Also Known as Scirpophaga
intacta Snellen) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
2.6 Chilo auricilia Dudgeon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
2.7 Ceratovacuna lanigera Zehntner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
2.8 Baliothrips serratus Kobus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
2.9 Saccharicoccus sacchari (Cocherell) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
2.10 Dysmicoccus bohinsis Kuw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
2.11 Exolontha serrulata (Gyllenhal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Contents xv
2.12 Holotrichia parallela Motschulsky (Also Known as Holotrichia

morosa Waterhouse) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
2.13 Alissonotum impressicolle Arrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
2.14 Alissonotum pauper Burmeister . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
2.15 Trochorhopalus humeralis Chevrolat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
2.16 Diocalandra sp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
2.17 Tetraneura hivsuta Baker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
2.18 Odontotermes formosanus (Shiraki) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
2.19 Macrotermes barneyi Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
2.20 Coptotermes formosanus (Shiraki) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
xvi Contents

2.21 Otidognathus rubriceps Chevrolat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
2.22 Mythimna separata Walker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
2.23 Tanymecus circumdatus Wiedemann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
2.24 Lepropus lateralis Fabricius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
2.25 Lepropus sp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
2.26 Hypomeces squamosus Fabricius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
2.27 Polyclaeis sp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
2.28 Oxya chinensis Thunbery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
2.29 Atractomorpha sinensis Bolivar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Contents xvii

2.30 Patanga succinoia (Johan) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
2.31 Hieroglyphus tonkinensis Bolivar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
2.32 Dendrolimus sp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
2.33 Perkinsiella saccharicida Kirkaldy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
2.34 Cavelerius saccharivorus (Okajima) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
2.35 Dorysthenes granulosus Thomson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
2.36 Melanotus caudex Lewis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
2.37 Oligonychus shinkajii Ehara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
2.38 Diptiloplatus sacchari Shin et Don . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
xviii Contents

2.39 Tettigoniella viridis (Linnaeus) (Also Known as Cicadella
viridis Linnaeus) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
2.40 Clovia conifer Walker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
3 Dominant Natural Enemies of Sugarcane Pest and Their
Protection and Utilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
3.1 Trichogramma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
3.1.1 Parasitic Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
3.1.2 Morphological Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
3.1.3 Occurrence and Life Style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
3.1.4 Protection and Utilization Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
3.2 Apanteles flavipes (Cameron) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
3.3 Synonycha grandis (Thunberg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
3.3.1 Predation Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
3.4 Lemnia biplagiata (Swartz) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
3.5 Thiallela sp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
3.6 Euborellia pallipes Shiraki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Contents xix

3.7 Parasitic Fungi, Beauveria bassiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
3.7.2 Biological Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
3.7.3 Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
4 Diagnosis and Control of Sugarcane Weeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
4.1 Weeds of Sugarcane Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
4.1.1 The Definition of Weeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
4.1.2 The Classification of Weeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
4.1.3 Breeding and Spread of Weeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
4.1.4 The Damage Caused by Weeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
4.1.5 The Main Weeds of Sugarcane Fields and Their
Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
4.1.6 Occurrence of Sugarcane Field Weeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
4.2 Control Measures for Weeds in Sugarcane Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
4.2.1 Cultivation and Weed Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
4.2.2 Strengthening Field Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
4.2.3 Chemical Control Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
4.3 Chemical Weed Control in Sugarcane Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
4.3.1 Classification of Herbicides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
4.3.2 Popular Herbicides and Recommended Dosages
in Sugarcane Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
4.3.3 Best Application Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
4.3.4 The Basic Requirements for the Application Herbicides
in Sugarcane Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
4.4 The Special Weeding Mulching Film for Sugarcane . . . . . . . . . . . 322
4.4.1 Product Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
4.4.2 Rational Use of Weeding Mulching Film . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
4.4.3 Product Specification and Packaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
4.4.4 Planting Techniques of Covering Weeding Mulching
Film for Sugarcane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
5 Integrated Control of Sugarcane Diseases and Pests . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
5.1 Damage Caused by Sugarcane Diseases and Pests and Barriers
Against Effective Prevention and Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
5.1.1 Sugarcane Varieties Are Seriously Single, and There
Is a Production Safety Hazard of the Outbreak of
Disease Physiological Races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
5.1.2 Damaging Diseases and Pests Are Spread Through
Seedcane, Which Compromises Sugarcane Safety . . . . . . 363
xx Contents
5.1.3 The Simultaneous Existence of Multiple Diseases and

Pests Complicates Disease Prevention and Control . . . . . . 363
5.1.4 Disease Prevention and Control Awareness Among
Farmers Are Poor, and Effective Prevention Strategies
Are Lacking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
5.1.5 New Planting, Pay No Attention to the Ratoon Sugarcane
Management, so the Integrated Prevention and Control
Effect Are Not Ideal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
5.1.6 The Unscientific and Irrational Application of Chemical
Pesticides Poses a Threat to Environmental Safety . . . . . . 364
5.2 The Main Gap Between the Control of Sugarcane Diseases
and Pests and Technologically Advanced Countries . . . . . . . . . . . 365
5.3 Strategies and Measures for the Scientific Prevention and Control
of Sugarcane Diseases and Pests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
5.3.1 Strengthening the Quarantine of Sugarcane
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
5.3.2 Breeding and Utilization of Disease-Pest-Resistant
Varieties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
5.3.3 Promoting the Use of Disease-Free Sugarcane
Seedcane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
5.3.4 Strengthening Field Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
5.3.5 Chemical Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
5.3.6 Biological Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
5.3.7 Physical Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
Appendix 1: The List of Potential Quarantine of Sugarcane Harmful
Organisms (Table 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
Appendix 2: The List of Pesticides Prohibited and Restricted
in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
Appendix 3: Artificial Conservation Technology for Adult Synonycha
grandis During the Overwintering Stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
1 Technical Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
2 Technical Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
3 Technical Advantages and Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
4 Specific Implementation Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
Appendix 4: Molecular Detection Techniques of Sugarcane Important
Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
1 PCR Detection of Sugarcane Smut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
2 PCR Detection of Sugarcane Rust (Orange Rust and
Brown Rust) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
3 PCR Detection of Sugarcane Leaf Scald . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
4 PCR Detection of Sugarcane Ratoon Stunting Disease (RSD) . . . 392
Contents xxi
5 PCR Detection of Sugarcane Red Stripe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394

