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Roger James Kuhns · George H. Shaw
Navigating
the Energy
Maze
The Transition to a Sustainable Future
Navigating the Energy Maze
Roger James Kuhns · George H. Shaw
Navigating the Energy Maze

The Transition to a Sustainable Future
Roger James Kuhns George H. Shaw
SustainAudit, LLC Geology Department
Mystic, CT, USA Union College
Schenectady, NY, USA
ISBN 978-3-319-22782-5 ISBN 978-3-319-22783-2 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22783-2
Library of Congress Control Number: 2017964710
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2018

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of
the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,
broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information
storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology
now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the
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Printed on acid-free paper
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The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Foreword
How does our nation as a leader of the global community navigate the near future to
attain a balanced and sustainable national society? A major part of the answer is the
solution to today’s dependence on fossil-based energy. The authors, George Shaw
and Roger Kuhns, propose a sustainable energy path that moves us forward and
leaves behind the fossil fuel-based economy that we have built our society around.
Local, regional, and national experience, long-term records, and extensive and
detailed scientific research clearly and irrefutably point to this societal reliance on
fossil fuels as our Achilles heel. This is our economic disadvantage and weakness
and the source of damaging social and environmental degradation to our society and
our planet. A Comprehensive Sustainable Energy Policy that guides our nation
through the current energy maze and anchors a path to a sustainable energy future is
the core message of the authors in this far-reaching and vitally important work.
By developing and presenting a series of eight interrelated sustainable energy
legislative policy acts, the authors formulate a defensible approach to moving from
today’s unbalanced and dangerous fossil-dominated energy economy to a near
future that makes sustainable living a reachable goal for the country. With detailed
and readable chapters covering all elements of the fossil energy economy and it’s
impacts, as well as the necessary renewable energy components, technology,
impacts, and political support critical to the non-fossil energy solution path,
Navigating the Energy Maze teaches, enlightens, and illuminates the critical path to
reaching our near-future sustainable energy policy national goal.
Neal J. Gruber, M.E., P.E., D.CE
v
Preface
This book is about possibilities of energy policy, not possibilities of energy.

Although we touch on our choices for energy, we allow for significant innovation
through a supportive national comprehensive sustainable energy policy. We feel
such a policy is necessary for us to move toward a sustainable society.
This book illuminates the approaches of a far-sighted, comprehensive sustain-
able energy policy for the United States. In our eight policy proposals, we offer
outlines addressing transportation, generation and transmission, microgrids and
energy corridors, as well as the many associated sustainable components. We under-
stand that the demand side is a principle factor in the energy equation and examine
that aspect of energy. Increasing efficiencies can mean lower energy demand, pro-
viding our society does not consume even more energy by purchasing and using an
increasingly larger number of consuming devices, but rather seek behaviors and
options that reduce overall energy consumption in living our lives. In that sense
each energy consumer has a greater responsibility to society.
We hope that lawmakers and their staff at all levels of government and private
sector entities will utilize the policies in this book as a guide. We see this as a first
step in building a comprehensive sustainable energy policy through legislation that
is science-guided and enacted on a national level. We recognize the many significant
advances to date, both through elected officials and through the private sector.
Because of advances toward the wider use of clean energy and by adopting policies
to address climate change, we see hope for a larger comprehensive solution. That
being said, much can be done on a state and municipal level to lead the way for
national policy, as we have seen in a number of states. We also recognize the chal-
lenges in passing such legislation. Hence, bipartisan visionaries in congress, wide-
spread support of our citizens, and clean energy strategic planning in our industries
are required.
The ultimate goal is to realize a transition through the energy maze from a carbon
economy to a clean energy economy.
vii
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the colleagues and elected officials they’ve worked
with or with whom they have discussed energy policy. We’ve had long-standing
discussions with the former Congressman Steve Kagen (D-W18, 2007–2010) and
Congressman Al Swift (D-WA2, 1979–1995) and insightful discussions with
Congressman Joe Courtney (D-CT2, 2007–present). We would like to thank the
members of Citizens’ Climate Lobby, especially Mark Reynolds, Daniel Richter,
Jay Butera, and the many volunteers working toward a carbon-pricing act. Thanks
also go to Neal Gruber, Michael Roach, and John Jimison for their energy grid
insights; the late Oliver Warin, former president of mineral exploration with BHP;
and Eric Cheney, professor emeritus of geology at the University of Washington, for
his many discussions about natural resources, economics, energy, and sustainability.
We would also like to thank all the scientists, sustainability-far-sighted policymak-
ers and lawmakers, private sector innovators, and concerned citizens that are work-
ing toward a clean energy economy and a sustainable society.
ix
Contents
1 The Energy Maze �� 1

1.1 Introduction�� 1
1.2 Sustainability�� 3
1.3 Energy Policy Formulation �� 4
1.4 US Strategic Focus�� 6
1.5 Traditional Grids and Microgrids �� 7
1.6 Existing Energy-Related Laws�� 12
1.7 Energy-Related Subsidies �� 14
1.8 Anchor Reference Point�� 15
References�� 16
2 Overview of Supply and Consumption�� 17
2.1 Resources and Reserves�� 18
2.2 Reserve Estimation Changes�� 19
2.3 Water and Transportation�� 19
2.4 Energy Sources and Consumption�� 19
2.5 Food and Energy �� 24
2.6 Energy, CO2, and GDP�� 24
References�� 25
3 Transportation�� 27
3.1 Electric Vehicles�� 30
3.2 Natural Gas �� 32
3.3 The Hydrogen Economy Myth �� 33
3.4 Biofuels �� 34
3.5 Synthetic Motor Fuels�� 34
References�� 38
4 Residential and Commercial (R&C) Sectors�� 41
4.1 Residential Energy�� 41
4.2 Commercial Energy�� 42
References�� 44
xi
xii Contents
5 Industrial Sector�� 45

Reference �� 46
6 Conservation and Efficiency �� 47
6.1 Energy Conservation and Efficiency�� 47
6.2 Transportation �� 49
6.3 High-Density Urban Centers�� 50
6.4 Industry �� 50
References�� 51
7 Peak Oil and Petroleum Energy Resources �� 53
7.1 Reserve Projections, Consumption,
and Depletion and Peak Oil�� 54
7.2 Global Resources�� 54
7.3 Global Reserves to Production Ratio (R/T)�� 55
7.4 Rate and Size of New Oil Field Discoveries�� 55
7.5 Future Oil Field Discoveries and Development Predictions �� 57
7.6 Peak Oil�� 58
7.7 Tar (Oil) Sands�� 61
References�� 62
8 Coal and Natural Gas�� 65
8.1 Coal �� 66
8.2 Natural Gas�� 68
References�� 69
9 Oil and Gas Fracking and Tight Shale Resources�� 71
9.1 Fracking�� 73
9.2 Fracking and Reserves�� 76
References�� 77
10 Uranium and Thorium�� 79
References�� 81
11 Renewable Energy �� 83
11.1 Arrival of the Clean Energy Economy�� 84
11.2 Cities Powered by Renewable Energy�� 85
11.3 Hydropower�� 88
11.4 Biomass�� 89
11.5 Geothermal�� 90
11.6 Wind�� 91
11.7 Photovoltaics�� 93
11.8 Solar-Thermal �� 96
References�� 97
Contents xiii
12 The Carbon Dioxide Problem and Solution�� 99

12.1 The Carbon Dioxide Problem �� 100
12.2 The Carbon Dioxide Solution �� 104
12.3 Decoupling and GDP Growth �� 104
12.4 Taxes, Fees, and Cap and Trade�� 106
12.4.1 Carbon Tax or Fee�� 107
12.4.2 Carbon Cap and Trade�� 108
12.5 Carbon Pricing�� 109
12.6 Bipartisan Proposals�� 109
12.7 Hybrid Carbon Pricing Approaches�� 112
References�� 115
13 Geoengineering�� 117
13.1 Tenable Solutions�� 118
13.1.1 Carbon Capture and Storage From the Atmosphere �� 118
13.1.2 Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)
From CO2 Sources�� 119
13.1.3 Large-Scale Biogeologic Carbon Capture�� 120
13.2 Untenable Solutions�� 121
13.2.1 Space-Based Reflectors�� 122
13.2.2 Atmospheric Aerosol Stimulation
“Atmospheric Parasol”�� 122
13.2.3 Iron Stimulation of the Southern Ocean �� 122
14 Sustainability Mapping and Energy Policy �� 125
14.1 Water Resources�� 126
14.2 Mineral Resources�� 128
14.3 Sustainability Mapping �� 129
15 Policy Proposals�� 135
15.1 Introduction�� 135
15.2 Proposal 1: The Carbon Pricing Act �� 136
15.3 Proposal 2: The EV Transport Act�� 139
15.4 Proposal 3: The Energy Corridor Act �� 141
15.5 Proposal 4: The Power Generation Act�� 143
15.6 Proposal 5: The EV Support Act�� 145
15.7 Proposal 6: The Microgrid Act�� 147
15.8 Proposal 7: The High-Tech Act�� 149
15.9 Proposal 8: The Zero CO2 Public Transportation Act�� 151
15.10 Summary of Sustainability Mapping
for Proposed Energy Policies�� 153
xiv Contents
16 Summary, Projections, and Consequences of the Policies�� 157

16.1 Summary �� 157
16.2 Projections�� 158
16.3 Positive Impacts and Consequences of the Policies�� 160
16.4 Strong Supportive Trends�� 162
Appendices�� 165
Appendix 1 Proposed Legislation in Congressional

