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[Download pdf] Advances In Solid Oxide Fuel Cells X A Collection Of Papers Presented At The 38Th International Conference On Advanced Ceramics And Composites January 27 31 2014 Daytona Beach Florida 1St Edition Miha online ebook all chapter pdf
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Edited by
Mihails Kusnezoff
Narottam P. Bansal
Volume Editors
Andrew Gyekenyesi
Michael Halbig
Copyright © 2015 by The American Ceramic Society. All rights reserved.
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ISBN: 978-1-119-04020-0
ISSN: 0196-6219
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Preface vii
Introduction ix
v
Characterization and Performance of a High-Temperature Glass 65
Sealant for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
Chien-Kuo Liu, Ruey-Yi Lee, Kun-Chao Tsai, Szu-Han Wu, and Kin-Fu Lin
The eleventh international symposium on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC): Materi-
als, Science, and Technology was held during the 38th International Conference
and Exposition on Advanced Ceramics and Composites in Daytona Beach, FL, Jan-
uary 26-31, 2014. This symposium provided an international forum for scientists,
engineers, and technologists to discuss and exchange state-of-the-art ideas, infor-
mation, and technology on various aspects of solid oxide fuel cells.
These proceedings contain contributions on various aspects of solid oxide fuel
cells that were discussed at the symposium. Thirteen papers describing the current
status of solid oxide fuel cells materials, science, and technology are included in
this volume. Each manuscript was peer-reviewed using The American Ceramic So-
ciety review process.
The editors wish to extend their gratitude and appreciation to all the authors for
their contributions and cooperation, to all the participants and session chairs for
their time and efforts, and to all the reviewers for their useful comments and sug-
gestions. Financial support from The American Ceramic Society is gratefully ac-
knowledged. Thanks are due to the staff of the meetings and publications depart-
ments of The American Ceramic Society for their invaluable assistance. Advice,
help and cooperation of the members of the symposium’s international organizing
committee (J.S. Chung, Tatsumi Ishihara, Nguyen Minh, Mogens Mogensen, J.
Obrien, Prabhakar Singh, Jeffry Stevenson, Toshio Suzuki, and Eric Wachsman) at
various stages were instrumental in making this symposium a great success.
We hope that this volume will serve as a valuable reference for the engineers,
scientists, researchers, and others interested in the materials, science, and technolo-
gy of solid oxide fuel cells.
MIHAILS KUSNEZOFF
Fraunhofer IKTS
NAROTTAM P. BANSAL
NASA Glenn Research Center
vii
Introduction
This issue of the Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings (CESP) is one of
seven issues published from manuscripts submitted and approved for the proceed-
ings of the 38th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites
(ICACC), held January 26-31, 2014 in Daytona Beach, Florida. ICACC is the most
prominent international meeting in the area of advanced structural, functional, and
nanoscopic ceramics, composites, and other emerging ceramic materials and tech-
nologies. This prestigious conference has been organized by The American Ceram-
ic Society’s (ACerS) Engineering Ceramics Division (ECD) since 1977.
The 38th ICACC hosted more than 1,000 attendees from 40 countries and ap-
proximately 800 presentations. The topics ranged from ceramic nanomaterials to
structural reliability of ceramic components which demonstrated the linkage be-
tween materials science developments at the atomic level and macro level structural
applications. Papers addressed material, model, and component development and
investigated the interrelations between the processing, properties, and microstruc-
ture of ceramic materials.
The conference was organized into the following 19 symposia and sessions.
ix
Symposium 9 Porous Ceramics: Novel Developments and Applications
Symposium 10 Virtual Materials (Computational) Design and Ceramic
Genome
Symposium 11 Advanced Materials and Innovative Processing ideas for the
Industrial Root Technology
Symposium 12 Materials for Extreme Environments: Ultrahigh Temperature
Ceramics (UHTCs) and Nanolaminated Ternary Carbides and
Nitrides (MAX Phases)
Symposium 13 Advanced Ceramics and Composites for Sustainable Nuclear
Energy and Fusion Energy
Focused Session 1 Geopolymers, Chemically Bonded Ceramics, Eco-friendly
and Sustainable Materials
Focused Session 2 Advanced Ceramic Materials and Processing for Photonics
and Energy
Focused Session 3 Rare Earth Oxides for Energy, Optics and Biomedical
Applications
Focused Session 4 Ion-Transport Membranes
Special Session 2nd Pacific Rim Engineering Ceramics Summit
Special Session 3rd Global Young Investigators Forum
The proceedings papers from this conference are published in the below seven
issues of the 2014 CESP; Volume 35, Issues 2-8, as listed below.