6 RT-PCR Detection of Mosaic Viruses (SCMV, SrMV,
and SCSMV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
7 RT-PCR Detection of Sugarcane Fiji Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
8 RT-PCR Detection of Sugarcane yellow leaf virus (ScYLV) . . . . 400
9 PCR Detection of Sugarcane bacilliform virus (SCBV) . . . . . . . 401
10 Nested PCR for Detection of Sugarcane White Leaf
Phytoplasma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
Appendix 5: Molecular Detection Technique for Sugarcane Brown
Rust Resistance Gene Bru1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
1 Instrument and Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
2 Reagent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
3 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
4 Operation Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
Appendix 6: Production Technology Specification of Disease-Free
Sugarcane Seedcane with Hot Water Treatment (DB 53/T 370–2012)
(Yunnan Provincial Standard) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
1 Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
2 Normative Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
3 Terms and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
4 Main Diseases Removed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
5 Detoxification Equipment and Water Temperature
Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
6 Seedcane Hot Water Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
7 Seedcane Propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
8 Seedcane Quality Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
9 Test Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
10 Test Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
11 Packaging, Marking, Storage, and Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . 411
Appendix 7: Technical Specification for Identification of Resistance
to Sugarcane Rust Disease (DB 53/T 530–2013) (Yunnan Provincial
Standard) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
1 Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
3 Material Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
4 Pathogen Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
5 Preparation of Inoculum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
6 Inoculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
7 Disease Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
8 Disease Resistance Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
xxii Contents
Appendix 8: Technical Specification for the Comprehensive

Control of Sugarcane Borers (DB 53/T 531–2013)
(Yunnan Provincial Standard) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
1 Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
2 Prevention and Control Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
3 Control Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
4 Prevention and Control Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
Appendix 9: Technical Specification for Identification of Resistance to
Sugarcane Mosaic Disease (DB 53/T 637–2014) (Yunnan Provincial
Standard) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
1 Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
3 Material Selection and Planting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
4 Inoculation of Virus Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
5 Preparation of Inoculum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
6 Inoculation Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
7 Disease Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
8 Disease Resistance Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
Chapter 1
Diagnosis and Control of Sugarcane
Important Diseases
There are more than 120 sugarcane diseases that have been found in the world
presently (Chen 1982; Rott et al. 2000), and more than 60 have been reported in
China (The important sugarcane diseases research cooperation group 1991; Lu et al.
1997; Huang and Li 2014, 2016). Mastering the disease types, damage, and
distribution in the sugarcane area can provide scientific basis for the sugarcane
disease-resistance breeding, quarantine of introduced varieties, and disease manage-
ment and research. Sugarcane production areas in China have drought in winter and
spring and hot climate and good rainfall in summer and autumn. With the rise of
temperature in spring, in case of cold current as well as the rainfall and temperature
decline and the poor management, planted sugarcane in winter and this season are
easily infected by pineapple disease and the ratoon crops are easily damaged by red
rot disease. Because the whole seedling stage is in the dry season, smut becomes
substantial causing sparse breakup. After June, with the high temperature and
humidity, eyespot, brown stripe, yellow spot, pokkah boeng, rust, ring spot, and
leaf scorch diseases are easily occurring and epidemic. Especially in recent years,
introducing seedcanes frequently and transposing seedcanes in sugarcane planting
area make some dangerous seedcane-transmitted diseases (ratoon stunting disease,
mosaic, smut, yellow leaf syndrome, etc.) which are spread by seedcane between
sugarcane areas. Then, caused sugarcane diseases occur commonly and damage
more severely; have a serious impact on sugarcane yield, quality, and ratooning
capacity; and bring serious hidden trouble to the safe production of sugarcane. In
order to scientifically control the spread and damage of sugarcane disease, enhancing
the capabilities of disaster prevention and reduction and ensuring the quality of
sugarcane variety and safety of sugarcane production in 20 diseases that commonly
occur in sugarcane production are systematically described in this chapter with clear-
colored photos and scientific, accurate words. The content includes the occurrence
and damage, identification of symptoms, characteristics of epidemic infection, and
control measures.
© China Agriculture Press and Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018 1
Y.-K. Huang et al., Color Illustration of Diagnosis and Control for Modern
Sugarcane Diseases, Pests, and Weeds,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1319-6_1
2 1 Diagnosis and Control of Sugarcane Important Diseases
1.1 Sugarcane Pineapple Disease
1.1.1 Occurrence and Damage
Pineapple disease is caused by a fungus, whose sexual stage is Ceratocystis

paradoxa (Dade) Moreau, belonging to the Ascomycetae (it is seldom seen in
nature), and its asexual stage is Thielaviopsis paradoxa (De Seynes) V. Hohn.
This pathogen has a wide host range. In addition to sugarcane, it can infect
pineapple, banana, maize, mango, cocoa, coconut, and oil. Pineapple disease has
occurred in China and in almost all countries and regions where sugarcane is grown,
and it is an important disease at the sugarcane germination stage. This fungus
damages sugarcane seedcane and stump, making them rot, causing necrosis and
blocking germination, resulting in low emergence and heavy economic losses (Chen
1982; Huang and Li 2016).
1.1.2 Identification of Symptoms
During storage and sowing, pineapple disease infects from the incisions in sugarcane
seedcane to a section of the stump and in the early stage has a characteristic
pineapple-like smell. The pathogen spreads along the lesion to the bud, causing
the seedcane to die without germinating. The color on both sides of the incision in
diseased seedcane is initially red, which then develops into dark spots. The interior
tissue turns reddish-brown and contains the black bitumite-like conidia of the
pathogen. The diseased tissue rots and then forms a black cylinder, and after a
long time, only an emission-like black fiber remains.
1.1.3 Characteristics of Epidemic Infection
The source of primary infection of pineapple disease is mainly the disease-bearing

seedcane and soil and other diseased host plants near the sugarcane field. This
disease also can be spread by airflow, irrigation, knives used to cut seedcane, and
insects. The microconidium germinates easily and is spread by wind, irrigation, and
insects to cause repeated infection. Long periods of low temperature and high
humidity are the two main factors that lead to severe outbreaks of this disease.
Sugarcane fields have sticky, heavy soil, which is plowed immediately after irriga-
tion. After soil preparation and planting, the soil becomes harder, and the seedcane
germinates slowly, making it susceptible to infection by the fungus. The cold and
rainy weather that occurs after winter and early spring planting of sugarcane,
combined with poor soil drainage, also increases disease susceptibility. The ratoon
crops that form the seedcane after autumn planting and after harvest in the early
1.2 Sugarcane Eyespot Disease 3
spring can also increase the incidence, resulting in bad stumps. Continuous
cropping, transportation, and long-term storage of seedcane also increase suscepti-
bility to the disease.
1.1.4 Control Measures
Currently, a combination of agricultural and chemical control is the most important

method to control pineapple disease. Chemical control involves sterilizing the
seedcane with a fungicide to protect the incision and reduce pathogen infection.
Agricultural control involves the use of good cultivation measures to promote the
early germination of seedcane after planting, in addition to early growth and quick
tillering after emergence. The control measures include:
1. Planting varieties with improved resistance and choosing disease-free and healthy
sugarcane plants as seedcane.
2. Choosing the upside of sugarcane plants, because it germinates quickly and the
infection rate is lower.
3. Determining the most suitable period for planting, with an appropriate tempera-
ture and humidity after planting (performing the spring planting after the begin-
ning of spring and during the White Dew to Cold Dew periods for the autumn
planting).
4. During winter and early spring plantings, sugarcane is mulched with plastic films,
which can be used to maintain the temperature and humidity, promote the early
germination of seedcane, and reduce the infection and damage by pineapple.
5. Sterilization and soaking treatment of seedcane and sugarcane stump in seriously
diseased areas. This can be achieved using 2–3% limewater soaked for 12–24 h or
50% carbendazim wettable powder (WP), 70% thiophanate-methyl WP, 32.5%
difenoconazole • azoxystrobin suspension concentrates (SC), and 28.7%
metalaxyl • fludioxonil • thiamethoxam flowable concentrate for seed treatment
(FS) diluted 1000 times to soaking seedcane for 3–5 min or 600–800 times to
evenly spray the sugarcane stump for sterilization (Luo et al. 2013, 2014).
1.2 Sugarcane Eyespot Disease
Sugarcane eyespot disease is a fungal disease caused by Helminthosporium sacchari

