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José Roberto Díaz-Reza
Jorge Luis García-Alcaraz
Valeria Martínez-Loya

Impact Analysis
of Total
Productive
Maintenance
Critical Success Factors and Benefits
Impact Analysis of Total Productive Maintenance
José Roberto Díaz-Reza Jorge Luis García-Alcaraz
•

Valeria Martínez-Loya

Impact Analysis of Total

Productive Maintenance
Critical Success Factors and Benefits

123
José Roberto Díaz-Reza Valeria Martínez-Loya
Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez
Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico

Jorge Luis García-Alcaraz

Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez
Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico

ISBN 978-3-030-01724-8 ISBN 978-3-030-01725-5 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01725-5

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018956606

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission
or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar
methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from
the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or
for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to
jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
This work is dedicated, to my mother Socorro
Díaz, who since the first day has given me her
unconditional love and has always
encouraged me to be a better person.
To my aunt Gela for being another pillar
of the family.
To my brother (Demetrio), who has always
been an unconditional support.
To my sister-in-law Marisol, for being the one
who has always been a great support.
To my sisters (Laura and Juani) for
accompanying my mother, Aunt, and nephews
(Zaid, Yair, Iram, Yael and Sofia), who are
the joy of the family … Thank you very much
for everything that each one has contributed
to my life.
RP!
José Roberto Díaz-Reza

Humans take inspiration when they set a

goal. To me, my family is my inspiration,
which is why I dedicate this book to:
God. I thank Him for everything.
To my parents; my life teachers.
To my children (Jorge Andres and Mariana
Odette), they are the reason to be of my life,
my greatest pillars, and strengths.
To my wife, Ana Blanca Rodríguez-Rendon,
for her unconditional support in all the
projects that I’ve undertaken.
To my brothers and sisters, who have taught
me the best lessons at home.
Those brothers who recognize me and accept
me as such.
Jorge Luis García-Alcaraz

To God for being my guidance allowing me to

reach this stage of my life, providing me light
and strength every time I need it.
To my parents (Rosa and Rafael) for their
unconditional love, trust, and because they’ve
always have supporting me on my decisions,
ideas, goals, dreams, and mistakes.
To my sister (Dilia) for being my accomplice
and friend, besides all the support and
unconditional motivation to never give
myself up.
Valeria Martínez-Loya
Foreword

It is always a pleasure to have the scoop of reading a book before it is published,

which is an advantage that only the ones who are invited to write a foreword have.
On this occasion, I have read the book titled Impact Analysis of Total Productive
Maintenance—Critical success factors and Benefits that is written by José Roberto
Díaz-Reza, Jorge Luis García-Alcaraz, and Valeria Martínez-Loya, all of them from
the Autonomous University of Ciudad Juarez in Mexico. In general terms, this book
arises from the need that exists in the industrial field to link the different critical
factors or activities associated with the Total Productive Maintenance (TPM)
implementation programs along with the benefits obtained from itself.
The authors divide their book into five parts, which are divided into chapters,
according to an addressed theme. In addition, these parts are briefly described
below in order to motivate the reader to look at its content:
Part I is called Concepts and Evolution of TPM, where the authors have carried
out a literature review to understand what has been achieved by that lean manu-
facturing tool over time, as well as the different approaches and applications that
have been given in different industrial sectors. In addition, the analysis that is
reported regarding the magazines that publish about TPM, years, and industrial
sectors is significant, since they are required to keep their machines and equipment
on their productive systems in optimal conditions.
Part II is called Activities and Benefits Associated with TPM, which lists 75
activities reported in the literature review that are required to achieve the success of
this tool in a productive system, which are human and operational. In the same way,
22 benefits are listed that can be associated with the proper TPM implementation,
which are divided into those related with the organization, the productivity indexes
in the company, and the employees’ safeness. In addition, that section presents an
idea about what should be performed to incorporate TPM, as well as what a
manager may expect in response to the actions he or she takes. Also, it is relevant to
mention that each of the activities and benefits is widely analyzed through a lit-
erature review, and its study and importance in this book are justified.

vii
viii Foreword

Part III has been called Research Problem, Objectives, and Methodology, where
the authors define the problems that exist in their environment regarding the TPM
implementation. Moreover, it is argued that there are many activities associated
with TPM where 75 have been identified, as well as benefits; however, there are no
studies that seek to relate them directly and indirectly, also there is no quantification
about the effect that these activities have on the benefits. Thus, the objective of this
book is to present through structural equation models, the relationships between
those activities that are required to implement TPM and the benefits that are
obtained. In addition, a series of sequential activities that the authors carry out in
order to fulfill this goal are defined, where the data gathered from the sector, its
validation, and the generation of the causal models can be mentioned.
Part IV is called Validation and Analysis of Data, where the authors already
applied the methodology to generate validity indexes from data obtained about the
industrial sector. Additionally, in this process, some of the activities and benefits are
deleted to improve those indexes, and as well as to generate stronger structural
equation models. Also, a descriptive analysis of the TPM tasks and benefits is
reported, where central tendency measures and dispersion are described, which
allows a discussion from a univariable perspective.
Finally, Part V is called Estructural Equation Models and it has been considered
that in this section, questions that researchers asked at the beginning of their book are
answered, because it is where the required tasks for TPM are completely related to the
benefits obtained. As a matter of fact, there are two types of structural equation
models: the simple ones, in which an activity is linked to a benefit, therefore they are
presented on purpose, since they are easy to understand, as the authors are introducing
more and more difficult models to the second ones that they call complexes, where
four variables already intervene. In addition, it is important to see how a sensitivity
analysis is performed for each complex to determine the probability of occurrence
from the variables when there are at their low and high values.
I hope that readers on this book will find the usage that is sought in it, since the
outcomes will allow identifying the main activities associated with the TPM
implementation and the benefits that are obtained. In addition, I know that many
readers may mention that relationships are sometimes logical and have common
sense, but a real contribution of this book is that it quantifies that relationship and
will make it easier for those interested to focus their attention on activities that are
crucial for their business in a specific way.

