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(Download PDF) Energy Use in Cities A Roadmap For Urban Transitions Stephanie Pincetl Online Ebook All Chapter PDF
(Download PDF) Energy Use in Cities A Roadmap For Urban Transitions Stephanie Pincetl Online Ebook All Chapter PDF
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Energy Use
in Cities
A Roadmap for Urban
Transitions
“The book provides a unique knowledge resource for researchers, practitioners and
decision-makers alike. It is based on a detailed and novel methodology to interrogate
the socio-spatial features of energy demand across regions and cities, opening the path
for ambitious measures to transform our relationship with energy and infrastructure
in response to the global climate challenge.”
—Stefan Bouzarovski, Professor, Department of Geography, University of
Manchester
“The Energy Atlas provides insightful and detailed information on localized energy
consumption for the City of Los Angeles. As LADWP builds the energy grid of the
future, the Energy Atlas remains vital in the development and incorporation of new
clean technologies into the grid.
The Energy Atlas assists LADWP to better understand building energy consump-
tion across the diverse neighborhoods of Los Angeles. Now, as LADWP begins to
incorporate distributed energy resources, energy storage, and building electrifica-
tion technologies into the grid, UCLA’s Energy Atlas has new importance in
maintaining reliability and managing customer demand.”
—Steve Baule, Director of Sustainable Projects in the Office of Sustainability at
Los Angeles Department of Water and Power
“If global society is to overcome climate change, then it needs significant trans-
formation in urban energy systems to occur. With Californian cities leading the
way, Dr. Pincetl and her team have constructed and analyzed the most amazing,
spatially detailed data-sets. They have found solutions to formidable data access
challenges and explored thorny issues of social justice under energy transitions.
This book is essential reading for local governments, planners and academics
looking to build sustainable cities.”
—Chris Kennedy, Chair of Civil Engineering, University of Victoria, Canada
Stephanie Pincetl · Hannah Gustafson ·
Felicia Federico · Eric Daniel Fournier ·
Robert Cudd · Erik Porse
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer
Nature Switzerland AG 2020
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights
of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on
microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and
retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology
now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc.
in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such
names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for
general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and informa-
tion in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither
the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with
respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been
made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps
and institutional affiliations.
This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature
Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Howard Choy, Dave Freeman, Ken Alex, Steve
Baule, Michael Peevey, Eric Stokes, Mark Gold, Peter Kareiva, and Amy
Reardon as well as the staff at the Institute of the Environment and
Sustainability at UCLA for their help, support and faith in this project.
Mary Hardin, Julia Skrovan, and Lauren Strug provided invaluable edito-
rial contributions and Sean Kennedy some invaluable analysis. A special
thanks must go to Dan Cheng who spent nearly four years working on
the Atlas, developing creative solutions to gnarly problems. Her cheer,
and consistently positive attitude made an enormous difference. Alex
Ricklefs was a great addition to the team as well. Studio NAND, our
website developer based in Berlin, has been an integral partner in this
venture, providing beautiful, smooth, and sophisticated web develop-
ment, making the Atlas what it is. We are also only as far along as the
previous Atlas team enabled: special thanks goes to Zoe Elizabeth, one of
the first staff and manager of the Atlas 1.0, Jackie Murphy who created the
first beta map, Rob Graham, our first programmer, Sinnott Murphy and
Deepak Sivaraman who also participated in the initial Atlas development.
Finally, this book and our work would not have been possible without
the ongoing support of the Anthony & Jeanne Pritzker Family Foun-
dation for the California Center for Sustainable Communities at UCLA,
spearheaded by Dr. Pincetl.
v
Contents
1 Introduction 1
About the Chapters 3
Bibliography 6
vii
viii CONTENTS
Summary 83
Bibliography 84
6 Data Analytics 85
Data-Driven Decision-Making 85
How Data Is Transforming Science 86
How Data Is Transforming Society 87
Utility Customer Data 88
Utility Company Internal Customer Data Use Cases 89
Barriers to Third-Party Access 92
Revisiting Utility Customer Data Aggregation Rules 93
Ethical Implications of Utility Customer Data Access
Decisions 95
Third-Party Utility Customer Data Request Procedures 98
Utility Customer Data Analytics 99
Working with Utility Customer Data at Scale 99
Verifying Utility Customer Data Integrity 103
Putting Consumption into Context 105
Detecting Significant Changes in Historical Consumption 106
Forecasting Future Consumption Levels 110
Utility Customer Data Models Versus Descriptions 112
Modeling Applications 113
Minimum Data Requirements 114
Future Research Questions 115
Bibliography 116
8 Conclusion 157
Supporting Local Government Progress on the Energy
Transition 157
Regulatory Impediments 158
Insights from Data-Driven Research 160
CONTENTS xi
Glossary 171
Index 177
List of Figures
xiii
xiv LIST OF FIGURES
xv
CHAPTER 1
Introduction
explain, these proprietary claims seriously limit the use of granular energy
consumption data for public decision-making, and are now proving to be
a significant obstacle to the achievement of the state’s sustainability goals.
In California, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from building stock
vary across the state, and by time of day and season, but overall, building
energy use accounts for 25% of the state’s emissions (Mahone et al. 2019).
Globally, buildings account for nearly 40% of cities’ GHG emissions and
40% of their total energy use (International Energy Agency and the
United Nations Environment Program 2018). Consequently, knowledge
of building energy usage patterns and an understanding of their under-
lying drivers are fundamental to developing policy strategies for reduction
of energy consumption and GHG emissions.
When we first began our work to document energy use in cities, we
found ourselves lacking the data needed to inform the energy transition
in a scientifically rigorous manner and help enable the implementation of
effective public policy. Not only did we university researchers not have the
information we needed to pursue our own research questions, but local
governments—charged with saving energy for their residents—could not
even obtain energy data on their own municipal operations from the util-
ities, let alone building energy consumption data for their populations.
As the lack of access had become an increasingly significant obstacle to
energy research and policy implementation efforts, we moved to partic-
ipate in public debates about the rights of different entities to access
building energy data. We pushed for, and participated in, a state level
regulatory process (described in more depth in subsequent chapters) that
eventually gave universities access to building energy consumption data,
although extensive challenges still remain to this day. What we present in
this book is the outcome of that engagement: the UCLA Energy Atlas.
The UCLA Energy Atlas is a spatial-temporal record of the energy
consumed by and within the built environment. The Atlas links energy
consumption from utility billing data to tax assessor’s parcels using
addresses; making statistical, geographic, and chronological analyses of
energy consumption possible. It consists of two parts: a back-end
database, and a public facing, interactive web map, and data visualization
platform. The back-end database, on which the Energy Atlas website is
based, contains hundreds of millions of records of historical consump-
tion at the address level; it enables a wide array of research projects
related to decarbonizing building energy use, which in turn serve to
inform state and local government policies. The public web map displays
1 INTRODUCTION 3
Table 2.1 Major laws, regulations, and rules governing California’s energy
system and its transformation
(continued)
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