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Lecture Notes in Energy 33

Xin-Rong Zhang
Ibrahim Dincer Editors

Energy
Solutions to
Combat Global
Warming
Lecture Notes in Energy

Volume 33
Lecture Notes in Energy (LNE) is a series that reports on new developments in the
study of energy: from science and engineering to the analysis of energy policy. The
series’ scope includes but is not limited to, renewable and green energy, nuclear,
fossil fuels and carbon capture, energy systems, energy storage and harvesting,
batteries and fuel cells, power systems, energy efficiency, energy in buildings,
energy policy, as well as energy-related topics in economics, management and
transportation. Books published in LNE are original and timely and bridge between
advanced textbooks and the forefront of research. Readers of LNE include
postgraduate students and non-specialist researchers wishing to gain an accessible
introduction to a field of research as well as professionals and researchers with a
need for an up-to-date reference book on a well-defined topic. The series publishes
single and multi-authored volumes as well as advanced textbooks.

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8874

Xin-Rong Zhang Ibrahim Dincer
•

Editors

Energy Solutions to Combat

Global Warming

123
Editors
Xin-Rong Zhang Ibrahim Dincer
College of Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science
Peking University Department of Mechanical Engineering
Beijing University of Ontario
China Oshawa, Ontario
Canada

ISSN 2195-1284 ISSN 2195-1292 (electronic)

Lecture Notes in Energy
ISBN 978-3-319-26948-1 ISBN 978-3-319-26950-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-26950-4
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016947029

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission
or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar
methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from
the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or
for any errors or omissions that may have been made.

Printed on acid-free paper

This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature

The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface

Global warming is considered an average increase in the Earth’s temperature due to

greenhouse effect as a result of both natural and human activities. The effects of
global warming could be very wide, from environmental to social changes, such as
extreme weather, food supply, health, water resources, etc. Battling global warming
needs multidisciplinary knowledge and solutions. As we all know, the most of
greenhouse gas are produced from fossil energy utilization. Energetic solution is
one of those important knowledge to provide a kind of efficient methods to global
warming. This planned book provides a platform for the discussion of the new
developments in the area of global warming and climate change and their energy
solutions. The primary themes of this book are solicited from relevant disciplinary
areas, including renewable energy, energy efficiency, energy storage, hydrogen
production, CO2 capture, environmental impact assessment, etc. This scheduled
book is hopefully providing potential energy solution or related considerations to
international scientists, researchers, engineers, policymakers, and others that focus
on global warming and potential solutions.
The Global Conference on Global Warming 2014 (GCGW 2014) was held on
May 25–29, 2014 in Peking University, Beijing, China. This conference includes
eight keynote lectures, 26 invited talks for parallel panel sessions and specialized
sessions. In addition, GCGW 2014 had over 150 oral presentations by many
international experts and researchers covering many important aspects of energy
topics and their solutions to global warming. GCGW 2014 was a multidisciplinary
international conference on the global warming and potential solutions, and pro-
vided a platform for the exchange of latest scientific and technical information, the
dissemination of state-of-the-art researches results on the issues, the presentation
of the new developments in the area of global warming, and the debate and shaping
of future directions and priorities for better environment, sustainable development,
and energy security.
After successful holding of GCGW 2014, we compiled together some
high-quality papers and included those papers in this book. Over 60 papers on
global warming and potential energy solutions to consider for this book and have

v
vi Preface

finally ended up with 25 unique, high-quality papers after going through a rigorous
peer-reviewing process for this book to improve their quality further for readers. In
addition, other important chapters are invited and made by leading world experts on
the related energy fields. Each chapter was subjected to peer-review and carefully
revised by the authors and editors.
This book consists of 37 chapters and the chapters are arranged in three parts:
Part I: Renewable Energy (Chaps. 1–11).
This part emphasizes on solar, ambient thermal energy, cold energy, biogas,
wave energy, low temperature power, etc.
Part II: Utilization of Waste (Chaps. 12–18).
This part especially focuses on resources recovery of waste by low-grade heat.
Part III: Methods and Techniques (Chaps. 19–27).
Some methods and techniques for energy conservation and emission cut are
presented.
Part IV: Energy Storage (Chaps. 28–31).
Science and technology related to various thermal energy storages are specially
emphasized in this part.
Part V: Energy Integration and Management (Chaps. 32–37).
Some aspects about the latest progress in energy integration and management are
presented in this part, such as energy transition engineering.
This book covers a wide range of scientific and technical aspects of various
energy-related topics potential to efficiently battle with global warming. The text is
of interest to researchers, academicians, industrialists, and government officials in
the areas of climate change, global warming, and sustainable development.

Beijing, China Xin-Rong Zhang

Oshawa, Canada Ibrahim Dincer
Acknowledgements

First of all, we would like to cordially thank all the contributing authors for their
great efforts in writing the chapters and ensuring the quality of the material and
information provided in their chapters. Their great contributions have really made
this book realizable.
In addition to the efforts of authors, we would also like to acknowledge the
comments provided by Prof. Hiroshi Yamaguchi, Doshisha University, Japan. We
are also grateful to Mr. Chao Wang and Mr. Xingyu Shang for his assistances and
to Mr. Zhanchao Hu and Mr. Jiawei Li for their checking for consistency and
finalizing them for publication. Here, the support from Beijing Engineering
Research Center of City Heat is also greatly acknowledged. In addition, we would
also like to acknowledge the individuals listed below for carefully reading the book
chapters and giving constructive comments.
Prof. Yamaguchi, Doshisha University, Japan;
Prof. Kyung Chun Kim, Pusan National University, Korea;
Mr. Yunho Hwang, University of Maryland, USA;
Prof. Kezhong Jiang, CNOOC Cryogenic Energy Utilization Research Institute,
China;
Prof. Nusara Sinbuathong, Kasetsart University, Thailand;
Prof. Zuotai Zhang, Peking University, China;
Prof. T.P. Popova, University of Forestry, Bulgaria;
Prof. Munir Suner Levent Kırval, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey;
Prof. Takuya Kuwahara, Nippon Institute of Technology, Japan;
Dr. Lin Chen, Tohoku University, Japan;
Dr. Yi Jin, State Grid Corporation of China, China;
Prof. Ruqiang Zou, Peking University, China;

vii
viii Acknowledgements

Prof. Rami Salah El-Emam, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Canada;