Tudela, Spain Juan Ignacio Latorre-Biel

Department of Engineering
Public University of Navarra—Campus Tudela

Cali, Colombia Diego Fernando Manotas Duque

Department of Industrial Engineering
Universidad del Valle
Preface

Nowadays, production systems must be highly competitive, so the resources

administration is for the company survival in order to obtain as much benefits as
they can, therefore, many lean manufacturing tools are applied, and one aims that
the machinery and equipment have a high availability level to be able to attend
production orders at any time, which is called total productive maintenance (TPM).
In addition, the main reason to study TPM is that the damaged machines can
represent unused resources and undelivered production orders in time or with
quality out from certain specifications, which logically affect the image and
economic profitability in the company.
Furthermore, TPM has proven its efficiency throughout history, that is why
managers from many companies pursue to implement it into their productive sys-
tems, and often they do not have enough information about how to carry out the
implementation process as well as about the coordination of the different aspects
that intervene on it. In addition, there’s a book entitled Impact Analysis of Total
Productive Maintenance—Critical Success Factors and Benefits, where based on
literature review TPM is proposed; it is identical to the main activities required to
guarantee the success of TPM, as well as its benefits.
However, it is important to understand why the impact of the activities is con-
sidered in TPM programs to achieve its benefits. In this book, for its study, the
activities and benefits are divided into different groups called latent variables and
analyzed through structural equation models that allow them to be related.
Additionally, there is a high trust level that this type of models will help managers
focus on activities that are significantly depending on their company’s needs, as
they can identify those activities that affect the benefits they want to acquire.
Moreover, the book is divided into 13 chapters, which are integrated into five
parts, which are briefly discussed in the part below:
Part I is about two introductory chapters and its content is the following:
Chapter 1 is titled TPM Background, which lists some concepts of TPM over
time and from different contexts, the approaches that have been assigned to this
tool, the objectives that are aimed to achieve, the losses that may be obtained if

ix
x Preface

TPM it is not applied properly, as well as a sequence of activities that must be

carried out to implement it.
In Chap. 2, which is titled TPM Literature Review, the importance of TPM in the
industry is described and a literature review is presented, where some graphs are
illustrated to represent the articles that are published per year in that TPM area, the
type of publication, the names of the scientific journals, the sectors where the case
studies are reported, and the main editorial houses that disseminate this type of
research. Likewise, with the objective to motivate the reader, some success stories
from some companies that have applied TPM in diverse industrial sectors are
presented.
Part II has two chapters, which are described below:
Chapter 3 is titled Activities Associated with the Success of TPM, which is one
of the most important and it is the basis for the definition of all the other chapters,
since it describes a total of 75 activities, which are grouped into categories, asso-
ciated with human and operational factors. Also, a description for each of these
activities is mentioned, as well as a literature review about their importance in the
TPM implementation process, which is justified.
Chapter 4 is titled Benefits Associated with the TPM Implementation in the
Industry and as its name suggests, it reports 22 benefits from TPM, which are
divided according to their focus and repercussion, therefore, they are divided into
three categories: the benefits for the organization, productivity, and security. In
addition, as in the previous chapter, a justification for each of these benefits is
established based on a literature review.
Part III is also composed of two chapters, which are described below:
Chapter 5 is entitled Definition of the Problem and Objective of the Research,
which presents the need to relate the 75 activities that are included in Chap. 3 along
with the 22 benefits from Chap. 4. Also, the importance to perform each of these
activities in order to obtain the benefits that TPM can offer, since, although it is
known that this relationship exists, there is no quantification of it. Thus, the
objective of this book is to present a set of models that allow relating the activities
required for TPM with the benefits obtained.
Chapter 6 is entitled Methodology, which displays a list of eight activities that
are carried out in chronological order to achieve the objective previously discussed
in Chap. 5. In addition, it is vital to mention that the methodology includes field-
work to gather information from the industry, integrating the experience from
several experts in the maintenance area. Also, the data is validated statistically,
purified, and analyzed throughout the means of causal models allowing to use the
structural equation modeling technique, which shows the relationships between
activities and benefits.
Part IV includes two chapters, where the data analysis is described:
Chapter 7 is entitled Validation of Variables, which are integrated into structural
equation models. In this case, the activities associated with human factors are
divided into Work culture, Suppliers, Managerial commitment, and Clients, while
the operational factors are divided into PM Implementation, TPM implementation,
Preface xi

