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Textbook Machinerys Handbook Pocket Companion A Reference Book For The Mechanical Engineer Designer Manufacturing Engineer Draftsman Toolmaker and Machinist Richard P Pohanish Ebook All Chapter PDF
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A REFERENCE BOOK
FOR THE MECHANICAL ENGINEER, DESIGNER,
MANUFACTURING ENGINEER, DRAFTSMAN,
TOOLMAKER, AND MACHINIST
Machinery’s
Handbook
Pocket
Companion
COMPILED AND EDITED BY RICHARD P. POHANISH
All rights reserved. This book or parts thereof may not be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form
without permission of the publishers.
http://industrialpress.com
http://ebooks.industrialpress.com
Foreword
This volume has been prepared for the many users of Machinery’s Handbook who indi-
cated the need for a smaller, more convenient reference that provides immediate applica-
tion of fundamental and reliable data used by practitioners and students of the machine
trades.
Machinery’s Handbook Pocket Companion is a tool designed to provide years of bench-
side use. With its visual presentation and detailed information, it can be used daily and
quickly to save time and labor. Parts of the presented material have been carefully selected
from current and former editions of Machinery’s Handbook. Some of the subject matter
has been reorganized, distilled, or simplified to increase the usefulness of this book with-
out adding to its bulk.
To obtain the full value of this small handbook, the user must have sufficient knowledge
about the subject to apply the tables, formulas, and other data, whenever they can be used
with efficiency. Machinery’s Handbook Pocket Companion makes little attempt to
explain the various subjects in any detail. The publisher assumes that users of this hand-
book are acquainted with information and procedures necessary for the safe operation and
manipulation of machines and tools. Readers who require in-depth information, back-
ground on manufacturing operations and theory should refer to Machinery’s Handbook.
Various people have leant their support and expertise to this work. Acknowledgments
and thanks are due to Ken Evans of Layton, Utah, and editors emeritus of Machinery’s
Handbook, Henry Ryffel and Robert Green, for manuscript review and many helpful sug-
gestions. The generous efforts of Alex Luchars and John Carleo of Industrial Press are
greatly appreciated.
ANSI Standards are copyrighted by the American National Standards Institute, West
42nd Street, New York, NY 10017, from whom current copies may be purchased. Many of
the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Standards that deal with mechanical
engineering, extracts from which are included in the Handbook, are published by the
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), and we are grateful for their permis-
sion to quote extracts and to update the information contained in the Standards, based on
the revisions regularly carried out by the ASME. Information regarding current editions of
any of these Standards can be obtained from ASME International, Three Park Avenue,
New York, NY 10016.
Special acknowledgments are due to Carr-Lane Manufacturing Company, The Norton
Company, and Sandvik Coromant Company for permission to use their material and for
the business courtesies they extended to the editors.
Finally, thanks to all the individuals, associations, societies, educational institutions,
firms and their employees for providing invaluable technical information and illustration
material for this book
Anyone with suggestions for improving this book is requested to communicate in writing
with Industrial Press. Alternatively, the editors can be contacted through e-mail at
info@industrialpress.com, or through its web site: www.industrialpress.com.
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS
x
GEOMETRICAL FORMULAS 1
Example: The radius of a circle is 35 millimeters, and angle α of a sector of the circle is 60 degrees.
Find the area of the sector and the length of arc l.