Composites IX, CESP Volume 35, Issue 2 (includes papers from Symposium 1)
from Symposium 4)
Volume 35, Issue 8 (includes papers from Symposia 2, 10, 11, and 12 and from
Focused Sessions 1, 2, 3, and 4); the 3rd Global Pacific Rim Engineering
Ceramics Summit; and the 3rd Annual Global Young Investigator Forum
The organization of the Daytona Beach meeting and the publication of these pro-
ceedings were possible thanks to the professional staff of ACerS and the tireless
dedication of many ECD members. We would especially like to express our sincere
thanks to the symposia organizers, session chairs, presenters and conference atten-
ANDREW GYEKENYESI
Ohio Aerospace Institute, NASA Glenn Research Center, USA
MICHAEL HALBIG
NASA Glenn Research Center, USA
Volume Editors
July 2014
Ling-yuan Tseng, Shun-yu Wang, Vincent Chang, Ming-fu Chu, Terry T.T. Chen
Electric Energy Express , Hsinchu, Taiwan
ABSTRACT
An SOFC unit in operation will generate electricity and heat, plus carbon dioxide and
water. Those come out from the SOFC are the essentials for plants to grow through the
photosynthesis reactions. The electricity will light up LED with adjustable output spectrum;
while the heat will provide a growing environment for plants especially in the long winter
regions. Higher CO2 concentration and moisture will facilitate the processes of photosynthesis.
The un-wanted CO2 and extra heat in some regions will become the necessary growing elements
for plants, plus the use of controllable light sources, the harvest can be double-folded. The
most attractive is the operational cost saved for running a plant factory.
INTRODUCTION
There are two major motivations of why the plant factory becomes so popular nowadays
i.e., (1) the food safety and (2) the constant supply of produces. When the plants grow in the
open field, more or less the pesticides and/or fertilizer are used to keep away the damages caused
by insects and increase the harvest. In our planet, high latitude countries are usually short of
supply of produces during cold or snow seasons. Or, certain plants only grow in certain seasons
with different climate conditions. The seasonal constrains limit the supply of produces required
from the market. As the result, vegetables, fruits and flowers are transported from different
places by long haul trucks, rail road, ship containers or even air planes. Besides the cost
increases, the carbon dioxide emission involved from those transportation means it will just
worsen the global warming situation. The carbon footprint of food we consume daily shall be
the lower the better, and that is the urge of “buy local”.
1
SOFC as the Central Control and Essential Supply of a Plant Factory AKA Vertical Farming
called.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants to convert light energy into chemical energy.
Plants usually convert 2%-4% of the available energy in radiation into plant growth .1
Photosynthetic organisms are photoautotroph and it means from carbon dioxide and water and
using the energy from the light, the carbohydrates will be synthesized to fuel the organisms’
activities. The actual conversion efficiency can vary from 0.1% to 8% .2 Organic compounds
produced by photosynthesis provide the energy and building material for ecosystems. In
general, the overall equation of photosynthesis occurs in plants can be represented as,
Depending on the different photosynthesis processes, there are 3 categories of plants which are
C3 (Carbon 3) such as peanuts, soy beans, rice…, C4 (Carbon 4) such as corn, sugar canes,
sorghum… and CAM (Crassulacean acid metabolism) such as cactus, pineapple and orchid.3
Different species of plants will take different routes of photosynthesis processes and the reactions
among those elements are varied. As the result, in order to cultivate the maximum harvest, the
conditions of elements applied for different species, in terms of introductory schedule, time
duration, intensity, and others will be different.
LIGHT
Photosynthesis process depends on the absorption of light by pigments e.g., chlorophyll a,
chlorophyll b and carotenoids in the leaves of plants. Within the visible electromagnetic
spectrum or the biologic window i.e., 400 – 700 nm only the blue (400 nm) and red (700 nm)
wavelengths best absorbed by chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, while green (500 nm) by
ß-carotene. Those spectra favored by plants’ chlorophyll just could be offered by LED with
wavelength in the ranges of red (620-645 nm), green (520-550 nm) and blue (460-490 nm).4,5
Artificial light source can be at 24/365 operation if needed and the intensity can be adjusted to
the desired level. It is programmable from a control unit. Comparatively, stronger
photosynthesis mainly occurs in the red and blue wavelengths, and lights are absorbed by
Dual-Atmosphere Application
Bipolar separator plates and interconnects experience reducing anode gas on one side and
oxidizing oxidant gas on the other side (dual-atmosphere condition). It was observed in the early
1980s that a thin 316L stainless steel bipolar plate in carbonate fuel cell experienced anomalous
accelerated corrosion on the oxidant side. This phenomenon was also observed in SOFC39 and
for module/BOP piping/bellow. This accelerated corrosion was attributed to the hydrogen
diffusion to the oxidant side across the thin stainless steel sheet and subsequently partial
reduction of the oxide scale and/or reaction with the oxygen to form water vapor (within the
oxidant-side oxide scale), disrupting the formation of a dense protective oxide scale. This
accelerated attack is more pronounced for lower-Cr than for higher-Cr SS, although higher-Cr SS
could emit more Cr vapor. Therefore, proper evaluation of alloys under dual-atmosphere
condition is needed for material selection. FCE’s bipolar-plate SS alloy demonstrated high dual-
atmosphere corrosion resistance in long-term field operation (Figures 4 and 6). For SOFC, the
cathode-side of the interconnect may also need to have an adherent and dense conductive
coatings to reduce Cr evaporation.