Technological status, Layout, and Warehouse management and the benefits are
divided into organizational, safety, and productivity. In addition, for each one
of these variables, efficiency indexes are obtained in order to know if the activities
and benefits actually contribute to its explanation.
Chapter 8 is titled Descriptive Analysis, which reports a series of indexes and
parameters associated with the characteristics of the sample and the data obtained.
In addition, 397 cases from the surveys applied to the maquila sector are reported,
as well as the sectors involved in the study, the gender, and years of experience
from the participants responding to the survey, as well as the position within it are
analyzed. Additionally, regarding activities and benefits, since they are estimated on
a Likert scale, the median is reported as a central tendency measure, and the
interquartile range as a measure of dispersion.
In Part V, which includes five chapters, the structural equation models are
described, where the activities required for TPM are related to the benefits; these
chapters are described below:
Chapter 9 is titled Simple Models, where three simple structural equation models
are reported, which integrate only one activity with a benefit from TPM, which are
duly justified. Similarly, a list of all the possible relationships that may exist
between the variables associated with the activities and the benefits is addressed,
but they are no longer fully explained, since only the dependent indexes are indi-
cated. In addition, in this chapter, the quantifications that determine the relationship
between the variables (activities and benefits) start to show up.
Chapter 10, which is titled Structural Equation Models: Human Factor—Part I,
presents two complex structural equation models, where the activities associated
with human factors are related to other activities, since it is assumed that there is
dependency between them. Also, a sensitivity analysis is reported at the end of each
model, which indicates the probabilities of occurrence for each of the variables
together and independently.
Chapter 11 is titled Structural Equation Models-Human Factor—Part II, which
presents two complex structural equation models, where the activities associated
with the human factor in the TPM implementation are already linked with the
benefits obtained from the tool. Also, the analyzes are interesting, since here the
first causal models appear, which allow managers to identify the activities where
they should focus their efforts on.
Chapter 12 is called Structural Equation Models-Technical Factors, as its name
indicates, it relates the technical factors associated with the activities required to
implement TPM with the benefits, and two complex models come out. In addition,
as in other models, the hypotheses are presented and justified with a literature
review; they are validated, and a conclusion is written from themselves.
Finally, Chap. 13 is titled Structural Equation Models—Methodological
Factors, which presents a complex structural equation model that integrates the
methodological factors and a second-order integrative model that coordinates all the
associated variables in a single model along with the activities and benefits, which
is incorporated by three latent variables. Also, this is the most significant model,
xii Preface

because it is the one allowing to observe from a general perspective the importance
that human resources have in the TPM implementation.
Authors hope that the content of this book will contribute to understand man-
agers and decision-makers in the TPM implementation, the relevance of this tool,
the appropriate management of the machinery and equipment available in their
production systems, and identify the tasks that are essential to acquire a specific
benefit focusing their efforts on it. In addition, we hope that enthusiast, academics,
and researchers can find this as a useful book for understanding the TPM in industry
with real applications.

Ciudad Juárez, Mexico José Roberto Díaz-Reza

Jorge Luis García-Alcaraz
Valeria Martínez-Loya
Acknowledgements

The present project would not have been completed without the support of many
people who were directly and indirectly involved, and therefore, the authors want to
thank the following people and institutions:
• To all the maintenance managers and associated areas that answered our survey
to gather data from their industry, who commented on it, and allowed the access
to their companies.
• To all those students and coworker teachers who helped during the gathering
data process from the companies.
• To the National Council of Science and Technology (CONACYT), which
through the project called Thematic Network of Optimization Industrial
Processes has supported this project.
• To the Secretariat of Public Education of Mexico, who through the Program for
Professional Teacher Development (PRODEP) have supported this project.
• Special thanks to the Autonomous University of Ciudad Juárez (UACJ), our
work and study place, for their financial support during the book translation and
editing process.
• Also, our gratefulness to Alejandra Bautista, who is responsible for translating
the book, and her advice and patience has contributed to this project.

xiii
Contents

Part I Concepts and Evolution of TPM

1 TPM Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1 TPM Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 TPM Evolution and Origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3 TPM Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.4 TPM and Big Losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.5 TPM Origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.6 TPM Implementation Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.7 TPM Pillars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.7.1 Pillar 1: Autonomous Maintenance (Jishu Hozen) . . . . 12
1.7.2 Pillar 2: Focused Improvement (Kobetsu Kaizen) . . . . . 14
1.7.3 Pillar 3: Planned Maintenance (PM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.7.4 Pillar 4: Quality Maintenance (Hinshitsu Hozen) . . . . . 16
1.7.5 Pillar 5: Education and Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.7.6 Pillar 6: Office TPM (OTPM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.7.7 Pillar 7: Safety, Hygiene, and Environment (SHE) . . . . 18
1.7.8 Pillar 8: Developed Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2 TPM Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.1 TPM Importance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.2 TPM Publishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.2.1 Publications Per Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.2.2 Type of Publication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.2.3 Scientific Magazines Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.2.4 Industrial Sectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.2.5 Editorial Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.3 TPM Successful Cases Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.4 TPM Successful Cases in the Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

xv
xvi Contents

2.4.1 TPM in the International Manufacturing Industry . . . . . 31

2.4.2 TPM in the Electronic Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.4.3 TPM in the Pharmaceutical Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.4.4 TPM in the Automotive Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.4.5 TPM in the Industry and Psychology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.4.6 TPM in the Textile Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.4.7 TPM in Automotive Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Part II Activities and Benefits Associated with TPM

3 Activities Associated with the Success of TPM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.2 Activities Associated with Human Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.2.1 Work Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.2.2 Suppliers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.2.3 Managerial Commitment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.2.4 Clients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.3 Activities Associated with Operational Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.3.1 Preventive Maintenance Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.3.2 Total Productive Maintenance Implementation
(Implementation Style) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.3.3 Technological Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.3.4 Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.3.5 Warehouse Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
4 Benefits Associated with the TPM Implementation
in the Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
4.2 Benefits for the Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
4.3 Productivity Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
4.4 Safety Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