A = 0.008727αr 2 = 0.008727 × 60 × 35 2 = 641.41mm 2 = 6.41cm 2
l = 0.01745rα = 0.01745 × 35 × 60 = 36.645 millimeters
Circular Segment:
l A = area l = length of arc α = angle, in degrees
h c = 2 h ( 2r – h ) A = 1⁄ [ rl
2 – c(r – h)]
2 + 4h 2
c r = c-------------------
- l = 0.01745rα
8h
α
h h = r – 1⁄2 4r 2 – c 2 = r [ 1 – cos ( α ⁄ 2 ) ] α = 57.296
--------------------l
r
Example: The radius r is 60 inches and the height h is 8 inches. Find the length of the chord c.
c = 2 h ( 2r – h ) = 2 8 × ( 2 × 60 – 8 ) = 2 896 = 2 × 29.93 = 59.86 inches
Example: If c = 16, and h = 6 inches, what is the radius of the circle of which the segment is a part?
c 2 + 4h 2
r = ------------------- 16 2 + 4 × 6 2 = -----------------------
256 + 144- = 400
--------- = 8 1⁄3 inches
- = ----------------------------
-
8h 8×6 48 48
Circular Ring:
Area = A = π ( R 2 – r 2 ) = 3.1416 ( R 2 – r 2 )
d r = 3.1416 ( R + r ) ( R – r )
R D = 0.7854 ( D 2 – d 2 ) = 0.7854 ( D + d ) ( D – d )
2 GEOMETRICAL FORMULAS
Example: Find the area, if the outside radius R = 5 inches, the inside radius r = 2 inches, and α = 72
degrees.
A = 0.00873α ( R 2 – r 2 ) = 0.00873 × 72 ( 5 2 – 2 2 )
= 0.6286 ( 25 – 4 ) = 0.6286 × 21 = 13.2 square inches
Spandrel or Fillet:
πr 2
r c Area = A = r 2 – -------- = 0.215r 2 = 0.1075c 2
4
Example: Find the area of a spandrel, the radius of which is 0.7 inch.
A = 0.215r 2 = 0.215 × 0.7 2 = 0.105 square inch
Example: If chord c were given as 2.2 inches, what would be the area?
A = 0.1075c 2 = 0.1075 × 2.2 2 = 0.520 square inch
Ellipse:
Area = A = πab = 3.1416ab
An approximate formula for the perimeter is
Perimeter = P = 3.1416 2 ( a 2 + b 2 )
a b
A closer approximation is P = 3.1416 2 ( a 2 + b 2 ) – (------------------
a – b)- 2
2.2
Example: The larger or major axis is 200 millimeters. The smaller or minor axis is 150 millimeters.
Find the area and the approximate circumference. Here, then, a = 100, and b = 75.
A = 3.1416ab = 3.1416 × 100 × 75 = 23,562 square millimeters = 235.62 square centimeters
P = 3.1416 2 ( a 2 + b 2 ) = 3.1416 2 ( 100 2 + 75 2 ) = 3.1416 2 × 15,625
= 3.1416 31,250 = 3.1416 × 176.78 = 555.37 millimeters = ( 55.537 centimeters )
REGULAR POLYGONS 3
Parabola:
p 2x
------ 1 + ----- 2x
2x- + ln ----- 2x-
l = length of arc = --- p- + 1 + -----
l 2 p p p
y
When x is small in proportion to y, the following is a close
approximation:
p x
2 x 2 2 x 4 4
2 l = y 1 + --- -- – --- -- or
, l= y 2 + --- x 2
3 y 5 y 3
Example: If x = 2 and y = 24 feet, what is the approximate length l of the parabolic curve?
2 x 2 2 x 4 2 2 2 2 2 4
l = y 1 + --- -- – --- -- = 24 1 + --- ------ – --- ------
3 y 5 y 3 24 5 24
2 1 2 1
= 24 1 + --- × --------- – --- × ---------------- = 24 × 1.0046 = 24.11 feet
3 144 5 20,736
Formulas and Table for Regular Polygons.—The following formulas and table can be
used to calculate the area, length of side, and radii of the inscribed and circumscribed cir-
cles of regular polygons (equal sided).