Bill Outline Format�� 167
Appendix 2 Definitions�� 189
Appendix 3�� 195
Appendix 4�� 199
Index�� 205
List of Abbreviations
AAPG American Association of Petroleum Geologists

ACEEE American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy
ADMS Advanced distribution management system
ASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning
Engineers
BCSC Bipartisan Climate Solutions Caucus
Btu British thermal unit
CAFE Corporate Average Fuel Economy
CAP Carbon Action Plan
CCL Citizens’ Climate Lobby
CCS Carbon capture and storage
CEPAARB California Environmental Protection Agency Air Resources Board
CERT Clean Energy Resource Teams
CF&D Carbon fee and dividend
CHP Combined heat and power
CLC Climate Leadership Council
CO2 Carbon dioxide
CO2e Carbon dioxide equivalent
CTC Carbon Tax Center
C&T Cap and trade
DER Distributed energy resources
DNO Distribution network operator
DNR Department of Natural Resources
EIA Energy Information Administration
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
EV Electric vehicle
FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency
FEMP Federal Energy Management Program
FERC Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
FIT Feed-in tariff
GDP Gross domestic product
xv
xvi List of Abbreviations
GHG Greenhouse gases

GWP Global warming potential
HEV Hybrid electric vehicle
IOU Investor-owned utility
IPCC Intergovenmental Panel on Climate Change
ISO Independent system operators
kWh Kilowatt hours
LCOE Levelized Cost of Electricity
LEED Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
LOE Lease operating expense
MMT Millions of metric tonnes
mWh Megawatt hour
MW Megawatt
MWe Megawatt equivalent
NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement
NAS National Academy of Sciences
NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NCDC National Climatic Data Center
NCPS National Clean Power Standards
NERC North American Electric Reliability Corporation
NIETC National Interest Electric Transmission Corridor
NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NREL National Renewable Energy Laboratory (DOE)
NZE Net-zero energy
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
OPEC Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
PCI Post Carbon Institute
PPA Power purchase agreement
PURPA Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act
PV Photovoltaics
Quad Quadrillion Btus
R&C Residential and commercial
REI Renewable energy industry
RET Renewable energy technologies
RGGI Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative
R/T Reserves to production ratio, also as R/P
RTO Regional Transmission Organizations
SPE Society of Petroleum Engineers
Tcf Trillion Cubic Feet
UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
USBLS U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
USCB U.S. Census Bureau
USDOE U.S. Department of Energy
USDOT U.S. Department of Transportation
USFTA U.S. Federal Transit Administration
WGDP World gross domestic product
WPC World Petroleum Council
List of Figures
Fig. 1.1 The three spheres of sustainability�� 3

Fig. 1.2 Transmission grids and interconnection regions
of the United States�� 8
Fig. 1.3 Comparison of microgrids and traditional grids�� 9
Fig. 1.4 Principal regions of ISOs and RTOs�� 11
Fig. 2.1 Resource and reserve categories for natural resource�� 18
Fig. 2.2 Distribution of energy sources and consumption�� 20
Fig. 2.3 Energy sources in quadrillion Btus (quads)�� 21
Fig. 2.4 Energy consumed by sector�� 22
Fig. 2.5 Primary sources of electric power�� 23
Fig. 2.6 Energy efficiency in terms of GDP, per capita,
and CO2 per $GDP�� 25
Fig. 3.1 National averages of greenhouse gas emissions�� 28
Fig. 3.2 Recent history of automobile use in the United States�� 28
Fig. 3.3 Public transportation and private companies
using zero EV buses�� 31
Fig. 4.1 Residential energy consumption�� 42
Fig. 4.2 Residential energy consumption by use and source�� 43
Fig. 4.3 Principal sources of energy for US home heating�� 43
Fig. 7.1 The life of reserves in a conventional oil field�� 55
Fig. 7.2 Global reserves and the global proved
reserves to production ratio�� 56
Fig. 7.3 Global trends in size and volume
of petroleum field discoveries�� 56
Fig. 7.4 Projections for new petroleum resources through 2035�� 57
Fig. 7.5 Crude oil production in the continental United States�� 58
Fig. 7.6 Crude oil price trends�� 59
Fig. 7.7 Asymmetric oil production scenarios�� 60
xvii
xviii List of Figures
Fig. 8.1 Updated Hubbert curves for coal as of 2005�� 67

Fig. 8.2 Natural gas production by region of OECD
countries out to 2040�� 68
Fig. 9.1 Shale basins of North America and natural gas
and oil resources�� 72
Fig. 9.2 Natural gas prices through time�� 74
Fig. 9.3 Drilling rig counts over 1990–2017 according
to drilling type�� 75
Fig. 9.4 Measured and peak production from the largest
US shale basins�� 76
Fig. 11.1 Five top hydropower-producing states�� 88
Fig. 11.2 Simplified wind resources map measured
at 165 feet elevation�� 92
Fig. 11.3 Photovoltaic price history�� 94
Fig. 11.4 Map comparison of population concentrations
and solar resources�� 95
Fig. 12.1 Measured atmospheric carbon dioxide levels
from 1958 to 2017�� 101
Fig. 12.2 Land surface temperatures and continuous
CO2 measurements�� 101
Fig. 12.3 Surface temperatures and CO2 compared to climate model�� 102
Fig. 12.4 The cumulative change in yearly GHG gas emissions
for the United States�� 103
Fig. 12.5 Growth of CA’s GDP, Population, and GHG reductions
in 2000–2014�� 105
Fig. 12.6 RGGI emissions reduction for NE, U.S.�� 105
Fig. 12.7 Decreases US energy-related carbon dioxide emissions�� 106
Fig. 12.8 Carbon fee methodology�� 107
Fig. 12.9 Cap-and-trade methodology�� 108
Fig. 12.10 Carbon pricing proposals from selected states
with price escalation�� 110
Fig. 12.11 Total carbon dioxide equivalent emissions
for the United States�� 113
Fig. 12.12 Pathways toward a carbon neutral energy plan�� 114
Fig. 13.1 Carbon dioxide capture from fossil fuel power
plant flue gas�� 119
Fig. 13.2 Photobioreactor technology and algae
to capture flue gas CO2�� 119
Fig. 13.3 Nutrient in lakes from agricultural
or biogeoengineering projects�� 120
List of Figures xix
Fig. 14.1 Comparison of water required the generation

of 1 MWh electricity�� 126
Fig. 14.2 Freshwater withdrawals in the United States
for the thermoelectric industry�� 127
Fig. 14.3 Global proved reserve estimates for major
and minor metals�� 129
Fig. 14.4 Major components of mapping sustainability�� 130
Fig. 14.5 Categories of spending in the federal budget�� 132
Fig. 14.6 Government spending categories
and sustainability targets�� 133
Fig. 15.1 Key proposals for a comprehensive
sustainable energy policy�� 137
Fig. 15.2 Sustainability mapping for Policy 1:
The Carbon Pricing Act�� 138
The EV Transport Act�� 141
The Energy Corridor Act�� 143
The Power Generation Act�� 144
The EV Support Act�� 146
The Microgrid Act�� 148
The High-Tech Act�� 150
Zero CO2 Public Transp. Act�� 152
Fig. 15.10 Sustainability mapping summary
for proposed energy policies�� 153
Fig. 15.11 Energy policies and the big picture�� 154
Fig. 16.1 EIA projections in quads for energy
consumption out to 2040�� 158
Fig. 16.2 Relative percentage of energy consumption
types through 2040�� 159
Fig. 16.3 Relative percentage of energy types through 2060�� 160
Fig. 16.4 Summary of the eight policy proposals�� 162
List of Tables
Table 1.1 Laws pertinent to a comprehensive sustainable

energy policy�� 13
Table 1.2 Broad summary of government subsidies
by energy type�� 15
Table 3.1 Various liquid fuel alternatives in $/barrel
break-even types�� 36
Table 8.1 Coal types and compositions�� 66
Table 11.1 US cities that have committed to 100 percent
renewable energy�� 86
Table 11.2 Employment by energy sectors�� 87
Table 11.3 Large solar farms, MW capacity and impacts
in the United States�� 94
Table 12.1 Greenhouse gas compounds and their global
warming potentials�� 100
Table 12.2 Carbon tax, cap and trade, climate bills:
congress (2009–2015)�� 111
Table 14.1 Descriptions of categories in three
spheres of sustainability�� 131
xxi
Chapter 1
The Energy Maze
Abstract The United States must have a comprehensive sustainable energy policy
in order to exit the carbon economy energy maze into a clean energy economy and
sustainable society. Sustainability is a foundational concept for this policy and illus-
trates how energy policy touches all aspects of the environment, our communities,
and the economy. Formulating a national energy policy is truly difficult in light of
the wide variety of opinions about energy security, opinions on science, concerns
for the environment, and an understanding of how it must be connected to sound
economics and quality of life for Americans. To this end we examine a strategic
focus, traditional grids and microgrids, existing energy-related federal laws, and
energy-related subsidies as a backdrop for the following chapters.
Keywords Sustainable · Energy economy · Grid · Microgrid · Energy policy ·

Transportation · Efficiency · Climate · Coal · Petroleum · Natural gas · Economy ·
Environment · Community · Residential · Commercial · Industry · Carbon ·
Consumption · Peak oil · Global warming · Renewable · Subsidies
1.1 Introduction
We live in an energy maze. This maze not only puzzles us at times as we attempt
to move towards profitable clean enterprises, but it seems there are designs to this
maze bent on keeping American society from succeeding in navigating the pas-
sageways to a sustainable society. It is our intent here to help lawmakers, industry
practitioners, academics, business owners, and individuals discover a path through
the maze. The destination is a clean energy economy. The first steps include
understanding, legislating, and enacting a comprehensive sustainable energy pol-
icy. We propose eight fundamental pieces of legislation to accomplish this goal.
This policy is envisioned to work in harmony with the private sector as it
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2018 1