Part III Research Problem, Objectives and Methodology

5 Definition of the Problem and Objective of the Research . . . . . . . . 77
5.1 Critical Success Factors of TPM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
5.2 TPM Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
5.3 Research Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Contents xvii

5.4 Research Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

5.4.1 General Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
5.4.2 Specific Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
6 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
6.2 Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
6.3 Initial Questionnaire: Experts Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
6.4 Final Questionnaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
6.4.1 Section 1. Demographic Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
6.4.2 Section 2. Critical Success Factors of Total
Productive Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
6.4.3 Section 3. TPM Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
6.4.4 Rating Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
6.5 Questionnaire Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
6.5.1 Sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
6.5.2 Gathering Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
6.6 Data Entry and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
6.7 Data Depuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
6.7.1 Identification of Missing Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
6.7.2 Identification of Outliers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
6.7.3 Standard Deviation Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
6.7.4 Normal Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
6.7.5 Homoscedastic Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
6.7.6 Collinearity Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
6.8 Descriptive Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
6.8.1 Sample Descriptive Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
6.8.2 Data Descriptive Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
6.9 Data Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
6.9.1 R-Square and Adjusted R-Squared . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
6.9.2 Q-Square . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
6.9.3 Integrated Reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
6.9.4 Cronbach’s Alpha Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
6.9.5 Average Variance Extracted (AVE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
6.9.6 Full Collinearity Variance Inflation Factor . . . . . . . . . . 96
6.10 Structural Equation Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
6.10.1 The Modeling Hypothesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
6.10.2 Direct Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
6.10.3 Indirect Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
6.10.4 Total Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
xviii Contents

6.10.5 Effects Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

6.10.6 Efficiency Modeling Indexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
6.11 Sensitivity Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

Part IV Validation and Analysis of Data

7 Validation of Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
7.2 Validation of Variables in Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
7.2.1 Model One . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
7.2.2 Model Two . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
7.2.3 Model Three . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
7.2.4 Model Four . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
7.2.5 Model Five . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
7.2.6 Model Six . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
7.2.7 Model Seven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
7.2.8 Model Eight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
7.3 Observed Variables in Latent Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
7.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
8 Descriptive Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
8.1 Descriptive Analysis of the Sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
8.1.1 Gender and Industrial Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
8.1.2 Participants Jerarquical Job Position and Work
Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
8.2 Descriptive Analysis: Items in Success Factors of TPM . . . . . . 129
8.2.1 Work Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
8.2.2 Suppliers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
8.2.3 Preventive Maintenance Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . 132
8.2.4 Total Productive Maintenance Implementation . . . . . . . 133
8.2.5 Technological Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
8.2.6 Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
8.2.7 Warehouse Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
8.2.8 Management Commitment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
8.2.9 Customers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
8.3 TPM Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
8.3.1 Descriptive Analysis: Company Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . 140
8.3.2 Descriptive Analysis: Productivity Benefits . . . . . . . . . 141
8.3.3 Descriptive Analysis: Security Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
4 1 TPM Background

– Involve all employees from the senior management along with the machine
operators,
– Promote the PM through an organized management, that is, through a small
group of autonomous activities.
• TPM is not a maintenance program itself, it is a team management program that
combines and promotes the concepts of continuous improvement, and total
quality as well as the employees’ empowerment to achieve zero stoppages and
defects (Stephens 2004).
• TPM is a procedure to introduce maintenance considerations into the organi-
zation’s activities. It involves an operative and maintenance team that work
together to reduce waste, minimize downtimes, and improve the final product
quality (Eti et al. 2004).
• TPM is a methodology that aims to increase the availability/effectiveness of the
existing equipment in a certain situation, through the effort of minimizing entries
(improving and maintaining the equipment at an optimum level to reduce the
life cycle cost), and the investment in human resources that results in a better
hardware usage (Chan et al. 2005).
• TPM is a larger part of a Lean initiative, and its goal is generally to improve
uptime and equipment reliability (Press 2005).
• TPM is a philosophy that involves the entire organization, which increases the
knowledge levels, performance, efficiency, and teamwork in each area (Sun
et al. 2003).
• TPM is a maintenance program, which implies a recently defined concept for
plants and equipment maintenance; it can be considered as the “medical sci-
ence” for industrial machines (Mâinea et al. 2010).
• TPM represents a system for the effective technology process usage (Friedli
et al. 2010).
• TPM is a set of techniques to ensure that each machine in a production process
can always perform the required tasks (Anvari et al. 2014).
• TPM is a continuous improvement process focused on structured teams that
seeks to optimize production effectiveness by identifying and eliminating
equipment losses as well as production efficiency, throughout the production
system life cycle through the employees’ active participation at all levels of the
operational hierarchy (Attri et al. 2013a).
• TPM is a maintenance management approach focused on involving all the
employees of an organization in the equipment improvement. It consists of a
variety of methods, known for the maintenance management experience that are
effective in improving reliability, quality, and production (Das et al. 2014).
• TPM includes maintenance prevention, maintenance improvement, and pre-
ventive maintenance (Benjamin 1997; Filho and Utiyama 2016).
• TPM is the combination of preventive maintenance activities and the Total
Quality Management philosophy to create a TPM culture by providing
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 trades, which began in the previous July.