Prof. Zuomin Dong, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Victoria, Canada.
Beijing, China Xin-Rong Zhang
Oshawa, Canada Ibrahim Dincer
January 2016
Contents

Part I Renewable Energy

1 Development of Supercritical CO2 Solar Rankine
Cycle System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Hiroshi Yamaguchi and Xin-Rong Zhang
2 Study on the Solar Energy Heat Pump Space Heating System
in the Agricultural and Pastoral Areas in Inner Mongolia . . . . . . . 29
Xin-Rong Zhang
3 LNG Cold Energy Utilization Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Taehong Sung and Kyung Chun Kim
4 Cold Thermal Energy Storage Materials and Applications
Toward Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Gang Li, Yunho Hwang and Reinhard Radermacher
5 Economic Analysis of LNG Cold Energy Utilization . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Kezhong Jiang
6 Zeotropic Mixture and Organic Ranking Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Li Zhao
7 Methane Production from Napier Grass by Co-digestion
with Cow Dung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Suriya Sawanon, Piyanee Sangsri, Suchat Leungprasert
and Nusara Sinbuathong
8 Possibilities for Biogas Production from Waste—Potential,
Barriers, and Legal Notices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Viktor Kolchakov, Vera Petrova, Totka Mitova, Plamen Ivanov
and Svetla Marinova

ix
x Contents

9 Research on Tidal Current Energy Converter Using Artificial

Muscles and VIV Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Shuang Wu, Peng Yuan, Shujie Wang, Junzhe Tan,
Dongwang Chen and Omer Rauf
10 The Energy Capture Efficiency Increased by Choosing
the Optimal Layout of Turbines in Tidal Power Farm . . . . . . . . . . 207
Junzhe Tan, Shujie Wang, Peng Yuan, Dandan Wang and Hepan Ji
11 Modelling Analysis of the Influence of Wave Farm
to Nearshore Hydrodynamics Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Bingchen Liang, Zhaoyan Xu, Hongda Shi and Fei Fan

Part II Utilization of Waste

12 Energy Saving and Emission Reduction from the Steel Industry:
Heat Recovery from High Temperature Slags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Yongqi Sun and Zuotai Zhang
13 The Feasibility Study on Blast Furnace Low Temperature
Heat Source Refrigeration for Dehumidified Blast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Zongwei Han, Fengyuan Zhang, Jing Zhao and Weiliang Li
14 Sludge Treatment by Low-Temperature Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Qiu-Yun Zheng, Xin-Rong Zhang and Shuang Han
15 Resourceful Treatment of Seawater Desalination or High
Concentrated Sewage by Renewable Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Xin-Rong Zhang, JiaTing Fu and Yong Liu
16 Microbiological Assessment of Sewage Sludge in Terms
of Use as a Fertilizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Teodora P. Popova, Botjo S. Zaharinov, Adelina Gentcheva,
M. Pejtchinova, S.M. Marinova-Garvanska and Bayko D. Baykov
17 Establishment of Changes in the System “Soil-Fertilizer-Plant”
as a Result of Fertilization with Sludge from Wastewater
Treatment Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Elena Zlatareva, Svetla Marinova, Bayko Baykov, Totka Mitova,
Vera Petrova and Viktor Kolchakov
18 Agrochemical and Chemical Assessment of Waste
from Livestock Farms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Svetla Marinova, Dimitranka Sticheva, Elena Zlatareva, Vera Petrova
and Viktor Kolchakov
Contents xi

Part III Methods and Techniques

19 Super Clean Marine Diesel Engines with Nonthermal Plasma
Aftertreatment Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Takuya Kuwahara and Masaaki Okubo
20 Natural Convection Supercritical Fluid Systems for Geothermal,
Heat Transfer, and Energy Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
Lin Chen and Xin-Rong Zhang
21 Numerical Analysis of Air Flow Around a Hot Water Radiator
for Its Structure Improvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
Juan Wang, Zhanyong Li, Ruifang Wang, Qing Xu, Wei Tian
and Miaomiao Li
22 Sustainability Assessment of a Turboprop Engine:
Exergy-Based Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
Yasin Şöhret, M. Ziya Sogut, Onder Turan and T. Hikmet Karakoc
23 Exergy Approach to Evaluate Performance of a Mini
Class Turboprop Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
Kahraman Coban, Yasin Şöhret, M. Ziya Sogut, Onder Turan
and T. Hikmet Karakoc
24 The Efficient Use of the Water Resources and the Global
Warming: The Case of North Cyprus “Water
of Peace Project” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
Munir Suner and Levent Kırval
25 Investigation and Analysis of New Energy Technology
Application Status in Beijing—Water Source
Heat Pump System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497
Li Zhou and Sun Juan
26 Analysis of the Thermal Effect About Groundwater Flowing
to the Nest of Tubes Heat Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
Zongwei Han, Jun Yang, Min Lin and Yanhong Zhang
27 Hydraulic Characteristics of the Francis Turbine with Various
Groove Shapes of Draft Tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523
Hyeon-Seok Seo, Jae-Won Kim and Youn-Jea Kim

Part IV Energy Storage

28 Progress in Sorption Thermal Energy Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541
N. Yu, R.Z. Wang, T.X. Li and L.W. Wang
29 Mitigating Global Warming by Thermal Energy Storage . . . . . . . . 573
Ruqiang Zou and Xinyu Huang
xii Contents

30 Enhance the Wind Power Utilization Rate with Thermal Energy

Storage System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595
Yi Jin, Pengxiang Song, Bo Zhao, Yongliang Li and Yulong Ding
31 A Review of PCM Energy Storage Technology Used in Buildings
for the Global Warming Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611
Shilei Lu, Yiran Li, Xiangfei Kong, Bo Pang, Yafei Chen,
Shaoqun Zheng and Linwei Sun