Phase Transformation
Precipitate phases tend to form in heat-resistant alloys, particularly in stainless steels, during
extended high-temperature service: carbides from residual carbon impurity or carbon intake from
high-carbon activity fuel, and other secondary phases (such as , , and ) from the alloy
elements such as Fe, Cr, Nb, Ti, etc40. While high Cr enhances oxidation resistance, it also
enhances Cr evaporation as well as secondary-phase formation. Such phase transformation
could impact mechanical creep strength since large brittle precipitates usually form at the gain
boundaries. The reduced creep strength may result in cell dimensional change under thermo-
mechanical stress and contact/seal loss, especially for thin-sheet bipolar plate/interconnect. The
precipitation of the carbide phases sensitizes the alloys (sensitization), accelerating grain-
boundary corrosion41. The formation of all these brittle precipitates also embrittles the alloys.
Under sufficiently high mechanical stress, the embrittled alloys may fracture (stress corrosion
cracking). FCE has demonstrated alloy design approaches with improved microstructure, alloy
composition, and/or additives that reduced the formation of secondary phases. As shown in
Figure 7, significantly less -phase formed at 750ºC after 3,000h for an improved alloy grain
microstructure. Creep testing of these pre-heat treated samples also demonstrated significantly
enhanced creep strength at 650ºC if less -phase precipitation (Figure 7). Figure 8 demonstrated
an alternate alloy composition that significantly reduced the undesirable secondary phase
formation in a 15,000h DFC stack test. Such alloy phase-stability experience should also be
useful to SOFC interconnect material design for durability.
Seal Material
The seal area simultaneously experiences reducing and oxidizing environments. For DFC,
extended electrolyte-filled matrix provides the perimeter seal (wet seal). For SOFC, glass, mica,
or porous gasket seal are used. For DFC, an aluminized coating has been shown to provide
excellent protection for the substrate SS against corrosion by the liquid carbonate from the wet-
seal electrolyte matrix, based on long-term 40,000h operation results (Figure 9). The stability of
this aluminized coating is adequate for DFC commercial service. In SOFC, interaction between
glass (generally containing alkali or alkaline-earth elements) and un-protected interconnect
alloys has shown brittle undesirable alkali/alkaline-earth chromate formation42-43. It has been
reported that an aluminized coating can prevent such interconnect-glass seal interaction42-43.
Aluminized coating could be made via thermal spray (flame spray, HVOF, etc.), pack
cementation, PVD, CVD, IVD, slurry painting, or melt dipping. Some of these processes may
require pre-heat treatment to develop an adequate pore-free diffused Fe-Al intermetallic layer.
However, higher-temperature coating processes such as thermal spray or pack cementation may
cause undesirable thermal distortion on thin metallic sheet. FCE’s aluminizing process is
applicable to thin-sheet DFC bipolar plate44; therefore, it is also pertinent to thin-sheet SOFC
seal design.
DFC MANUFACTURING
The anodes and cathodes are manufactured by standard processing techniques such as
tape casting or powder doctoring followed by medium temperature sintering. Matrix made of
ceramic powders is manufactured by standard tape casting process. Standard sheet-metal
fabrication processes such as stamping and high-speed welding are used for cell hardware
fabrication. In 2013 the production levels begin at an annual run-rate of 56 megawatts, smoothly
increased to 70 megawatts during the year, and expanded the total capacity through process
improvements to 100 megawatts annually. FCE is prepared to increase production levels further
as demand supports. All these manufacturing, scale-up and automation process expertise are
applicable to SOFC.
CONCLUSION
Significant progress has been made in DFC technology development, manufacturing,
product engineering, cost reduction and enhancement of field performance and life. High-
temperature materials are extensively utilized and design improvements have extended the
operating life and increased the operating performance of the DFC technology. The DFC
materials selections are founded on many years of focused research and long-term operating