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Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering
Hemanta Hazarika ·
Stuart Kenneth Haigh ·
Babloo Chaudhary · Masanori Murai ·
Suman Manandhar Editors
Climate Change
Adaptation
from Geotechnical
Perspectives
Select Proceedings of CREST 2023
Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering
Volume 447
Series Editors
Marco di Prisco, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
Sheng-Hong Chen, School of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering,
Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
Ioannis Vayas, Institute of Steel Structures, National Technical University of
Athens, Athens, Greece
Sanjay Kumar Shukla, School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup,
WA, Australia
Anuj Sharma, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
Nagesh Kumar, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Science
Bangalore, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
Chien Ming Wang, School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland,
Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Zhen-Dong Cui, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China
Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering (LNCE) publishes the latest developments in
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new challenges in, Civil Engineering. Topics in the series include:
• Construction and Structural Mechanics
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• Geotechnical Engineering
• Earthquake Engineering
• Coastal Engineering
• Ocean and Offshore Engineering; Ships and Floating Structures
• Hydraulics, Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering
• Environmental Engineering and Sustainability
• Structural Health and Monitoring
• Surveying and Geographical Information Systems
• Indoor Environments
• Transportation and Traffic
• Risk Analysis
• Safety and Security
All books in the series now indexed by Scopus and EI Compendex database!
Hemanta Hazarika · Stuart Kenneth Haigh ·
Babloo Chaudhary · Masanori Murai ·
Suman Manandhar
Editors
Suman Manandhar
Kyushu University
Fukuoka, Japan
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether
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the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any
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The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721,
Singapore
Organizing Committee
Chairperson
Honorary Chairpersons
Co-chairpersons
v
vi Organization
Secretary General
Co-secretary General
Members
Steering Committee
Chairperson
Co-chairpersons
Secretary General
Co-secretary General
Members
Technical Committee
Chairperson
Co-chairpersons
Secretary General
Co-secretary Generals
Members
Logistics Committee
Chairperson
Co-chairperson
Secretary General
Members
Chairperson
Co-chairperson
Dr. Naoki Sakai, National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster
Resilience, Japan
Secretary General
Dr. Tomohiro Ishizawa, National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster
Resilience, Japan
Co-secretary General
Members
Chairperson
Co-chairpersons
Secretary General
Co-secretary General
Dr. Tomohiro Ishizawa, National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster
Resilience, Japan
Members
Sponsorship Committee
Chairperson
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Secretary General
Co-secretary Generals
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xv
xvi Preface
The holistic approach, based on the Sendai Framework for DRR, includes the inte-
gration of disaster risk reduction into development strategies, thereby cultivating
resilience in nations and communities against future disasters. The conference was
centered on the themes of sustainability, the promotion of innovative concepts, and
advancements in the design, construction, and maintenance of geotechnical struc-
tures. All these efforts were geared toward contributing to climate change adaptation
and disaster resilience, in alignment with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
set forth by the United Nations (UN). The conference aspires to unite scientists,
researchers, engineers, and policymakers from around the world, creating a platform
for robust debate and discussion on these pressing issues.
The proceedings of CREST 2023 are thoughtfully partitioned into five volumes.
This volume encompasses four fundamental issues, namely (i) innovative techniques
toward low carbon footprint, (ii) innovative case studies for sustainable design and
construction, (iii) socio-economic and environmental aspects in sustainable construc-
tion, and (iv) geological and hydrological aspects. Comprising a total of 38 contri-
butions. Each manuscript underwent rigorous reviews, subjected to evaluation by at
least two reviewers chosen from an international panel of experts.
The publication of Climate Change Adaptation from Geotechnical Perspectives
was made possible through the unwavering dedication of the core members of
the technical committee of CREST 2023, along with the contributions of the staff
from the Research Group of Adaptation to Global Geo-Disaster and Environment,
Kyushu University, Japan. The editors extend their heartfelt gratitude to all those who
have played a part in this endeavor. The editors also wish to convey their heartfelt
appreciation to all the reviewers for generously dedicating their time and efforts to
meticulously review the manuscripts, thereby enhancing the overall content.
The editors hold the hope that this book will prove valuable to students,
researchers, professionals, and policymakers. The editors also firmly believe that,
in the years to come, the knowledge encapsulated within this volume will contribute
significantly to the realization of the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals.
Financial Supports
Panel of Reviewers
The manuscript for each chapter included in this book was carefully reviewed for
the quality and clarity of technical contents by at least two members from the review
panel, consisting of the following international experts. The editors wish to express
their sincere gratitude to all the reviewers for their valuable time and efforts.