January 31, 1898.

Disastrous blizzard in New England.

February 4, 1898.
Re-election (by voting which began January 3) of
President Kruger for a fourth term of five years,
in the South African Republic.

February 7-15, 1898.

Prosecution of M. Zola for defamation of certain military
officers; his scandalous trial and conviction.

February 14, 1898.

Destruction of the United States battle ship "Maine,"
by an explosion, in the harbor of Havana, Cuba.

February 16, 1898.

Removal of Chief-Justice Kotze, of the High Court of the
South African Republic, by President Kruger.

February 18.
Death of Frances Elizabeth Willard, American social reformer.

February 19, 1898.

Death of Dr. Edward Constant Seguin, neurologist, New York.

February 26, 1898.

Death of Frederick Tennyson, English poet.
Death of Michael Gregorovich Tchernaieff, Russian soldier
and popular hero of the Panslavists.

February 27, 1898.

Death of Major-General William Booth Taliaferro,
Confederate army.
March 1, 1898.
Retirement of General Crespo from the Presidency of Venezuela;
succession of General Andrade to the office.

March 6, 1898.
Death of Felice Cavalotti, Italian statesman and dramatist.

March 11, 1898.

Death of Major-General William Starke Rosecrans.

March 15, 1898.

Death of Sir Henry Bessemer, English inventor.

March 16, 1898.

Death of Aubrey Beardsley, English artist.

March 17, 1898.

Speech of Senator Proctor, of Vermont, in the United States
Senate, describing the condition of the reconcentrados in Cuba,
as he saw them during a recent visit to the island.
Death of Blanche K. Bruce, register of the United States
Treasury, born a slave.

March 21, 1898.

Report of the United States naval court of inquiry on the
destruction of the battle ship "Maine."
Death of Brigadier-General George Washington Rains,
Confederate army.

{709}

March 22, 1898.

Report of Spanish naval board of inquiry on the destruction
of the United States battle ship "Maine."

March 23, 1898.

Primary election law in New York signed by the Governor.
March 25, 1898.
Death of James Payn, English novelist.

March 27, 1898.

Proposal by the government of the United States to that of
Spain of an armistice and negotiation of peace with the
insurgents in Cuba.
Cession by China to Russia of Port Arthur and Talienwan.

March 28, 1898.

Message of the President of the United States to Congress on
the destruction of the battle ship "Maine."
Death of Anton Seidl, composer and musical conductor.

March 31, 1898.

Reply of the Spanish government to the proposals of the
United States, for an armistice and negotiation with the
Cuban insurgents.
Death of Edward Noyes Westcott, American novelist.

April 2, 1898.
Quashing of the sentence pronounced on M. Zola, upon his
appeal to the Court of Cassation.
Lease by China to Great Britain of the port of Wei-hai Wei
with adjacent territory.

April 7, 1898.
Death of Margaret Mather, American actress.

April 8, 1898.
Great victory of the Anglo-Egyptian army, under the Sirdar,
General Kitchener, over the Dervishes, on the Atbara.

April 10, 1898.

Passage of bill through the German Reichstag to greatly
increase the German navy.
April 11, 1898.
Special Message of the President of the United States to
Congress on the relations of the country to Spain, consequent
on affairs in Cuba.
Lease by China to France of Kwang-chow Wan
on the southern coast.

April 13, 1898.

Adoption by the United States House of Representatives of a
joint resolution authorizing and directing the President to
"intervene at once to stop the war in Cuba."

April 16, 1898.

Adoption by the United States Senate of a joint resolution
not only directing intervention to stop the war in Cuba,
but recognizing the insurgent government of "the Republic of
Cuba."
Death of ex-President Crespo, of Venezuela, killed in battle.

April 17, 1898.

Death of Jules Marcou, French geologist.

April 18, 1898.

Arrangement of the disagreement between the two branches of
the United States Congress respecting the recognition of
"the Republic of Cuba," and passage of a joint resolution
to intervene for the stopping of the war in the island.

April 19, 1898.

Death of George Parsons Lathrop, American author.
Death of Gustave Moreau, French painter.

April 20, 1898.

Passports asked for and received by the
Spanish Minister at Washington.
April 21, 1898.
Appointment of Rear-Admiral Sampson to the command of the
United States naval force on the Atlantic station.

April 22, 1898.

Proclamation by the President of the United States declaring
a blockade of certain Cuban ports.

April 23, 1898.

Proclamation by the President of the United States calling
for 125,000 volunteers.

April 24, 1898.

Commodore Dewey, commanding the Asiatic squadron of the
United States, ordered to proceed from Hong Kong to the
Philippine Islands, to destroy or capture the Spanish fleet
in those waters.
Interview, at Singapore, between the leader of the Philippine
insurgents, Aguinaldo, and the United States Consul-General,
Mr. Spencer Pratt;
communication from Mr. Pratt to Commodore Dewey, at Hong Kong;
request from Commodore Dewey that Aguinaldo come to Hong Kong.

April 25, 1898.

Formal declaration of war with Spain by the Congress of the
United States, with authority given to the President to call
out the land and naval forces of the nation.
Removal of the American squadron under Commodore Dewey from
Hong Kong to Mirs Bay, China.
Signing of protocol between Russia and Japan relative to Korea.

April 27, 1898.

Sailing of the American squadron from Mirs Bay to Manila.

April 29, 1898.