R. J. Kuhns, G. H. Shaw, Navigating the Energy Maze,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22783-2_1
2 1 The Energy Maze
innovates greater efficiencies and cleaner electric energy generation for all our
needs and does so profitably.
A comprehensive sustainable energy policy is a kingpin to a sustainable society.
Think of electric personal vehicles and public transportation. Envision electrifying
all of our consumption points so that we eliminate the burning of natural resources
for electricity generation. Imagine the dominant use of renewable sources for our
electricity. Consider the end of deleterious impacts to our communities and environ-
ment from coal mining and petroleum recovery. Fossil fuels have brought us to this
point in our civilization, but it is now time for a transition, a paradigm shift to the
next form of energy – clean energy. We have seen the transition from wood to coal
to petroleum to natural gas, each event spanning decades. But we have been in the
transition from a carbon economy to a clean energy economy for more than a
decade, and this can now be accelerated. And imagine reducing the impacts from
global warming and climate change. It might seem like a utopia, but it really would
be an economically balanced, equitable, and healthy society – a more sustainable
society. And one of the first steps towards that is a comprehensive sustainable energy
policy on the national level.
The connections between energy supplies, living standards-quality of life, popu-
lation, foreign policy, economic productivity, environmental quality, and sustain-
ability are the focus of state and national policy and community strategies. During
the last few decades, we have been reminded of this when energy prices have
“spiked” or supplies have seemed precarious due to various international events. We
have also been faced with the unintended consequences of fossil fuel energy pro-
duction and use on both local and global scales: oil spills, refinery fires, graphic
pictures of coal mining disasters, acid rain precipitation, wars, conflicts over trans-
portation and pipelines, environmental threats from fracking and mining, and the
continuing record of climate change impacts and costs to our society. We under-
stand the market forces that are propelled by need and innovation and how these
forces are often fortified through government and laws that fund and support such
factors. We understand that industry is not good at self-regulation, and this is par-
ticularly true in areas of pollution and especially with respect to energy-related
emissions. We understand that market transparency and diversity protect consum-
ers. For all of these reasons, we see the need for a comprehensive sustainable energy
policy for our nation. This policy reaches out to our government to lead, not follow,
in our quest towards a sustainable society and a clean energy economy.
Numerous specialists, commentators, and political figures, even industry repre-
sentatives, have speculated and warned of the energy-related difficulties we are
experiencing and might expect in the next several decades in accommodating our
increasing need for energy resources. Our long-standing dependence on fossil fuels
for most of our energy needs and the direct and emerging impacts of fossil fuel use
on quality of life are key reasons for developing a sustainably oriented long-term
energy policy. A few have tried to outline strategies that could address these prob-
lems, but almost invariably such efforts have been either narrowly focused on just a
part of the overall issue, or they have been driven by a desire to promote a particular
agenda or have even been the offspring of ideology. Just as there has never been a
1.2 Sustainability 3
truly comprehensive energy policy for the United States, and we believe such a
policy is possible, no one has yet proposed a way to navigate the next half-century
with any hope of arriving at an energy supply system that is secure, economically
viable, and sustainable while delivering the services that we expect. Our hope with
this book is to provide just such a legislative policy road map, one which addresses
the needs of consumers and the economy, preserves the integrity of the environment
at all scales, is physically practical, and arrives at an energy system that is sustain-
able. In other words, we are proposing an integrated and sustainably focused
national policy and legislative guide.
1.2 Sustainability
Sustainability is variously defined when used in the context of natural resources,

economics, and especially policy. In the context of the human condition, a widely
agreed upon philosophical definition of sustainability, proposed by the 1987
Brundtland Commission (Brundtland 1987), states:
Meeting the needs of the present generation while improving the ability of future genera-
tions to meet their own needs.
This definition, however, does not inform us as to how to achieve sustainability.

Therefore, a working definition is needed to guide our efforts towards improving the
quality of life for our population through sustainability. Within this book the work-
ing definition of sustainability states (Kuhns 2008, SustainAudit, LLC; Fig. 1.1):
The application of semi-quantifiable and quantifiable practices that are measureable in
terms of specific metrics and indices that confirm aggressive protection of the Environment,
enrichment of Community and equitability and balance of Economy to improve the quality
of life for people in their homes, communities, businesses, and governments, while working
towards a zero net impact to the Earth.
Fig. 1.1 The three spheres

of sustainability
4 1 The Energy Maze
This graphic (Fig. 1.1) illustrates the way in which an environment can host a
community within which economic activity occurs. In the broadest sense, this could
apply to nonhuman “communities” of interacting organisms, such as natural eco-
systems. In the case of human communities, the environment encompasses all of the
surroundings essential to the human community including the organic and inorganic
and natural and constructed components. One could also define the boundaries to
focus on particular communities of humans. In this book we are looking at the com-
munities in the United States. This does not mean, of course, that the environment
under consideration is restricted to the lands of the United States. This would not be
either sensible or useful. We could have chosen larger bounds for our community,
such as all of North America. However, our restriction is at least partly based on a
desire for political expedience in the United States. Trying to formulate policies for
the politically diverse global community is beyond the scope of this book.
Note that sustainability does not mean unchanging. It means that we as a people
can adapt to change and thrive for the long term by providing for our needs through
responsible, renewable, and repurposed practices: sustainable practices. This is
fundamental to our proposed energy policy because it works with the centers of
power and the public to adapt to changes in terms of fuel types, sources, uses, and
diversity through policy formulation.
1.3 Energy Policy Formulation
Energy policy formulation is notoriously difficult because different and variously

linked, and sometimes disparate, aspects must be addressed simultaneously by com-
prehensive policy. When this is combined with competing political and ideological
perspectives, it becomes virtually overwhelming to innovate a far-reaching nation-
ally and temporally viable policy. John Jimison pointed this out in a Congressional
Research Service essay in 1980, and the problems have become even more acute
over the past three and a half decades (Jimison 1980). The existing energy policy
acts of the United States, 1992 (government fleets use alternative fuels), 2005 (alter-
native fuel tax incentives and Energy Star), 2007 (new fuel economy requirements,
biofuels, and non-incandescent lighting), and 2009 (smart grids, renewable tax cuts)
all fall short of comprehensive legislation. It is not surprising that the piecemeal
policies tried in the past have been limited to immediate matters of the day, rather
than being comprehensive.
An overarching energy policy is complicated by (1) national security related to
dependence on foreign energy sources, (2) economic stresses related to the funda-
mental role energy plays in our commercial and industrial society, (3) depletion of
nonrenewable energy supplies (often under the rubric of “peak oil”), (4) environ-
mental impacts of energy use (now focused on global climate change encompassing
air pollutants, water impacts, land use priorities, and ecosystem disruptions), and
(5) dilemmas created by the concentration of power within a small number of large
corporate or governmental institutions. One’s perspective about which issue is most
1.3 Energy Policy Formulation 5
important, and how this may change with time colors the nature of any comprehensive
energy policy initiative. One can overlay the perspective of sustainability on these
five factors. This is perhaps most obvious in the joint concerns with economic and
environmental issues. But, just as community encompasses economics, it also
incorporates issues of distribution of power and security. Sustainability focuses our
attention in a slightly different way, which can help with policy formulation, espe-
cially for the long term. Our proposals below will no doubt find more favor with
some than with others, and we expect everyone will find some aspect to dislike. In
fact, we don’t completely agree with each other on all matters, but our result is an
honest effort to arrive at a balanced strategy. We do believe that it is possible to
formulate a balanced strategy that is practical and effective and gets us to a sustain-
able future without serious community, economic, or environmental harm.
In order to create our strategy, we have made several assumptions based on sci-
entific data that can reasonably be projected into the future. The four most important
of these address:
1. Fossil fuel reserves and consumption rates
2. Temporal changes in the components of climate
3. Specifics of energy uses, transport, storage, and needs by various sectors
4. Economic limiters and incentives, such as a carbon fee or tax, and various subsi-
dies affecting energy supplies and use
The first has given rise to the concept of peak oil, a term which seems to be mis-
used almost as much as it is properly used. Careful determination of the fossil fuel
reserve base is vital in formulating various alternatives for sustaining essential
energy services in the short- to midterm while setting the stage for the long term.
The second is global warming, which has been the subject of considerable partisan
exchange. While we very much agree with the vast majority of climate scientists on
this issue, we are aware of the scientific uncertainties involved in making projec-
tions on the future state of something as large and complex as Earth’s surface envi-
ronment. We are also sensitive to the idea that economic factors must be part of any
discussion concerning approaches to climate change and how it impacts peoples’
quality of life.
We believe that a truly conservative approach avoids exacerbating existing
impacts and probable future difficulties that are widely recognized in the most
advanced global warming models. Additionally, many of these measured and mod-
eled difficulties are extremely harmful to our current functioning economies.
Therefore, addressing them while limiting excessive costs is crucial for sustainable
policy viability and incorporating bipartisan and public endorsement. Within these
subjects we offer reasonable carbon fee and dividend solutions that put a price on
carbon and act as a catalyst for innovation towards a sustainable energy economy.
The element of the third factor, energy needs, can be most cogently summed up
as the requirement for liquid fuels for transportation (30% of US consumption);
liquid, gas, and solid fuels for electricity generation; and space heating for build-
ings (42% US consumption) and industry (25% US consumption). In these three
principal areas of energy consumption, the transportation fuel requirement is the
6 1 The Energy Maze
basis of our current profound dependence on petroleum. The almost countless