A = NS 2 cot α ÷ 4 = NR 2 sin α cos α = Nr 2 tan α
r = R cos α = ( S cot α ) ÷ 2 = ( A × cot α ) ÷ N
R = S ÷ ( 2 sin α ) = r ÷ cos α = A ÷ ( N sin α cos α )
S = 2R sin α = 2r tan α = 2 ( A × tan α ) ÷ N
where N =number of sides
S =length of side
R =radius of circumscribed circle
r =radius of inscribed circle
A =area of polygon
α =180° ÷ N = one-half center angle of one side
Area, Length of Side, and Inscribed and Circumscribed Radii of Regular Polygons
No. A- A- A R R
of ---- ----- ---- --- --- --S- S--- --r- --r-
Sides S2 R2 r2 S r R r R S
3 0.4330 1.2990 5.1962 0.5774 2.0000 1.7321 3.4641 0.5000 0.2887
4 1.0000 2.0000 4.0000 0.7071 1.4142 1.4142 2.0000 0.7071 0.5000
5 1.7205 2.3776 3.6327 0.8507 1.2361 1.1756 1.4531 0.8090 0.6882
6 2.5981 2.5981 3.4641 1.0000 1.1547 1.0000 1.1547 0.8660 0.8660
7 3.6339 2.7364 3.3710 1.1524 1.1099 0.8678 0.9631 0.9010 1.0383
8 4.8284 2.8284 3.3137 1.3066 1.0824 0.7654 0.8284 0.9239 1.2071
9 6.1818 2.8925 3.2757 1.4619 1.0642 0.6840 0.7279 0.9397 1.3737
10 7.6942 2.9389 3.2492 1.6180 1.0515 0.6180 0.6498 0.9511 1.5388
12 11.196 3.0000 3.2154 1.9319 1.0353 0.5176 0.5359 0.9659 1.8660
16 20.109 3.0615 3.1826 2.5629 1.0196 0.3902 0.3978 0.9808 2.5137
20 31.569 3.0902 3.1677 3.1962 1.0125 0.3129 0.3168 0.9877 3.1569
24 45.575 3.1058 3.1597 3.8306 1.0086 0.2611 0.2633 0.9914 3.7979
32 81.225 3.1214 3.1517 5.1011 1.0048 0.1960 0.1970 0.9952 5.0766
48 183.08 3.1326 3.1461 7.6449 1.0021 0.1308 0.1311 0.9979 7.6285
64 325.69 3.1365 3.1441 10.190 1.0012 0.0981 0.0983 0.9988 10.178
4 SEGMENTS OF CIRCLES
Geometrical Propositions
If one side and two angles in one triangle are equal to one side
A and similarly located angles in another triangle, then the remaining
A1 two sides and angle also are equal.
B B1
If a = a1, A = A1, and B = B1, then the two other sides and the
a a1 remaining angle also are equal.
If two sides and the angle between them in one triangle are equal
to two sides and a similarly located angle in another triangle, then
b b1 the remaining side and angles also are equal.
A A1
If a = a1, b = b1, and A = A1, then the remaining side and angles
a a1
also are equal.
b b1
If the three sides in one triangle are equal to the three sides of
another triangle, then the angles in the two triangles also are equal.
c a c1 a1 If a = a1, b = b1, and c = c1, then the angles between the respec-
tive sides also are equal.
f
If the angles in one triangle are equal to the angles in another tri-
D
E angle, then the triangles are similar and their corresponding sides
c e are proportional.
A F
B d If A = D, B = E, and C = F, then a : b : c = d : e : f.
b
C a
Geometrical Propositions
A
A line in an equilateral triangle that bisects or divides any of the
angles into two equal parts also bisects the side opposite the angle
and is at right angles to it.
30 30
90 If line AB divides angle CAD into two equal parts, it also divides
C
line CD into two equal parts and is at right angles to it.
1/ 2 a B 1/ 2 a
D
B A
Geometrical Propositions
In any figure having four sides, the sum of the interior angles
C equals 360 degrees.
A
B D A + B + C + D = 360 degrees
The areas of two parallelograms that have equal base and equal
height are equal.