Proclamation of neutrality by the Portuguese government,
which required the Spanish fleet under Admiral Cervera to
 depart from the Cape Verde islands.

May 1, 1898.
Destruction of the Spanish squadron in Manila Bay by the
American squadron under Commodore Dewey.

May 2, 1898.
Arrival of Aguinaldo at Hong Kong.

May 3, 1898.
Occupation of Cavite arsenal by American naval forces.

May 8, 1898.
General elections for a new Chamber of Deputies in France;
first balloting.

May 9, 1898.
Serious fighting in Milan, ending bread riots in that city
and elsewhere in northern Italy.

May 12, 1898.

Attack on the Spanish forts at San Juan, Porto Rico, by
Admiral Sampson, then searching for Cervera's fleet.

May 13, 1898.

Death of Reverend William Stevens Perry,
American church historian.

May 16, 1898.

Major-General Wesley Merritt, U. S. A., assigned to the
command of the Department of the Pacific.
Conveyance of Aguinaldo from Hong Kong to Cavite by the
United States ship "McCulloch."

May 19, 1898.

Death of Mr. Gladstone.
Death of Maria Louise Pool, American novelist.
May 22, 1898.
Second balloting in French elections, where the first had
resulted in no choice.
Death of Spencer Walpole, English historian.
Death of Edward Bellamy, American novelist and social theorist.

May 25, 1898.

Proclamation by the President of the United States calling
for 75,000 additional volunteers.
Departure from San Francisco of the first military expedition
from the United States to the Philippine Islands, under
General T. M. Anderson.

May 28, 1898.

Public funeral of Mr. Gladstone;
burial in Westminster Abbey.
Death of Mrs. Madeleine Vinton Dahlgren, American author.

{710}

May 29, 1898.

Blockade of the Spanish squadron under Rear-Admiral Cervera,
in the harbor of Santiago de Cuba, by the American flying
squadron under Commodore Schley.

May 30, 1898.

Agreement between Great Britain, Canada and the United States,
creating a Joint High Commission for the adjustment of all
existing subjects of controversy between the United States
and Canada.

June 1, 1898.
Arrival of Admiral Sampson and his fleet off the entrance to
the harbor of Santiago de Cuba, to perfect the blockade of
the Spanish squadron.
Opening of the Trans-Mississippi Exposition at Omaha, Nebraska.
 Enactment of law to provide for the arbitration of disputes
between employés and companies engaged in interstate commerce
in the United States.

June 2, 1898.
Death of George Eric Mackay, English poet.

June 3, 1898.
Sinking of the collier "Merrimac" in the channel of the
harbor-entrance at Santiago de Cuba, by Assistant Naval
Constructor Hobson. U. S. N.

June 6, 1898.
Bombardment of Spanish forts at Santiago de Cuba by the
American blockading fleet.

June 7-10, 1898.

Possession of the lower bay at Guantanamo, near Santiago de
Cuba, taken by vessels of the American navy, and a marine
battalion landed.

June 11, 1898.

Reform edict issued by the young Emperor of China.

June 14, 1898.

Sailing, from Tampa, Florida, of the military expedition
under General Shafter for the capture of Santiago de Cuba.

June 15, 1898.

Sailing, from San Francisco, of the second American military
expedition to the Philippines.
Adoption by the House of Representatives of a joint resolution
to provide for annexing the Hawaiian Islands to the
United States.

June 16, 1898.

Second bombardment of forts at Santiago de Cuba by the
 American blockading fleet.

June 16-24, 1898.

Elections to the Reichstag of the German Empire.

June 17, 1898.

Resignation of the Ministry of Signor Rudini in Italy.
Death of Sir Edward Burne-Jones, English painter.

June 20, 1898.

Arrival, off Guantanamo, of the expedition under
General Shafter.

June 21, 1898.

Capture and occupation of the island of Guam by the U. S. S.
"Charleston."

June 22-24, 1898.

Landing of General Shafter's army at Daiquiri and Siboney.

June 24, 1898.

First engagement between American and Spanish troops in Cuba,
at La Guasima.

June 28, 1898.

Proclamation by Aguinaldo, assuming the administration of a
provisional government of the Philippine Islands.
Approval by the President of the United States of the "Curtis
Act," relating to the Five Civilized Tribes of Indians.
Formation of a new Italian Ministry by General Pelloux.

July, 1898.
Discussion and passage by the British Parliament of a
Local Government Act for Ireland.

July 1, 1898.
Assault by the American forces, at San Juan Hill and El Caney,
 on the Spanish lines defending Santiago.

July 2-3, 1898.

Continued fighting on the lines around Santiago de Cuba.

July 3, 1898.
Demand of General Shafter for the surrender of Santiago, under
the threat of bombardment; truce arranged by foreign consuls and
negotiations for surrender opened.
Destruction of the Spanish fleet of Admiral Cervera on its
attempting to escape from the blockaded port of Santiago de
Cuba.

July 4, 1898.
Opening of communications between General Anderson, commanding
the first expedition of the United States forces landed near
Manila, and General Aguinaldo, "commanding the Philippine
forces."

July 6, 1898.
Destruction of the Spanish cruiser" Alphonso XII.," when
attempting to escape from the harbor of Havana.
Adoption by the U. S. Senate of the joint resolution to
provide for the annexation of the Hawaiian Islands.
Exchange of Lieutenant Hobson and his fellow captives for
prisoners taken from the Spanish forces.