Part V Energy Integration and Management

32 Transition Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647
Susan P. Krumdieck
33 Optimal Operation of a Self-regulating Smart Distribution
System with Wind Energy Integration and Demand Response . . . . 707
Adel Younis, Trevor Williams, Dan Wang, Zuomin Dong,
Curran Crawford and Ned Djilali
34 Greenization Factor as a Sustainability Measure for Energy
Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735
Rami S. El-Emam, Ibrahim Dincer and Calin Zamfirescu
35 Home Energy Management Systems: A Review of Modelling
and Complexity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 753
Marc Beaudin and Hamidreza Zareipour
36 The Micro-cogeneration and Emission Control and Related
Utilization Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 795
Antonio Rosato, Sergio Sibilio, Giovanni Angrisani, Michele Canelli,
Carlo Roselli, Maurizio Sasso and Francesco Tariello
37 Coping with Global Warming: Compliance Issue Compliance
Mechanisms Under MEAs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 835
Zerrin Savaşan
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855
Contributors

Giovanni Angrisani Department of Engineering, University of Sannio,

Benevento, BN, Italy
Bayko Baykov Institute of Soil Science Agrochemistry and Plant Protection “N.
Poushkarov”, Sofia, Bulgaria
Bayko D. Baykov New Bulgarian University, Sofia, Bulgaria
Marc Beaudin Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering, Johns
Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
Michele Canelli Department of Engineering, University of Sannio, Benevento,
BN, Italy
Dongwang Chen College of Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao,
Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
Lin Chen Institute of Fluid Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
Yafei Chen School of Environmental Science and Technology, Tianjin
University, Tianjin, China
Kahraman Coban Graduate School of Sciences, Department of Airframe and
Powerplant Maintenance, Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey
Curran Crawford Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
Ibrahim Dincer Clean Energy Research Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and
Applied Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON,
Canada
Yulong Ding Birmingham Centre for Energy Storage, University of Birmingham,
Birmingham, UK

xiii
xiv Contributors

Ned Djilali Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria,

Victoria, BC, Canada
Zuomin Dong Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria,
Victoria, BC, Canada
Rami S. El-Emam Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University, Mansoura,
Egypt; Clean Energy Research Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied
Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada
Fei Fan Engineering College, Ocean University of China, Laoshan District,
Qingdao, China
JiaTing Fu Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of
Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
Adelina Gentcheva Institute of Soil Science, Agricultural Technologies and Plant
Protection “N. Pushkarov”, Sofia, Bulgaria
Shuang Han Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of
Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
Zongwei Han School of Materials and Metallurgy, Northeastern University,
Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
Xinyu Huang Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of
Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
Yunho Hwang Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Environmental
Energy Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
Plamen Ivanov Institute of Soil Science Agrochemistry and Plant Protection
“N. Poushkarov”, Sofia, Bulgaria
Hepan Ji College of Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong
Province, People’s Republic of China
Kezhong Jiang CNOOC Cryogenic Energy Utilization Research Institute,
Beijing, China
Yi Jin Global Energy Interconnection Research Institute, State Grid Corporation
of China, Beijing, China
Sun Juan Beijing Environmental Impact Assessment Evaluation Center, Beijing,
China
T. Hikmet Karakoc Faculty of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Department of
Airframe and Powerplant Maintenance, Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey
Jae-Won Kim Graduate School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan
University, Suwon, Korea
Contributors xv

Kyung Chun Kim School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University,

Busan, Korea
Youn-Jea Kim School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University,
Suwon, Korea
Levent Kırval Maritime Faculty, Istanbul Technical University, Tuzla, Istanbul,
Turkey
Viktor Kolchakov Institute of Soil Science Agrochemistry and Plant Protection
“N. Poushkarov”, Sofia, Bulgaria
Xiangfei Kong School of Energy and Environment Engineering, Hebei University
of Technology, Tianjin, China
Susan P. Krumdieck Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand; Advanced Energy and Material Systems
Lab, Christchurch, New Zealand; Global Association for Transition Engineering,
Chelmsford, UK; From the Ground Up, Christchurch, New Zealand; Geothermal
Energy Conversion Technology Research Group, Christchurch, New Zealand
Takuya Kuwahara Department of Products Engineering and Environmental
Management, Nippon Institute of Technology, Minami-Saitama, Saitama, Japan
Suchat Leungprasert Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental
Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
Gang Li Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Environmental
Energy Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
Miaomiao Li College of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Science
and Technology, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Integrated Design and
On-Line Monitoring for Light Industry & Food Machinery and Equipment, Tianjin,
China
T.X. Li Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University,
Shanghai, China
Weiliang Li School of Materials and Metallurgy, Northeastern University,
Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
Yiran Li School of Environmental Science and Technology, Tianjin University,
Tianjin, China
Yongliang Li Birmingham Centre for Energy Storage, University of Birmingham,
Birmingham, UK
Zhanyong Li College of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Science
and Technology, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Integrated Design and
On-Line Monitoring for Light Industry & Food Machinery and Equipment, Tianjin,
China
xvi Contributors

Bingchen Liang Engineering College, Ocean University of China, Laoshan

District, Qingdao, China
Min Lin Xinjiang Solar Energy Technical Developing Company, Shanghai,
People’s Republic of China
Yong Liu Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of
Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
Shilei Lu School of Environmental Science and Technology, Tianjin University,
Tianjin, China
Svetla Marinova Institute of Soil Science Agrochemistry and Plant Protection
“N. oushkarov”, Sofia, Bulgaria
S.M. Marinova-Garvanska Institute of Soil Science, Agricultural Technologies
and Plant Protection “N. Pushkarov”, Sofia, Bulgaria
Totka Mitova Institute of Soil Science Agrochemistry and Plant Protection
“N. Poushkarov”, Sofia, Bulgaria
Masaaki Okubo Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osaka Prefecture
University, Naka-Ku, Sakai, Japan
Bo Pang School of Environmental Science and Technology, Tianjin University,
Tianjin, China
M. Pejtchinova Institute of Soil Science, Agricultural Technologies and Plant
Protection “N. Pushkarov”, Sofia, Bulgaria
Vera Petrova Institute of Soil Science Agrochemistry and Plant Protection
“N. Poushkarov”, Sofia, Bulgaria
Teodora P. Popova Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Forestry, Sofia,
Bulgaria
Reinhard Radermacher Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for
Environmental Energy Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD,
USA
Omer Rauf College of Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao,
Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
Antonio Rosato Department of Architecture and Industrial Design
“Luigi Vanvitelli”, Second University of Naples, Aversa, CE, Italy
Carlo Roselli Department of Engineering, University of Sannio, Benevento, BN,
Italy
Piyanee Sangsri Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental
Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
1 Development of Supercritical CO2 Solar Rankine Cycle System 9

Fig. 3 Schematic diagram of the experiment facility prototype [12]

experiments, the thermo-physical properties of CO2 are determined referring the

measuring data with a Program Package for Thermo-physical Properties of Fluids
database [13].