A h A1
h1 If a = a1 and h = h1, then
Area A = area A 1
a a1
The areas of triangles having equal base and equal height are
equal.
h
A A1 h1 If a = a1 and h = h1, then
a a1 Area A = area A 1
d
The angle between a tangent and a chord drawn from the point of
tangency equals one-half the angle at the center subtended by the
A chord.
B
Angle B = 1⁄2 angle A
Geometrical Propositions
A = Less B = More
than 90 than 90 An angle subtended by a chord in a circular segment larger than
A one-half the circle is an acute angle—an angle less than 90 degrees.
B An angle subtended by a chord in a circular segment less than one-
half the circle is an obtuse angle—an angle greater than 90 degrees.
If from a point outside a circle two lines are drawn, one of which
a intersects the circle and the other is tangent to it, then the rectangle
contained by the total length of the intersecting line, and that part
c of it that is between the outside point and the periphery, equals the
square of the tangent.
b a2 = b × c
b
a
The lengths of circular arcs of the same circle are proportional to
B A
the corresponding angles at the center.
A:B = a:b
b
a The lengths of circular arcs having the same center angle are pro-
A r B portional to the lengths of the radii.
R
If A = B, then a : b = r : R.
Circumf. = c Circumf. = C The circumferences of two circles are proportional to their radii.
Area = a Area = A
The areas of two circles are proportional to the squares of their
r R radii.
c:C = r:R
2
a : A = r2 : R
10 TRIGONOMETRY
A Cotangent E
ant
o sec
C t
can 1 F
Se s= H
i u
Tangent
a d c
R
Sine a
C O G D
b
Cosine
Radius r = OF
= OA
= OD
= 1
B
The following formulas will provide the solutions for most triangular problems
In the right angle triangle FOG, OF= c, FG = a, and OG = b
Basic
sin A- = -----------
tan A = ----------- 1 - 1 - csc A = ----------
1-
sec A = -----------
cos A cot A cos A sin A
Negative Angle
sin ( – A ) = – sin A cos ( – A ) = cos A tan ( – A ) = – tan A
Pythagorean
sin2 A + cos2 A = 1 1 + tan2 A = sec2 A 1 + cot2 A = csc2 A
Sum and Difference of Angles
tan A + tan B tan A – tan B
tan ( A + B ) = --------------------------------- tan ( A – B ) = ---------------------------------
1 – tan A tan B 1 + tan A tan B
cot A cot B – 1 cot A cot B + 1
cot ( A + B ) = --------------------------------- cot ( A – B ) = ---------------------------------
cot B + cot A cot B – cot A
sin ( A + B ) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B sin ( A – B ) = sin A cos B – cos A sin B
cos ( A + B ) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B cos ( A – B ) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
Double-Angle
cos 2A = cos2 A – sin2 A = 2 cos2 A – 1 = 1 – 2 sin2 A sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A
tan 2A = ---------------------- 2
2 tan A - = -----------------------------
-
1 – tan2 A cot A – tan A
Half-Angle
sin 1⁄2 A = 1⁄ ( 1
2 – cos A ) cos 1⁄2 A = 1⁄ ( 1
2 + cos A )
C = A2 B2 e = 90 ° d B= A2 C2
sin d = -
B
A
A A
B A e B
90 B B 90
90 d 90 d C
C
C B
sin e = ---- d = 90 ° e A = B2 C2 tan d = ----
A C
e A A
e B B
90 90 90 d
90 d
C C C
A e A
A e A
B 90 d B 90
90 d 90
C C
B- C = B × cot d B C = B × tan e
A = ---------- A = ----------
cos e- e
sin d
B B
A e A 90
B 90 d B
90 d 90
C C
C
A = ------------ C
A = ----------
cos d C sin e B = C × cot e
B =cot d e
A B e A B
90 d 90 d
90 d 90
C C
C C
A × sin f
B = ------------------- e =180°(d + f )
A × sin e
C = -------------------- tan d = A × sin e
sin d sin d B A× cos e
d B d d B
d C
f e e
f e
A A A
f =180° (d + e) A × sin e-
C = ------------------- ------×-----sin
sin f = B --------d- e = 180° ( d + f )
sin d A
d d d B
C d
f e f
e f e
A A
Area = A × B × sin e
2 + C2 A2
- sin f = B × sin d- e =180° (d + f )
2 cos d = B
--------------------- --------------------
A
2×B×C
d B d d B
A d
B
f
e
f e
A C A
14 SOLUTION OF TRIANGLES
2 2
Side a
b = c2 – a2 sin A = a--- B = 90° − A a× c –a
------------------------------
hypotenuse c c 2
2 2
Side b
a = c2 – b2 sin B = b--- A = 90° − B b× c –b
------------------------------
hypotenuse c c 2
Hypotenuse c 2
b = c × sin B a = c × cos B A = 90° − B c × sin B × cos B
angle B
Hypotenuse c 2
b = c × cos A a = c × sin A B = 90° − A c × sin A × cos A
angle A
b 2
Side b b
c = ----------- a = b × cot B A = 90° − B ---------------------
angle B sin B 2 × tan B
2
Side b b
c = ------------ a = b × tan A B = 90° − A b × tan A
-----------------------
angle A cos A 2
2
Side a a
c = ------------ b = a × tan B A = 90° − B a × tan B
-----------------------
angle B cos B 2
a- 2
Side a a
c = ---------- b = a × cot A B = 90° − A ---------------------
angle A sin A 2 × tan A
SOLUTION OF TRIANGLES 15
Call the known side a, the angle opposite it A, and the other
known angle B. Then:
C = 180° − (A + B); or if angles B and C are given, but not A,
then A = 180° − (B + C).
b A
(Known) c C = 180 ° – ( A + B )
B
C (Known) × sin B-
b = a-------------------- × sin C-
c = a--------------------
sin A sin A
a
(Known) a × b × sin C
Area = ------------------------------
One side and two angles known 2
Call the known sides a and b, and the known angle between
them C. Then:
a × sin C -
w n) tan A = -----------------------------------
nob A b – ( a × cos C )
( K c
a × sin C
B = 180 ° – ( A + C ) c = ---------------------
C B sin A
(Known)
Side c may also be found directly as below:
a c = a 2 + b 2 – ( 2ab × cos C )
(Known)
Two sides and the angle × b × sin C-
Area = a-----------------------------
between them known 2
Call the known angle A, the side opposite it a, and the other
known side b. Then:
n) × sin A-
w sin B = b-------------------- C = 180° – ( A + B )
K nob A a
( (Known) c
× sin C-
c = a-------------------- a × b × sin C-
Area = -----------------------------
B sin A 2
C
If, in the above, angle B > angle A but <90°, then a second
a solution B 2, C 2, c 2 exists for which: B 2 = 180° − B; C 2 = 180°
(Known) − (A + B 2); c 2 = (a × sin C 2) ÷ sin A; area = (a × b × sin C 2) ÷
2. If a ≥ b, then the first solution only exists. If a < b × sin A,
Two sides and the angle opposite
one of the sides known then no solution exists.
and C. Then:
no
(K b A c b2 + c2 – a2 × sin A-
cos A = ---------------------------- sin B = b--------------------
wn)
B 2bc a
C
C = 180° – ( A + B ) × b × sin C-
Area = a-----------------------------
a 2
(Known)
All three sides known
16 TRIGONOMETRIC TABLES
Mutta Kitty pudisti päätään. »Ei, isä. En minä tule kotiin. Stella
tarvitsee minua. Helen kyllä ymmärtää sen, eikö niin, Helen?»
»No, herra», virkkoi mies, joka johti puhetta, »onko teillä mitään
sanottavaa, ennen kuin käymme toimeen?»
Patches totteli.
Taivaanrannan taa.
»Kittyn?»
»Sano minulle, Larry», intti Helen. »Minun täytyy saada tietää se.
Rakastatko sinä Kittyä, niin kuin miehen tulee rakastaa vaimoaan?»
Nyt Patches vastasi ääni liikutuksesta väristen. »Miksi kysyt
minulta sellaista? Sinähän tiedät vastauksen. Mitä oikeutta sinulla on
pakottaa minut sanomaan sinulle se, minkä jo tiedät — että minä
rakastan sinua — toisen miehen vaimoa?»
»Minä tiedän, että hän rakastaa Phil Actonia, Larry. Minä luin sen
hänen kasvoistaan, kun hän ensin kuuli onnettomuustapauksesta.
Hän on aina rakastanut häntä, Larry, siitä saakka, kun he lapsina
leikkivät yhdessä. Kitty on koettanut tukahduttaa sydämensä tunteen
— hän on koettanut voittaa rakkautensa, mutta nyt hän tietää, että
se on mahdotonta. Olipa onni teille molemmille, että hän huomasi
rakastavansa Actonia, ennen kuin oli ehtinyt pilata sekä omansa että
sinun elämäsi.»
»Juuri sitä sinun kosintasi oli, Larry. Ja Kittyn kaltainen tyttö, jos
hän tietäisi, mitä itse asiassa on tehnyt, pitäisi sen jälkeen varmasti
itseään arvottomana ottamaan vastaan onneaan silloinkin, kun se
todellakin kolkuttaa hänen ovelleen. Sinun täytyy saada hänet
ylpeänä ja iloisena antamaan kätensä miehelle, jota hän rakastaa.»
»Mutta Patches —»
Kitty oli hämmästynyt. Oli totta, että hän ei voinut rakastaa tätä
miestä niin kuin hän rakasti Philiä, mutta hän oli pitänyt häntä
parhaana ystävänään ja kunnioittanut ja ihaillut häntä. Hänestä
tuntui pahalta nähdä hänet tällaisena — arkana ja pelästyneenä.
Hän ei voinut ymmärtää.
»Sinä et tiedä», vastasi tämä, »silloin et olisi niin varma siitä. Phil
saattaisi —», hän vaikeni, ikäänkuin ei olisi uskaltanut päättää
lausettaan.
Kitty arvasi nyt, että hänen pelollaan mahtoi olla syvemmät syyt
kuin hän oli luullutkaan.
»Mutta ethän sinä ole karjavaras», väitti hän. »Sinun tarvitsee vain
selittää kuka olet. Kukaan ei luulisi hetkeäkään Lawrence Knightiä
varkaaksi. On naurettavaa ajatellakaan sellaista.»
»Sinä et ymmärrä», virkkoi Patches jälleen. »On kysymys aivan
muusta kuin varkaudesta.»
Kitty keskeytti hänet hiljaa huudahtaen. »Ja sinä — sinäkö siis teit
sen?»
»Ja sinä luulet, että minä nyt lähtisin kanssasi?» Tyttö vapisi
suuttumuksesta. »Oh, sinä erehdyt suuresti! Ja minä luulen itsekin
erehtyneeni. En voinut koskaan kuvitella, että sinä! Ei mikään, mitä
ikinä tekisitkin, voisi saada minua unohtamaan sitä, minkä juuri
kerroit minulle. Sinä saat lähteä.»
»Mutta Kitty, ajatko sinä näin minut pois? Ethän sinä voi hylätä
minua?»
»Se on ainoa, mitä saatan tehdä», vastasi tyttö kylmästi. »Kuolisin
häpeästä, jos joku saisi tietää, että aioin kerran olla sinulle enemmän
kuin tähän saakka olen ollut. Mutta sinun on välttämättä lähdettävä
tänä iltana.»