July 7, 1898.
Declaration of M. Cavaignac, Minister of War, in the Chamber
of Deputies, of his absolute certainty of the guilt of Captain
Dreyfus.
Death of Francisco Javier Cisneros, Cuban patriot.
Death of M. Buffet, French statesman.

July 10, 1898.

Termination of truce at Santiago;
resumption of hostilities;
 bombardment of the city by the navy.

July 11, 1898.

Death of Rear-Admiral Daniel Ammen, U. S. N.

July 12, 1898.

Outbreak of yellow fever in the military hospital at Siboney.
Arrival of General Miles at Santiago with reinforcements for
General Shafter.

July 13, 1898.

Interview of General Miles and General Shafter with General
Toral, the Spanish commander at Santiago.

July 14, 1898.

Agreement by General Toral to surrender the city of Santiago
and the entire district of eastern Cuba with 24,000 Spanish
troops.
Death of Mrs. Elizabeth Lynn Linton, English author.

July 16, 1898.

Signing of the terms of the Spanish surrender at Santiago.

July 17, 1898.

Death of Parker Pillsbury, American abolitionist.
Death of Karl Gehrt, German artist.

July 18, 1898.

Opening of second trial of M. Zola, at Versailles.

July 25, 1898.

Landing, at Guanica, of the expedition of United States
troops, under General Miles, for the conquest of Porto Rico.

July 26, 1898.

Overtures for peace addressed by the Spanish government to
that of the United States through the French Minister at
 Washington.

July 27, 1898.

Occupation of Ponce, in Porto Rico, by the American forces
under General Miles.

July 28, 1898.

Death of Dr. William Pepper, of Philadelphia, physician, and
extraordinary leader in public enterprise.

{711}

July 30, 1898.

Terms of peace proposed to Spain by the United States.
Death of Reverend John Caird, Scottish divine and educator.

July 31, 1898.

Death of Prince Otto von Bismarck, at the age of 83.

August 3, 1898.
Urgent message from General Shafter to the United States War
Department, asking for the instant withdrawal of his forces
from Santiago, on account of the deadly ravages of yellow
fever, typhoid and dysentery.

August 4, 1898.
Orders given for the removal of the American army from
Santiago de Cuba to Montauk Point, Long Island.

August 7, 1898.
Acceptance by Spain of the terms of peace offered by the
United States.
Demand of Admiral Dewey and General Merritt for the
surrender of Manila.
Death of James Hall, American geologist.

August 8, 1898.
 Death of Adolph Heinrich Joseph Sutro,
American mining engineer.
Death of Georg Moritz Ebers, German novelist and Egyptologist.

August 12, 1898.

Ceremony, at Honolulu, of the transfer of sovereignty over
the Hawaiian Islands to the United States.
Order by General Merritt forbidding the Filipino forces under
Aguinaldo to enter Manila when the city should be taken.
Signing of the protocol of terms for the negotiation of peace
between the United States and Spain;
proclamation by the President of the United States
suspending hostilities.

August 13, 1898.

Attack by American forces on the Spanish lines at Manila
and capture of the city.

August 21, 1898.

Friendly letter of Spanish soldiers at Santiago, Cuba,
before departing for Spain, to their late enemies, the
American soldiers.

August 22, 1898.

Death of Laupepa Malietoa, King of Samoa.

August 24, 1898.

Proposal by the Tzar of Russia of a conference of governments
to discuss the means of stopping the progressive increase of
military and naval armaments and promote the peace of the world.

August 25, 1898.

Transfer of command at Santiago from General Shafter
to General Lawton.

August 28, 1898.

General Merritt ordered to Paris for consultation with the
 American Peace Commissioners;
command at Manila transferred to General Otis.

August 31, 1898.

Termination of the minority of Queen Wilhelmina, of the
Kingdom of the Netherlands, and of the regency of her mother,
Queen Emma.
Suicide of Colonel Henry, of the Intelligence Department of
the French Army, after confessing that he had forged one of
the documents on which M. Cavaignac based his certainty of
the guilt of Captain Dreyfus.

September 2, 1898.
Battle of Omdurman;
defeat of the Dervishes and occupation of the Khalifa's capital.

September 3, 1898.
Death of Wilford Woodruff, president of the Mormon Church.

September 4, 1898.
Resignation of M. Cavaignac from the French cabinet, because
of his opposition to a revision of the Dreyfus case.

September 6, 1898.
Enthronement of Queen Wilhelmina, at Amsterdam.
Turkish outbreak at Candia, Crete, against authority
exercised by the British admiral in the name of the
concerted Powers.

September 10, 1898.

Assassination of Elizabeth, Empress of Austria
and Queen of Hungary.

September 12, 1898.

Death of Thomas McIntyre Cooley, American jurist.

September 14, 1898.

 Death of Samuel Eliot, American historian.

September 19, 1898.

Death of Sir George Grey, British administrator.

September 21, 1898.

Overthrow of the Chinese reformers at Peking;
submission of the Emperor to the Empress-Dowager.
Death of Theodor Fontane, German poet.

September 23, 1898.

Death of Richard Malcolm Johnston, American author.

September 26, 1898.

Decision of the French cabinet to submit the question of a
revision of the trial of Captain Dreyfus to the Court of
Cassation.

September 28, 1898.

Execution of six of the Chinese reformers at Peking.
Death of Thomas Francis Bayard, American statesman
and diplomatist.

September 29, 1898.