(van Breda de Haan) Butler (Chen 1982; Rott et al. 2000). The sexual stage of this
pathogen has not been found, only the generation of conidia (the asexual stage). In
addition to sugarcane, Cymbopogon citratus DC and Pennisetum purpureum are
also hosts of H. sacchari. Eyespot disease is a devastating leaf spot disease of
sugarcane. It is widely distributed in cane-growing countries and regions around the

world and has occurred in each provincial sugarcane area in China. In the 1970s and
1980s, sugarcane eyespot disease was prevalent in some sugarcane regions in
Guangdong and Yunnan (The important sugarcane diseases research cooperation
group 1991; Huang and Li 2016). This pathogen is an epidemic under favorable
conditions. In addition to affecting the cane yield, eyespot diseases also affect the
sugar content.
Sugarcane eyespot disease mainly infects the leaves and the top of stalks. The water-
soaked spots occur on young leaves in the early stage of the infection and expand to
narrow lesions after 4–5 days. The lesion is 5–12 mm long by 3–6 mm wide, its long
axis parallel to the leaf vein. The center of the lesion is reddish-brown, surrounded
by a faint yellow halo shaped like an eye. Subsequently, a necrotic strip occurs at the
top of the lesion parallel to the leaf vein and usually extends toward the leaf apex (but
rarely to the leaf sheath). Later, the disease spots and disease strips combine with
each other, resulting in large-scale leaf tissue necrosis, top rot in young stalks, and
whole sugarcane plant death. In appropriate conditions, the lesion produces dark
mildew-like conidiophores and conidia of the pathogen. Serious cases of disease
usually result in large areas of sugarcane dying and affect the cane yield and sugar
content: the weight of stalk, Brix, sucrose content, gravity purity, and recyclable
sugar of the susceptible variety Co419 were reduced by 33%, 50%, 70%, 35%, and
60%, respectively.
Conidium produced in diseased plants is the main source of primary infection. Many
conidia are produced on the lesion and are mainly transmitted by wind and rain. The
conidia fall on the sugarcane leaves and germinate with water or dew. Young leaves
are more susceptible than old ones. In suitable conditions for pathogen growth, the
pathogen multiplies quickly. The infection cycle is very short – after 5–7 days, the
pathogen is matured in the lesion and produces new conidia for repeated infection.
Sugarcane eyespot disease occurs easily at high temperature and humidity and also
in conditions of lower temperature and high rainfall. Therefore, this disease starts in
June and July, and the peak period is in September and October, in China. Sugarcane
eyespot disease is often prevalent in areas that have high relative humidity,
continuous cloudy and rainy days, and heavy morning dew or sugarcane fields
treated with high levels of nitrogen fertilizer. Varieties Co290, Co419, ROC23,
Yuetang 57–423, Yunzhe 81–173, Funong 81–745, Mingtang 86–05, Mingtang
07–2005, Liucheng 07–506, Mengzhe 92–246, and Qiantang 3 are susceptible to
1.3 Sugarcane Smut Disease 5
eyespot disease. By contrast, varieties Yuetang 86–368, Yuetang 93–159, Yuetang

00–236, Yuetang 55, Guitang 29, Guitang 31, Yunzhe 99–91, Yunzhe 03–194,
Yunzhe 05–49, Yunzhe 05–51, Funong 91–21, Funong 38, Funong 39, Mingtang
69–421, Liucheng 05–136, and Qiantang 5 and a series of ROC varieties are resistant
(Huang and Li 2016).
The following measures may be effective to control eyespot disease:

1. Choosing a disease-resistant variety is the most economical and effective measure
to control sugarcane eyespot disease.
2. Rational fertilization. The application of appropriate amounts of phosphorus and
potassium fertilizers, and avoidance of heavy application of nitrogen fertilizer,
will enhance the resistance of sugarcane.
3. Effective drainage will remove water from the sugarcane field, which will reduce
the field humidity so it is not conducive to the infection.
4. Remove diseased, old leaves and avoid ineffective tillering. These measures can
reduce the infection source, improve the wind ventilation and light permeation in
the sugarcane field, and reduce the occurrence of this disease.
5. In the early stage, using 40% kitazine emulsifiable concentrate, 75%
chlorothalonil WP, 50% captan WP, and 40% dimethachlon WP diluted
500–800 times or 1% bordeaux mixture can have controlling effects.
1.3 Sugarcane Smut Disease
Smut disease is an important disease worldwide and is also known as whip smut,
black powdery disease, and gray bag disease. It is caused by the fungus Ustilago
scitaminea Sydow, which belongs to the Basidiomycetes, Ustilago (Chen 1982; Rott
et al. 2000; Huang and Li 2016). This pathogen is a systemic parasite in the host, and
in addition to sugarcane, it can also infect Imperata cylindrica. The fungus shows
varying pathogenicities, and different physiological races exist in different sugar-
cane areas. The different physiological races show varying pathogenicities to the
same sugarcane variety, and different sugarcane varieties differ in their disease
resistance to the same smut pathogen. To date, several countries (areas) have
reported different physiological races. There are two physiological races in Hawaii
(A and B), Brazil has at least two races, Pakistan has five races, and race 1 and race
2 exist in Taiwan and China. Moreover, a new race has been found recently (Gong
et al. 1993). Two physiological races, race 1 and race 2, were preliminarily reported
in the Chinese mainland by Xu et al., in 2000; however, there has been no report in
the other sugarcane fields in China (Gong et al. 1993). Sugarcane smut disease was
initially found in the early stage of sugarcane planted in Natal around 1877.
Thereafter, smut became prevalent in the sugarcane production areas in the eastern
hemisphere. In 1940, it was found in Tucuman in Argentina and has since spread to
sugarcane planting areas worldwide, becoming one of the most important diseases in
large sugarcane areas and resulting in great economic losses. The disease caused
serious epidemics in Argentina, India, Brazil, Zimbabwe, Louisiana, Cuba, and the
Philippines, which endangered their sugar industries (Riley et al. 1999; Schenck
et al. 2005). There have been several pandemics in Taiwan and China. In recent
years, because of the diversification of planting periods, the frequent introduction of
seedcane from abroad and the transfer the seedcane among different sugarcane areas,
coupled with the long growth cycle, long-term continuous cropping, ratoon
cropping, and vegetative propagation, have caused sugarcane smut disease to
occur commonly in the key sugarcane producing areas in China, such as Fujian,
Yunnan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Sichuan, and Zhejiang. Sugarcane smut
disease is becoming more prevalent, especially in the upland areas and ratoon
sugarcane fields (Lu et al. 2008).
In the history of sugarcane planting in China, the main varieties, such as Co419,
F134, Chuantang 61–408, Guitang 11, and Guitang 12, had to be eliminated because
they were susceptible to smut, resulting in serious losses of cane yield and sugar
content. The current main varieties, such as ROC22 and Mingtang 69–421, are also
highly susceptible to smut and face elimination. To a certain extent, this has
restricted the sustainable and stable development of the sugar industry in China.
Sugarcane smut is a systemic disease, and its prevalence is closely related to the
disease resistance and susceptibility of sugarcane varieties (Lin and Wang 1996; Lin
et al. 1996; Xu and Chen 2000; Liang and Liang 2002). The incidence in resistant
varieties is less than 10%, whereas in susceptible variety it can be up to 50% or
80–90% during severe outbreaks.
The most obvious characteristic is a black whip growing from the top of the diseased
sugarcane plant, which is called a smut, and ranges from centimeters to tens of
centimeters in length. The black whip is unbranched; short ones are straight or
slightly curved, whereas long ones are curly and twist downward. There is a heart
column composed of the parenchyma and vascular bundles in the center of the black
whip, which is white, soft, and brittle in the early stage but gradually turns black and
tough in the later stage. A black powder layer appears on the outside of the heart
column, which are the chlamydospores of the pathogen. The epidermis of the host
appears as a thin silver-white membrane covering the outside of the black powder.
As the spores mature, the thin membrane breaks, and the large number of black
chlamydospores is dispersed by the wind, leaving the heart column only. Before
1.3 Sugarcane Smut Disease 7
producing the whip, the leaves become smaller, narrower, and longer. The top leaf
appears light green, sharp, and straight. The stalk is thin with sparse nodes, and
tillering increases into clusters, all of which symptoms serve to identify an infected
sugarcane plant. In cases of serious disease, many sugarcane plants cannot grow
normally, and the number of effective stalks is reduced, causing yield reduction.
Disease-carrying seedcane is the source of long-distance transmission and the source

of primary infection in diseased areas. Infected ratoon sugarcane, pathogen-carrying
soil, and infected weeds in the field may be the pathogen source in some areas. In the
diseased field, chlamydospores are not only primarily transmitted by the wind but
also by irrigation water and rainwater. In addition, some insects are also vectors of
disease transmission. The chlamydospores fall on the sugarcane buds, germinate
with water, and form the infective mycelia. With the germination of the sugarcane
buds, the growth point of sugarcane is stimulated to form a whip. The mature
mycelia in the whip produce chlamydospores, which are scattered on the sugarcane
buds and in the soil to cause repeated infection. In the dry soil, the chlamydospores
can live for up to a year. High temperature and humidity are conducive to the
germination and infection of this pathogen, and the drought contributes to the
accumulation of the chlamydospores in the field. Therefore, a long drought in winter
and spring, and a large amount of rain in summer, often results in outbreaks and
epidemics of this disease. Waterlogged and low-humidity sugarcane fields and the
poor growth of sugarcane plants also contribute to their easy infection with this
disease. The occurrence in ratoon is more severe than that in cane plants, and the
higher the number of ratoon years, the more severe is the disease. The disease
incidence in fields that undergo crop rotation is lower; however, a large amount of
the pathogen accumulates in continuously cropped fields, thus increasing disease
incidence. In intensively farmed and managed fields, applying more organic fertil-
izer, and appropriate amounts of phosphate and potassium fertilizer, causes sugar-
cane seedlings to grow earlier, tiller quickly, and show abundant growth, resulting in
lower disease incidence. In sugarcane fields subjected to heavy application of
nitrogen fertilizer, the damage is often severe.
The sugarcane varieties Co419, F134, ROC22, Yuetang 89–113, Guitang
11, Guitang 12, Yunzhe 71–315, Chuantang 61–408, Chuantang 3, Mintang
69–421, Liucheng 03–182, Yuetang 42, Yuetang 55, Yuegan 26, Yuegan
46, Guitang 02–351, Guitang 29, Yunzhe 03–103, Yuezhe 03–422, Yuezhe
05–39, Yuezhe 05–51, Yuezhe 06–407, Yuezhe 06–362, Yuezhe06–193, Yuezhe
08–1095, Yuezhe 09–1601, Funong 1110, Funong 40, Funong 09–2201, Ganzhe
07–538, Liucheng 03–1137, Liucheng 07–500, Dezhe 03–83, Dezhe 09–78, and
Q170 are susceptible to smut. By contrast, varieties ROC10, ROC16, ROC20,
Yuetang 86–368, Yuetang 93–159, Yuetang 96–86, Yuetang 00–236, Yuetang
00–318, Yuetang 39, Yuegan 43, Guitang 02–901, Guitang 31, Yunzhe 99–596,
Yunzhe 01–1413, Yunzhe 03–194, Yunzhe 03–258, Yunzhe 04–241, Yunzhe 06–80,
Yunzhe 08–2060, Funong 91–21, Funong 15, Funong 36, Funong 0335, Funong
07–2020, Funong 07–3206, Ganzhe 02–70, Liucheng 05–136, Yunri 06–189, and
Qintang 5 are resistant to smut (Li and Huang 2012; Huang and Li 2016).
The following measures may be effective to control smut:

1. Choosing a resistant variety. The severity of smut is closely related to the disease
resistance and susceptibility of the sugarcane variety. Domestic and overseas
research has shown that the most economical and effective measure to control
sugarcane smut is to choose disease-resistant varieties. Therefore, the smut
resistance of sugarcane clones is a main target for cultivar selection in several
major sugarcane countries and regions in the world, such as America, Cuba,
India, Brazil, Australia, France, Taiwan, and China. Currently, smut resistance is
one of the goals of sugarcane breeding in China (Xu and Chen 2000; Liang and
Liang 2002; Xia et al. 2009). However, because of the varied pathogenicities of
smut and the different physiological races, coevolution exists commonly among
hosts. The varying pathogenicities and physiologies of smut isolated from differ-
ent varieties and regions and at different times mean that a variety that is resistant
to one physiological race of the smut pathogen may not be resistant to other races.
Disease-resistant varieties in one area may not necessarily be resistant to the
disease in another area. A variety that was resistant at a certain point in time may
become susceptible if there is a change in the physiological race of the pathogen.
Moreover, because of the differences between the resistance of varieties and the
races, in the field, the speed of spread, the degree of damage, and the use effect of
the disease resistance varieties are also different. Therefore, ascertaining the type
of physiological races of sugarcane smut pathogen in the sugarcane field, includ-
ing dominant races and their distribution; the resistance degree to these races of
the main cultivated variety, popularized variety, and germplasm; and determining
the changing trend of races in the field, can be used to breed resistance in the
targeted variety, thereby controlling or preventing the occurrence of smut and
avoiding significant economic losses.
2. Treatment of seedcane. Soaking seedcane with 2–3% limewater or soaking
seedcane with 52 C hot water for 20 min can be effective. In addition the use
of 40% banzhongshuang WP, 40% Amicarthiazole WP, 25% triazolone WP,
80% mancozeb WP, and 2.5% Pulimeng FS diluted 500–800 times for 10 min
can have certain controlling effects. Complete control can be achieved using
50 C hot water soaking for 2 h.
3. Selecting disease-free or less infected seedcane. On the basis of the above hot
water treatment, a disease-free seedcane nursery can be established to plant
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
nueuos enamorados no entendian
en otra cosa, sino en mirarse uno
a otro, con tanta afecçion y
blandura como si uuiera mil años
que vuieran dado prinçipio a sus
amores. Y aquel dia estuuieron
alli todos, con grandissimo
contentamiento, hasta que otro
dia de mañana, despidiendose los
dos pastores, y pastora, de la
sábia Feliçia, y de Felismena, y
de Belisa, y assi mismo de todas
aquellas Nimphas, se boluieron
con grandissima alegria a su
aldea, donde aquel mismo dia
llegaron. Y la hermosa Felismena
que ya aquel dia se auia uestido
en trage de pastora,
despidiendose de la sábia Feliçia,
y siendo muy particularmente
auisada de lo que auia de hazer,
con muchas lagrimas la abraçó, y
acompañada de todas aquellas
Nimphas, se salieron al gran
patio, que delante de la puerta
estaua, y abraçando a cada vna
por si, se partio por el camino
donde la guiaron. No yua sola
Felismena este camino, ni aun
sus imaginaciones la dauan lugar
a que lo fuesse, pensando yua en
lo que la sábia Feliçia le auia
dicho, y por otra parte
considerando la poca ventura que
hasta alli auia tenido en sus
amores, le hazia dudar de su
descanso. Con esta contrariedad
de pensamientos yua lidiando, los
quales aun que por vna parte la
cansauan, por otra la entretenian,
de manera que no sentia la
soledad del camino. No vuo
andado mucho por en medio de
vn hermoso valle, quando a la
cayda del Sol, vio de lexos vna
choça de pastores, que entre
vnas enzinas estaua a la entrada
de vn bosque, y persuadida de la
hambre, se fue hazia ella, y
tambien porque la fiesta
començaua de manera que le
seria forçado passalla debaxo de
aquellos arboles. Llegado a la
choça, oyó que vn pastor dezia a
vna pastora que cerca dél estaua
assentada: No me mandes,
Amarilida, que cante, pues
entiendes la rayon que tengo de
llorar todos los dias que el alma
no desampare estos cansados
miembros; que puesto caso que
la musica es tanta parte para
hacer acresçentar la tristeza del
triste, como la alegria del que más
contento biue, no es mi mal de
suerte, que pueda ser
disminuydo, ni accresçentado,
con ninguna industria humana.
Aqui tienes tu çampoña, tañe,
canta, pastora, que muy bien lo
puedes hazer: pues que[1261]
tienes el coraçon libre y la
voluntad essenta de las
subiecçiones de amor. La pastora
le respondio: no seas, Arsileo,
auariento de lo que la naturaleza
con tan larga mano te ha
conçedido: pues quien te lo pide
sabra complazerte en lo que tú
quisieres pedille. Canta si es
possible aquella cançion que a
petiçion de Argasto heziste, en
nombre de tu padre Arsenio,
quando ambos seruiades a la
hermosa pastora Belisa. El pastor
le respondio: Estraña condiçion
es la tuya (o Amarilida) que
siempre me pides que haga lo
que menos contento me da. ¿Qué
haré que por fuerça he de
complazerte, y no por fuerça, que
assaz de mal aconsejado seria
quien de su voluntad no te
siruiesse? Mas ya sabes cómo mi
fortuna me va a la mano, todas
las vezes que algun aliuio quiero
tomar: o Amarilida, viendo la
razon que tengo de estar contino
llorando me mandas cantar? Por
qué quieres ofender a las
ocasiones de mi tristeza? Plega a
Dios que nunca mi mal vengas a
sentillo en causa tuya propia,
porque tan a tu costa no te
informe la fortuna de mi pena. Ya
sabes que perdi a Belisa, ya
sabes que biuo sin esperanza de
cobralla: por qué me mandas
cantar? Mas no quiero que me
tengas por descomedido, que no
es de mi condiçion serlo con las
pastoras á quien todos estamos
obligados a complazer. Y
tomando un rabel, que çerca de sí
tenía, le començo a templar, para
hazer lo que la pastora le
mandaua. Felismena que
açechando estaua oyó muy bien
lo que el pastor y pastora
passauan: quando vio que
hablauan en Arsenio y Arsileo,
seruidores de la pastora Belisa, a
los cuales tenía por muertos,
segun lo que Belisa auia contado
a ella, y a las Nimphas y pastores,
quando en la cabaña de la isleta
la hallaron, uerdaderamente
penso lo que veya ser alguna
vision, o cosa de sueño. Y
estando atenta, uio como el
pastor començo a tocar el rabel
tan diuinamente, que paresçia
cosa del cielo: y auiendo tañido
vn poco, con vna boz más
angelica, que de hombre humano,
dio prinçipio a esta cançion:
¡Ay vanas esperanças,

quantos dias
anduue hecho sieruo de vn
engaño,
y quán en vano mis cansados
ojos
con lagrimas regaron este
valle!
pagado me an amor y la
fortuna,
pagado me an, no sé de qué
me quexo.
Gran mal deuo passar, pues
yo me quexo,
que hechos á sufrir estan mis
ojos
los trances del amor, y la
fortuna:
¿sabeys de quien me agrauio?
de un engaño
de una cruel pastora deste
valle,
do puse por mi mal mis tristes
ojos.
Con todo mucho deuo yo a
mis ojos,
aunque con el dolor dellos me
quexo,
pues ui por causa suya en
este valle,
la cosa más hermosa que en
mis dias,
jamas pense mirar, y no me
engaño:
preguntenlo al amor y la
fortuna.
Aunque por otra parte la
fortuna,
el tiempo, la ocasion, los
tristes ojos,
el no estar reçeloso del
engaño,
causaron todo el mal de que
me quexo:
y ansi pienso acabar mis
tristes dias,
contando mis passiones a este
valle.
Si el rio, el soto, el monte, el
prado, el valle,
la tierra, el cielo, el hado, la
fortuna,
las horas, los momentos,
años, dias,
el alma, el coraçon, tambien
los ojos,
agrauian mi dolor, quando me
quexo,
¿por qué dizes pastora que
me engaño?
Bien sé que me engañé,
más no es engaño,
porque de auer yo uisto en
este ualle
tu estraña perfecçion, jamas
me quexo,
sino de ver que quiso la
fortuna
dar a entender a mis cansados
ojos,
que allá uernia el remedio tras
los dias.
Y son pasados años,
meses, dias,
sobre esta confiança y claro
engaño:
cansados de llorar mis tristes
ojos,
cansado de escucharme el
soto, el valle,
y al cabo me responde la
fortuna,
burlandose del mal de que me
quexo.
¿Mas o triste pastor, de qué
me quexo,
si no es de no acabarse ya
mis dias?
¿por dicha era mi esclaua la
fortuna?
¿halo ella do pagar, si yo me
engaño?
¿no anduuo libre, essento en
este ualle?
¿quién me mandaua a mi
alçar los ojos?
¿Mas quién podra tambien
domar sus ojos
o cómo biuire si no me quexo,
del mal que amor me hizo en
este ualle?
mal aya un mal que dura
tantos dias,
mas no podra tardar, si no me
engaño,
que muerte no dé fin a mi
fortuna.
Venir suele bonanças tras

fortuna,
mas ya nunca veran jamas
mis ojos:
ni aun pienso caer en este
engaño,
bien basta ya el primero de
quien quexo,
y quexaré, pastora, quantos
dias
durare la memoria deste ualle.
Si el mismo dia, pastora,
que en el ualle
dio causa que te uiesse mi
fortuna,
llegara el fin de mis cansados
dias,
o al menos uiera esquiuos
essos ojos:
çessara la razon con que me
quexo,
y no pudiera yo llamarme a
engaño.
Mas tú determinando
hazerme engaño
quando me uiste luego en este
ualle,
mostrauaste benigna, ved si
quexo
contra razon de amor, y de
fortuna;
despues no sé por qué
buelues tus ojos,
cansarte deuen ya mis tristes
dias.
Cançion de amor, y de
fortuna quexo:
y pues duró vn engaño tantos
dias,
regad ojos, regad el soto, el
ualle.
Esto cantó el pastor con muchas

lagrimas, y la pastora lo oyó con
grande contentamiento de uer la
graçia con que tañia y cantaua:
mas el pastor despues que dio fin
a su cançion, soltando el rabel de
las manos, dixo contra la pastora:
¿Estás contenta, Amarilida, que
por solo tu contentamiento, me
hagas hazer cosa que tan fuera
del mio es? Plega a Dios (o Alteo)
la fortuna te trayga al punto a que
yo por tu causa he uenido: para
que sientas el cargo en que te soy
por el mal que me hiziste. O
Belisa, quién ay en el mundo, que
más te deua que yo? Dios me
trayga a tiempo que mis ojos
gozen de ver tu hermosura, y los
tuyos vean si soy en
conosçimiento de lo que les deuo.
Esto dezia el pastor con tantas
lagrimas que no vuiera coraçon
por duro que fuera, que no se
ablandara. Oyendole la pastora,
le dixo: Pues que ya (Arsileo) me
has contado el prinçipio de tus
amores, y cómo Arsenio tu padre
fue la prinçipal causa de que tu
quisiesses bien á Belisa, porque
siruiendola él, se aprouechaua de
tus cartas y cançiones, y aun de
tu musica (cosa que él pudiera
muy bien escusar) te ruego me
cuentes cómo la perdiste. Cosa
es essa (le respondio el pastor)
que yo querria pocas vezes
contar, mas ya que es tu
condiçion mandar me hazer y
dezir aquello en que más pena
recibo, escucha, que en breues
palabras te lo dire. Auia en mi
lugar vn hombre llamado Alfeo,
que entre nosotros tuuo siempre
fama de grandissimo nigromante,
el qual quería bien a Belisa
primero que mi padre la
començasse a seruir, y ella no tan
solamente no podia velle, mas
aun si le hablauan en él, no auia
cosa que más pena le diesse.
Pues como éste supiesse un
conçierto que entre mí y Belisa
auia, de ylla a hablar desde
ençima de vn moral, que en una
huerta suya estaua, el diabolico
Alfeo hizo a dos espiritus que
tomasse el uno la forma de mi
padre Arsenio, y el otro la mia, y
que fuesse el que tomó mi forma
al conçierto, y el que tomó la de
mi padre uiniesse alli, y le tirasse
con una ballesta, fingiendo que
era otro, y que uiniesse él luego,
como que lo auia conosçido, y se
matase de pena de auer muerto a
su hijo, a fin de que la pastora
Belisa se diesse la muerte, uiendo
muerto a mi padre y a mí, o a lo
menos hiziesse lo que hizo. Esto
hazia el traydor de Alfeo, por lo
mucho que le pesaua de saber lo
que Belisa me queria, y lo poco
que se le daua por él. Pues como
esto ansi fue hecho, y a Belisa le
paresçiese que mi padre y yo
fuessemos muertos, de la forma
que he contado, desesperada se
salio de casa, y se fue donde
hasta agora no se ha sabido
della. Esto me conto la pastora
Armida, y yo uerdaderamente lo
creo, por lo que despues acá ha
suçedido. Felismena que entendio
lo que el pastor auia dicho, quedó
en extremo marauillada,
paresçiendole que lo que dezia
lleuaua camino de ser assí, y por
las señales que en él vio vino en
conosçimiento de ser aquel
Arsileo, seruidor de Belisa, al qual
ella tenía por muerto, y dixo entre
si: No sería razon que la fortuna
diesse contento ninguno a la
persona, que lo negasse a vn
pastor que tambien lo mereçe, y
lo ha menester. A lo menos, no
partiré yo deste lugar, sin darsele
tan grande, como lo reçebira con
las nueuas de su pastora. Y
llegandose a la puerta de la
choça, dixo contra Amarilida:
Hermosa pastora, a vna sin
ventura que ha perdido el camino,
y aun la esperança de cobralle,
no le dierades licencia para que
passasse la fiesta en este vuestro
aposento? La pastora quando la
vio, quedó tan espantada de ver
su hermosura, y gentil
disposiçion, que no supo
respondelle: empero Arsileo le
dixo: por çierto, pastora, no falta
otra cosa para hazer lo que por
vos es pedido, sino la posada no
ser tal como vos la meresceys,
pero si desta manera soys
seruida, entrá que no aura cosa
que por seruiros no se haga.
Felismena le respondió: Esas
palabras (Arsileo) bien paresçen
tuyas, mas el contento que yo en
pago dellas te dexaré, me dé Dios
a mí en lo que tanto ha que
desseo. Y diziendo esto, se entró
en la choça, y el pastor y la
pastora se leuantaron, haziendole
mucha cortesia, y boluiendose a
sentar todos, Arsileo le dixo: por
ventura, pastora, ha os ha dicho
alguno mi nombre, o aueys me
uisto en alguna parte antes de
aora? Felismena le respondió:
Arsileo, más sé de ti de lo que
piensas, aunque estés en trage
de pastor, muy fuera de como yo
te ui, quando en la academia
Salamantina estudiauas. Si
alguna cosa ay que comer,
mandamela dar, porque despues
te dire vna cosa que tú muchos
dias ha que desseas saber. Esso
haré yo de muy buena gana (dixo
Arsileo) porque ningun seruiçio se
os puede hazer, que no quepa en
vuestro meresçimiento. Y
descolgando Amarilida y Arsileo
sendos çurrones, dieron de comer
a Felismena, de aquello que para
sí tenian. Y despues que vuo
acabado, deseando Felismena de
alegrar a aquel que con tanta
tristeza biuia, le empeço a hablar
desta manera: No ay en la vida (o
Arsileo) cosa que en más se deua
tener, que la firmeza, y más en
coraçon de muger adonde las
menos vezes suele hallarse, mas
tambien hallo otra cosa, que las
más vezes son los hombres
causa de la poca constançia que
con ellos se tiene. Digo esto, por
lo mucho que tú deues a vna
pastora que yo conozco, la qual si
agora supiesse que eres biuo, no
creo que auria cosa en la uida
que mayor contento le diesse. Y
entonçes, le començo a contar
por orden todo lo que auia
passado, desde que mató los tres
saluages, hasta que uino en casa
de la sábia Felicia. En la qual
cuenta, Arsileo oyo nueuas de la
cosa que más queria, con todo lo
que con ella auian passado las
Nimphas, al tiempo que la
hallaron durmiendo en la isleta del
estanque, como atras aueys
oydo, y lo que sintio de saber que
la fe que su pastora le tenía
jamas su coraçon auia
desamparado, y el lugar cierto
donde la auia de hallar, fue su
contentamiento tan fuera de
medida, que estuuo en poco de
ponelle a peligro la vida. Y dixo
contra Felismena: ¿qué palabras
bastarian (hermosa pastora) para
encaresçer la gran merçed que de
vos he reçebido, o qué obras para
poderos la seruir? Plega a Dios
que el contentamiento, que vos
me aueys dado, os dé él en todas
las cosas que vuestro coraçon
dessea. O mi señora Belisa, que
es posible, que tan presto he yo
de ver aquellos ojos, que tan gran
poder en mí tuuieron? Y que
despues de tantos trabajos me
auia de sucçeder tan soberano
descanso? Y diziendo esto con
muchas lagrimas tomaua las
manos de Felismena, y se las
besana. Y la pastora Amarilida
hazia lo mesmo, diziendo:
verdaderamente (hermosa
pastora) vos aueys alegrado vn
coraçon el más triste que yo he
pensado ver, y el que menos
meresçia estarlo. Seys meses ha,
que Arsileo biue en esta cabaña
la más triste vida que nadie puede
pensar. Y vnas pastoras que por
estos prados repastan sus
ganados (de cuya compañía yo
soy) algunas uezes le entrauamos
a ver y a consolar, si su mal
sufriera consuelo. Felismena le
respondio: no es el mal de que
está doliente, de manera que
pueda reçebir consuelo de otro,
sino es de la causa dél o de quien
le dé las nueuas que yo aora le
he dado. Tan buenas son para mí,
hermosa pastora (le dixo Arsileo)
que me han renouado un coraçon
enuegeçido en pesares. A
Felismena se le entrenesçio el
coraçon tanto de uer las palabras
que el pastor dezia, y de las
lagrimas, que de contento lloraua,
quanto con las suyas dió
testimonio, y desta manera
estuuieron alli toda la tarde, hasta
que la fiesta fue toda passada,
que despidiendose Arsileo de las
dos pastoras, se partio con
mucho contento, para el templo
de Diana, por donde Felismena le
auia guiado.
Syluano y Seluagia con aquel
contento que suelen tener los que
gozan despues de larga ausençia
de la vista de sus amores,
caminauan hazia el deleytoso
prado, donde sus ganados
andauan pasçiendo, en compañia
del pastor Sireno; el qual aunque
yua ageno del contentamiento
que en ellos ueya, tambien lo yua
de la pena que la falta dél suele
causar. Porque ni él pensaua en
querer bien ni se le daua nada en
no ser querido. Syluano le dezia:
Todas las uezes que te miro
(amigo Sireno) me paresçe que
ya no eres el que solias: mas
antes creo que te has mudado,
juntamente con los pensamientos.
Por una parte casi tengo piedad
de ti, y por otra, no me pesa de
verte tan descuydado de las
desuenturas de amor. ¿Por qué
parte (dixo Sireno) tienes de mí
manzilla? Syluano le respondio.
Porque me paresçe, que estar vn
hombre sin querer, ni ser querido,
es el más enfadoso estado, que
puede ser en la vida. No ha
muchos dias (dixo Sireno) que tú
entendias esto muy al reues,
plega a Dios que en este mal
estado me sustente a mí la
fortuna, y a ti en el contento que
reçibes con la vista de Seluagia.
Que puesto caso, que se puede
auer embidia de amar, y ser
amado de tan hermosa pastora:
yo te aseguro que la fortuna no se
descuyde de templaros el
contento que reçebis con vuestros
amores. Seluagia dixo entonces:
no será tanto el mal que ella con
sus desuariados sucçesos nos
puede hazer, quanto es el bien de
verme tan bien empleada. Sireno
le respondió: Ah Seluagia, que yo
me he visto tambien querido
quanto nadie puede verse, y tan
sin pensamiento de ver fin a mis
amores, como vosotros lo estays
aora: Mas nadie haga cuenta sin
la fortuna, ni fundamento sin
considerar las mudanças de los
tiempos. Mucho deuo a la sábia
Feliçia, Dios se lo pague, que
nunca yo pense poder contar mi
mal en tiempo que tan poco lo
sintiesse. En mayor deuda le soy
yo (dixo Seluagia) pues fue causa
que quisiesse bien a quien yo
jamas dexe de uer delante mis
ojos. Syluano dixo boluiendo los
suyos hazia ella: essa deuda,
esperança mia, yo soy el que con
más razon la deuia pagar, a ser
cosa que con la vida pagar se
pudiera. Essa os dé Dios, mi bien
(dixo Seluagia) porque sin ella la
mia sería muy escusada. Sireno
viendo las amorosas palabras que
se dezian, medio riendo les dixo:
No me paresçe mal que cada uno
se sepa pagar tan bien que ni
quiera quedar en deuda, ni que le
deuan, y aun lo que me paresçe,
es que segun las palabras que
unos a otros dezis, sin yo ser el
terçero, sabriades tratar nuestros
amores. En estas y otras razones
passauan los nueuos
enamorados y el descuydado
Sireno el trabajo de su camino, al
qual dieron fin al tiempo que el sol
se queria poner, y antes que
llegassen a la fuente de los
Alisos, oyeron vna boz de una
pastora, que dulçemente cantaua:
la qual fue luego conosçida,
porque Syluano en oyendola, les
dixo: Sin duda es Diana, la que
junto a la fuente de los Alisos
canta. Seluagia respondio:
Verdaderamente aquella es,
metamonos entre los myrthos,
junto a ella, porque mejor
podamos oylla. Sireno les dixo:
Sea como nosotros ordenaredes,
aunque tiempo fue que me diera
mayor contento su musica, y aun
su vista que no agora. Y
entrandose todos tres por entre
los espesos myrthos, ya que el
sol se queria poner, vieron junto a
la fuente a la hermosa Diana, con
tan grande hermosura, que como
si nunca la vuieran visto, ansi
quedaron admirados: tenía
sueltos sus hermosos cabellos, y
tomadas atras con una çinta
encarnada, que por medio de la
cabeça los repartia. Los ojos
puestos en el suelo y otras vezes
en la clara fuente, y limpiando
algunas lagrimas, que de quando
en quando le corrian, cantaua
este romançe.
Quando yo triste nasçi,

luego nasçi desdichada:
luego los hados monstraron
mi suerte desuenturada,
el sol escondió sus rayos,
la luna quedó eclipsada,
murio mi madre en pariendo,
moça hermosa, y mal lograda:
el ama que me dio leche,
jamas tuuo dicha en nada,
ni menos la tune yo,
soltera ni desposada.
Quise bien, y fuy querida:
oluidé, y fuy oluydada:
esto causó vn casamiento,
que a mí me tiene cansada.
Casara yo con la tierra,
no me viera sepultada
entre tanta desuentura
que no puede ser contada.
Moça me casó mi padre,
de su obediençia forçada:
puse a Sireno en oluido
que la fe me tenía dada,
pago tan bien mi descuydo
qual no fue cosa pagada.
Celos me hazen la guerra,
sin ser en ellos culpada:
con çelos uoy al ganado,
con çelos a la majada,
y con çelos me leuanto
contino a la madrugada:
con çelos como a su mesa,
y en su cama só acostada,
si le pido de que ha çelos,
no sabe responder nada;
jamas tiene el rostro alegre,
siempre la cara inclinada,
los ojos por los rincones,
la habla triste y turbada,
¡cómo biuira la triste
que se uee tan mal casada!
A tiempo pudiera tomar a Sireno

el triste canto de Diana, con las
lagrimas que derramaua cantando
y la tristeza de que su rostro daua
testimonio, que al pastor pusieran
en riesgo de perder la uida, sin
ser nadie parte para remedialle,
mas como ya su coraçon estaua
libre de tan peligrosa prision,
ningun contento reçibio con la
uista de Diana, ni pena con sus
tristes lamentaçiones. Pues el
pastor Syluano, no tenía a su
paresçer porque pesalle de
ningun mal que a Diana
sucçediesse; visto como ella
jamas se auia dolido de lo que a
su causa auia passado. Sola
Seluagia le ayudó con lagrimas,
temerosa de su fortuna. Y dixo
contra Sireno. Ninguna
perfecçion, ni hermosura puede
dar la naturaleza, que con Diana
largamente no la aya repartido:
porque su hermosura no creo yo
que tiene par, su graçia, su
discreçion, con todas las otras
partes que una pastora deue
tener. Nadie le haze uentaja, sola
una cosa le faltó, de que yo
siempre le vue miedo, y esto es la
ventura: pues no quiso dalle
compañia con que pudiesse
passar la uida, con el descanso
que ella meresçe. Sireno
respondio: quien a tantos le ha
quitado, justa cosa es que no le
tenga. Y no digo esto, porque no
me pese del mal desta pastora,
sino por la grandissima causa que
tengo de dessearsele. No digas
esso (dixo Seluagia) que yo no
puedo creer que Diana te aya
ofendido en cosa alguna. ¿Qué
offensa te hizo ella en casarse,
siendo cosa que estaua en la
uoluntad de su padre, y deudos,
más quen la tuya? Y despues de
casada, qué pudo hazer por lo
que tocaua a su honra, sino
oluidarte? cierto, Sireno, para
quexarte de Diana más legitimas

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Textbook Color Illustration of Diagnosis and Control For Modern Sugarcane Diseases Pests and Weeds Ying Kun Huang Ebook All Chapter PDF

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Color Illustration of Diagnosis and

Control for Modern Sugarcane

Intelligent Fault Diagnosis and Accommodation Control

Advanced methods for fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant

Pythium Diagnosis Diseases and Management 1st Edition

Attribute-Based Encryption and Access Control 1st

Adaptive and Fault-Tolerant Control of Underactuated

Diagnosis and Robust Control of Complex Building

Pests and Their Management Omkar

Canine Infectious Diseases: Self-Assessment Color

Number of words: 310 thousand words

Rong-Yue Zhang Xiao-Yan Wang

ISBN 978-981-13-1318-9 ISBN 978-981-13-1319-6 (eBook)

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018948186

Sugarcane Research Institute Ying-Kun Huang

1 Diagnosis and Control of Sugarcane Important Diseases . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.6.4 Control Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

1.15.3 Characteristics of Epidemic Infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

2.4 Proceras venosatus (Walker) (Also Known as Chilo

2.12 Holotrichia parallela Motschulsky (Also Known as Holotrichia

2.20.3 Occurrence and Life Style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

2.29.3 Occurrence and Life Style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

2.38.3 Occurrence and Life Style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

3.6.3 Occurrence and Life Style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296

5.1.3 The Simultaneous Existence of Multiple Diseases and

5 PCR Detection of Sugarcane Red Stripe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394

Appendix 8: Technical Speciﬁcation for the Comprehensive

1.1 Sugarcane Pineapple Disease

1.1.1 Occurrence and Damage

Pineapple disease is caused by a fungus, whose sexual stage is Ceratocystis

1.1.2 Identiﬁcation of Symptoms

1.1.3 Characteristics of Epidemic Infection

The source of primary infection of pineapple disease is mainly the disease-bearing

1.1.4 Control Measures

Currently, a combination of agricultural and chemical control is the most important

1.2 Sugarcane Eyespot Disease

1.2.1 Occurrence and Damage

Sugarcane eyespot disease is a fungal disease caused by Helminthosporium sacchari

sugarcane. It is widely distributed in cane-growing countries and regions around the

1.2.2 Identiﬁcation of Symptoms

1.2.3 Characteristics of Epidemic Infection

eyespot disease. By contrast, varieties Yuetang 86–368, Yuetang 93–159, Yuetang

1.2.4 Control Measures

The following measures may be effective to control eyespot disease:

1.3 Sugarcane Smut Disease

1.3.1 Occurrence and Damage

1.3.2 Identiﬁcation of Symptoms

1.3.3 Characteristics of Epidemic Infection

Disease-carrying seedcane is the source of long-distance transmission and the source

1.3.4 Control Measures

The following measures may be effective to control smut:

¡Ay vanas esperanças,

Venir suele bonanças tras

Esto cantó el pastor con muchas

Quando yo triste nasçi,

A tiempo pudiera tomar a Sireno

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