Professional Documents
Culture Documents
[Download pdf] Ceramic Materials For Energy Applications Iv A Collection Of Papers Presented At The 38Th International Conference On Advanced Ceramics And Composites January 27 31 2014 Daytona Beach Florida 1St Edit online ebook all chapter pdf
[Download pdf] Ceramic Materials For Energy Applications Iv A Collection Of Papers Presented At The 38Th International Conference On Advanced Ceramics And Composites January 27 31 2014 Daytona Beach Florida 1St Edit online ebook all chapter pdf
https://textbookfull.com/product/advanced-and-refractory-
ceramics-for-energy-conservation-and-efficiency-1st-edition-hua-
tay-lin/
Ceramics for environmental and energy applications II a
collection of papers presented at the 10th Pacific Rim
Conference on Ceramic and Glass Technology June 2 6
2013 Coronado California 1st Edition Pyzik
https://textbookfull.com/product/ceramics-for-environmental-and-
energy-applications-ii-a-collection-of-papers-presented-at-
the-10th-pacific-rim-conference-on-ceramic-and-glass-technology-
june-2-6-2013-coronado-california-1st-edition/
https://textbookfull.com/product/proceedings-of-the-41st-
international-conference-on-advanced-ceramics-and-composites-1st-
edition-jonathan-salem/
https://textbookfull.com/product/processing-and-properties-of-
advanced-ceramics-and-composites-vi-ceramic-transactions-1st-
edition-j-p-singh/
https://textbookfull.com/product/processing-and-properties-of-
advanced-ceramics-and-composites-vii-ceramic-transactions-
volume-252-1st-edition-bansal/
Ceramic Materials
for Energy Applications IV
Ceramic Materials
for Energy Applications IV
A Collection of Papers Presented at the
38th International Conference on
Advanced Ceramics and Composites
January 27–31, 2014
Daytona Beach, Florida
Edited by
Hua-Tay Lin
Yutai Katoh
Josef Matyáš
Volume Editors
Andrew Gyekenyesi
Michael Halbig
Copyright © 2015 by The American Ceramic Society. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form
or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as
permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior
written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to
the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax
(978) 750-4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should
be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ
07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permission.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in
preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or
completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of
merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales
representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be
suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the
publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including
but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.
For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our
Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at
(317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may
not be available in electronic formats. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at
www.wiley.com.
ISBN: 978-1-119-04027-9
ISSN: 0196-6219
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Preface vii
Introduction ix
v
Effect of Heat Treatment Temperature on Properties of 61
Nanocrystalline, Photoactive, Titania, Thin Films on Polymer and
Fused Quartz
Huynh Chau Pham, Pramod Koshy, Julian Michael Cox, and Charles
Christopher Sorrell
This proceedings issue contains contributions from two energy related symposia
that were part of the 38th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and
Composites (ICACC), in Daytona Beach, Florida, January 26-31, 2014. The sym-
posia include Advanced Materials and Technologies for Energy Generation and
Rechargeable Energy Storage and Advanced Ceramics and Composites for Sustain-
able Nuclear Energy and Fusion Energy. These symposia were sponsored by the
ACerS Engineering Ceramics Division and ACerS Nuclear & Environmental Tech-
nology Division, respectively.
The editors wish to thank the authors and presenters for their contributions, the
symposium organizers for their time and labor, and all the manuscript reviewers for
their valuable comments and suggestions. Acknowledgment is also due for finan-
cial support from the Engineering Ceramics Division, the Nuclear & Environmental
Technology Division, and The American Ceramic Society. The editors wish to
thank Greg Geiger at ACerS for all his effort in assembling and publishing the pro-
ceedings.
vii
Introduction
This issue of the Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings (CESP) is one of
seven issues published from manuscripts submitted and approved for the proceed-
ings of the 38th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites
(ICACC), held January 26-31, 2014 in Daytona Beach, Florida. ICACC is the most
prominent international meeting in the area of advanced structural, functional, and
nanoscopic ceramics, composites, and other emerging ceramic materials and tech-
nologies. This prestigious conference has been organized by The American Ceram-
ic Society’s (ACerS) Engineering Ceramics Division (ECD) since 1977.
The 38th ICACC hosted more than 1,000 attendees from 40 countries and ap-
proximately 800 presentations. The topics ranged from ceramic nanomaterials to
structural reliability of ceramic components which demonstrated the linkage be-
tween materials science developments at the atomic level and macro level structural
applications. Papers addressed material, model, and component development and
investigated the interrelations between the processing, properties, and microstruc-
ture of ceramic materials.
The conference was organized into the following 19 symposia and sessions.
ix
Symposium 9 Porous Ceramics: Novel Developments and Applications
Symposium 10 Virtual Materials (Computational) Design and Ceramic
Genome
Symposium 11 Advanced Materials and Innovative Processing ideas for the
Industrial Root Technology
Symposium 12 Materials for Extreme Environments: Ultrahigh Temperature
Ceramics (UHTCs) and Nanolaminated Ternary Carbides and
Nitrides (MAX Phases)
Symposium 13 Advanced Ceramics and Composites for Sustainable Nuclear
Energy and Fusion Energy
Focused Session 1 Geopolymers, Chemically Bonded Ceramics, Eco-friendly
and Sustainable Materials
Focused Session 2 Advanced Ceramic Materials and Processing for Photonics
and Energy
Focused Session 3 Rare Earth Oxides for Energy, Optics and Biomedical
Applications
Focused Session 4 Ion-Transport Membranes
Special Session 2nd Pacific Rim Engineering Ceramics Summit
Special Session 3rd Global Young Investigators Forum
The proceedings papers from this conference are published in the below seven
issues of the 2014 CESP; Volume 35, Issues 2-8, as listed below.
Composites IX, CESP Volume 35, Issue 2 (includes papers from Symposium 1)
from Symposium 4)
Volume 35, Issue 8 (includes papers from Symposia 2, 10, 11, and 12 and from
Focused Sessions 1, 2, 3, and 4); the 3rd Global Pacific Rim Engineering
Ceramics Summit; and the 3rd Annual Global Young Investigator Forum
The organization of the Daytona Beach meeting and the publication of these pro-
ceedings were possible thanks to the professional staff of ACerS and the tireless
dedication of many ECD members. We would especially like to express our sincere
thanks to the symposia organizers, session chairs, presenters and conference atten-
ANDREW GYEKENYESI
Ohio Aerospace Institute, NASA Glenn Research Center, USA
MICHAEL HALBIG
NASA Glenn Research Center, USA
Volume Editors
July 2014
Lithium-ion batteries having larger capacity density have an important problem as safety. A
construction of conventional lithium-ion batteries uses organic liquid electrolytes, which is
realized wide electrochemical window. However, organic liquid electrolytes are flammable.
Therefore, lithium-ion batteries having both the conventional construction and high energy
density are very dangerous if some accident happen. The solution of this problem is
all-solid-state batteries7) which is fabricated by using inflammable electrolytes made of ceramic
or polymer instead of organic liquid electrolytes. The all-solid-state batteries is expected
ultimately safe batteries. In addition, a bi-polar structure can be fabricated by using the
all-solid-state batteries. Because solid electrolytes do not vaporize in contract with organic liquid
electrolytes, the all-solid-state batteries are expected to have longer cycle life. However, the
process technology of the all-solid-state batteries has been not established and the choosing of
the most suitable materials from candidates are not yet finished. In particular, the formation of
good contact between solid (electrode) and solid (electrolyte) is more difficult than contact
between solid and liquid.
In previous study, we fabricated the all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries by using pelletized
Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZ) 8) with garnet-like structure as a solid electrolyte.9) The cathode and anode
were used LiCoO2 and lithium metal, respectively. We succeeded in operating the all-solid-state
lithium-ion battery a couple of cycle, but the capacity of this battery was indicated 15 A h cm–2,
which is 0.2 percent versus full capacity. We considered that the interface area between LiCoO2
and the LLZ electrolyte was small due to two-dimensional structure (sandwich structure) of this
battery, therefore this battery had large impedance. For decrement of this impedance, the
all-solid-state battery must have three-dimensional (3D) structure which can increase in surface
area to improve capacity (Fig. 1). Previously, we employed Li0.35La0.55TiO3 (LLT) as solid
electrolyte for the fabrication of 3D structured electrolyte which is a hole-array structure.
LiMn2O4 as cathode was loaded in holes of the hole-array structured LLT and Li metal was used
as anode. We succeeded in working this battery, indicating 42.2 mA h g–1,10) and a battery using
porous-layered hole-array LLT was indicated 70.8 mA h g–1.11) But the LLT has a large problem.
The LLT reacts with lithium metal at the interface.12) This reaction is reduction of Ti4+ and leads
to appearance of an electronic cunduction.13) Therefore, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) was
used between lithium metal and the hole-array structured LLT as buffer layer. For high capacity
lithium-ion batteries, a use of lithium metal is an essential part, therefore, the solid electrolyte
having stability against lithium metal is required. The material fitting this request is the LLZ
which dose not react with lithium metal.8) Moreover, the LLZ has high lithium ionic cunductivity
(~10–4 S cm–1 at 25 °C) and a wide electrochemical window. The LLZ is one of the pomising
new solid electrolytes. However, the LLZ is sensitive to water and carbon dioxide.14) And
sintering mechanism and conditions of the LLZ are complicated due to a volatilization of lithium,
a formation of tetragonal phase and La2Zr2O7 impurity. If these problems and the interface
design between the LLZ and electrode were resolved, the lithium-ion batteries with high energy
density would be realized.
In this study, we fabricated a LLZ pellet with a hole-array structure by imprint method. And
we fabricated the all-solid-state battery cells configurated Li/hole-array-LLZ/LiCoO2.
Fig. 1 Illustrations of the all-solid-state battery and the hole-array structured solid electrolyte.
EXPERIMENTAL
LLZ was prepared from LiOH H2O, La(OH)3 and ZrO2 by a solid-state reaction.13) There
reagents with a molar ratio of 7.7 : 3 : 2 were mixed in mortar, and then mixed powder was
calcined at 900 °C for 6 h. The calcined powder and -Al2O3 as the sintering additive with a
molter ratio of 1 : 0.125 were mixed by planetary ball-milling.15) After drying, a LLZ precursor
was obtained. Pelletization of the LLZ precursor with 15 mm diameter was performed at 15 MPa
using a die with patterned structure (many juts) for introduction of a hole-array structure on a
pellet (Fig. 2).16) For retention of the hole-array stucture of the pellet, a binder was added in the
LLZ precursor before the pelletization. The LLZ precursor pellet with the hole-array structure
was sintered at 1150 °C for 36 h in N2 gas flow which has a role of decrease of H2O and CO2 in
the furnace. After sintering, the hole-array structured LLZ pellet was obtained and this pellet was
polished for configurating the all-solid-state lithium-ion battery cell.
For fabrication of the all-solid-state lithium-ion battery cell, we employed LiCoO2 as
cathode which is knowed one of the typical cathode materials. First, 10 L LiCoO2 sol which
was prepared by mixed 2-propanol, H2O, LiNO3 and Co(NO3)2 6H2O was coated 3 times on
hole-array side of polished LLZ pellet, and then the pellet was heating at 400 °C for 5 min for
each 10 L LiCoO2 sol coating. After the third heating at 400 °C, the temperature was transfered
to 700 °C and maintained for 1 h. Second, LiCoO2 powder was loaded into holes of the pellet.
Finally, 15 L LiCoO2 sol was dropped on the hole-array side of the pellet for binding LiCoO2
powder in hole. And then the pellet was heating at 400 °C for 5 min and 700 °C for 1 h. Au layer
was sputtered on the flat side of the LLZ pellet which was loaded LiCoO2, and lithium metal
anode was pasted on this side in Ar-filled globe box, describing Li/hole-array-LLZ/LiCoO2 cell.
Au layer was also sputtered onto LiCoO2 to ensure electrical contact. The cell stored 60 °C for
12 h in the incubator without exposure to air by using sealed holder.
X-ray diffraction (XRD) using CuK radiation was performed for identification of crystal
phase of the hole-array structured LLZ pellet. An observation of surface and cross sectinal of the
hole-array structured LLZ pellet was performed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The
AC impedance of the Au/hole-array-LLZ/LiCoO2/Au cell was measured in the frequency range
of 10–1 – 106 Hz at 30 °C. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) of the Li/hole-array-LLZ/LiCoO2 cell
was performed in the range of 2.5 – 4.5 V vs. Li/Li+ at scan rate of 1 mV min–1 at 60 °C.