articles on and production of electric vehicles, issues of advanced battery technolo-
gies, and the socioeconomic political disinclination to abandon personal vehicle
ownership powered by gasoline or diesel point to a tremendous hurdle in trans-
forming c arbon-based economy transportation. This will be examined in greater
detail below. We take the goal by some individuals of a “hydrogen economy” to be
insufficient even out to 2060 because the structure of our socioeconomic political
carbon-based economy is more likely transformable to clean energy electric tech-
nologies. And finally the fourth factor creates an umbrella over the first three in
terms of limitations and/or incentives to consumers in any given economic, tech-
nology, or environmental scenario.
There are other factors we incorporate in our proposed approach, but these four
are central, and we doubt any workable strategy that ignores them or does not
address them in an integrated way can be successful. We do, however, believe that
they can all be adequately and sustainably addressed and that a strategy is possible
without using extraordinary assumptions about the future.
1.4 US Strategic Focus
In preparing our strategy, we focus on the United States. We do this for several rea-
sons. First, because the United States is the world’s major energy consumer, espe-
cially in terms of per capita energy use. Reductions in consumption made here can
have a significant impact on overall global energy consumption. Even though China
has now passed the United States in terms of total energy consumption and carbon
emissions, their lower per capita consumption, political system, and large population
provide less latitude for change. The demand by the Chinese people for improved liv-
ing standards drives an increasing demand for energy. The Chinese have exceeded the
United States in installing renewable energy systems to meet demand.
The accumulated wealth and technological capital in the United States provide
avenues for innovation and advantages in developing new ways of satisfying energy
needs. These advantages give us the flexibility to experiment without excessive risk
to our energy economy and infrastructure. We see this approach yielding consider-
able economic, technological, quality of life, and environmental dividends. Another
reason to focus on the United States is because we think that such a capitalistic and
social democratic framework is especially well suited to adaptive responses to mea-
sured and perceived trends. In short, if we can’t do it in the United States, there may
be little chance for the global community. However, it is also fair to say that other
highly developed Western countries have to some extent already adopted practices
we can emulate and apply to our more heterogeneous, complex, and demanding
society. In sustainability terms, our “community” of interest is the United States.
Included in the “environment” are not only the nonhuman global environment but
also the human communities outside the United States. Interactions with this larger
environment will certainly be affected by our actions and vice versa.
1.5 Traditional Grids and Microgrids 7
Some readers will note that what we are calling for is government action when
they think that what we should be doing is simply to follow the free-market eco-
nomic model. But relying on the free market without government guidance has not
worked towards establishing a national sustainable energy policy anywhere in the
world. Therefore, we think a careful reading will reveal our reasons for going in a
legislative direction. Such critics should keep in mind that the “invisible hand” of
Adam Smith does not require us to proceed with a blindfold glued to our faces.
“Policy” implies government action and consideration of our future state as a whole.
This clearly implies a large degree of planning for that future. We believe that our
suggestions, while promulgated by government, are consistent with and improved
by the operation of competitive market forces and free development of innovative
solutions to important problems. It is our belief that government should set out suit-
able, long-range ground rules and allow innovators, investors, and the public at
large to carry us forward.
Much of what we propose is not new. Some of these ideas have been explicitly
proposed by others, or at least hinted at. We do not want to reinvent the wheel but to
draw upon those insightful and innovative approaches to help solve the US energy
policy problem. That being said, to our knowledge, some ideas have not been pro-
posed before. What we believe most that separates our approach from previous
efforts is the attempt to develop a comprehensive, though not overly complex, set of
integrated proposals that addresses what promises to be the most important transi-
tion in more than a century: the shift from a nonrenewable fossil fuel-based econ-
omy to a sustainable energy economy. Although this is our ultimate target, it is
important to understand that this cannot be done without continued use of fossil
fuels in selected sectors for at least the next generation. This is predicated on the
desire to have the United States and global economies remain viable and that they
improve the quality of peoples’ lives. We are convinced that we can negotiate the
energy maze in which we find ourselves and arrive at our desired goal without dan-
gerous alterations of the environment or disruptions to socioeconomic life.
One cautionary note: even if our proposals succeed, they will be of little use
unless human populations stabilize and preferably decline somewhat to levels rea-
sonable for a planet of Earth’s dimensions. That the increasing human population is
inconsistent with sustainability is a topic of debate, but continued growth is clearly
unsustainable.
As Edward Abbey well advised, “Be fruitful like human beings, not like
rabbits.”
1.5 Traditional Grids and Microgrids
The existing transmission grid system in the United States, the numerous public
utilities, and the variety of natural resources for energy generation are complex, and
details are beyond the scope of this book. However, an overview of the grid picture,
in particular the importance of the increasing use of microgrids, is important for
8 1 The Energy Maze
understanding the need for new and expanded energy corridors, integration with
transportation, and reliable clean energy supplies to the private, commercial, and
industrial sectors of our society, which are addressed in the following chapters.
An energy grid connects a power source to its service area customers, including
homes, businesses, schools, municipal buildings, and the like. The grid supplies
electricity for everything from appliances and lights to factory machinery. The US
grid network is complex, involving different kV scale transmission lines, and public
and private operators (www.usngcenter.org). The electrical grid system is divided
into interconnected regions and connects power generators, distributers, and users
across the United States (Fig. 1.2).
Traditional grids are broadly connected, such as the grid system for the Eastern
United States, and when they are shut down due to maintenance or system failures,
then the entire region is affected.
A microgrid is a localized, small energy grid that balances the demand for elec-
trical resources with the captive supply to maintain reliable and consistent service
(Fig. 1.3). It includes a group of micro sources and loads that operate as a single
controllable system and provide power and heat to its local area (USDOE 2017;
Lasseter et al. 2002; MicroGrid Institute 2017; Roach 2014).
Fig. 1.2 Transmission grids and interconnection regions of the United States (information com-
piled from the FEMA 2016, and NAERC 2017)
Fig. 1.3 Comparison of microgrids and traditional grids. On the left are four examples of
microgrids, including (1) smart cities and their neighborhoods functioning as stand-alone or inde-
pendently operational and linked to the traditional grid, (2) business parks linked to stand-alone
microgrids, (3) rural or small town situations, and (4) single building stand-alone microgrids
referred to as nanogrids
Microgrids function as independently controlled systems relative to the grid and

are interconnected loads and distributed energy resources with clearly defined elec-
trical boundaries. Microgrids operate in modes as isolated, islanded, or remote grid
systems. A microgrid can connect and disconnect from the grid to enable it to oper-
ate in different modes. Microgrids are key in addressing community power needs
(Roach 2014). It is customer centric on a local level with control capability combin-
ing various DER to form a whole system allowing it to operate autonomously from
the traditional grid. It can be connected to the traditional grid through a common
coupling or operate alone. A microgrid can draw upon multiple feedstocks, includ-
ing solar, wind, geothermal, biogas, and waste energy and fossil fuels. These grids
automatically balance generation and load at the facility level and can utilize battery
systems to levelize output. Microgrids utilizing virtual net metering create versatil-
ity in applications, especially for exporting energy.
The microgrid can be powered by gas/diesel/natural gas generators, renewable
resources such as solar and wind, on-site hydropower, or battery storage systems.
Many businesses have an on-demand generator that kicks in if there is a power fail-
ure from the traditional grid, and this generator in essence is a microgrid. Microgrids
are integrated into mainstream architectural design, electricity grids, and transactive
energy markets. The microgrid market is projected to grow over 3.5 times between
10 1 The Energy Maze
2015 and 2020. Worldwide there are nearly 1440 microgrids. In the United States,
there are over 105.2 GW of installed microgrid power capacity.
The microgrid system also considers the built and fleet environments in the total
picture. The systems operate with maximized system intelligence and optimization
to ensure bidirectional power flow, whether from the power provider or the local
consumer’s on-site generation, that is to say the consumer functions more as a part-
ner. Because of this approach, microgrids have the capacity to “island” electrical
loads for individual customers, as well as interact with larger traditional or “legacy”
grid systems and investor-owned utilities (IOUs).
The US government is on the cusp of developing National Clean Power Standards
(NCPS) as part of energy policy, particularly in the development of new energy cor-
ridors. Renewable energy applications are also addressed in the Energy Policy Act
of 2005 to the extent that the Secretary of Energy and the Federal Energy Regulatory
Commission address transmission capacity issues as part of a national interest elec-
tric transmission corridor (NETC) and for the issuance of permits for interstate
transmission lines.
There are five basic categories for microgrids, according to the Microgrid
Institute (2017):
1. Off-grid microgrids. Islanding of local power grids apart from the utility
network
2. Campus microgrids. Independent of, but connected to local utility networks
3. Community microgrids. Integrated into local utility networks to provide support
or emergency power for vital community assets
4. District energy microgrids. Independent systems providing electricity and ther-
mal energy for heating and cooling to multiple facilities
5. Nanogrids. A single building or stand-alone energy system operating indepen-
dently of the local utility networks
The microgrid power paradigm considers a number of differences as compared
to the traditional utility. Traditional utilities rely on established engineering designs,
unidirectional power flow, and overdesign of generation and transmissions to cover
margins and are typically incremental or “silo-oriented” when it comes to innova-
tion application. In traditional utilities the consumers typically have little or no
choice in regard to the source of power or the impacts to the larger environment,
except for green power purchase plans.
Microgrids are becoming increasingly cost-effective. The levelized cost of energy
(LCOE) of microgrids is dropping to meet traditional grid operators, thus offering a
choice to consumers. In addition to cost comparatives, microgrids can add a level of
dependability, stand-alone choices, and a total value aspect that will well suit neigh-
borhoods and business parks within cities, to city scale, and those living in rural
environments. Microgrids integrated with smart buildings, sustainable building prac-
tices, virtual power plants, and electrical transportation systems reside on the near
horizon of many cities. This whole of networked neighborhoods, business parks, and
cities as nodes envelopes the concept of nodal architecture. This stand-alone potential
of microgrids also adds a layer of security, in that the microgrid can be isolated from
larger-scale blackouts, cascading failures, maintenance downtime, or cyber attacks.