3.1 Evacuated Tube Solar Collector

Due to the characteristic of the evacuated tube solar collector, which plays an
important role in the supercritical CO2 solar Rankine cycle, the good solar thermal
absorption characteristic is required for the successful operation. To effectively heat
CO2 to a high temperature above supercritical state, all-glass evacuated U-tube heat
removal device, the so-called evacuated tube solar collector, are used, as shown in
Fig. 4. The 15 units of evacuated tube solar collectors were installed, in which each
unit is consisted of 13 U-tubes (4.35 mm of diameter and 3500 mm of total length)
with total solar collection effective area of 1.43 m2. These collectors consist of
outer glass envelope (38 mm of diameter) and inner glass envelope (27 mm of
inner diameter). The selective surface was employed for the collector tube with a
high solar absorptivity of 0.927 and a low emissivity of 0.193 for the temperature at
100 °C with the wavelength of sunlight at 250–2000 nm. The transmissivity of
glass envelope is 0.930. The maximum temperature and pressure, to which the
evacuated tube solar collector can be durable, are up to 250 °C and 12 MPa,
respectively. In the experiment setup, a measurement and data sharing system was
installed in the array of the collectors to achieve real-time data measurement,
processing, and acquisition [14].
Another random document with
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be allowed that such a confession as the following would be felt as
an irritant:

All those, I think, who have lived as literary men—working

daily as literary labourers—will agree with me that three hours a
day will produce as much as a man ought to write. But then he
should so have trained himself that he shall be able to work
continuously during those three hours—or have so tutored his
mind that it shall not be necessary for him to sit nibbling his pen
and gazing at the wall before him till he shall have found the
words with which he wants to express his ideas. It had at this
time become my custom—and it still is my custom, though of
late I have become a little lenient to myself—to write with my
watch before me, and to require from myself 250 words every
quarter of an hour. I have found that my 250 words have been
forthcoming as regularly as my watch went.

The reader may easily imagine the maddening effect of that

upon any ambitious young writer, indolent by habit yet conscientious
in his craft, reminiscent of hours spent in gazing at a wall for words
with which he wanted to express his ideas. How many times did
Plato alter the opening sentence of The Republic? How many times
did Gray recast the Elegy?
But time, which should bring the philosophic mind, will lead most
critics who follow criticism sincerely to the happy conviction that
there are no rules for the operation of genius; a conviction born to
save a vast amount of explanation—and whitewash. Literary genius
may be devoted, as with Milton; nonchalant, as with Congreve;
elaborately draped, as with Tennyson. Catullus or Burns may splash
your face and run on; but always the unmistakable god has passed
your way. In reading Trollope one’s sense of trafficking with genius
arises more and more evidently out of his large sincerity—a sincerity
in bulk, so to speak; wherefore, to appraise him, you must read him
in bulk, taking the good with the bad, even as you must with
Shakespeare. (This comparison is not so foolish as it looks at first
sight: since, while no two authors can ever have been more
differently gifted, it would be difficult to name a third in competition as
typically English.) The very mass of Trollope commands a real
respect; its prodigious quantity is felt to be a quality, as one searches
in it and finds that—good or bad, better or very much worse—there
is not a dishonest inch in the whole. He practised among novelists of
genius: Dickens, Thackeray, Disraeli, the Brontës, George Eliot,
Ouida were his contemporaries; he lived through the era of
“sensational novels,” Lady Audley’s Secret and the rest; and he
wrote, as he confesses, with an eye on the publisher’s cheque. But
no success of genius tempted him to do more than admire it from a
distance; no success of “sensation” seduced him from his loom of
honest tweed. He criticises the gods and Titans of his time. He had
personal reasons for loving Thackeray, who gave him his great lift
into fame by commissioning him to write the serial novel that opened
the Cornhill upon a highly expectant public. Trollope played up nobly
to the compliment and the responsibility. Framley Parsonage
belongs to his very best: it took the public accurately (and
deservedly) between wind and water. Thackeray was grateful for the
good and timely service; Trollope for the good and timely opportunity.
Yet one suspects no taint of servility when he writes of Thackeray
that “among all our novelists his style is the purest, as to my ear it is
the most harmonious.” (And so, I hope, say most of us.) Of Dickens
he declares with entire simplicity that his “own peculiar idiosyncrasy
in the matter” forbids him to join in the full chorus of applause. “Mrs.
Gamp, Micawber, Pecksniff, and others have become household
words—but to my judgment they are not human beings.”

Of Dickens’s style it is impossible to speak in praise. It is

jerky, ungrammatical, and created by himself in defiance of rules
—almost as completely as that created by Carlyle. To readers
who have taught themselves to regard language, it must
therefore be unpleasant. But the critic is driven to feel the
weakness of his criticism when he acknowledges to himself—as
he is compelled in all honesty to do—that with the language,
such as it is, the writer has satisfied the great mass of the
readers of his country.
 To the merits of Disraeli—whom he must take into account as
“the present Prime Minister of England,” who “has been so popular
as a novelist that, whether for good or for ill, I feel myself compelled
to speak of him”—he is quite genuinely blind. For the political insight
which burns in page after page of Coningsby, as for the seriousness
at the core of Sybil, he has no eyes at all. To him, dealing with the
honest surface and sub-surface of English country life, with the
rooted interest of county families and cathedral closes, all Disraeli’s
pictures of high society appear as pomatum and tinsel, false glitter
and flash. He had never a guess that this flash and glitter (false as
they so often were) played over depths his own comfortable
philosophy never divined. He just found it false and denounced it.
Upon Wilkie Collins and the art that constructed The Woman in
White and The Moonstone he could only comment that “as it is a
branch which I have not myself at all cultivated, it is not unnatural
that his work should be very much lost upon me individually. When I
sit down to write a novel I do not at all know, and I do not very much
care, how it is to end.”
Again, honest though he was, he accepted and used false tricks
and conventions calculated, in the ’eighties and ’nineties, to awake
frenzy in any young practitioner who, however incompetent, was
trying to learn how a novel should be written. The worst “stage aside”
of an old drama was as nothing in comparison with Trollope’s easy-
going remarks, dropped anywhere in the story, and anyhow, that
“This is a novel, and I am writing it to amuse you. I might just as
easily make my heroine do this as do that. Which shall it be?... Well,
I am going to make her do that; for if she did this, what would
become of my novel?” One can imagine Henry James wincing
physically at such a question posed in cold print by an artist; as in a
most catholic and charitable paper—written in 1883, when the young
dogs were assembling to insult Trollope’s carcase—he reveals
himself as wincing over the first sentence in the last chapter of
Barchester Towers: “The end of a novel, like the end of a children’s
dinner-party, must be made up of sweetmeats and sugar plums.”
James laments:
 These little slaps at credulity ... are very discouraging, but
they are even more inexplicable; for they are deliberately
inartistic, even judged from the point of view of that rather vague
consideration of form which is the only canon we have a right to
impose upon Trollope. It is impossible to imagine what a novelist
takes himself to be unless he regard himself as a historian and
his narrative as history. It is only as a historian that he has the
smallest locus standi. As a narrator of fictitious events he is
nowhere; to insert into his attempt a backbone of logic he must
relate events that are assumed to be real. This assumption
permeates, animates all the work of the most solid storytellers....