Dr. Amizatulhani Abdullah, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Malaysia
Dr. Kohei Araki, National Institute of Technology, Tokuyama College, Japan
Prof. Lilia Austriaco, Angeles University, Philippines
Dr. Babloo Chaudhary, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, India
Dr. Gabriele Chiaro, University of Canterbury, New Zealand
Dr. Lutfian Rusdi Daryono, NITTOC Construction Co., Ltd., Japan
Dr. Rohit Divyesh, TechFab India Industries Ltd., India
Dr. Kevin Franke, Brigham Young University, USA
Dr. Tjie-Liong Gouw, GTL Geotechnical Consultant, Indonesia
Prof. S. Mohsen Haeri, Sharif University of Technology, Iran
xvii
xviii Acknowledgments
xix
xx Contents
xxiii
xxiv About the Editors
Abstract The building construction sector is known around the world for its huge
energy consumption with a significant proportion contributed by the building’s oper-
ations phase alone. This encourages us to investigate alternative building materials
in order to reduce the energy consumption of buildings. Foam concrete (FC) is
one such energy-saving material with special attributes such as low density (400–
1850 kg/m3 ) and excellent insulating characteristics. The main facet of the present
study includes investigations on operational energy cost of typical G + 1 bungalow
located in the Guwahati city (in Northeastern region of India) for different scenarios
of walling materials (FC, autoclaved aerated concrete block (AAC) and clay brick).
Experimental outcomes indicated that thermal conductivity of AAC block and FC of
density 1000 kg/m3 are found to be very much lower than that of conventional clay
brick. Further results on energy simulation analysis showed that building with AAC
block (density 660 kg/m3 ) and FC (density 1000 kg/m3 ) as walling material exhibited
yearly energy consumption of 15,188.24 and 15,608.75 kWh, respectively, which is
comparatively lower than that of clay bricks (16,187.13 kWh). Adding to above, use
of better insulating walling material also results in reduction of CO2 emission by
53.99 and 31.26 tons for AAC block and FC (density 1000 kg/m3 ), respectively. The
above results highlight that FC can serve as a better energy-efficient alternative to
conventional walling material.
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024 3
H. Hazarika et al. (eds.), Climate Change Adaptation from Geotechnical Perspectives,
Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering 447, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-9215-7_1
4 C. D. Wagh et al.
1 Introduction
Over a period of time, building sector has turned out to be major consumer of energy.
A recent survey indicates that the total energy utilization in buildings has reached
40% of the total global demand, surpassing the transportation sector. Further, this
contributes to more than 30% of the worldwide greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions [1].
On a similar note, energy demand of building sector from Indian context accounts
for 33%, with heating and cooling accounting for more than half of this requirement.
It is expected that this energy usage will increase steadily by 8% annually in the
coming years [2]. Moreover, in the present scenario, with the publication of energy-
saving design standards and building energy-saving requirements becoming more
stringent, there is an arduous requirement for energy-efficient solutions to reduce
the operational energy of buildings [3]. In this line studies carried out by various
researchers have showed that the annual energy consumption of building can be
reduced significantly by 27–77% through simpler means of incorporation of better
thermal insulating materials for roof and wall during construction [4, 5]. Numerous
research on energy-efficient structures have demonstrated that walls with thermal
insulation play a significant role in reducing the amount of energy needed for heating
and cooling without relying heavily on mechanical air-conditioning, particularly
during inter-seasonal months [6]. Thermal insulation in walls and roofs not only
leads to a reduction in the size of the required air-conditioning system, but also
reduces the building’s overall operational energy demand, resulting in a decrease
in the annual energy cost and carbon footprint of the buildings. In similar context,
Comaklı and Yuksel’s [7] investigations proved that 50% reduction in CO2 emissions
can be realized through provision of insulation of optimum thickness for external
wall and through other energy-saving methods. Thus it can be inferred from above
discussion that adopting the right thermal insulation walling system is one of the
effective ways to reduce energy needed for cooling and heating of buildings.
Sustainability being the key trend of construction, in present scenario, various
passive insulation techniques are being developed to produce energy-efficient struc-
tures. One such promising way of achieving energy efficiency is through use of
foamed concrete in construction which is globally accepted as an effective thermal
insulation material. Foamed concrete is a type of cellular concrete with randomly
distributed air voids in the mortar or cement paste with a wide range of density
ranging from 150 to 1800 kg/m3 [8, 9]. Owning to its wide range of density, foam
concrete has thermal conductivity values ranging from 0.05 to 0.90 W/mK [8]. This
wide range of density and excellent thermal insulating properties has facilitated the
use of foam concrete predominantly in building sector as a walling material. The
present study evaluates the potential of foam concrete in reduction of operational
energy consumption of G + 1 house with foam concrete as walling material.
Guwahati (26°10' N, 92°49' E) the capital of the Indian state of Assam is chosen
as the study location for this research. This urban region is around 262 km2 in
size and has a population of approximately 12 lakh people (Census of India, 2011)
expected to reach 21.74 lakh by 2025. The city’s and region’s general climate is warm
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sacramental, y que á los quince sabía cuanto podían saber
entonces, no sólo las señoras, pero los varones más instruídos.
Añaden que solicitó con insistencia de sus padres que la enviasen á
Méjico á estudiar en la Universidad, disfrazada en traje masculino.