Furthermore, the versatility of microgrids creates potential benefits in regard to local
and regional changes in climate and integration with climate change policies.
Independent system operators (ISOs) and regional transmission organizations
(RTOs) are organizational private enterprises that can incorporate the use of
microgrids. RTOs involve a separation between transmission and generation and
can usefully instill diversification in the public power market (Fig. 1.4). ISOs and
RTOs are formed by recommendation and direction of the Federal Energy Regulatory
Commission (FERC). FERC’s Order No. 888 is a move to recognized barriers to
different types of grids within a competitive wholesale market (FERC 2017). This
order also allows utilities to financially recover “stranded” costs incurred when giv-
ing open access to transmission lines within grid systems. The FERC Order No.
2000 amends regulations under the Federal Power Act to promote formation of
RTOs, including ratemaking policies.
One example of wholesale electricity markets is New York’s Independent System
Operator, Inc., which is a not-for-profit organization operating New York State’s bulk
electricity grid. The grid totals over 11,000 circuit miles of transmission lines. This
serves over 400 market participants on the basis of supply, demand, and market condi-
tions. The NYISO tracks “day-ahead markets” for real-time loads as MW and whole-
sale costs as MWh while tracking total MW generation and the total MW generation
from renewable energy sources. NYISO also informs consumers of the state of the
grid in terms of normal system alerts and major emergency. Systems such as NYISO
can work towards increasing the use of renewables within portfolio standards.
Fig. 1.4 Principal regions of independent system operators (ISOs) and regional transmission
organizations (RTOs) (Map from FERC 2016)
12 1 The Energy Maze
States such as California (CAISO) and Texas (ERCOT) and regions including
the Midcontinent (MISO) and New England (ISO-NE) are currently operating in
the United States This approach can also subvert the diversification of renewable
clean energy by promoting nuclear power as a low-carbon energy source through
subsidies, remembering that the nuclear industry is subsidized more than any other
energy generation type and has waste disposal risks.
Barriers exist to the installation of microgrids, whether independent or inter-
connected with traditional grids. These barriers include (1) infrastructure restric-
tions, (2) market inconsistencies, (3) financial and economic barriers, and (4)
technical barriers.
Additionally, reassessment of power purchase agreement (PPA) coverage and
structure may be needed to fully embrace the integration of microgrids with tradi-
tional grids, different power generation sources, and sound economics. The PPA is
an agreement detailing technical and financial aspects of a project and lock in the
purchase of power by an energy purchaser from a power-generating facility over
long periods (10–15 years) of time. In the PPA all commercial terms for the sale of
electricity are detailed. It is also within this agreement that revenues and credits, as
well as secondary purchases of power, are established. PPAs fall under the regula-
tory authority of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) and, to some
extent, state public service commissions. As part of the Energy Policy Act of 2005,
FERC oversees the application of PPAs to various energy generation facilities and
can also assist with financing. PPAs are used industry wide and include addressing
the design, permitting, financing, and installing renewable energy sources.
Perhaps the greatest motivator for microgrids is the strong move towards net-
zero systems. In microgrid systems, the net-zero energy distribution network
operator system (NZE-DNO) balances its energy generation and use such that it
is net zero.
Innovative technology is a driving force in microgrids, and optimization of oper-
ations through the advanced distribution management system (ADMS) and transac-
tive energy markets creates more choices for the stakeholder. Growth is seen as a
sustainable steady-state system based on ultrahigh energy efficiency. Microgrids
also seek greater community involvement as stakeholders and partners. Microgrids
managed by Clean Energy Resource Teams, or CERTs, are a move to better connect
clean energy resource diversity and increased renewable energy use to individuals
and their communities. This will become more critical to allowing innovation and
customer service choices as renewables gain dominance in US electrical
generation.
1.6 Existing Energy-Related Laws
An important element of building a sustainable energy policy is a sound understand-

ing of the existing laws that impact any new legislation. The process of writing,
researching, and introducing a bill is heavily impacted by previous legislation, and
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VI
Johannes Ferdinand Böljengögel käveli keväisenä iltana

Aleksanterinkatua ja katseli katuyleisön liikehtimistä. Hän oli
Honkayhtiön palveluksessa ja tunsi olonsa kaikin puolin mukavaksi.
Vaatimattomasta kansakoulunopettajatoimesta oli hän kiivennyt
nykyiseen asemaansa ja vuoden siinä menestyksellä toiminut.
Joskus, ja varsinkin viime aikoina oli hän tosin saanut sapiskoita
toimitusjohtajaltaan, jonka kotkansiimat seurasivat jokaisen
lähettinsä liikettä kentällä, varsinkin tarkastajien ja matka-
asiamiesten toimintaa. Hän kuului viimeksimainittuihin ja tunsi sen
johdosta jo olevansa tärkeäkin ratas koneistossa. Tosin hän oli
ihmetellyt onnenpotkausta, joka oli johtanut hänet mainittuun
toimeen, mutta viimein hän lakkasi sitä ihmettelemästä ja uskoi
omaavansa todella ominaisuuksia, jotka tuon potkun tekivät
oikeutetuksi.
Kuten sanottu oli hän saanut muistutuksia milloin mistäkin ja

viimeksi — mikä oli ihmeellisintä hänestä — nimensä muuttamisesta.
Johannes Ferdinand oli ennen orastanut tukevan nimen, joka oli
hänen kotipitäjänsä kirkonkirjoissa merkitty jo monessa polvessa
Möttöseksi, ja se tuntui, varsinkin uuteen toimeen päästyä, liiaksi
paksulta ja moukkamaiselta. Joku kunnioitettava kansalainen oli
hänelle virnaillut, ettei hän pääsisi lähempiin suhteisiin naisväen
kanssa, jos ei muuttaisi sukunimeään, Ja Johannes Ferdinand päätti
ottaa uudeksi nimekseen Böljengögelin — lausuttava köökelin —
jonka arveli olevan kylliksi hienon. Tosin hänen isänsä, joka oli
ammatiltaan suutari, kuultuaan pojaltaan nimenmuuttoasian kirosi
karkeasti ja käski hänen mennä hiiteen, mutta poika ajatteli, että
kyllä se viha lauhtuu, jahka hän ottaa rouvan, jolla on yhtä helähtävä
nimi kuin hänelläkin. Muutamilla paikkakunnilla kuitenkin lyhennettiin
tuo nimi ja lausuttiin se mukavuuden vuoksi vain köökeliksi. Eivätkä
asianomaisen kiukkuiset vastalauseet mitään auttaneet.
Hänen toiminta-alueensa oli Savossa. Väsyttyään yhtämittaiseen

suunsoittoon tuhmansekaisten sydänmaan asukkaitten kanssa, oli
hän päättänyt lähteä vahan tuulettamaan itseään pääkaupunkiin ja
käveli nyt kevätiltana väkirikkaimmilla kaduilla miettien nautinnolla
asemaansa, joka salli hänen joskus tehdä tämmöisen huvimatkan
sivistyskeskukseen.
— Kas, iltaa, poika. Täälläkös sinäkin olet.
Kantele oli myöskin lähtenyt samanlaiselle matkalle suoraan

Kuivalan kylältä ja tapasi nyt sattumalta Aleksanterilla työtoverinsa.
— Sepä onnellinen sattuma, iloitsi Böljengögel. Minä olenkin tässä

ollut seuraa vailla ja aivan yksin mittaillut katuja, Nythän meidän sopii
tämä ilta olla yhdessä.
— Saman tekevä, virkkoi Kantele, vaikka hänestä tuntuikin tuo

yhtyminen vähän vastenmieliseltä. Böljengögel oli kyllä jokseenkin
hyvä hankintamies mutta hänessä oli jotakin perin naivia, joka
kiukutti Kanteletta. Hän oli ollut äsken toimitusjohtajansa luona
saamassa ohjeita uutta suunnitelmaa varten. Siellä oli ollut puhetta
miehestä ja häntä oli käsketty pitämään Böljengögeliä silmällä.
— Mihin nyt sitten mennään? kysyi Kantele.
— Ajattelin mennä automaattiin syömään. Onko sinulla mitään sitä

vastaan?
— Emmehän sentään automaattiin mene. On täällä

pääkaupungissa hienoja ravintoloitakin. Jos veisin sinut vaikkapa
Ala-Kämppiin illalliselle, arveli Kantele.
— Älä helkkarissa. Se on liian hieno paikka. Mennään johonkin

toiseen, vaikkapa Osmolaan.
— Siin'on mies, joka ei uskalla mennä sinne, jonne muutkin hienot

herrat menevät. Miehellä on niin helähtävän hieno sukunimi ja
pelkää Helsingin ruokapaikkoja.
— No älähän nyt, tyynnytteli Böljengögel. Mennään sitten.
— Mitä pahusta sinun oikeastaan tarvitsi mennä sitä nimeäsi

muuttamaan, kiukutteli Kantele, joka aavisteli, että mies tulisi osittain
tämän nimenmuuttonsa takia saamaan vielä potkut yhtiöstä, ja hän
menettäisi piiristään keskinkertaista paremman hankintamiehen.
— No se vanha nimi oli niin kovin paksu, puolusteli asianomainen.
— Oletko sinä itse sitten kovin hieno, jatkoi Kantele ulottamassaan

äänilajissa. Sinä kävisit muuten miehestä, vaan tuo nimiasia tuottaa
sinulle vielä ikävyyksiä.
— Sitä se on jo minulle tuottanutkin, varsinkin kotiseudulla.
Köökeliksi pakanat haukkuvat.
He tilasivat illallisen Ala-Kämpissä ja kun he parhaiksi olivat

päässeet ruokaan käsiksi, ilmestyi Aapeli Keikaus, Riennon
tarkastaja heidän pöytänsä ääreen kumarrellen hyvätuulisena.
— Iltaa. Herroilla on, nään mä, makea illallinen. Tulin tänne erästä
tuttavaa tapaamaan, mutta kun en häntä tavannut, ei minulla olisi
mitään vastaan, jos sallitte minun istua samaan pöytään.
— Mikä kehno sinut tänne lennätti? ihmetteli Kantele.
— Sama juna joka herrojakin. Olin vilaukselta niinkuin näkevinäni

matkalla, mutta minä olin niin kiireissä liikeasioissa, etten joutanut
kunnioittamaan läsnäolollani herroja. Ja sitäpaitsi minä matkustan
aina kolmannessa luokassa, jota vastoin herrat käyttävät aina toista
luokkaa.
Keikaus hymyili leveästi, tilasi illallisen ja istui pöytään. Setä, kuten

häntä virkatoverinsa nimittivät, oli mainiolla tuulella.
— Mitenkäs on herroja lykästänyt nykyään? Kuulin vähän jo siellä

Kuivalan kylällä kulkiessa. Siellähän oli istutettu vakuutusaatetta
oikein miehissä. Ikävä, etten minä joutunut samaan aikaan. Olisin
minäkin tämän vaatimattoman Riennon siemeniä siroitellut. Tein
siellä tosin pari vakuutusta, mutta mitäpä se on siihen nähden mitä
herrat…
— Ei kai setä vain peruuttanut meidän vakuutuksiamme? kysyi

Kantele.
— Eihän toki semmoista, kun on näin vanha ja vakiintunut mies
kysymyksessä. Poikaklopithan sitä semmoista tekevät.
— Kuuluiko siellä mitään Pörjösestä? kysyi Kantele.
— Kuului olevan Kuivalan kirkonkylässä, kertoi Keikaus. Lähetin

sille sinne toveriksi Tuhkasen. Saavat nyt koetella voimiaan.
Tuhkanen on ainakin sukkelampi suultaan jos jaloiltaankin.
Setä nauroi niin, että vedet tulivat silmiin.
— Se Tuhkanen riiviö onkin jokapaikassa yhtaikaa. Minulle siitä

kehvelistä on ollut haittaa aika tavalla, sanoi Kantele.
— Hyvä hankintamies. Meidän aluemiehistämme parhaita,

huomautti Keikaus.
— Meidän olisikin se tuulihattu saatava, virkkoi Kantele.
— Äläpäs, poika. Ei se vain niin ole otettavissa.
— Nostetaan palkkaa, kiusotteli Kantele?
— On sitä rahaa meilläkin, kyllä se poika ei tule teidän

armeijaanne.
Mutta mitäs tuosta. Tämä Kökel, anteeksi, Böljengögel taitaa olla
myöskin hyvä hankintamies. Eiköhän heitettäisi pois liikoja nimiä?
Minun nimeni on Aapeli, kolmen a:n kanssa.
— Ehkä minä saan sanoa sedäksi, niinkuin toisetkin. Tämä on

suuri kunnia minulle, virkkoi Böljengögel.
— Niinhän se on, naureksi setä mutta minä en kehtaisi kuunnella

sukunimeäni mainittavan. Se on minusta jotenkuten vastenmielinen.
Sinähän Johannes kuuluit muuttaneen sukunimesi. Valintasi on
onnistunut erinomaisesti, naureksi setä. Keksikääpäs pojat
minullekin uusi nimi, lisäsi hän vilauttaen silmää Kanteleelle.
— Setä varmaankin pilailee nyt, mutta kuitataan kiitollisuudella,

mutisi Böljengögel.
— Vähätpä siitä. Nyt mennään sinulle morsianta katselemaan,

sanoi Keikaus Johannes Ferdinandille. Sanoivat sinun
eukkopuuhissa olevan ja siksi pyydän saada kunnian olla
puhemiehenä.
Herrat nousivat ja setä ilakoi edelleen heidän laskeutuessaan

kadulle.
VII
Varsala istui mukavasti Sammalkontion yksityisasunnossa ja kuunteli

esimiehensä ohjeita. Leimauksen miehet olivat saaneet kutsun
toimitusjohtajaltaan ja miehissä saapuneet neuvottelemaan. Varsala
oli jotenkuten myöhästynyt ja sai nyt yksityisesti ohjeita miten
menetellä ankarassa kilpailussa.
— Tässä on kunnia kysymyksessä, puhui Sammalkontio. Ja

kaikkein enimmän juuri meidän yhtiömme kunnia, sillä kun meillä oi
ole mitään voimakeinoja käytettävänä, on turvauduttava toisiin
keinoihin. Ymmärrätkö?
— Kyllä, kyllä. Mitäpä minä en ymmärtäisi, virkkoi Varsala.
— Tuo DjefulsundyhtiÖ kyllä aikanaan romahtaa, mutta sitä ennen

se ehtii tehdä pahuksenmoista tuhoa hankintatavoillaan. Meillä on
yksi hyvä ase kilpailussa käytettävänä, ja sen sinä ymmärrät.
— Kyllä ymmärrän.
— Sinun on nyt koottava alueesi asiamiehet ja selitettävä heille

vielä entistä tarkemmin tämä puoli asiassa.
Varsala kuunteli kuivin suin ja hymähteli myöntävästi. Hänestä
tuntui ilta kovin kuivalta, kun ei saanut mitään suun avausta, mutta
nämä yhtiöitten toimitusjohtajat eivät mitään tarjonneet, eivätkä
tainneet monetkaan liioin itse mitään miestä väkevämpää nauttia.
Varsalaa jo kyllästytti ohjeitten paljous. Hänen teki mieli päästä iltaa
istumaan jonkun tuttavan kanssa ja maistamaan lasi uuden alkavan
ottelun kunniaksi. Eipä hänkään toki muistiaan menettänyt
iltaistunnoissa, joku lasi vaan sai vanhat muistot entisiltä ajoilta niin
ihanasti palautumaan.
Vihdoin nousi Sammalkontio, ja Varsala pääsi lähtemään.
— Koettakaa nyt pitää puolianne, virkkoi Sammalkontio

hyvästellessään.
— Kyllä, jollei muu auta niin tapella hatistetaan.
— Lyökää vain, kun ette luita riko, nauroi Sammalkontio ovella,
Palatessaan illan istujaisista asuntoonsa hyräili Varsala

voitonriemuisena:
»Jos vaara uhkaa maatamme

on eessä työ
‒‒‒
me vihollisen kaadamme
ja riemuellen laulamme
ja sovittaessaan avainta lukkoon hieman huonolla menestyksellä
»Se hetken on työ, kun leimaus lyö.»

Loppu katkesi lyhyeen kiroukseen, kun avaimet putosivat kilahtaen
portaille ja niitä täytyi haparoida hämärässä. Alhaalla kadulla kuului
hänen toverinsa, joka oli ollut saattamassa, laulavan järeällä
bassollaan »Koska meillä on joulu, juhla armas lapsien.»
*****
Seuraavana päivänä istui Varsala junavaunussa paluumatkalla

kentälleen ja kuunteli vaunun unettavaa hytinää. Ulkona lämmitteli
toukokuun aurinko eloon herännyttä luontoa.
Auenneet lehtiummut tuoksuivat ja laululintujen kuoro helisi

kirkkaana kuin hopeakellojen soitto. Matkustajat hyökkäsivät
asemilla hengittämään raikasta ilmaa ja Varsalakin meni muiden
mukana.
Palatessaan eräällä asemalla paikalleen tapasi hän hyvinvoivan ja

hyvätuulisen näköisen herrasmiehen, jonka tunnemme Keikauksen
hymyä herättäväksi persoonaksi. Mutta Varsalalla ei ollut
aavistustakaan, että hänen vastapäätään istui kilpailevan yhtiön
kunnioitusta herättävä tarkastaja. Yhtä vähän oli Keikauksella
aavistusta matkatoverinsa ammatista, arvelipahan vain Varsalaa
jonkun rusthollin isännäksi.
Kun oli kuljettu jonkun matkaa, kysyi Keikaus matkatoveriltaan.
— Mistä herra on ja minne on matka?
— Savoon on matka, ja siellä on toimikin. Koti on joka talossa.
— Olette siis ehkä jonkun tukkiyhtiön miehiä?
— Olen Leimauksen palveluksessa. Nimeni on Varsala.

— Ahäs, mietti Keikaus. Siinä se nyt on Leimauksen kenraali,
josta olen kuullut puhuttavan, vaan en ikäväkseni ole sattunut
ennemmin tapaamaan. Hän kuuluu hankintamiehilleen sanoneen,
että minä olen kehveli, mutta nytpä minä häntä jutkautan.
— Keikaus, esitteli hän, mutta Varsala ei nähtävästi vaunun

jyrinässä kuullut nimeä oikein.
— Minne on matka? kysyi vuorostaan Varsala.
— Sinne Savoon tästä minäkin. Meillä onkin nähtävästi sama

matka.
— Ehkä joku tilanomistaja sieltä? kyseli Varsala.
— Niin, virkkoi Keikaus.
Päästiin puheen alkuun ja huimasti jutut luistivatkin. Kumpainenkin

heistä oli tunnettu juttumestari, ja matka kului hyvin hupaisesti.
Kun jutun aiheet loppuivat alkoi Varsala puhua matkatoverilleen

henkivakuutuksen siunauksesta ottaen elämästä hyvin vaikuttavia
esimerkkejä tueksi väitteilleen.
— Missä yhtiössä olette vakuutettu? kysyi Varsala ohimennen.
— Riennossa, vastasi Keikaus.
— Mitäs jos nyt ottaisitte lisävakuutuksen Leimausyhtiössä. Se

tulisi varmasti edullisemmaksi teille kuin Riennon vakuutus, esitteli
Varsala.
— Voisihan olla niinkin, myönnytteli Keikaus, ja Varsala innostui

selittämään perin pohjin yhtiönsä etuja. Ja esityksensä lomassa hän
kosketteli Rientoa tilaisuuteen sopivilla sanoilla.
Hetken vaitiolon perästä kysyi Keikaus.
— Kuka siellä teidän seuduillanne on Riennon tarkastaja?
— Keikaus kuuluu nimensä olevan. Miestä en ole nähnyt, mutta

sanovat hänen olevan erittäin hyvässä ruumiillisessa kunnossa.
— Minkälaisen miehekseen sanovat olevan?
— Melkein tyhjänpäiväisen. Syö ja makaa ja paisuu yhä

pyöreämmäksi. Niin nuo ovat kertoneet. Siellä on muuan Tuhkanen,
joka tekee Rientoon niiden kaikkien edestä vakuutuksia. Mikä lienee
hurjapää?
— Kyllä tunnen miehen, sanoi Keikaus.
— No eikö hän olekin aika tuulihattu?
— Paras asiamies koko Riennossa.
*****
Muutamalla kotiseudun asemalla laskeutui Keikaus junasta

sanoen ensin lämpimästi hyvästit matkatoverilleen. Hänen
poistuttuaan kysyi Varsala muutamalta mieheltä vaunussa.
— Tunsitteko hänet? Minkä talon isäntä hän oli?
— Eihän se mikä isäntä, virkkoi mies. Keikaus tuo näkyi olevan,

Riennon tarkastaja.
— Mitä? Oliko tuo Riennon tarkastaja?

— Olipa tietenkin. Eikö herra sitä nyt usko.
— Uskon, murahti Varsala, mutta salaisesti hän lähetti

parhaimman voimasanavarastonsa menijän jälkeen.
VIII
Varsala astuksii helteisenä kesäkuun päivänä asiamiehensä,

Pekkarisen Eenokin kanssa Mutkan talon pihaan, jossa talon kolme
poikavekaraa on parhaillaan suorittamassa tappelunäytelmää.
Vanhimmalla, joka nähtävästi on sivuuttanut kahdeksannen
ikävuoteissa on jo miehuuden merkkinä housut, vaan toisilla, häntä
nuoremmilla on verhona vain paidat, jotka ovat taistelun pyörteissä
pahasti repeytyneet Nuorin, viisivuotias Anselmi pitää puoliaan kahta
vastaan ja suoriutuu aina voittajana. Riemuiten pysähtyy Varsala
katselemaan poikien nujastusta, joka hänen mielestään niin
verrattomasti kuvaa eri vakuutusyhtiöitten kilpailua. Varsalan
mielestä edustaa Anselmi hänen yhtiötään, ja hän käy heti tämän
puolelle. Eenokki koettaa suhdittaa mukuloita:
— Oletteko siivommalla, kun tuossa nyt vielä ihan herran nenän

edessä tapellaan. Menkää kartanon taakse.
— Anna sinä niiden tapella, virkkoi Varsala, huomautellen

Anselmille, mistä hänen olisi milloinkin tartuttava kiinni kavereihinsa.
— Pure nyt… ka… jo kuristaa… puraise kädestä Ansu… potkaise

nyt takapuoleen… ka… ka… jo höyhentävät… tule pois, tule pois.
Ansu juoksi mahtavan puolustajansa taakse, ja toiset silmäilivät
läähättäen ja kasvoiltaan kiehuvan punaisina, miltä puolelta olisi
paras kaapata Ansu uudelleen kynittäväksi. Ansu röyhisti rintaansa
ja uhkasi.
— Minä kun otan seipään!
— Niin, me otamme seipään, riemuitsi Varsala.
Pojat töllistelivät ihmetellen vierasta, joka kävi niin uhkaavasti

Ansua puoltamaan. Samassa tuli isäntäkin pihaan, ja riitapuolet
hajosivat. Isäntä oli ollut venhettä tervaamassa ja ojensi tervaisen
kätensä vieraille, ensiksi Varsalalle.
— Joko herran käsi tervaantui hätäili Eenokki nähtyään Varsalan

kasvoilla tuskallisen ilmeen hänen irroittaessaan kättään isännän
kädestä.
— Minä haen pesuvettä, ja Eenokki kumarsi herralle mennessään.

Isäntä koetti pyyhkiä kättään housujensa takapuoliin ja kyseli
kuulumisia.
— Eipä kuulu muuta kuin, että Pekkarisen ukko kuoli kuukausi

sitten ja minä toin nyt sinne Pekkariseen isännän
henkivakuutussumman, tuhat markkaa. Ukko otti vastahakoisesti
vakuutuksen kolme kuukautta takaperin, ja nyt kävi niin, että rahat
tulivat heti yhtiöstä, kun ukko kuoli.
— Vai niin. Vai tuli siitä Pekkarisen ukosta tuhannen markan

nahka, jurahti isäntä. Sanoivatkin sitä akkansa peitonneen
viimeiseltä, pikemmin nuo rahat saadakseen.
— Se on turhaa puhetta, arveli Varsala. Sattui vain muuten niin
hyvään aikaan se vakuutuksen teko. Sitä kun ei tiedä, milloin se
kuolema tulee.
— Eihän sitä tiedä, milloin keikahtaa, arveli isäntä.
Eenokki toi vettä, ja Varsala hankasi tervaa kädestään ja puheli

isännälle.
— Kaippa se isäntäkin nyt tekee vakuutuksen ja samalla kertaa

vähän isomman kuin Pekkarisen isäntä. Tässä kun on isompi talokin
ja varakkaampi.
Mentiin tupaan ja Varsala jatkoi esitystään.
— Ajatelkaahan isäntä lastenne tulevaisuutta ja tehkää nyt heti tuo

vakuutus.
— Eipä se isävainajakaan ajatellut lastensa tulevaisuutta, marisi

isäntä. Se isäukko oli suutarimies, ja paljon oli lapsia. Kun
poikaparvesta vanhin suoritti hyvin ensimäisen tappelunujakan
kyläkunnan poikien kanssa, potkaisi ukko ulos ovesta ja arveli:
— Kyllä jaksat jo henkeäsi elättää, kun jaksat kerran jo tapellakin.

Vuoron perään sitä sitten siirryttiin ukon anturan jälki takapuolissa
maailman hartioille. Minulla tuo on talopahanen, vaan tiukalle se
ottaa eteenpäinmeno.
— Isäntä vain nyt muuten… kyllähän isännällä varoja on

vakuutusta maksaakseen, arveli Varsala.
Emäntä paistoi leipiä ja kysyi;

— Mitä vakuutusta?
Varsala läheni emäntää makeasti hymyillen ja virkkoi:
— Henkivakuutusta tässä on tarjottu isännälle. Kyllähän emäntä

sen asian tärkeyden ymmärtää.
— Eipä se henki pysynyt Pekkarisenkaan ukossa, vaikka olivat

vakuuttaneet, sanoi emäntä.
— Ei se vakuutus olekaan sitä varten, että henki paremmin

pysyisi. Yhtiö vaan korvaa määrätyllä summalla sen vahingon, mikä
syntyy menetetystä hengestä.
— Mikä vahinko siitä tulee, jos vanha kuolee. Kyllä se jo jouti

Pekkarisen ukkokin, arveli emäntä.
Varsala kaiveli nenäänsä ja katseli avuttomana eteensä.
— Ainahan siinä sentään tulee vahinko, kun perheen jäsen

kuolee. Ja sen vahingon ottaa yhtiö korvatakseen, koetti hän selittää.
— Tämäkin Eenokki nyt sai isänsä vakuutussumman, tuhat
markkaa.
— Mitä sai? kysyi emäntä heristäen korviaan.
— Saatiin tuhat markkaa henkivakuutusyhtiöltä, kun isä kuoli,

sanoi
Eenokki.
— Ettäkö tuhat markkaa niin vaivaisesta ukosta, kiljahti emäntä.

Kun se vainaja ei kuullutkaan enää viimeiseltä ja joka viikko piti
hierojan sitä muokata.
— Niin tuli, vakuutti Eenokki.
— Ja siitä sinä olet hyvilläsi, kun sait isäsi henkirahat, virkkoi

isäntä.
Eenokki puolustautui ja sanoi lopuksi
— Kyllä se nyt on isännän otettava se vakuutus.
— Niinpä ne sanoivat, että vielä se olisi Pekkarisen ukko elänyt,

jos ei ruvennut siihen vakuutukseen, arveli isäntä.
Varsala kaivoi taulukon taskustaan, teki kustannusarvion ukon

vakuutuksesta ja vetosi emännän parempiin tunteisiin tietäen tältä
taholta saavansa kannatusta asialleen.
Emäntä seisoi keskipermannolla, kädet ronkilla, ja näytti miettivän.
— Jaa, kyllä se on tuon ukkorähjän henki vakuutettava. Mutta ei

sitä noin vanhaa miestä kannata vakuuttaa korkeammasta kuin
tuhannesta markasta. Tulisi vain suotta sille yhtiölle suuret maksut,
kun se kuolla kumahtaa, päätti emäntä. Isäntä mulkoili hätäisesti
vuoroin Varsalaa ja emäntäänsä. Tupakkipuru mukkelehti poskesta
toiseen.
— Mutta minäpä en anna vakuuttaa itseäni, kivahti ukko.
— Kun minä sanon, että sinut vakuutetaan, niin se on jemtti, eikä

sinulla ole siinä enää suun aukaisemista.
— Minä en pane puumerkkiäni niihin kirjoihin, se nyt on varma,

päätti isäntä ja nousi lähteäkseen, nähtävästi livistääkseen pakoon.
Emäntä huomasi miehensä pakosuunnitelmat ja väistyi uhkaavasti
hänen eteensä — Sinä et astu nyt askelta ennen, kuin ne kirjat on
tehty.
Isäntä painui penkille ja näytti miettivän kovaa kohtaloaan ja sitä

minkä aseen saisi käteensä, jos asia kävisi hänelle vielä
ahtaammaksi.
Varsala maanitteli isäntää ja kaivoi taskustaan paperit ja, samalla

neuvoen uutta asiamiestä, kirjoitti hakemuksen tehden asiaa
koskevat kysymykset emännälle.
Isäntä istui pökertyneenä penkillä, harkiten kaikkia mahdollisia

keinoja pelastuakseen, ja samalla sitäkin, kuinka kauan saisi istua
putkassa, jos ottaisi uunin nurkasta halon ja sillä pehmitteleisi
aviopuoliskonsa ja vakuutusherrojen päitä.
— Nyt se paperi on valmis, ilmoitti Varsala. Isäntä on nyt niin hyvä

ja panee nimensä alle.
— En kuuna päivänä minä niin hyväksi tule. Juoksen ennemmin

vaikka järveen. Menen vaikka Siperiaan, tenäsi ukko.
— Juokse vain järveen, sitten kun ensin puumerkkisi piirrät, ilakoi

emäntä. Sitä välemmin minä saan rahat nostaa tuosta
vakuutuksesta.
— Enpäs juoksekaan, kivahti isäntä?
Pekkarisen Eenokki hiipi isännän viereen istumaan ja koetti

isäntää sohittaa parhaimmalla taidollaan.
— Älä tule, perhana, niin lähelle, taikka isken kalloosi, niin että…
uhkasi isäntä, ja Eenokki katsoi sopivammaksi muuttaa heti
olemuksensa isännän lähettyviltä.
Emäntäkin näytti hieman neuvottomalta. Mutta tuhat markkaa oli

niin viekoittavan suuri summa. Ja hän saisi sen, kun ukon ketarat
keikahtaa, joka tapaus tuntui hänen mielestään olevan jo aivan
varma asia, jo lähimmässä tulevaisuudessa uskoi hän sen
tapahtuvan. Hän päätti koettaa ystävällisen puheen vaikutusta, ja
istuen järkähtämättömältä näyttävän miehensä viereen, virkkoi hän.
— Älä nyt kinaa turhaa tuommoisessa pikkuasiassa. Ennenhän

tästä minä kuolen kuitenkin kuin sinä. Lapsille ne rahat jäävät.
— Etpä sinä pahuus kuole, se on varma. On sinussa henki toki

paljon lujemmassa kuin minussa, päätteli isäntä. Äläkä tule sinäkään
niin lähelle, lisäsi hän silmät vihasta leimuten.
— Kyllä sinä olet koko nauta, pauhaili emäntä. Kun pitääkin

ihmisen olla noin järjettömän, ettei omaa etuaan ymmärrä. Mutta niin
kauan minä sinua piinaan, että panet puumerkkisi paperiin, uhkasi
emäntä ja neuvotteli hiljaa Varsalan kanssa, mihin toimenpiteisiin
olisi ryhdyttävä ukon kanssa. Päätettiin, että Varsala jää Pekkarisen
Eenokin kanssa taloon yöksi ja yhteisvoimin koetetaan taivuttaa
ukkoa.
— Ja jos et sinä, ukko, piirrä tuohon paperiin harakan varpaita

tänä iltana, niin saat tuntea, miltä pamppu maistaa, uhkasi emäntä,
ohjatessaan vieraita kamariin.
Mutta isäntä luikki pellolle ja uhkasi hänkin, että kauan saavat

häntä odotella, kun kerran onnistui ehjin nahoin heidän kynsistään
pääsemään.

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Textbook Navigating The Energy Maze The Transition To A Sustainable Future 1St Edition Roger James Kuhns Ebook All Chapter PDF

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Copyright:

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Navigating the Energy Maze The

Transition to a Sustainable Future 1st

Towards a Just and Ecologically Sustainable Peace:

Bioeconomy Shaping the Transition to a Sustainable

Accelerating the Transition to a 100 Renewable Energy

Chemistry The Key to our Sustainable Future 1st Edition

Energy Recovery Technology for Building Applications

Energy Transition 2nd Edition Bertrand Cassoret

Sustainable Buildings and Infrastructure Paths to the

Climate Action and Hydrogen Economy: Technologies

Navigating the Energy Maze

ISBN 978-3-319-22782-5 ISBN 978-3-319-22783-2 (eBook)

Library of Congress Control Number: 2017964710

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2018

Printed on acid-free paper

This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature

 Neal J. Gruber, M.E., P.E., D.CE

This book is about possibilities of energy policy, not possibilities of energy.

1 The Energy Maze ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1

5 Industrial Sector������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 45

12 The Carbon Dioxide Problem and Solution���������������������������������������� 99

16 Summary, Projections, and Consequences of the Policies������������������ 157

Appendix 1 Proposed Legislation in Congressional

Appendix 2 Definitions���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 189

AAPG American Association of Petroleum Geologists

GHG Greenhouse gases

Fig. 1.1 The three spheres of sustainability������������������������������������������������� 3

Fig. 8.1 Updated Hubbert curves for coal as of 2005���������������������������������� 67

Fig. 14.1 Comparison of water required the generation

Table 1.1 Laws pertinent to a comprehensive sustainable

Keywords Sustainable · Energy economy · Grid · Microgrid · Energy policy ·

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2018 1

Sustainability is variously defined when used in the context of natural resources,

This definition, however, does not inform us as to how to achieve sustainability.

Fig. 1.1 The three spheres

1.3 Energy Policy Formulation

Energy policy formulation is notoriously difficult because different and variously

basis of our current profound dependence on petroleum. The almost countless

1.4 US Strategic Focus

1.5 Traditional Grids and Microgrids

Microgrids function as independently controlled systems relative to the grid and

larger-scale blackouts, cascading failures, maintenance downtime, or cyber attacks.

1.6 Existing Energy-Related Laws

An important element of building a sustainable energy policy is a sound understand-

Johannes Ferdinand Böljengögel käveli keväisenä iltana

Kuten sanottu oli hän saanut muistutuksia milloin mistäkin ja

Hänen toiminta-alueensa oli Savossa. Väsyttyään yhtämittaiseen

— Kas, iltaa, poika. Täälläkös sinäkin olet.

Kantele oli myöskin lähtenyt samanlaiselle matkalle suoraan

— Sepä onnellinen sattuma, iloitsi Böljengögel. Minä olenkin tässä

— Saman tekevä, virkkoi Kantele, vaikka hänestä tuntuikin tuo

— Mihin nyt sitten mennään? kysyi Kantele.

— Ajattelin mennä automaattiin syömään. Onko sinulla mitään sitä

— Emmehän sentään automaattiin mene. On täällä

— Älä helkkarissa. Se on liian hieno paikka. Mennään johonkin

— Siin'on mies, joka ei uskalla mennä sinne, jonne muutkin hienot

— No älähän nyt, tyynnytteli Böljengögel. Mennään sitten.

— Mitä pahusta sinun oikeastaan tarvitsi mennä sitä nimeäsi

— No se vanha nimi oli niin kovin paksu, puolusteli asianomainen.

— Oletko sinä itse sitten kovin hieno, jatkoi Kantele ulottamassaan

He tilasivat illallisen Ala-Kämpissä ja kun he parhaiksi olivat

— Mikä kehno sinut tänne lennätti? ihmetteli Kantele.

— Sama juna joka herrojakin. Olin vilaukselta niinkuin näkevinäni

Neal J. Gruber, M.E., P.E., D.CE

1 The Energy Maze �� 1

5 Industrial Sector�� 45

12 The Carbon Dioxide Problem and Solution�� 99

16 Summary, Projections, and Consequences of the Policies�� 157

Appendix 1 Proposed Legislation in Congressional

Appendix 2 Definitions�� 189

Fig. 1.1 The three spheres of sustainability�� 3

Fig. 8.1 Updated Hubbert curves for coal as of 2005�� 67

1.3 Energy Policy Formulation

1.4 US Strategic Focus

1.5 Traditional Grids and Microgrids

1.6 Existing Energy-Related Laws