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 Energy Materials
Energy Materials: A Circular Economy Approach emphasizes the engineering
scalability of a circular economy approach to development and use of energy
materials. It focuses on waste minimization and its valorization, recycling and reuse,
and emerging sustainable materials and technologies. It offers a view of the eco-
friendly energy materials and state-of-the-art technologies required for production
of these materials in the process industry and manufacturing sectors.

• Covers fundamentals, concepts, and current initiatives within the circular

economy
• Outlines technologies and materials with specifc applications for energy
systems and societal benefts
• Focuses on detailed aspects of process scale-up, kinetics, and application of
circular economy in waste utilization and valorization
• Discusses technologies, processing methods, and production of materials
related to fuel cells, carbon capture, catalysis, functional materials,
nanotechnology, biofuels, solar energy, and fne chemicals
• Details topics related to synthesis and application of energy materials, their
recycle, reuse, and life cycle.

This book is aimed at researchers and professional engineers and scientists working
in chemical, materials, energy, and environmental engineering, as well as materials
chemistry.
Emerging Materials and Technologies
Series Editor: Boris I. Kharissov

The Emerging Materials and Technologies series is devoted to highlighting

publications centered on emerging advanced materials and novel technologies.
Attention is paid to those newly discovered or applied materials with potential
to solve pressing societal problems and improve quality of life, corresponding to
environmental protection, medicine, communications, energy, transportation,
advanced manufacturing, and related areas.
The series takes into account that, under present strong demands for energy,
material, and cost savings, as well as heavy contamination problems and worldwide
pandemic conditions, the area of emerging materials and related scalable technologies
is a highly interdisciplinary feld, with the need for researchers, professionals, and
academics across the spectrum of engineering and technological disciplines. The
main objective of this book series is to attract more attention to these materials and
technologies and invite conversation among the international R&D community.

Shape Memory Polymer Composites

Characterization and Modeling
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Impedance Spectroscopy and its Application in Biological Detection

Edited by Geeta Bhatt, Manoj Bhatt and Shantanu Bhattacharya

Nanofllers for Sustainable Applications

Edited by N.M. Nurazzi, E. Bayraktar, M.N.F. Norrrahim, H.A. Aisyah, N. Abdullah,
and M.R.M. Asyraf

Chemistry of Dehydrogenation Reactions and its Applications

Edited by Syed Shahabuddin, Rama Gaur and Nandini Mukherjee

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Diversity, Bioprocessing, and Applications
Edited by Pramod Kumar Mahish, Dakeshwar Kumar Verma and Shailesh Kumar Jadhav

Principles and Applications of Nanotherapeutics

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Energy Materials
A Circular Economy Approach
Edited by Surinder Singh, Suresh Sundaramurthy, Alex Ibhadon, Faisal Khan,
Sushil Kumar Kansal, and S.K. Mehta

For more information about this series, please visit: www.routledge.com/Emerging-

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 Energy Materials
A Circular Economy Approach

Edited by Surinder Singh, Suresh Sundaramurthy,

Alex Ibhadon, Faisal Khan, Sushil Kumar Kansal,
and S.K. Mehta

Boca Raton London New York

CRC Press is an imprint of the

Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
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First edition published 2024
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Singh, Surinder, (Chemical engineer), editor. | Suresh, Sundaramurthy, editor. |
Ibhadon, Alex, editor. | Khan, Faisal, (Chemical engineer), editor. | Kansal, Sushil Kumar, editor. |
Mehta, S. K., editor.
Title: Energy materials : a circular economy approach / edited by Surinder Singh, Suresh Sundaramurthy,
Alex Ibhadon, Faisal Khan, Sushil Kumar Kansal, and S.K. Mehta.
Other titles: Energy materials (CRC Press : 2024)
Description: First edition. | Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, 2024. | Series: Emerging materials and
technologies | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifers: LCCN 2023045575 (print) | LCCN 2023045576 (ebook) | ISBN 9781032217260 (hbk) |
ISBN 9781032217277 (pbk) | ISBN 9781003269779 (ebk)
Subjects: LCSH: Energy storage—Materials. | Electric batteries—Materials. | Green chemistry. |
Waste minimization—Economic aspects. | Circular economy.
Classifcation: LCC TK2910 .E53 2024 (print) | LCC TK2910 (ebook) | DDC 660.028/6—
dc23/eng/20231208
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023045575
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023045576
ISBN: 978-1-032-21726-0 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-21727-7 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-26977-9 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/9781003269779
Typeset in Times
by Apex CoVantage, LLC
Contents
Editor Biographies ................................................................................................... xv
List of Contributors .................................................................................................xxi
Preface....................................................................................................................xxv
Foreword ..............................................................................................................xxvii
Acknowledgments .................................................................................................xxix

Chapter 1 Circular Economy for Energy Materials—State-of-the-Art

Initiatives and Regulatory Issues ......................................................... 1
Harjit Kaur and Nidhi Singhal
1.1 Introduction to Circular Economy and Energy Materials.........1
1.1.1 Defnition, Principles and Implementation Strategies......3
1.1.2 Principles of Circular Economy ...................................5
1.1.3 Circular Economy Processes or Strategies...................8
1.1.4 Evolution and Global Adoption of Circular
Economy Concepts.......................................................9
1.1.5 Circular Economy in Various Industries.................... 10
1.2 The Energy Sector and Its Environmental Impact .................. 11
1.2.1 Overview of the Energy Sector .................................. 11
1.2.2 Environmental Challenges and Sustainability Issues .... 12
1.2.3 Role of Circular Economy in Addressing Energy
Sector Challenges....................................................... 12
1.3 Importance of Circular Economy in the Energy Sector.......... 13
1.3.1 Resource Scarcity and Energy Security..................... 13
1.3.2 Reducing Environmental Footprint and Emissions ... 13
1.3.3 Transition to a Sustainable and Resilient Energy
System ........................................................................ 14
1.4 Circular Economy Approaches in the Energy Sector.............. 15
1.4.1 Energy Material Effciency and Optimization ........... 15
1.4.2 Renewable Energy and Circular Systems................... 15
1.4.3 Energy Storage and Circular Solutions ...................... 16
1.4.4 Circular Economy in Fossil Fuel Industries............... 16
1.5 Circular Economy and the Energy Transition......................... 17
1.5.1 Role of Circular Economy in the Shift to
Clean Energy.............................................................. 18
1.5.2 Circular Economy and Decentralized Energy
Systems....................................................................... 18
1.5.3 Circular Economy and Circular Cities ....................... 19
1.6 Barriers and Challenges in Implementing Circular
Economy in the Energy Sector................................................ 19
1.6.1 Technological and Infrastructural Challenges ........... 19
1.6.2 Policy and Regulatory Barriers ..................................20
v
vi Contents

1.6.3 Financial and Economic Implications........................20

1.6.4 Stakeholder Engagement and Collaboration
Challenges .................................................................. 21
1.7 Conclusion ............................................................................... 21

Chapter 2 Circular Economy: An Industrial Perspective for

Sustainable Future..............................................................................25
Amandeep Kaur, Sandeep Singh, Niraj Bala, Surinder Singh,
and Sushil Kumar Kansal
2.1 Concept of Circular Economy .................................................25
2.2 Difference between Linear Economy and Circular
Economy.................................................................................. 27
2.3 Relationship between Circular Economy and Sustainable
Development............................................................................ 30
2.4 Principles for a Sustainable Circular Economy.......................34
2.4.1 Concurrent Efforts to Sustain the Economy to Raise
Living Amenities under Environmental Constraints.....34
2.4.2 Equity between Generations ...................................... 35
2.4.3 An Integrated Viewpoint: Environmental, Economic,
and Human Systems Connecting the Local and
International Platforms............................................... 36
2.4.4 A Change in Social Principles Is Required to
Maintain Equilibrium between Economy and
Environment ............................................................... 36
2.4.5 Utilizing Resources Sustainably, Leaving the
Linear Economy, and Instead Developing a
“Resource Flowing Society” ...................................... 36
2.4.6 Sustainable Assets, or the Sum of Human-Made
and Environmental Capital, Does Not Deteriorate
with Time ................................................................... 37
2.4.7 Cooperative Change ................................................... 37
2.4.8 Execution Is Context Dependent ................................ 38
2.5 Circular Economy as a Promoter of Sustainable
Development in Business Management................................... 38
2.5.1 Strategic Planning (SP) .............................................. 39
2.5.2 Cost Management (CM) .............................................40
2.5.3 Circular Supply Chain Management (CSCM) ...........40
2.5.4 Quality Management (QM)........................................ 41
2.5.5 Environmental Management (EM) ............................ 41
2.5.6 Process Management (PM) ........................................ 42
2.5.7 Logistics and Reverse Logistics (L&RL)................... 42
2.5.8 Service Management (SM)......................................... 43
2.5.9 Research and Development (R&D) ............................44
2.6 Conclusions..............................................................................44
Contents vii

Chapter 3 Lithium as New Gold for Advanced Energy Material,

Availability in Nature, Recovery from Waste, and
Sustainability...................................................................................... 51
Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad and Chanchal Kumar Mitra
3.1 Introduction ............................................................................. 51
3.2 Circular Economy.................................................................... 52
3.3 Energy as a Material Resource................................................ 54
3.4 Costs Associated with Energy Production .............................. 54
3.5 Lithium in Energy Storage ...................................................... 56
3.6 Lithium Battery ....................................................................... 56
3.6.1 How Does a Typical Battery Work?........................... 56
3.6.2 Why Lithium?............................................................. 58
3.7 Where the Lithium Comes From.............................................60
3.7.1 Lithium and Health ....................................................66
3.7.2 Lithium Production .................................................... 68
3.8 Lithium Recycling ................................................................... 69
3.9 Conclusions and Other Considerations.................................... 70

Chapter 4 Photocatalytic Materials for Production of Hydrogen from

Water Using Solar Energy.................................................................. 77
Nandana Chakinala, Praveen K. Surolia, Raksh Vir Jasra,
and Anand G. Chakinala
4.1 Introduction ............................................................................. 77
4.2 Fundamental and Thermodynamic Aspects............................ 78
4.3 Performance Measurement of an Effcient Photocatalyst .......80
4.4 Photocatalytic Water-Splitting Methods .................................80
4.4.1 Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Water Splitting........... 81
4.4.2 Homogeneous Photocatalysis..................................... 86
4.4.3 Hybrid Photocatalysis................................................. 86
4.5 Strategies for the Modifcation of Photocatalysts.................... 87
4.5.1 Doping of Metals and Non-Metals............................. 87
4.5.2 Semiconductor Composite Formation........................ 88
4.5.3 Introduction of Porosity.............................................. 89
4.5.4 Controlled Size and Shape Synthesis ......................... 89
4.5.5 Defect Engineering..................................................... 89
4.5.6 Bionic Engineering.....................................................90
4.5.7 Sensitization of Semiconductor..................................90
4.6 Challenges of Photocatalytic Water Splitting..........................90
4.6.1 Energy Losses, Low Quantum Effciency..................90
4.6.2 Product Separation ..................................................... 91
4.6.3 Mass Transfer Limitations ......................................... 91
4.6.4 Utilizing Incident Photon Energy Effciently............. 91
4.6.5 Minimizing the Use of Sacrifcial Reagents ..............92
viii Contents

4.6.6 Addressing Fresh Water Availability .........................92

4.6.7 Reactor Confgurations...............................................92
4.7 Integrating Circular Economy Principles in Photocatalytic
Water Splitting......................................................................... 93
4.8 Future Outlook ........................................................................94

Chapter 5 Valorization of Lignocellulosic Biomass into High-Value

Chemicals: Forging a Route towards the Circular Economy............. 98
Mangat Singh, Sahil Kumar, Hadi Ali, Surinder Singh,
and Sushil Kumar Kansal
5.1 Introduction ............................................................................. 98
5.1.1 Structure of Plant Cell Wall ..................................... 100
5.2 Composition of Lignocellulosic Biomass .............................. 100
5.2.1 Cellulose................................................................... 100
5.2.2 Hemicellulose........................................................... 102
5.2.3 Lignin ....................................................................... 103
5.2.4 Extractives ................................................................ 105
5.2.5 Ash and Minerals ..................................................... 106
5.3 Valorization of Lignocellulosic Biomass............................... 107
5.3.1 Pre-Treatment of Biomass ........................................ 107
5.4 Platform Chemicals from Biomass........................................ 108
5.4.1 Furfural .................................................................... 108
5.4.2 Hydroxymethylfurfural ............................................ 109
5.4.3 Glycerol .................................................................... 110
5.4.4 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid ..................................... 111
5.4.5 Lactic Acid ............................................................... 112
5.4.6 Succinic Acid ........................................................... 113
5.4.7 Levulinic Acid.......................................................... 113
5.4.8 3-Hydroxypropionic Acid......................................... 114
5.4.9 Sorbitol ..................................................................... 115
5.4.10 Xylitol ....................................................................... 116
5.4.11 Itaconic Acid ............................................................ 118
5.5 Conclusion and Perspective ................................................... 119

Chapter 6 Sustainable Electrode Materials/Composites for Batteries

and Fuel Cells for Achieving Supercapacitance and
Environmentally Benign Mobility ................................................... 134
Naveen Kumar, Surinder Singh, Neena Mehta, Alex Ibhadon,
and S.K. Mehta
6.1 Introduction ........................................................................... 135
6.1.1 Advances in Electrode Materials of Batteries
and Fuel Cells ........................................................... 136
6.1.2 Electrical Double Layer Capacitors ......................... 137
6.1.3 Pseudocapacitors ...................................................... 137
Contents ix

6.2 Electrode Material................................................................. 138

6.3 Carbon-Based Material ......................................................... 139
6.3.1 Biomass-Derived Materials...................................... 139
6.3.2 Graphene-Based Electrode Material ........................ 143
6.4 Transition Metal–Derived Electrode Materials..................... 147
6.4.1 Synthetic Strategies .................................................. 147
6.4.2 Transition Metal Oxide/Hydroxide–Based
Electrode Materials .................................................. 148
6.5 Conclusion ............................................................................. 151

Chapter 7 Carbon-Based Heterostructures: A Circular Economy

Energy Application towards Electrochemical Sensors .................... 159
Ragu Sasikumar and Byungki Kim
7.1 Introduction ........................................................................... 160
7.2 Electrochemical Techniques.................................................. 162
7.3 Carbon-Based Heterostructures Properties and
Application to Electrochemical Sensors................................ 163
7.3.1 Graphene (GR) ......................................................... 164
7.3.2 Carbon Quantum Dots (CQDs) ................................ 166
7.3.3 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) ....................................... 168
7.3.4 Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4)........................... 171
7.4 Challenges and Future Perspectives ...................................... 172
7.5 Conclusions............................................................................ 173
7.6 Acknowledgments ................................................................. 173

Chapter 8 Technologies for Conversion of Biomass to Valuable

Chemicals and Fuels ........................................................................ 177
Uplabdhi Tyagi and Neeru Anand
8.1 Introduction ........................................................................... 177
8.1.1 Potential of Bio-Based Products in Terms of
Circular Economy .................................................... 178
8.1.2 Transition in Circular Economy Based on Biomass-
Derived Energy and Products Sustainability ............181
8.2 Process Advancement and Technologies for Biomass
Pretreatment .......................................................................... 183
8.2.1 Physio-Chemical Conversion ................................... 183
8.2.2 Thermo-Chemical Conversion ................................. 187
8.3 Advancements in Biowaste Refning Process and
Techniques for the Development of Bioenergy
and Bioproducts..................................................................... 190
8.3.1 Anaerobic Digestion and Co-Digestion for the
Generation of Bioenergy .......................................... 191
8.3.2 Composting or Co-Composting Techniques ............ 193
x Contents

8.4 Implication and Challenges ................................................... 193

8.5 Future Implications................................................................ 196
8.6 Conclusion ............................................................................. 197

Chapter 9 Microgrid Structure for Tapping Renewable Energy .......................202

Manjeet Singh, Kulbir Singh, Surinder Singh,
Arashdeep Singh, and Harjot Gill
9.1 Introduction ...........................................................................202
9.2 Microgrid Structure Selection ............................................... 203
9.2.1 Microgrid.................................................................. 205
9.3 Components of Microgrid Structure .....................................205
9.3.1 Control Methods of Microgrid Structures................207
9.3.2 Control Modes for Microgrid Operation in
Grid-Connected Mode .............................................207
9.3.3 Control Modes for Microgrid Operation in
Islanded Mode ..........................................................207
9.4 Concerns of Microgrid Structure ..........................................208
9.5 Standards for Microgrid Structures.......................................209
9.6 Parameters in Microgrid Design ...........................................209
9.7 Guidelines for Distribution of Electricity in India ................ 210
9.8 Cost of Renewable Energy..................................................... 211
9.9 Proposed Microgrid Models.................................................. 211
9.9.1 Microgrid Based on Low X/R Ratio........................ 211
9.9.2 Microgrid Based on PV DG ..................................... 213
9.9.3 Microgrid Based on Wind DG ................................. 213
9.9.4 Hybrid Microgrid Based on PV and Wind DGs ...... 214
9.10 Microgrid Behavior Characteristics ...................................... 217
9.10.1 Voltage and Current Characteristics—Grid-
Connected Mode ...................................................... 218
9.10.2 Voltage and Current Characteristics—Islanded
Mode......................................................................... 221
9.10.3 Voltage and Current Characteristics—Utility
Side Grid and Islanded Mode...................................224
9.10.4 Frequency at PCC..................................................... 228
9.11 Conclusions............................................................................ 230

Chapter 10 Plastic Waste to Value-Added Products via Recycling

and Upcycling................................................................................... 233
Navneet Kaur Bhullar and Ashok Prabhakar
10.1 Introduction ........................................................................... 233
10.1.1 Plastic Pollution Overview ....................................... 233
10.1.2 Importance of Circular Economy for Plastics.......... 236
10.2 Problem Statement................................................................. 238
Contents xi

10.2.1 Plastic Pollution........................................................ 238

10.2.2 Types of Plastic ........................................................240
10.3 Circular Economy for Plastics............................................... 250
10.3.1 Key Principles of the Circular Economy for
Plastics...................................................................... 250
10.3.2 Benefts of the Circular Economy for Plastics ......... 250
10.3.3 Challenges of Implementing the Circular
Economy for Plastics................................................ 251
10.4 Chemical Recycling (Advanced Recycling or Feedstock
Recycling)..............................................................................260
10.5 Associated Challenges and Future Perspectives ................... 261
10.6 Conclusions............................................................................ 262

Chapter 11 Closing the Loop: Circular Economy for Food-Based

Emulsions and Films for Energy Materials...................................... 269
Himanshi Bansal, Surinder Singh, Alex Ibhadon, and S.K. Mehta
11.1 Introduction ........................................................................... 269
11.2 Signifcance of Food-Based Films and Emulsions in
Sustainable Energy and Food Systems.................................. 270
11.2.1 Emulsions: Defnition, Classifcation,
and Application ........................................................ 271
11.2.2 Films and Materials Used for Film
Formation ................................................................. 272
11.2.3 Food-Based Emulsions and Films
Characterization Techniques.................................... 274
11.3 Food-Based Emulsions for Energy Materials........................ 276
11.3.1 Emulsions as Templates for Energy Material
Synthesis................................................................... 276
11.3.2 Emulsion-Templated Porous Materials..................... 276
11.3.3 Nanostructured Emulsions for Energy
Conversion and Storage............................................ 277
11.4 Food-Based Films for Sustainable Energy
Applications........................................................................... 279
11.4.1 Edible and Biodegradable Films Applications
for Encapsulation...................................................... 279
11.4.2 Energy Approaches for the Development of
Films and Emulsions ................................................ 279
11.4.3 Food-Based Films as Protective Coatings for
Energy Devices ........................................................ 281
11.5 Sustainability and Environmental Considerations in
Food-Based Emulsions and Films......................................... 282
11.6 Future Perspectives and Challenges in Food-Based
Emulsions, Films, and Energy Materials .............................. 282
11.7 Conclusion ............................................................................. 283
xii Contents

Chapter 12 MOF-Based Nanocomposites for Energy Storage and

Supercapacitor Applications............................................................. 289
Rekha Gaba and Ramesh Kataria
12.1 Introduction ........................................................................... 289
12.2 Classifcation of Supercapacitors...........................................290
12.2.1 Electric Double-Layer Capacitors ............................ 290
12.2.2 Pseudocapacitor........................................................ 291
12.2.3 Hybrid Supercapacitors ............................................ 291
12.3 Structure of MOFs................................................................. 292
12.3.1 Method of Synthesis of MOF ................................... 293
12.3.2 MOF-Derived Metal Oxide/Carbon
Nanocomposites for Supercapacitors ....................... 295
12.3.3 MXene/MOF Composites ........................................ 296
12.3.4 Redox Polymer Nanocomposites.............................. 298
12.4 MOF for the Circular Economy (Trash to Treasure)............. 299
12.4.1 Purifcation and Activation of MOF in the
Interpretation of Circular Economy .........................300
12.5 Conclusions............................................................................ 301

Chapter 13 A Circular Economy Approach to Solar Energy..............................308

Ashok Prabhakar
13.1 Introduction ...........................................................................308
13.1.1 Solar Energy Demand, Production, and Waste
Generation ................................................................308
13.1.2 Solar Waste Handling...............................................309
13.2 Circular Economy Strategy ................................................... 310
13.2.1 Various Perspectives of the Circular Economy........ 310
13.3 Pathways to Circular Economy via PV Making/Recycling .... 312
13.3.1 Material Strength and Recycling.............................. 312
13.3.2 Reutilization of Materials from Other Industries
via Recycling ............................................................ 312
13.3.3 Use of Electricity from Renewable Energy Sources.... 313
13.3.4 Design of PV Module for Circular Economy ........... 313
13.3.5 Sustainable Role of Purchase for Circular
Economy................................................................... 314
13.4 Key Aspects at End-of-Life Uses .......................................... 315
13.4.1 Addressing EOL Issues for Circular Economy ........ 317
13.4.2 Environmental and Social Beneft............................ 319
13.5 Indian Perspective of Circular Economy in Solar Energy .... 319
13.5.1 Installed PV Capacity in India ................................. 319
13.5.2 Installed PV Capacity Projection for Targeted
Expansion of RE....................................................... 320
13.6 Conclusion ............................................................................. 321
Contents xiii

Chapter 14 Recycling within the Chemical Industry: The Circular

Economy Approach—Industrial Perspectives ................................. 329
Brijnandan Singh Dehiya
14.1 Introduction ........................................................................... 329
14.1.1 Key Principles of Circular Economy in
Chemical Industries.................................................. 333
14.2 Circular Economy in Chemical Production .......................... 335
14.3 Circular Economy in Chemical Product Design ................... 337
14.4 Circular Economy in Chemical Waste Management ............ 338
14.5 Challenges and Opportunities ............................................... 339
14.6 Conclusions............................................................................ 341

Chapter 15 Future Perspectives of Global Circular Economy Transition

and Comprehensive Cost Analysis ................................................... 347
Surinder Singh, Himanshi Bansal, Surendra Kumar Sharma,
Suresh Sundaramurthy and Sushil Kumar Kansal
15.1 Circular Economy Introduction ............................................. 347
15.1.1 Principles of Circular Economy ............................... 349
15.2 Drivers of Circular Economy Transition ............................... 350
15.3 Long-Term Value Maximization Using Circular
Economy................................................................................ 355
15.4 Comprehensive Cost Analysis in Circular Economy ............ 356
15.5 Cost-Beneft Analysis of Circular Economy Transition ........ 358
15.6 Future Trends and Prospects ................................................. 358
15.6.1 ColdHubs: Solar-Powered, Cooling-as-a-Service
Solution..................................................................... 358
15.6.2 Bangladesh’s Award-Winning Hospital ................... 359
15.6.3 Brazilian Cosmetics Brand Natura Flips the
Script on Deforestation............................................. 359
15.6.4 Netherlands Became the Global Bicycle Capital ..... 359

Index...................................................................................................................... 365
Editor Biographies
Surinder Singh (PU, Chandigarh, India) Dr. Surinder Singh
is working as Faculty Member at Dr. S. S. Bhatnagar University
Institute of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Panjab
University, Chandigarh, since 2013 and has been involved in
teaching and research since 2001. He earned his PhD from
University School of Chemical Technology, GGSIPU University
Delhi, and master’s in chemical engineering from Panjab
University, Chandigarh. He did his B. Tech in chemical engi-
neering in the year 2000. He also possesses a master’s of science
in information technology (2005) and postgraduate diploma in ecology and environment
(2002). He has guided about 30 postgraduate candidates and currently is guiding two
PhD candidates. He has a Scopus h-index of 21 and i-10 index of 39 (Google Scholar)
with 75 national and international publications in reputed journals and book chapters. He
has fve international utility patents/patents to his credit and has fled two Indian patents.
He has presented his research papers in the United States (2009), Canada (2011), and
Singapore (2016). He received the Certifcate of Merit award for his research paper dur-
ing WCECS-2009 in the United States. He has delivered around 20 invited talks related
to the themes of environment, chemical, and food technology in reputed institutes.
He has organized two international conferences and one International GIAN
Workshop with collaborating faculty from Memorial University, Newfoundland,
Canada, and many national conferences. He is a reviewer of many reputed interna-
tional journals including Journal of Colloid and Interface Science (JCIS); Food
Bioscience; Nanotechnology for Environmental Engg, Foods, Separations, pro-
cesses. He is presently secretary of Catalysis Society of India (CSI), Chandigarh
Chapter. He is a life member of various professional bodies. He has organized many
technical workshops, symposia, conferences, industry lecture series, and start-up
workshops. He has active collaborations with industry and government research labo-
ratories. His main areas of research include separation technology, chemical engi-
neering, environmental engineering, plant bioactivities and nutraceuticals, food
technology, nanotechnology and heterogeneous catalysis, renewable energy technolo-
gies, and modeling and simulation. He is also actively involved in technology devel-
opment and transferand in areas such as edible flms for enhancing shelf life of foods,
sustainable waste water treatment, and tapping of renewable energy using microgrids.

Suresh Sundaramurthy (NIT Bhopal, India) Prof. Suresh

Sundaramurthy is a Faculty and Former Head of Department,
Chemical Engineering, Maulana Azad-National Institute of
Technology (MA-NIT) Bhopal, India. He received a PhD in
chemical engineering from Indian Institute of Technology
Roorkee, India. Prof. Suresh was the recipient of a Post-
Doctoral Fellow award by IUSSTF, Govt. of India. At that
time, he was associated at the City University of New York

xv
xvi Editor Biographies

(CUNY), United States. He was also the recipient of Visiting Faculty and Researcher
awarded by Govt. of India. During this award, he has deputed to Asian Institute
of Technology (AIT) Thailand and International Centre for Materials Science
(JNCASR), Bengaluru, India. He has also worked at Pondicherry University and
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India.
He has supervised nine PhD students, 55 Mtech/MSc/MDS students, 250 Btech/
project students, and several students along with co-supervisors. He has more than
120 research journal publications in the areas of environmental biotechnology, new
sorbents and catalysts, reactor design, waste-to-energy, nanoengineered materials,
biofuels and intermediates from CO2 and biomass decarbonization, energy tran-
sition, technical textiles, gas separation, air pollution abatement, sensing of toxic
gases, process safety, hazard and disaster management, and more than 66 presenta-
tions/proceedings, several of which are co-authored. He has undertaken 16 R&D
and consultancy projects from ten agencies. In addition to this credential, he has
published and been granted two Indian patents, four are under processing, and one
is technology synchronized.
He has conducted 14 seminar/workshops, ten faculty development programs, 11
national and international conferences in collaboration with National Mission on
Education through ICT (MoE, Govt. of India) and IIT Bombay, SCHEMCON-2021
(IIChE, Kolkata), and GIAN course (IIT Kharagpur), WeenTech, UK, SusTanCon,
United States. He has guest edited special issues published by Springer and Elsevier
(ScienceDirect) including Environmental Science and Pollution Research and
Carbon Capture Science and Technology. In recognition of his research contribu-
tions, he has received a number of awards and honors including National Innovation-
Rashtrapati Bhavan, offce of the President of India, Young Scientist Award; Visiting
Research Fellowship; the Prof. R.C. Singh Medal; and IEI Young Engineers Award.
He has been invited for special lectures at national and international platforms in the
United States, Singapore, UAE, Thailand, and Malaysia. He has also been nomi-
nated as an expert member in organizations such as National Clean Air Programme
of MoEF&CC, GoI, M.P. Pollution Control Board, MP Animal & Poultry
Development Corporation, and Ujjain Engg. College.

Alex Ibhadon (Hull, UK) Alex Ibhadon, PhD Cchem FRSC

MIM SFHEA, Cert Ed., MSPE Professor of Decarbonization,
Sustainability and Reactor Engineering.
Dr. Ibhadon graduated with a PhD in physical polymer
chemistry from the University of Birmingham, United
Kingdom, before a lectureship appointment in chemis-
try at the University of Hull in 1996. While at the Centre
for Environmental and Marine Sciences, he was Senior
Lecturer in Environmental Chemistry for over ten years,
teaching courses in environmental monitoring and analysis, pollution and toxicol-
ogy, and environmental and soil chemistry. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society
of Chemistry (Cchem), Senior Fellow of the UK Higher Education Academy,
and Member of the Institute of Materials. He was the Director of the School
of Environmental Sciences (2015–2016), Programme Director of Chemical
xxviii Foreword

in the power of scientifc knowledge and human collaboration to overcome these

challenges. I am confdent that this volume will inspire researchers, practitioners,
policymakers, and students alike to engage with renewed vigour in shaping a future
that is sustainable, just, and abundant for all.

Dr. Raksh Vir Jasra, FNA, FNAE, FICS, FGSA

Senior Vice President, R&D Centre, Vadodara
Reliance Industries Limited, India
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Arab and Druze
at home
 This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.

Title: Arab and Druze at home

A record of travel and intercourse with the peoples east
of the Jordan

Author: W. Ewing

Release date: October 23, 2023 [eBook #71935]

Language: English

Original publication: London: T. C. & E. C. Jack, 1907

Credits: D A Alexander, David E. Brown, and the Online

Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
(This file was produced from images generously made
available by University of California libraries)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ARAB AND

DRUZE AT HOME ***
ARAB AND DRUZE AT HOME
 ARAB SHEIKH
(Photo: The Photochrome Co. Ld.)
 ARAB AND DRUZE
AT HOME
A RECORD OF TRAVEL
AND INTERCOURSE WITH THE PEOPLES
EAST OF THE JORDAN

BY
WILLIAM EWING, M.A.
FIVE YEARS RESIDENT AT TIBERIAS

THIRTY-ONE ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAP

LONDON: T. C. & E. C. JACK

16 HENRIETTA STREET W.C.
AND EDINBURGH
1907
 TO
MY FATHER
TIBERIAS FROM THE SEA
 FOREWORD
The number of books published regarding Palestine proves the
exhaustless fascination of the subject. Most of them, however, deal
with Western Palestine; and even of this, beyond the districts
traversed by the annual stream of tourists, comparatively little is
heard.
The lands beyond the Jordan are seldom visited. For the ordinary
sight-seer the difficulties and dangers are considerable; but these
almost entirely vanish before one who can speak the language and
is able to mingle freely with the people.
This book is an attempt to lift a little way the veil which still so largely
obscures that region, in spite of its great and splendid history; where
picturesque and beautiful scenery, the crumbling memorials of grey
antiquity, and the life of villager and nomad to-day, cast a mysterious
spell upon the spirit.
While the information given in the following pages is woven round
the narrative of a single journey, it is the outcome of frequent travel
and familiar intercourse with the peoples both east and west of
Jordan.
During a residence of over five years in Palestine the writer was
privileged often, quite alone or with a single native attendant, to visit
the peasantry and the Beduw, to share the shelter of mud hut and
goat’s-hair tent, to enjoy their abounding hospitality and friendly
converse in the medāfy, on the house-top, and around the camp-fire
in the wilderness.
What is here related regarding these strange but deeply interesting
peoples was either learned from their own lips or verified in converse
with them.
The author offers his tribute of affection and gratitude to the memory
of Dr. H. Clay Trumbull of Philadelphia, U.S.A., surely the most
generous and friendly of editors, who first moved him to write on
Oriental subjects.
For many of the photographs taken on the journey he is indebted to
his companions in travel, Rev. J. Calder Macphail, D.D., Edinburgh,
and Dr. Mackinnon of Damascus; for others, to Dr. Paterson of
Hebron and to the Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. He
also gratefully acknowledges assistance received from the Rev. J. E.
H. Thomson, D.D., and Oliphant Smeaton, Esq., M.A., F.S.A.,
Edinburgh.
Edinburgh, December 1906.
DAMASCUS FROM MINARET OF GREAT MOSQUE
 CONTENTS
CHAPTER I
PAGE
Damascus—Haurân Railway—Great Moslem
pilgrimage—The plains of Damascus—Great Hermon
—El-Kisweh—Bridges in Palestine—Ghabâghib—Es- 1
Sanamein—Medical myth—A Land of Fear—Grain-
fields of Haurân—An oppressed peasantry—Nowa
CHAPTER II
Arab courtesy—Sheikh Saʿad—Egyptian monuments—
Traditions of Job—El-Merkez—Religious
16
conservatism—Holy places—Sheikh Meskîn—A ride
in the dark—Zorʿa—El-Lejâʾ
CHAPTER III
A landscape of lava—Deserted cities—Caverns—
Cultivation—A land of ruins—The guide’s terror—
Damet el-ʿAliâ—The sheikh’s welcome—A state of
30
siege—An ugly incident—Druze hospitality—Arab
and Druze in el-Lejâʾ—St. Paul in Arabia—The well
of the priest—Story of the priest
CHAPTER IV
Hidden treasure—The Bedawy’s treasure-trove—The
sheikh’s farewell—A savage tract—Jebel ed-Druze—
Umm ez-Zeytûn—Tell Shihân—Shuhba—An ancient 48
house—A stingy entertainer—The ruins—Pharaoh’s
“grain-heaps”—The house of Shehâb
CHAPTER V
Ride to Kanawât (Kenath)—Impressive situation and
remains—Place-names in Palestine—Israelites and
63
Arabs—Education—A charming ride through
mountain glades—Suweida
 CHAPTER VI
Healing the sick—A strange monument—Telegraph and
post in Haurân—Cruel kindness—The Ruins of
Suweida—Turkish methods of rule—ʿIry—Sheyûkh 74
ed-Druze—Jephthah’s burial—Enterprise of Ismaʿîl
el-ʿAtrash
CHAPTER VII
The Druzes—Their religion—Their character—Druze
and Jew—Recent history in Haurân—Druze and 86
Bedawy—War
CHAPTER VIII
Bozrah—First Syrian mosque—The physician the
reconciler—The “House of the Jew”—The great
mosque—Cufic inscription—Boheira and Mohammed
102
—The fortress—Bridal festivities—Feats of
horsemanship—History—Origen’s visit—Capture by
Moslems
CHAPTER IX
Travellers’ troubles—A corner of the desert—The
mirage—Dangerous wadies—Lunch in the desert—A
“blind” guide—The clerk to the sheyûkh—A milestone
117
—Kalʿat Esdein—Thirst—The uplands of Gilead—
Search for water—A Bedawy camp—Terrific
thunderstorm
CHAPTER X
Morning on the mountains—Arab time—Tents and
encampments—The women and their work—Arab
wealth—Scenes at the wells—Dogs—Arabian
hospitality—Desert pests—Strange code of honour— 129
The blood feud—Judgment of the elders—Arab and
horse—The Arabs and religion—The Oriental mind—
Arab visit to Damascus
CHAPTER XI
Ride to Jerash—Magnificent ruins—Circassian 145
colonists—History—Preservation of buildings—East
 of Jordan—Sûf—A moonlight scene—Down to the
Jabbok
CHAPTER XII
“Time is money”—Rumamain—Priestly hospitality—Fair
mountain groves—Es-Salt—The springs—Relation to
Arabs—Raisins—Descent to the Jordan—Distant
view of Jerusalem—View of the river, the plains of 158
Jordan, the Dead Sea, and the mountains beyond—
The bridge—The “publican’s” shed—The men from
Kerâk
CHAPTER XIII
The banks and thickets of the Jordan—Bathing-place—
The Greek convent—A night of adventures in the
plains of Jericho—The modern village—Ancient
169
fertility—Possible restoration—Elisha’s fountain—
Wady Kelt—The Mountain of Temptation—The path
to Zion
 ILLUSTRATIONS
PAGE
Arab Sheikh Frontispiece
Tiberias from the Sea Facing iii
Damascus from Minaret ” vii
Pilgrimage leaving Damascus ” 2
The Cook’s Tent ” 8
Treading out the Corn ” 14
“Wild Ishmaelitish Men” ” 25
Peasant Ploughman ” 33
Well in the Desert ” 47
Shuhba: Baths and Roman Pavement ” 54
Kanawât: Ruins of Temple ” 66
Kanawât: Sculptured Doorway in Temple ” 70
Sheyûkh ed-Druze: a Council of War ” 83
Bozrah: Bab el-Howa ” 102
Bozrah: at the Cross Ways ” 114
Palestinian Shepherd and Flock ” 122
Arab Camp in Gilead ” 126
Arab Women and Children ” 133
Arabs at Home ” 136
Arab Horseman ” 140
Jerash: Gateway ” 145
Jerash: Temple of the Sun ” 148
Jerash: Street of Columns ” 152
Jerash: General View ” 154
Gorge of the Jabbok ” 156
Rumamain ” 159
Es-Salt: the Fountain ” 162
Jordan, showing Terraces ” 164
Fords of Jordan: Pilgrims Bathing ” 170
Elisha’s Fountain ” 175
Mouth of Wady Kelt ” 178
Map ” xii
MAP OF THE COUNTRY EAST AND WEST OF THE JORDAN
 CHAPTER I
Damascus—Haurân Railway—Great Moslem pilgrimage—
The plains of Damascus—Great Hermon—El-Kisweh—
Bridges in Palestine—Ghabâghib—Es-Sanamein—
Medical myth—A Land of Fear—Grain-fields of Haurân—
An oppressed peasantry—Nowa.
There is a pleasant excitement in the prospect of a journey through
long-forgotten lands, where hoary age is written on dark ruin and
carved stone, which lends its influence to while away the
monotonous days of preparation. But even amid surroundings of
entrancing interest in the queenly city on the Barada, the traveller
soon grows impatient to find himself in the saddle with his friends,
heading away towards the hills that bound the green plains of
Damascus. Fortunately, we could dispense with a dragoman, often
more an imperious master than an obliging servant, and were able to
arrange our routes and carry out our programme according to our
own wishes.
Leaving the city by Bawabbat Ullah, we took the Hajj road to the
south-west. This for many centuries was, what in the southern
reaches it still is, a mere track, not always clear, and often to be kept
only by observance of landmarks. To facilitate the passage of troops
to and from Haurân, the Government had made a fairly good road
from Damascus to some distance within that province. A railway has
now been built, and is in working order as far south as Mizerîb. One
day, perhaps, it will reach the sacred cities in el-Hejaz. If this do not
greatly expedite the hâjj’s enterprise, it will at least add variety to his
peril. The first trains east of the Jordan were objects of surpassing
interest to the camels. Unaccustomed to give way to anything else
on the road, a strange mingling of curiosity and pride brought many
of these “ships of the desert” to grief.