Government of a Philippine Republic organized at Malolos;
a national congress convened, and Aguinaldo declared President.
Popular vote in Canada on the question of Prohibition.
Death of Queen Louise of Denmark.

September 30, 1898.

Mob attack on foreigners near Peking.

October, 1898.
Discovery of the Cape Nome mining region in Alaska.
Outbreak of Indians of the Leech Lake Reservation in
Northern Minnesota.
October 1, 1898.
Call by foreign representatives at Peking for guards of
marines to protect their legations.
Meeting of Spanish and American commissioners at Paris to
negotiate a Treaty of Peace.

October 5, 1898.
Demand of the Powers for the withdrawal of Turkish garrisons
from Crete.

October 6, 1898.
Decree by the Empress-Dowager of China commanding protection
to Christian missionaries and converts.

October 7, 1898.
Death of Blanche Willis Howard, Baroness von Teuffel,
American novelist.
Death of Abraham Oakey Hall, American lawyer and politician.

October 12.
Inauguration of General Julio Roca President of the
Argentine Republic.
Serious conflict at Virden, Illinois, growing out of a
strike of coal miners;
14 persons killed and 25 wounded.
Death of Reverend Calvin Fairbank, anti-slavery worker and
helper of the freedmen.

October 19, 1898.

Death of Harold Frederic, American journalist and novelist.

October 25, 1898.

Decision of the Court of Cassation requiring a supplementary
investigation of the case of Captain Dreyfus.
Death of Pierre Puvis de Chavannes, French painter.

October 29, 1898.

 Death of Colonel George Edwin Waring,
American sanitary engineer.

October 31, 1898.

Death of Helena Faucit, Lady Martin, English actress.

{712}

November 1, 1898.
Establishment of the Constitution of the United States of
Central America.

November 2, 1898.
Announcement by Lord Salisbury of the amicable settlement,
between France and Great Britain, of "the Fashoda incident."

November 5, 1898.
Death of David Ames Wells, American economist and publicist.

November 12, 1898.

Death of Clara Fisher (Mrs. Clara Fisher Maeder), actress.

November 15, 1898.

Inauguration of Dr. M. F. de Campos Salles, President of
United States of Brazil.
Order by the Court of Cassation that Dreyfus be notified by
telegraph of the pending revision of his trial.

November 19, 1898.

Death of Brigadier-General Don Carlos Buell.

November 20, 1898.

Death of Sir George S. Baden-Powell, economist.

November 25, 1898.

Dissolution of the United States of Central America by
the secession of Salvador.
November 26, 1898.
Appointment of Prince George, of Greece, to be High
Commissioner of the Powers in Crete.

November 27, 1898.

Death of Charles Walter Couldock, actor.

November 28, 1898.

Death of Mrs. Mary Eliza (Joy) Haweis,
English author and artist.

December 5, 1898.
Final raising of the "pacific blockade" of Crete by the Powers.

December 6, 1898.
General Guy V. Henry appointed Military Governor of Porto Rico.

December 10, 1898.

Signing, at Paris, of the Treaty of Peace between the
United States and Spain.
Death of William Black, English novelist.

December 11, 1898.

Death of General Calixto Garcia, Cuban military leader.

December 13, 1898.

Appointment of General Brooke as commander and military
governor of Cuba, by direction of the President of the
United States.
Reception by the Empress-Dowager to the wives of foreign
representatives at Peking.

December 17, 1898.

Death of Baron Ferdinand James de Rothschild.

December 21, 1898.

 Arrival of Prince George of Greece in Crete, to undertake
the administration of government as High Commissioner for
the Powers.
Instructions of the President of the United States to
General Otis, relative to the military government of the
Philippine Islands.

December 22, 1898.

Death of Sebastian Bach Mills, composer and pianist.

December 23, 1898.

Decision by the French government to comply with the demand
of the Court of Cassation for the secret papers
(the "dossier") in the Dreyfus case.

December 25, 1898.

Penny postage to all places in the British Empire except the
Australasian colonies and Cape Colony brought into operation.

December 28, 1898.

Death of Justin Smith Morrill, United States Senator.

December 30, 1898.

Death of Don Matias Romero,
Mexican ambassador to the United States.

1899.

January 1, 1899.
Formal relinquishment of the sovereignty of Spain over the
island of Cuba, by ceremonies performed at Havana.

January 4, 1899.
The Treaty of Peace between the United States and Spain sent
to the United States Senate by the President.
Proclamation of General Otis to the people of the Philippine
Islands, amending the instructions of the President.
January 5, 1899.
Proclamation of Aguinaldo to the people of the Philippine
Islands, counter to that of General Otis.

January 8, 1899.
Sensational resignation of the President of the civil section
of the French Court of Cassation.

January 11, 1899.

Second communication of the Tzar of Russia to other
governments on the subject of an International Conference
for the promotion of peace.

January 13, 1899.

Death of Representative Nelson Dingley, of Maine.

January 17, 1899.

Death of John Russell Young, librarian of Congress.

January 19, 1899.

Signing of an agreement between the government of Great
Britain and that of the Khedive of Egypt, establishing a
condominium or joint administration of government over the
Sudan.

January 20, 1899.

Appointment of the First Philippine Commission by the
President of the United States.

January 22, 1899.

Encyclical letter of Pope Leo XIII. condemning certain
opinions called Americanism.

January 29, 1899.

Death of Dr. R. Fruin, Dutch historian.