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Energy Materials and Devices: Proceedings of E-MAD 2022 (Advances in Sustainability Science and Technology) 1st Edition Ambesh Dixit
Energy Materials and Devices: Proceedings of E-MAD 2022 (Advances in Sustainability Science and Technology) 1st Edition Ambesh Dixit
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Advances in Sustainability Science and Technology
Ambesh Dixit
Vijay K. Singh
Shahab Ahmad Editors
Energy
Materials
and Devices
Proceedings of E-MAD 2022
Advances in Sustainability Science
and Technology
Series Editors
Robert J. Howlett, Bournemouth University and KES International,
Shoreham-by-Sea, UK
John Littlewood, School of Art and Design, Cardiff Metropolitan University,
Cardiff, UK
Lakhmi C. Jain, KES International, Shoreham-by-Sea, UK
The book series aims at bringing together valuable and novel scientific contributions
that address the critical issues of renewable energy, sustainable building, sustain-
able manufacturing, and other sustainability science and technology topics that have
an impact in this diverse and fast-changing research community in academia and
industry.
The areas to be covered are
• Climate change and mitigation, atmospheric carbon reduction, global warming
• Sustainability science, sustainability technologies
• Sustainable building technologies
• Intelligent buildings
• Sustainable energy generation
• Combined heat and power and district heating systems
• Control and optimization of renewable energy systems
• Smart grids and micro grids, local energy markets
• Smart cities, smart buildings, smart districts, smart countryside
• Energy and environmental assessment in buildings and cities
• Sustainable design, innovation and services
• Sustainable manufacturing processes and technology
• Sustainable manufacturing systems and enterprises
• Decision support for sustainability
• Micro/nanomachining, microelectromechanical machines (MEMS)
• Sustainable transport, smart vehicles and smart roads
• Information technology and artificial intelligence applied to sustainability
• Big data and data analytics applied to sustainability
• Sustainable food production, sustainable horticulture and agriculture
• Sustainability of air, water and other natural resources
• Sustainability policy, shaping the future, the triple bottom line, the circular
economy
High quality content is an essential feature for all book proposals accepted for the
series. It is expected that editors of all accepted volumes will ensure that contributions
are subjected to an appropriate level of reviewing process and adhere to KES quality
principles.
The series will include monographs, edited volumes, and selected proceedings.
Ambesh Dixit · Vijay K. Singh · Shahab Ahmad
Editors
Energy Materials
and Devices
Proceedings of E-MAD 2022
Editors
Ambesh Dixit Vijay K. Singh
Department of Physics Department of Physics
Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur
Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
Shahab Ahmad
Department of Physics
Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur
Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether
the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse
of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and
transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar
or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or
the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any
errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721,
Singapore
Volume Editors
Editorial Board
v
vi Patrons
IIT Jodhpur has taken initiative to address the current challenges and opportunities
in renewable energy towards India’s Urja Aatmnirbharta Mission. This conference
is an effort along the same line. Energy Materials and Device (EMAD) technologies
emphasized on current developments in designing novel materials for renewable
energy generation, storage, and their integration for real applications such as high
energy density batteries and green hydrogen for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs),
hydrogen fuel cell for distributed energy needs.
This national conference on energy materials and devices (NCEMAD 2022) is
organized during December 16–18, 2022 at Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur,
India. The conference provided a platform for more than hundred delegates from
different parts of India, actively participated in the conference and shared their find-
ings. In addition, several renowned speakers were invited for talks and sharing their
experiences in the field of renewable energy. This conference provides the status in the
field of renewable energy including lithium and beyond lithium-ion energy storage
technologies and green hydrogen generation/storage together with the current issues
and challenges, especially in Indian Context.
vii
Director’s Message
ix
x Director’s Message
The energy is one of the most important vertical for country’s self-reliance, which
is the primary ingredient for industrial growth in conjunction with every day needs.
The challenges and solutions in energy related issues are multidisciplinary and solu-
tions cannot be driven from a single research domain. In continuation with the above
inter/multi-disciplinary philosophy, the National Conference on Energy Materials
and Devices (EMAD) 2022 during December 16–18, 2022 is focused on energy
storage solutions even beyond commercially available lithium ion energy storage.
It seems essential for country like India, where lithium’s dependency is on other
countries. Thus, sustainable energy storage for India should look for equivalent or
better alternatives. Further, hydrogen is another important vertical in energy sector
and EMAD-2022 is equally focusing on its generation, storage, and applications
including hydrogen vehicles.
The conference brings design and development of materials together with their
technological and industrial applications ranging from small scale to large scale appli-
cations such as hybrid/electric vehicles (H/E-Vs), and even fuel cells for hydrogen
vehicles (HVs). EMAD 2022 consists of experts in energy domains and their knowl-
edge sharing will throw light on real issues and challenges with potential solutions
for energy problems. Thus, EMAD will provide the most recent updates in the field
of energy and the outcomes will be a milestone towards Aatmnirbhar Bharat, empha-
sizing on Energy for All. I am hopeful that the researchers especially young minds
will be motivated to contribute further towards the country’s energy needs. I wish all
the best for the success of EMAD 2022.
With Season’s greetings!
xi
xii Contents
Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
About the Editors
Dr. Ambesh Dixit (M.S. and Ph.D. from Wayne State University, MI, USA,
and Masters and Bachelor from the University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India) is
professor at the Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur. He has wide experience in
computational and experimental materials and device physics with a special emphasis
on the design and development of materials for different applications. He is leading
Advanced Materials and Device (A-MAD) Laboratory, and his current research
efforts are in developing functional nanomaterials and related products for energy
generation and storage including lithium and beyond lithium-ion energy storage
materials and devices, H2 generation, and storage. He is an expert in multifunctional
materials and was the first one to demonstrate that iron vanadate (FeVO4) is a multi-
ferroic system to the scientific community. He has published more than 100 research
articles, and two Indian patents are in progress.
Dr. Vijay K. Singh received his Master from Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
India, Bachelor and Ph.D. from Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi India. Then
he moved to Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea, for Postdoctoral
Research. He is currently working as an inspire faculty in the Department of
Physics Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, India. He has wide expertise in
the atomically controlled synthesis and applications of carbon and transition metal
chalcogenides-based quantum materials. He has developed high-speed 2D FET,
2D-0D heterostructure-based UV photodetector, and biosensor for cancer detec-
tion. His current research efforts are in developing the quantum materials-based
next-generation electronic, optical, and biosensing devices. He is also working on
generation, storage, and applications of green hydrogen. He has published more than
20 research articles in the journals of international repute.
xv
xvi About the Editors
41. Choi G, Lee J, Kim D (2020) Uncovering the structural evolution in Na-excess layered cathodes
for rational use of an anionic redox reaction. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 12(26):29203–29211
42. Qiao Y et al (2018) Reversible anionic redox activity in Na3 RuO4 cathodes: a prototype Na-rich
layered oxide. Energy Environ Sci 11(2):299–305
43. Otoyama M et al (2019) Synthesis and electrochemical activity of some Na(Li)-rich ruthenium
oxides with the feasibility to stabilize Ru6+ . Adv Energy Mater 9(15):1803674
44. Hu Y et al (2020) Quantification of anionic redox chemistry in a prototype Na-rich layered
oxide. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 12(3):3617–3623
45. Komaba S et al (2012) Study on the reversible electrode reaction of Na1-x Ni0.5 Mn0.5 O2 for a
rechargeable sodium-ion battery. Inorg Chem 51(11):6211–6220
46. de la Llave E et al (2016) Improving energy density and structural stability of manganese oxide
cathodes for Na-ion batteries by structural lithium substitution. Chem Mater 28(24):9064–9076
47. Liu G et al (2023) Unlocking high-rate O3 layered oxide cathode for Na-ion batteries via ion
migration path modulation. J Energy Chem
48. Song S et al (2017) Na-rich layered Na2 Ti1−x CrxO3−x /2 (x= 0, 0.06): Na-ion battery cathode
materials with high capacity and long cycle life. Sci Rep 7(1):1–10
49. Tournadre F et al (2004) On the mechanism of the P2–Na0.70 CoO2 →O2 –LiCoO2 exchange
reaction—Part II: an in situ X-ray diffraction study. J Solid State Chem 177(8):2803–2809
50. Yu H et al (2014) Novel titanium-based O3-type NaTi0.5 Ni0.5 O2 as a cathode material for
sodium ion batteries. Chem Commun 50(4):457–459
51. Xie Y et al (2021) Role of lithium doping in P2-Na(0.67)Ni(0.33)Mn(0.67)O(2) for sodium-ion
batteries. Chem Mater 33(12):4445–4455
52. Singh P, Dixit M (2023) Opportunities and challenges in the development of layered posi-
tive electrode materials for high-energy sodium ion batteries: a computational perspective.
Langmuir 39(1):28–36
53. Wang K et al (2019) Dopant segregation boosting high-voltage cyclability of layered cathode
for sodium ion batteries. Adv Mater 31(46):1904816
54. Seo DH et al (2016) The structural and chemical origin of the oxygen redox activity in layered
and cation-disordered Li-excess cathode materials. Nat Chem 8:692
55. Liu Q et al (2021) Sodium transition metal oxides: the preferred cathode choice for future
sodium-ion batteries? Energy Environ Sci 14(1):158–179
56. Chakraborty A et al (2020) Layered cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries: review of
computational studies on LiNi1-x-y Cox Mny O2 and LiNi1-x-y Cox Aly O2 . Chem Mater
57. Dixit M et al (2017) Origin of structural degradation during cycling and low thermal stability
of Ni-rich layered transition metal-based electrode materials. J Phys Chem C 121(41):22628–
22636
58. Bai Q et al (2018) Computational studies of electrode materials in sodium-ion batteries. Adv
Energy Mater 8(17):1702998
59. Chakraborty A et al (2018) Predicting accurate cathode properties of layered oxide materials
using the SCAN meta-GGA density functional. NPJ Comput Mater 4(1):60
Chapter 2
In-Situ X-Ray Diffraction Studies
of Battery Electrode Materials
for the Microscopic Understanding
of the Phase Stability and Performance
Correlation
A. Pandey (B)
Solid State Physics Laboratory, Timarpur, New Delhi, India
e-mail: akhilesh.pandey.sspl@gov.in
A. Dixit
Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024 15
A. Dixit et al. (eds.), Energy Materials and Devices, Advances in Sustainability
Science and Technology, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-9009-2_2
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Her Majesty, however, continuing to express herself of a different
opinion, I found it useless to offer objections.
When I returned home in the evening, I set myself, therefore, to
consider how I might best execute her orders, and before I went to
bed I drew up a sort of plan, which I thought might furnish some
ideas for the formation of the establishment in view, and sent it off to
the Empress, more, indeed, for the purpose of complying with her
wishes than from any serious thought of furnishing a design worthy
of her choice and adoption. My astonishment may therefore be
imagined, when I received back, from the hands of her Majesty, this
imperfect outline of a scheme hastily conceived and informally drawn
up, with all the ceremonial of an official instrument, confirmed by the
sanction of her Imperial signature, and accompanied with an ukase
which conferred on me the presidentship of the embryo academy. A
copy of this ukase, I at the same time learned, had been transmitted
to the Senate.
Though this had the air of the Empress’s being in earnest, and
resolute in her intentions with regard to me, I nevertheless went to
Tsárskoe Seló two days afterwards, still hoping to prevail on her
Majesty to make choice of some other president. Finding my efforts
unavailing, I told her Majesty that as Director of the Academy of Arts
and Sciences I had already at my disposal sufficient funds for the
maintenance of the new establishment, and that she need be at no
other expense, at present, than the purchase of a house for it. These
funds, I observed, in explanation, would arise out of the five
thousand roubles which she gave annually, from her private purse,
for translations of the classics. The Empress evinced her surprise
and satisfaction, but expressed her hopes that the translations
should be continued.
“Most assuredly, madam,” said I, “the translations shall be carried
on, and I trust more extensively than hitherto, by the students of the
Academy of Sciences, subject to the revision and correction of the
professors; and thus the five thousand roubles, of which the directors
have never rendered any account, and which, to judge from the very
few translations that have appeared, they seem to have put into their
own pockets, may now be turned to a very useful purpose. I will have
the honour, madam,” added I, “of presenting you soon with an
estimate of all the necessary expenses of the proposed
establishment; and considering the sum I have stated as the extent
of its means, we shall then see if anything remains for the less
absolute requisites, such as medals and casts,—a few of which may
be deemed, indeed, almost indispensable, in order to reward and
distinguish the most deserving of its students.”
In the estimate, which I accordingly made, I fixed the salary of two
secretaries at 900 roubles, and of two translators at 450 roubles
each. It was necessary, also, to have a treasurer, and four persons,
invalid soldiers, to heat the stove and take care of the house. These
appointments together I estimated at 3300 roubles, which left the
1700 for fuel, paper and the occasional purchase of books, but no
surplus whatever for casts and medals.
Her Majesty, who had been accustomed to a very different scale of
expenditure, was, I think, more surprised than pleased at this
estimate; but signified her desire to add whatever was wanted for the
purposes not provided for in it, and this I fixed at 1250 roubles. The
salary of the president, and contingent perquisites of office, were not
usually forgotten in estimates of this nature, but in the present I had
not assigned myself a single rouble; and thus was a most useful
establishment, answering every object of its institution, founded and
supported at no greater expense to her Majesty than the price of a
few honorary badges.
To sum up all that may be said on the subject of the Russian
Academy, I may be allowed to state the following particulars: viz., in
the first place, that with three years’ arrears of her Majesty’s bounty,
originally granted for the translation of the classics, which had not
been paid to Mr. Domáshnev,—that is to say, with 15,000 roubles, in
addition to what sums I could spare from the economic fund,—I built
two houses in the court of the house given by the Empress for the
Academy, which added a rent of 1950 roubles to its revenue; I
furnished the house of the Academy, and by degrees purchased a
very considerable library, having, in the meantime, lent my own for
its use; I left 4900 roubles as a fund, placed in the Foundling
Hospital; I began, finished and published a dictionary; and all this I
had accomplished at the end of eleven years. I say nothing of the
new building for the Academy, the elevation of which has been so
much admired, executed, indeed, under my directions, but at the
expense of the Crown, and therefore not to be enumerated among
those labours which were more especially my own. Besides, had it
been, strictly speaking, a work of mine, I could never have
considered it as one of my labours; for with so decided a taste, or
rather passion, as I had for architecture, such a work would have
formed one of my highest gratifications.
I ought to observe, before I dismiss the subject, that many things
occurred at Court relative to the concerns of my office both to vex
and disgust me. The enlightened part of the public, indeed, rendered
me more than justice in the tribute of praise they bestowed on my
zeal and public-spiritedness, to which they were pleased to refer all
the merit of the institution of a Russian Academy, as well as the
astonishing rapidity with which the first dictionary of our native
language was completed.
This latter work was the subject of a very clamorous criticism,
particularly as to the method of its verbal arrangement, which was
not according to an alphabetical, but an etymological order. This was
objected to, as rendering the dictionary confused, and ill adapted for
popular use; an objection very loudly echoed by the courtiers as
soon as it was known to have been made by the Empress, who
asked me more than once why we had adopted so inconvenient an
arrangement. It was, I informed her Majesty, no unusual one in the
first dictionary of any language, on account of the greater facility it
afforded in showing and even discovering the roots of words; but that
the Academy would publish, in about three years, a second edition,
arranged alphabetically, and much more perfect in every respect.
I know not how it was that the Empress, whose perception could
embrace every object, even those the most profound, appeared not
to comprehend me, but this I know, that I experienced in
consequence much annoyance, and notwithstanding my repugnance
to declare the opinion which her Majesty had pronounced against
our dictionary, at a sitting of the Academy, I determined to bring
forward the question again at our first meeting, without entering into
some other matters connected with it for which I had often been
made accountable.
All the members, as I expected, gave their judgment that it was
impossible to arrange otherwise the first dictionary of our language,
but that the second would be more complete, and disposed in
alphabetical order.
I repeated to the Empress, the next time I saw her, the unanimous
opinion of the academicians, and the reason for it. Her Majesty,
however, continued to retain her own, and was, in fact, at that time
much interested in a work dignified by the name of a dictionary, of
which Mr. Pallas was the compiler. It was a sort of vocabulary, in
nearly a hundred languages, some of which presented the reader
with about a score of words only, such as earth, air, water, father,
mother and so forth. Its learned author, celebrated for the publication
of his travels in Russia, and for his attainments in natural history, had
dared to run up the expense of printing this work, called a dictionary,
to flatter a little prejudice of her Majesty, to a sum exceeding 20,000
roubles, not to mention the very considerable cost it brought on the
Cabinet in dispatching couriers into Siberia, Kamchatka and so forth,
to pick up a few words in different languages, meagre and of little
utility.
Paltry and imperfect as was this singular performance, it was
extolled as an admirable dictionary, and was to me at that time an
occasion of much disgust and vexation.
Semén Andréevich Poroshín. (1741-1769.)
Poroshín studied in the military school, where he
distinguished himself for his knowledge of foreign languages
and mathematics. Even as a student, he became a
contributor to literary magazines. After leaving school, he was
attached as adjutant to Peter III. From 1762 he was teacher of
mathematics to Paul, whom he tried to impress with a sense
of duty and love of country. In 1764 and 1765 he kept a diary
of his relations to the young Grand Duke, hoping some day to
use it as material for a history of his reign. In 1769 he died
during an expedition against Turkey, being then commander
of a regiment of infantry.
Bah! There is the miser in his rags and tags, who has all his life
been hoarding money and squandering his conscience; who is dying
from hunger and cold; who teaches his servants to eat to live, that is,
not more than is necessary to keep body and soul together; who is
known far and wide for his unlawful usury; who has imposed upon
himself and all his slave cattle a whole year’s fast; who in winter
heats his miserable hut only once a week; who is ready to sell
himself for a dime, and who has forty thousand roubles, in order to
leave them after his death to his stupid nephew, that seventeen-
year-old wretch who in miserliness and unscrupulous usury has
surpassed his uncle of sixty years; who steals money from himself
and takes a fine from himself for this theft; and who does not want to
get married all his life, only not to spend his income on his wife and
children. Oh, they deserve being laughed at. Ha, ha, ha!
Meseems I see his opposite. Of course, it is Spendthrift? Certainly.
Oh, that young man has not the vices of his father, but he is infested
by other vices, not less objectionable. His father hoarded money by
unlawful exactions, and he spends it recklessly. His miserly father
consumed in one month what he ought to have eaten in one day;
Spendthrift, on the contrary, devours in a day what he ought to eat
up in a year. The other walked in order not to spend money for the
feeding of the horses; this one keeps six carriages and six tandems,
not counting the saddle and sleigh horses, only that he may not get
tired of travelling all the time in one and the same carriage. The other
wore for twenty years the same miserable caftan; while to
Spendthrift twenty pairs a year seem too little. In short, his father
collected a great treasure through all illegal means, usury,
maltreatment of his kin, and ruin of the helpless; but Spendthrift ruins
himself and lavishes on others: they are both fools, and I laugh at
both. Ha, ha, ha, ha!
Who is galloping there so swiftly? Bah! it is Simple. He is hurrying
to some aristocratic house, to show there his stupidity. Simple glories
in visiting distinguished people. He goes to see them as often as
possible and, to please them, makes a fool of himself, then boasts to
others of the influence he has there. He takes part in their
conversations and, though he knows nothing, thinks he is posing as
a wise man; he reads books, but he does not understand them; goes
to the theatre, criticises the actors and, repeating what he has heard
elsewhere, speaks authoritatively: this actor is good, that one is bad.
He tells distinguished people all kinds of jokes, and wants to be
cutting in his remarks, though he never adapts them to the occasion;
in short, Simple tries to convince himself that his acts are intelligent,
but others think that they are silly. Ha, ha, ha!
Hypocrite steps humbly out of church and distributes to the poor
that surround him a farthing each, and counts them off on his rosary.
As he walks along, he mumbles his prayers. He turns his eyes away
from women, and shades them with his hands, for he avers he would
take them out if they tempted him. Hypocrite sins every minute, but
he appears as a righteous man that walks over a path strewn with
thorns. His simulated prayers, piety and fasts in no way keep him
from ruining and oppressing his like. Hypocrite has stolen thousands,
and he gives them away by farthings. By such appearances he
deceives many. He hourly preaches the nine virtues to young
people, but in the sixty years of his life he has never carried out one
himself. Hypocrite always walks humbly and never turns his looks to
heaven, for he cannot hope to deceive those that abide there; but he
looks upon the earth whose inhabitants he cheats. Ha, ha, ha!
Last evening I took a walk in the park where nearly the whole town
disports itself twice a week. I seated myself with a friend on a bench:
four men, all acquaintances of my friend, passed by us; one of them
was an ex-officer who had left the service, in order that he may not
serve the Tsar, that he may cheat the world and become rich through
illegal means. All the pettifoggers and the minor officials at the court
of justice, and all the large litigators are known to him. He hardly
ever goes out of the Land Office, and even in other places there
appears almost every day a complaint of his. All the doubtful villages
are his, and he frequently makes application for them, proving that
they once belonged to his ancestors. He has no end of genealogies
in his pocket, and upon request can prove his descent from any
family he pleases. He buys promissory notes at a great discount,
and gets the money from the creditor with all the interest due
thereupon. If anybody borrows money from him, he never asks more
than five kopeks from the rouble a month, and he deducts the
interest in advance.
To My Son Falaléy:—
Is that the way you respect your father, an honourably discharged
captain of dragoons? Did I educate you, accursed one, that I should
in my old age be made through you a laughing-stock of the whole
town? I wrote you, wretch, in order to instruct you, and you had my
letter published. You fiend, you have ruined me, and it is enough to
make me insane! Has such a thing ever been heard, that children
should ridicule their parents? Do you know that I will order you to be
whipped with the knout, in strength of ukases, for disrespect to your
parents! God and the Tsar have given me this right, and I have
power over your life, which you seem to have forgotten. I think I have
told you more than once that if a father or mother kills a son, they are
guilty only of an offence against the church.[145] My son, stop in time!
Don’t play a bad trick upon yourself: it is not far to the Great Lent,
and I don’t mind fasting then. St. Petersburg is not beyond the hills,
and I can reach you by going there myself.
Well, my son, I forgive you for the last time, at your mother’s
request. If it were not for her, you would have heard of me ere this,
nor would I have paid attention to her now, if she were not sick unto
death. Only I tell you, look out: if you will be guilty once more of