Yes; but on further acquaintance with Trollope one discovers that

this trick (annoying always) of asking, “Now what shall we make Mrs.
Bold do?—accept Mr. Arabin, or reject him?” is no worse than
“uncle’s fun,” as I may put it. Uncle is just playing with us, though we
wish he wouldn’t. In fact, Trollope never chooses the wrong answer
to the infelicitous question. He is wise and unerringly right every
time. You will (I think) search his novels in vain for a good man or a
good woman untrue to duty as weighed out between heart and
conscience.
Another offence in Trollope is his distressing employment of
facetious names—“Mr. Quiverful” for a philoprogenitive clergyman,
“Dr. Fillgrave” for a family physician, etc. “It would be better,”
murmurs Henry James pathetically, “to go back to Bunyan at once.”
(Trollope, in fact, goes back farther—to the abominable tradition of
Ben Jonson; and it is the less excusable because he could invent
perfect names when he tried—Archdeacon Grantly, Johnny Eames,
Algernon Crosbie, Mrs. Proudie, the Dales of Allington, the Thornes
of Ullathorne, Barchester, Framley—names, families, places fitting
like gloves.) And still worse was he advised when he introduced
caricature, for which he had small gift, into his stories; “taking off”
eminent bishops in the disguise of objectionable small boys, or
poking laborious fun at Dickens and Carlyle under the titles of Mr.
Sentiment and Dr. Pessimist Anticant. The Warden is in conception,
and largely in execution, a beautiful story of an old man’s
conscience. It is a short story, too. I know of none that could be more
easily shortened to an absolute masterpiece by a pair of scissors.
With Trollope, as with Byron, in these days a critic finds himself
at first insensibly forced, as though by shouldering of a crowd, upon
apology for the man’s reputation.

II
I do not wish to make a third with Pontius Pilate and Mr.
Chadband in raising the question, “What is Truth?” but merely to
suggest here that, as soon as ever you raise it over poetry or over
prose fiction, it becomes—as Aristotle did not miss to discover—
highly philosophical and ticklish. To begin at plumb bottom with your
mere matter-of-fact man, you will be asked to explain how in the
world there can be “truth” in “fiction,” the two being opponent and
mutually exclusive terms; and such a man will tell you that larkspurs
don’t listen, lilies don’t whisper, and no spray blossoms with pleasure
because a bird has clung to it; wherefore, what is the use of
pretending any such lies? Ascending a little higher in the scale of
creation, we come to another bottom, a false bottom, a Bully Bottom,
who enjoys make-believe, but feels it will never do “to bring in (God
shield us!) a lion among ladies.” Still ascending past much timber, we
emerge on the decks of argosies—
Like signiors and rich burghers on the flood,
portlily negligent of all this bottom-business on which they ride,
carrying piled canvas over the foam of perilous seas. In short, the
man who hasn’t it in his soul that there is a truth of emotion and a
truth of imagination just as solid for a keelson as any truth of fact,
merely does not know what literature is about. As Heine once said of
a fat opponent, “it is easier for a camel to enter the Kingdom of
Heaven than for that fellow to pass through the eye of a needle.”
Now Trollope, if we look at him in one way, and consider him as an
entirely honest Bottom, simply saw Micawber as a grotesque
creation and Victor Hugo as a writer extravagantly untrue to nature.
He merely could not understand what Hugo would be aiming at (say)
in Gastibelza or in the divine serenade:

Allons-nous-en par l’Autriche!

Nous aurons l’aube à nos fronts.
Je serai grand et toi riche,
Puisque nous nous aimerons ...

Tu seras dame et moi comte.

Viens, mon cœur s’épanouit.
Viens, nous conterons ce conte
Aux étoiles de la nuit.

He could as little see—and yet who doubts it?—that the creator of

Micawber was absolutely honest in closing David Copperfield on the
declaration that “no one can ever believe this Narrative in the
reading more than I believed it in the writing.” What Trollope made of
Don Quixote (or of Alice in Wonderland) lies beyond my power to
imagine. But the point for us is that as an honest man who lived
through the vogue of Poe and Dickens and, in later times, of Ouida
(who will surely, soon or late, be recognised for the genius she was),
and was all the time, on his own admission, alive as anyone to the
market, Trollope kept the noiseless tenor of his way and, resisting
temptation this side or that, went on describing life as he saw it.
Thus, and in this easy, humdrum, but pertinacious style, he
arrived, much as he often arrived at the death of a fox. He was a
great fox-hunter; lumbering in the saddle, heavy, short-sighted,
always unaware of what might happen on t’other side of the next
fence—“few have explored more closely than I have done the depth
and breadth and water-holding capacities of an Essex ditch.” He
knew little of the science of the sport:

Indeed, all the notice I take of hounds is not to ride over

them. My eyes are so constituted that I can never see the nature
 of a fence. I either follow some one, or ride at it with the full
conviction that I may be going into a horse-pond or a gravel-pit. I
have jumped into both one and the other. I am very heavy and
have never ridden expensive horses.

“The cause of my delight in the amusement,” he confesses, “I have

never been able to analyze my own satisfaction.” He arose regularly
at 5:30 a.m., had his coffee brought him by a groom, had completed
his “literary work” before he dressed for breakfast; then on four
working days a week he toiled for the General Post Office, and on
the other two rode to hounds. In all kinds of spare time—in railway-
carriages or crossing to America—he had always a pen in his hand,
a pad of paper on his knee, or on a cabin table specially constructed.
As he sets it all down, with parenthetical advice to the literary
tyro, it is all as simple, apparently, as a cash account. But don’t you
believe it! The man who created the Barsetshire novels lived quite as
intimately with his theme as Dickens did in David Copperfield; nay,
more intimately. To begin with, his imaginary Barsetshire is as
definitely an actual piece of England as Mr. Hardy’s Wessex. Of
Framley Parsonage he tells us that

as I wrote it I became more closely than ever acquainted with

the new shire which I had added to the English counties.... I had
it all in my mind—its roads and railroads, its towns and parishes,
its members of Parliament and the different hunts that rode over
it. I knew all the great lords and their castles, the squires and
their parks, the rectors and their churches. This was the fourth
novel of which I had placed the scene in Barsetshire, and as I
wrote it I made a map of the dear county. Throughout these
stories there has been no name given to a fictitious site which
does not represent to me a spot of which I know all the
accessories, as though I had lived and wandered there.

Here Trollope asserts less than one-half of his true claim. He not
only carried all Barsetshire in his brain as a map, with every cross-
road, by-lane, and footpath noted—Trollope was great at cross-
roads, having as an official reorganised, simplified, and speeded-up
the postal service over a great part of rural England—but knew all
the country-houses, small or great, of that shire, with their families,
pedigrees, intermarriages, political interests, monetary anxieties, the
rise and fall of interdependent squires, parsons, tenants; how a
mortgage, for example, will influence a character, a bank-book set
going a matrimonial intrigue, a transferred bill operate on a man’s
sense of honour. You seem to see him moving about the Cathedral
Close in “very serviceable suit of black,” or passing the gates and
lodge of a grand house in old hunting-pink like a very wise solicitor
on a holiday: garrulous, to be sure, but to be trusted with any secret
—to be trusted most of all, perhaps, with that secret of a maiden’s
love which as yet she hardly dares to avow to herself. Here let us
listen to the late Frederic Harrison, who puts it exactly:

The Barsetshire cycle of tales has one remarkable feature;

8
for it is designed on a scheme which is either a delightful
success or a tiresome failure. And it is a real success. To fill
eight volumes in six distinct tales with the intricate relations of
one set of families, all within access to one cathedral city,
covering a whole generation in time, and exhibiting the same
characters from youth to maturity and age—this is indeed a
perilous task.... Balzac and Zola abroad have done this, and with
us Scott, Thackeray, Lytton, and Dickens have in some degree
tried this plan. But, I think, no English novelist has worked it out
on so large a field, with such minute elaboration, and with such
entire mastery of the many dilemmas and pitfalls which beset the
competitor in this long and intricate course.

8
I should prefer to say that it grew.—Q.

It is a strange reflection—as one turns the advertisement pages

of The Times, or of Country Life, and scans the photographs of
innumerable “stately homes” to-day on the market—that Trollope’s
fame should be reviving just as the society he depicted would seem
to be in process of deracination. I use the word “deracination”
because that society—with all its faults, stunted offshoots, gnarled
prejudices, mossed growth of convention, parasitic ivies—was a tree
of ancestry rooted in the countryside, not to be extracted save by
wrenching of fibres and with bleeding of infinite homely ties. To some
extent, no doubt, this sorrowful dislocation must follow all long wars.
A hundred years ago Cobbett rode our land and noted how its true
gentry, as a reward for their very sacrifices during the Napoleonic
struggle, were being dispossessed by bankers and “loan-mongers.”
So, to-day, are decent families—who, while “thinking too much of
themselves,” thought much for their neighbours—being uprooted and
exiled, and taking into lodgings a few portraits, some medals, and
the last framed piece of vellum conferring posthumously a D.S.O.
These times, at any rate, do not “strike monied worldlings with
dismay.” On the contrary, the war-profiteer and the week-ender with
his golf-clubs are smothering the poor last of the society that Trollope
knew; and in time, no doubt, their sons will go to Eton and
Winchester, learn in holidays the old English love of field and stream
and sea, and so prepare themselves in a generation or two to cast
off life at earliest call simply because this England, to which they
have succeeded, has come to be, in their turn, their country. Thus it
will go on again (please heaven) as the father’s hair wears off the
grandson’s hoof.
The fortunes and misfortunes of Trollope’s comfortable England
have always this element of the universal, that they are not brought
about by any devastating external calamity, but always by process of
inward rectitude or inward folly, reasonably operating on the ordinary
business of life. In this business he can win and keep our affection
for an entirely good man—for Mr. Harding, for Doctor Thorne. In all
his treatment of women, even of the jeune fille of the Victorian Age,
this lumbering, myopic rider-to-hounds always (as they say) “has
hands”—and to “have hands” is a gift of God. He was, as Henry
James noted, “by no means destitute of a certain saving grace of
coarseness,” but it is forgotten on the instant he touches a woman’s
pulse. Over that, to interpret it, he never bends but delicately. No one
challenges his portraits of the maturer ladies. Mrs. Proudie is a
masterpiece, of course, heroically consistent to the moment of her
death—nay, living afterwards consistently in her husband’s qualified
regrets (can anything be truer than the tragedy told with complete
restraint in chapters 66 and 67 of The Last Chronicle?). Lady
Lufton’s portrait, while less majestic, seems to me equally flawless,
equably flawless. Trollope’s women can all show claws on occasion;
can all summon “that sort of ill-nature which is not uncommon when
one woman speaks of another”; and the most, even of his maidens,
betray sooner or later some glance of that malice upon the priestly
calling, or rather upon its pretensions, which Trollope made them
share with him:

“Ah! yes: but Lady Lufton is not a clergyman, Miss Robarts.”

It was on Lucy’s tongue to say that her ladyship was pretty
nearly as bad, but she stopped herself.

Difference of time and convention and pruderies allowed for,

Trollope will give you in a page or so of discourse between two
Victorian maidens—the whole of it delicately understood,
chivalrously handled, tenderly yet firmly revealed—the secret as no
novelist has quite revealed it before or since. At any moment one
may be surprised by a sudden Jane Austen touch; and this will come
with the more startling surprise being dropped by a plain,
presumably blunt, man. For Trollope adds to his strain of
coarseness, already mentioned, a strain—or at least an intimate
understanding—of cheapness. His gentle breeding and his
upbringing (poverty-stricken though it had been) ever checked him
on the threshold of the holies. But he had tholed too many years in
the G.P.O. to have missed intimate acquaintance with

The noisy chaff

And ill-bred laugh
Of clerks on omnibuses.
Those who understand this will understand why he could not bring
himself to mate his “dear Lily Dale” with that faithful, most helpful,
little bounder Johnny Eames. He knew his Johnny Eames too well to
introduce him upon the Cathedral Close of Barchester, though he
could successfully dare to introduce the Stanhope family. He walks
among rogues, too, and wastrels, with a Mr. Sowerby or a Bertie
Stanhope, as sympathetically as among bishops, deans,
archdeacons, canons. His picture of Sowerby and the ruin he has
brought on an ancient family, all through his own sins is no less and
no more truthful than his picture of Mrs. Proudie in altercation with
Mr. Slope; while they both are inferior in imaginative power to the
scene of Mr. Crawley’s call on the Bishop. In the invention of
Crawley, in his perfect handling of that strong and insane mind, I
protest that I am astonished almost as though he had suddenly
shown himself capable of inventing a King Lear. In this Trollope, with
whom one has been jogging along under a slowly growing conviction
that he is by miles a greater artist than he knows or has ever been
reckoned, there explodes this character—and out of the kindliest
intentions to preach him up, one is awakened in a fright and to a
sense of shame at never having recognised the man’s originality or
taken the great measure of his power.
 INDEX

Addison, Joseph, 96, 128

Aeneid, 159
Alice in Wonderland, 228
All the Year Round, 18
American Notes, 17, 52
American Senator, The, 220
Antony and Cleopatra, 93
Arabian Nights, 41, 170, 187
Ariosto, Lodovico, 158
Aristophanes, 158
Aristotle, 42, 84, 139, 191, 226
Arnold, Matthew, 74, 100, 121, 161
Art of Fiction, The, James’, 81
Ashley, Lord (Lord Shaftesbury), 172, 174, 192
Aurelius, Marcus, 131
Austen, Jane, 31, 71, 164, 179, 200, 233
Autobiography, Trollope’s, 219, 221

Bacon, Francis, 4, 107

Bagehot, Walter, 114
Ballad of Bouillabaisse, 104
Balzac, Honoré de, 34, 135, 138, 219, 230
Barchester Towers, 220, 225
Barnaby Rudge, 52, 55
Barnes, William, 119
Barry Lyndon, 125, 126, 147
Battle of Life, The, 18
Beerbohm, Max, 149, 160
Belton Estate, The, 219
Bentham, Jeremy, 73
Berkeley, Bishop George, 128
Blackwood’s Magazine, 204
Blake, William, 128, 159
Bleak House, 11, 12, 33, 55, 69, 89
Blunt, Wilfrid Scawen, 70
Bolingbroke, Viscount, 197
Book of Snobs, The, 125
Boswell, James, 201
Boule de Suif, 139
Bright, John, 183
Brontë, Anne, 211, 222
Brontë, Branwell, 201
Brontë, Charlotte, 72, 201, 211, 212, 222
Brontë, Emily, 201, 211, 222
Brookfield, William Henry, 106
Browne, Sir Thomas, 112, 197
Browning, Elizabeth Barrett, 161, 167, 170, 204
Browning, Robert, 7, 21, 100, 128, 161
Brunetière, Ferdinand, 24
Bryant, William Cullen, 17
Buckle, Henry Thomas, 7
Bunyan, John, 71, 197, 225
Burke, Edmund, 4, 21, 22, 128, 149, 183, 197
Burney, Fanny, 164
Burns, Robert, 66, 128, 222
Butler, Samuel, 84, 85
Byron, Lord, 66, 128, 160, 226
Campion, Thomas, 19
Canning, George, 107, 183
Carlyle, Mrs., 10
Carlyle, Thomas, 7, 10, 21, 40, 74, 93, 107, 124, 128, 176, 177,
223, 226
Carols, 18
Carroll, Lewis, 78
Casa Guidi Windows, 161
Catherine, 125
Catullus, 222
Cervantes, Miguel de, 91
Chadwick, Sir Edwin, 167
Chapman, Frederic, 83
Chapman, Robert William, 200
Charles I, 4
Charlotte Augusta, Princess, 110
Chatham, Earl of, 183
Chaucer, Geoffrey, 8, 20, 66, 67, 98, 158
Chesterton, Gilbert Keith, 10, 33
Childe Harold, 66
Chimes, The, 18
Christmas Carol, A, 18
Cicero, 183
City Churchyards, The, Dickens’ essay on, 96
Clarendon, Earl of, 197
Clark, Sir Charles, 110
Claverings, The, 219
Clough, Arthur Hugh, 74, 132, 161
Cobbett, William, 68, 171, 231
Cochrane, Alexander Baillie, 193
Codlingsby, 188
Colenso, Bishop, 73
Coleridge, Hartley, 30
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 21, 56, 77, 128
Collins, Wilkie, 13, 127, 224
Comedy of Errors, The, 53
Compleat Angler, The, 71
Congreve, William, 222
Coningsby, 117, 193, 194–196, 208, 223
Conington, John, 123
Constitutional, The, 102
Coriolanus, 158
Cornhill Magazine, 212, 223
Country Life, 230
Cousin Phillis, 212–216
Coverly, Sir Roger de, in The Spectator, 71
Cowper, William, 107, 124, 128
Cox, Harold, 167
Crabbe, George, 107, 159, 204
Cranford, 126, 199, 200, 202, 203, 210, 212, 213
Cricket on the Hearth, The, 18
Croker, John Wilson, 192
Cry of the Children, The, 161, 168, 169

Dana, Richard Henry, 17

Dante, 28, 91, 134, 158
Darwin, Charles, 7, 73
David Copperfield, 52, 54, 67, 75, 76, 90, 93–97, 129, 228, 229
Defoe, Daniel, 49, 78, 163, 196
Denis Duval, 147
De Quincey, Thomas, 5, 38
Deserted Village, The, 159
Dickens, Charles, 3–99, 125–127, 129–141, 176, 210, 222, 223,
226, 228, 229, 230
Dictionary of National Biography, 203
Dinner at Poplar Walk, A, 5
Diocletian, 197
Disraeli, Benjamin, 116, 170, 171, 180–198, 206, 208, 210, 217,
222–224
Divina Commedia, 11
Dobson, Austin, 146
Dombey and Son, 11, 39, 42, 44, 69
Donne, John, 21
Don Quixote, 228
Dostoievsky, Feodor, 75
Dream, The, Byron’s, 66
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, 142
Dr. Marigold’s Prescriptions, 18
Dr. Thorne, 220
Dryden, John, 8, 20, 24, 25, 66, 128, 159, 197
Dumas, Alexandre, the elder, 24, 53, 54, 146, 196
Dunciad, The, 128, 129

Eclogues, Virgil’s, 159

Elegy written in a Country Churchyard, 222
Eliot, George, 7, 72, 211, 222
Endymion, Disraeli’s, 195, 210, 217
English Mail Coach, The, 38
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 27
Esmond, 96, 122, 123, 146, 147, 149, 152–156
Essay of Dramatic Poesy, 26, 159
Essay on Man, An, 159
Essays of Elia, The, 57
Eustace Diamonds, The, 219
Evelyn, John, 71

Ferrex and Porrex, 213

Fielding, Henry, 20, 71, 95, 139, 163, 179
FitzGerald, Edward, 106, 108, 122
Flaubert, Gustave, 12, 138, 221
Forster, John, 12, 13, 15, 16, 51, 59, 86, 89
Fox, Charles James, 183
Framley Parsonage, 220, 223, 229

Gaskell, Mrs., 179, 199–218

Gaskell, William, 199, 203, 205
Gastibelza, 227
Gay, John, 128
Georgics, 214
Gibbon, Edward, 21, 128, 197
Gissing, George, 12, 13, 96, 97
Gladstone, William Ewart, 183
Golden Lion of Grandpré, The, 220
Goldsmith, Oliver, 128
Gray, Thomas, 222
Great Expectations, 31, 74, 93
Greuze, Jean Baptiste, 140
Greville, Fulke, 41

Hallam, Arthur, 107

Hamlet, 49, 81, 144, 163
Hammond, John Lawrence, 172, 191
Hammond, Mrs., 172, 191
Handel, Georg Friedrich, 26
Handley Cross, 37, 68
Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates, 191, 206
Hard Times, 211
Hardy, Thomas, 31, 140, 229
Harrison, Frederic, 230
Hastings, Warren, 4
Haunted Man, The, 18
Hazlitt, William, 30, 78, 129
Heine, Heinrich, 227
Hemans, Mrs., 168
Henley, William Ernest, 9, 48, 134, 142
Hertford, Marquis of, 117
Higgins, Matthew James, 129
History of Civilisation in Europe, 7
History of English Prose Rhythm, Saintsbury’s, 150–151
Hoffman, Josiah Ogden, 17
Holly-Tree Inn, The, 18
Holy Tide, The, 19
Homer, 110, 139, 144, 217
Hood, Thomas, 161
Horace, 123, 124, 135, 158
Horner, Leonard, 178
Household Words, 13, 18, 211, 212
Howitt, Mrs., 204
Howlett, John, 191
Hugo, Victor, 227
Hunt, Leigh, 10, 89, 90
Hunter, Sir William, 109
Huxley, Thomas Henry, 7, 73

Infernal Marriage, The, 181, 182

Inge, William Ralph, 63, 64
Irving, Washington, 17

James, Henry, 40, 76, 81–83, 225, 232

Jefferies, Richard, 132
John Inglesant, 39
Johnson, Samuel, 21, 26, 37, 97, 101, 103, 110, 126, 128
Jonathan Wild, 163
Jonson, Ben, 20, 27, 128, 141, 226

Keats, John, 21, 128, 159, 160, 213

King John, 158
Kinglake, Alexander William, 107
King Lear, 29, 46, 139
King on the Tower, The, 130
Kingsley, Charles, 7
Kipling, Rudyard, 9, 49, 112

Lady Audley’s Secret, 222

Lady Clara Vere de Vere, 161
Lamb, Charles, 5, 31, 57, 78, 107
Landor, Walter Savage, 89, 90, 128, 220
Last Chronicle of Barset, The, 220, 232
Lear, Edward, 78, 105
L. E. L. (Letitia Elizabeth Landon), 168
Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim, 144
Lewes, George Henry, 99
Life of Charles Dickens, Forster’s, 59
Life of Charlotte Brontë, 201, 203, 210–212
Life of Dr. Johnson, 201
Lincoln, Abraham, 183
Little Dorrit, 32, 43
London Magazine, 57
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 144
Longinus, 149
Lothair, 185, 186
Lycidas, 159
Lytton, Lord, 230

Macaulay, Lord, 172, 174, 183

Madame Bovary, 139
Malory, Sir Thomas, 196
Malthus, Thomas Robert, 167
Manners, Lord John, 193
Manning, Cardinal Henry Edward, 132
Marlowe, Christopher, 21
Martin Chuzzlewit, 17, 23, 51–53, 54, 74
Martineau, James, 74, 132
Marvell, Andrew, 124
Mary Barton, 205–209, 211, 212
Marzials, Sir Frank T., 117
Maupassant, Guy de, 138
Maurice, Frederick Denison, 7
Measure for Measure, 91
Meredith, George, 137
Mérimée, Prosper, 138
Merivale, Herman, 117, 119, 131
Merry Wives of Windsor, The, 30, 45, 46
Michelangelo, 26
Midsummer-Night’s Dream, A, 78, 149
Mill, John Stuart, 7
Milnes, Richard Monckton, 106, 107
Milton, John, 21, 66, 124, 127, 128, 136, 159, 212, 222
Molière, 28
Moll Flanders, 163
Moonstone, The, 224
Morning Chronicle, 37, 177
Morris, William, 162, 176