Sea de ello lo que fuere, es lo cierto que sus parientes,
presumiendo «el riesgo que podría correr de desgraciada por
discreta y de perseguida por hermosa», la colocaron en el palacio
del Virrey, Marqués de Mancera, cuando contaba apenas diez y
siete años. Dama de honor de la Virreina, amadísima de ésta y del
Virrey, pudo entregarse de lleno al estudio, si bien sin dirección fija y
ordenada, abarcando toda clase de materias, principalmente las de
carácter profano.
Por lo visto, no se sentía entonces inclinada al claustro. Amores
contrariados, ó los consejos é instancias del P. Núñez, jesuíta,
confesor de los Virreyes, la llevaron á profesar en el monasterio
mejicano de monjas jerónimas, donde pasó el resto de su vida hasta
su muerte, ocurrida, á los cuarenta y cuatro años y cinco meses de
edad, el 17 de Abril de 1695.
Leyendo los tres abultados volúmenes de sus obras, lo primero
que salta á la vista es la diversidad de los géneros cultivados por la
Monja mejicana, así en verso como en prosa. Villancicos, sonetos,
endechas, sátiras, liras y silvas, loas, autos y comedias, poemas
cortos, cartas y comentarios, publican la fecundidad y variedad de
su ingenio, así por lo que toca á la inspiración poética, como por lo
que respecta á la erudición y la crítica en materias religiosas y
profanas. Fénix de México, Décima Musa, Milagro del Parnaso fué
apellidada en el pomposo lenguaje de su época. Solamente el
primer tomo de sus obras alcanzó cuatro ediciones en cuatro años,
de 1689 á 1692, en las prensas de Madrid, Barcelona y Zaragoza.
Después de la diversidad de géneros y materias, lo que más nos
sorprende en nuestra escritora es que sus mejores escritos, con ser
obra de una Monja, y de Orden ascética, como la de San Jerónimo,
sean profanos, demasiado profanos y picantes á veces, hasta el
punto que varias composiciones insertas en la edición de Zaragoza
de 1692 no fueron reproducidas en las posteriores.
Pero hay que tener en cuenta que las Comunidades religiosas en
América disfrutaron siempre excepcionales anchuras, superiores ó
diversas de las que gozaban en la Península, en términos de causar
verdadera extrañeza y asombro á los viajeros españoles, no sólo
religiosos, sino seglares, como Ulloa y D. Jorge Juan.
Sin embargo, no faltaron en el mismo Méjico quienes,
escandalizados por algún que otro desenfado de nuestra Monja,
trabajaron con insistencia, no sólo para que no escribiese, sino para
que ni estudiase siquiera. «Una vez (refiere la misma Sor Juana
Inés) lo consiguieron con una Prelada muy santa y muy cándida,
que creyó que el estudio era cosa de Inquisición, y me mandó que
no estudiase: yo la obedecí unos tres meses que duró el poder ella
mandar, en cuanto á no tomar libro; en cuanto á no estudiar
absolutamente, como no cae debajo de mi potestad, no lo pude
hacer; porque, aunque no estudiaba en los libros, estudiaba en
todas las cosas que Dios crió, sirviéndome ellas de letras, y de libro
toda esta máquina universal.»
Como nuestra Monja fué poco amiga de vanidades humanas, aun
la gloria legítima entró rara vez como fin ó como parte en la
composición de sus escritos. «En lo poco que se ha impreso mío
(escribía al Obispo de la Puebla de los Ángeles en 1691), no sólo mi
nombre, pero ni el consentimiento para la impresión ha sido
dictamen propio, sino la libertad ajena..... de suerte que solamente
unos Ejercicios devotos para los nueve días antes del de la
Purísima..... y unos Ofrecimientos para el santo Rosario..... que se
ha de rezar el día de los Dolores de Nuestra Señora, se imprimieron
con gusto mío, por la pública devoción, pero sin mi nombre.» Fué
preciso que el Virrey, Conde de Paredes, y su esposa, Doña María
Luisa Gonzaga Manrique de Lara, le ordenasen la entrega de sus
obras, á fin de darlas á la estampa, para que se resolviese á reunir
las que formaron luego el primer volumen de sus obras. Salieron
éstas á luz, en Madrid, 1689, con el gongorino título, que tanto se
prestaba á epigramáticas interpretaciones: Inundación Castálida de
la única poetisa, Musa décima Soror Juana Inés de la Cruz;
cambiado después por el más sencillo: Poemas de la única poetisa,
etc.
En estos días en que tanto se habla y escribe en defensa de las
mujeres, bueno será recordar que Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz
consagró no escasa parte de sus escritos, en prosa y verso, en pro
de esta causa; de manera que bien podemos colocarla á la cabeza
del movimiento en razón y en justicia. En su estado y en su época
era hasta cierto punto heroica la defensa. Refiriéndose á sus
hermosas redondillas Contra las injusticias de los hombres al hablar
de las mujeres, que excuso dar al pie de este trabajo, se ha dicho
que nuestra monja fué por extremo dura con los hombres; pero es
no menos cierto que en otras composiciones juzga á las mujeres
con bastante severidad, aun en materias de amor, como se ve bien
claro, entre otras poesías, en el soneto que comienza: