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SECOND EDITION
Energy Society and

AN INTRODUCTION
H ar o ld H. S c h o b e r t
SECOND EDITION
Energy Society
and
AN INTRODUCTION
SECOND EDITION
Energy Society and

AN INTRODUCTION
Harold H. Schobert
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the

Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
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Contents
Preface...................................................................................................................... xv
Acknowledgments...................................................................................................xvii
Author......................................................................................................................xix
Chapter 1 Introduction........................................................................................... 1
Energy and Us....................................................................................... 1
Energy and Nations............................................................................... 5
Where We’re Going............................................................................... 7
References............................................................................................. 9
Further Readings................................................................................. 10
Chapter 2 Energy, Work, and Power.................................................................... 11

Work, Energy, and Power in the Scientific Context............................ 12
How Much Work Gets Done............................................................... 17
Brief History of the Human Use of Energy........................................ 18
References...........................................................................................20
Further Readings.................................................................................20
Chapter 3 Human Energy.................................................................................... 21

Energy in Foods and Energy in Fuels.................................................26
Why Can’t We Eat Coal and Drink Oil?.............................................28
Why Don’t We Catch on Fire When We Eat?..................................... 30
Where Does the Energy in Food Come From?...................................34
References........................................................................................... 36
Chapter 4 The Energy Balance............................................................................ 37

Further Readings.................................................................................44
Chapter 5 Fire...................................................................................................... 45
Early Uses of Fire................................................................................46
The Process of Burning....................................................................... 49
v
vi Contents
Chapter 6 Firewood.............................................................................................. 57
How Does Wood Burn?....................................................................... 57
Where Does the Energy in Wood Come From?.................................. 59
Problems Associated with Wood Combustion.................................... 61
Energy Crises Made of Wood............................................................. 62
Wood in the Industrialized World Today............................................66
Wood in the Developing World........................................................... 69
References........................................................................................... 73
Chapter 7 Combustion for Home Comfort........................................................... 75

Central Heating in History.................................................................. 75
Stoves.................................................................................................. 77
Combustion: The Story So Far............................................................ 78
The Fuels.............................................................................................80
Wood...............................................................................................80
Coal................................................................................................80
Petroleum Products......................................................................... 83
Natural Gas.....................................................................................84
The Smoke Problem............................................................................ 85
About the Humble Match.................................................................... 88
References........................................................................................... 89
Chapter 8 Waterwheels........................................................................................ 91
Kinetic Energy.................................................................................... 91
Potential Energy..................................................................................92
Spontaneous Change and the Energy Diagram...................................94
Waterwheels in the Ancient World......................................................96
Waterwheels in the Medieval World................................................. 101
Waterwheels in the Early Modern World.......................................... 104
Water “Power” as a Form of Solar Energy........................................ 107
Water “Power” and the Environment................................................ 107
References......................................................................................... 109
Further Readings............................................................................... 109
Chapter 9 Wind Energy..................................................................................... 111

Where Does Wind Come From?....................................................... 111
Windmills in the Islamic World........................................................ 112
The Medieval Post Mill..................................................................... 114
The Turret Mill.................................................................................. 117
Wind Energy in the Early Modern Age............................................ 120
References......................................................................................... 123
Contents vii
Chapter 10 Steam Engine.................................................................................... 125

“Prehistory” of Steam....................................................................... 125
Otto von Guericke and the Force of the Atmosphere........................ 126
Atmospheric Engine.......................................................................... 128
James Watt and the Steam Engine.................................................... 135
Richard Trevithick: Steam on Wheels.............................................. 141
Steam: Energy for the Industrial Revolution..................................... 144
References......................................................................................... 145
Chapter 11 Heat and Thermal Efficiency............................................................ 147

Notion of Efficiency.......................................................................... 147
Temperature and Thermal Potential Energy..................................... 148
Gas Laws and the Quest for Absolute Zero...................................... 151
Quantifying Efficiency...................................................................... 154
Equivalence of Heat and Work.......................................................... 161
Heat and How It Is Transferred......................................................... 169
How Much Heat Flows?.................................................................... 170
References......................................................................................... 171
Chapter 12 Introduction to Electricity................................................................. 173

“Prehistory” of Electricity................................................................. 173
Early “Electricians”........................................................................... 173
Electric Fluid and Its Potential.......................................................... 179
Electric Current................................................................................. 179
Resistance.......................................................................................... 180
Electric Power................................................................................... 186
References......................................................................................... 188
Chapter 13 How Electricity Is Generated............................................................ 191

Luigi Galvani’s Frogs........................................................................ 191
Alessandro Volta and the Early “Battery”........................................ 192
Batteries............................................................................................. 195
The Great Dane................................................................................. 197
Michael Faraday and the Invention of the Generator........................ 199
References......................................................................................... 203
Further Readings...............................................................................204
Chapter 14 Impacts of Electricity on Society......................................................205

Breaking the Geographic Barrier......................................................205
Electric Lighting................................................................................207
viii Contents
And Then There Was Edison…........................................................209

Electric Motors.................................................................................. 213
AC or DC?......................................................................................... 218
References......................................................................................... 221
Chapter 15 Electricity from Falling Water.......................................................... 223

The Rotary Generator....................................................................... 223
The Water Turbine............................................................................. 223
Hydropower....................................................................................... 229
Dams: Pros and Cons........................................................................ 235
References......................................................................................... 242
Chapter 16 Electricity from Steam...................................................................... 245

Reciprocating Steam Engines in Electricity Generation................... 245
Early History of the Steam Turbine..................................................246
The Parsons Turbine.......................................................................... 247
Digression: Steam-Turbine Applications in Ship Propulsion............ 249
Robert Boyle and the Behavior of Gases.......................................... 250
Turbines as Heat Engines.................................................................. 255
The Turbine/Generator Set................................................................ 257
How to Get Up a Head of Steam....................................................... 258
Heat Transfer..................................................................................... 259
The Boiler..........................................................................................260
How to Burn Coal............................................................................. 261
The Coal-Fired Electric Generating Plant........................................264
Overall Plant Layout......................................................................... 270
References......................................................................................... 272
Chapter 17 Energy for Transportation................................................................. 273

Humans and Other Animals............................................................. 273
Sailing Ships: Moving with the Wind............................................... 276
Steam for Transportation................................................................... 277
Locomotives................................................................................. 277
Ships............................................................................................. 279
Road Vehicles............................................................................... 282
The Coming of Petroleum.................................................................284
Automobiles...................................................................................... 286
Early Aviation.................................................................................... 289
The Diesel......................................................................................... 292
The Jet............................................................................................... 293
Contents ix
Energy Demands of Transportation.................................................. 295

References......................................................................................... 297
Chapter 18 Petroleum and Its Products................................................................ 299

Fossil Fuels and the Global Carbon Cycle........................................ 299
Cooking Kerogen.............................................................................. 301
Natural Gas....................................................................................... 303
Petroleum and Its Age–Depth Classification....................................306
Products from Petroleum: Introduction to Refining.......................... 313
Reference........................................................................................... 314
Chapter 19 Gasoline............................................................................................. 315

Otto-Cycle Engines and Their Performance..................................... 315
Octane Number................................................................................. 318
Producing Gasoline in the Refinery.................................................. 319
Straight-Run Gasoline from Distillation...................................... 319
Alkylation..................................................................................... 320
Thermal Cracking........................................................................ 320
Catalytic Cracking........................................................................ 321
Catalytic Reforming..................................................................... 323
Octane Enhancers......................................................................... 324
Blending........................................................................................ 326
Chapter 20 Impact of the Automobile.................................................................. 329

The Cycling Craze............................................................................. 329
How Railroads Put People in Cars.................................................... 332
American Dominance in Automobile Manufacturing...................... 334
Effects of Growing Automobile Use................................................. 337
Cars and Industrial Growth.......................................................... 337
Suburbs......................................................................................... 337
Road Building...............................................................................340
Transforming the Social Scene.................................................... 341
References.........................................................................................344
Chapter 21 Jet Engines and Jet Fuel.................................................................... 347

Kerosene as a Refinery Product........................................................ 347
The Jet Engine...................................................................................348
The Early History of the Jet Engine............................................. 348
x Contents
The Turbojet Engine..................................................................... 353

Fan Jet or Turbofan Engines......................................................... 355
Turboprop and Turboshaft Engines.............................................. 357
Jet Cars?........................................................................................ 357
Electricity from Jet Engines......................................................... 358
Jet Fuel............................................................................................... 359
References......................................................................................... 361
Chapter 22 Diesel Engines and Diesel Fuel......................................................... 363

Life without Matches......................................................................... 363
The Diesel Engine and How It Works............................................... 365
Early Development Work............................................................. 365
How the Diesel Engine Functions................................................ 365
Commercial Applications of the Diesel Engine................................ 370
Stationary Engines....................................................................... 371
Marine Applications..................................................................... 371
Railways....................................................................................... 371
Road Transportation..................................................................... 372
The Diesel Airplane..................................................................... 373
Diesel Fuel......................................................................................... 374
Did He Jump or Was He Pushed?..................................................... 375
Reference........................................................................................... 376
Chapter 23 Atomic Energy.................................................................................. 379

The Discovery of X-Rays.................................................................. 379
Henri Becquerel’s Experiment.......................................................... 382
Radiation........................................................................................... 387
The Structures of Atoms................................................................... 388
Radioactivity Is a Nuclear Process.................................................... 390
Nuclear Binding Energy.................................................................... 390
Transmutation of Elements................................................................ 394
The Discovery of Nuclear Fission..................................................... 398
Chain Reactions................................................................................404
References.........................................................................................405
Further Reading................................................................................406
Chapter 24 Nuclear Power Plants.........................................................................407

Components of a Nuclear Reactor.....................................................407
Processes in the Reactor’s Core........................................................ 412
The First Reactor............................................................................... 413
First Applications of Nuclear Fission................................................ 414
Contents xi
The Boiling Water Reactor................................................................ 415

Pressurized Water Reactor................................................................ 416
Pressure Tube Reactors..................................................................... 418
The Steam Cycle............................................................................... 418
Reactor Safety Systems..................................................................... 419
Radiation from Nuclear Plants.......................................................... 420
The End of the Story?........................................................................ 420
Chapter 25 The Nuclear Controversy.................................................................. 425

Health Effects of Radiation............................................................... 426
Units of Radiation......................................................................... 430
Background Radiation.................................................................. 432
Is There a Threshold Radiation Exposure?.................................. 433
Nuclear Reactor Safety...................................................................... 434
Windscale..................................................................................... 435
Three Mile Island......................................................................... 437
Chernobyl..................................................................................... 439
Fukushima.................................................................................... 445
Radioactive Waste.............................................................................446
Nuclear Weapons Proliferation......................................................... 451
Is There a Future for Nuclear Energy?.............................................. 452
Westinghouse AP1000 Reactor.................................................... 452
Pebble Bed Reactor....................................................................... 453
Thorium Reactors......................................................................... 455
References......................................................................................... 456
Chapter 26 Energy and the Environment............................................................. 459

Extraction of Fuels: Mines and Wells............................................... 459
Refining and Beneficiation................................................................466
Fuel Utilization..................................................................................468
Addressing the Environmental Challenge........................................ 470
References......................................................................................... 474
Chapter 27 Acid Rain........................................................................................... 477

The pH Scale..................................................................................... 477
“Natural” Acid Rain.......................................................................... 478
SOx and NOx as Causes of Acid Rain............................................... 479
Environmental Consequences of Acid Rain..................................... 482
Effects on Buildings and Statues.................................................. 483
Acidification of Natural Waters.................................................... 483
xii Contents
Effects on Aquatic Ecosystems....................................................484

Remediation of Aquatic Systems.................................................. 488
Destruction of Terrestrial Plants.................................................. 488
Human Health Effects.................................................................. 490
Acid Rain on the Move..................................................................... 492
Dealing with SOx and NOx Emissions.............................................. 493
Sulfur Oxides................................................................................ 493
Nitrogen Oxides............................................................................ 495
Reference........................................................................................... 497
Chapter 28 Vehicle Emissions and Emissionless Vehicles.................................. 499

Tailpipe Emissions............................................................................ 499
How Smog Forms.............................................................................. 502
Catalytic Converters.......................................................................... 503
Reformulated Gasolines.................................................................... 505
LEVs, Hybrids, and Electric Cars.....................................................506
Chapter 29 Global Climate Change..................................................................... 515

Our Planet Is a Greenhouse............................................................... 515
An Enhanced Greenhouse Effect: Evidence for Global Change...... 523
Roles for Other Greenhouse Gases.............................................. 527
Signs of Global Change..................................................................... 529
Potential Consequences of an Enhanced Greenhouse Effect........... 533
Increasing Average Global Temperatures.................................... 533
Rising Sea Level........................................................................... 535
Shift of Prime Agricultural Regions............................................ 537
The Spread of Deserts.................................................................. 538
Human Health Effects.................................................................. 539
The Possible Release of More Greenhouse Gases on a
Warmer Earth...............................................................................540
Increased Plant Growth as a Benefit............................................540
The Role of the Global Carbon Cycle............................................... 541
Possible Policy Options for Dealing with Global Warming............. 543
References......................................................................................... 548
Chapter 30 Fossil Energy: Reserves, Resources, and Geopolitics....................... 551

Energy Reserves and Resources........................................................ 551
We Depend on Oil............................................................................. 554
Oil Economics................................................................................... 555
Lifetime Estimates............................................................................ 558
Contents xiii
Increasing the Petroleum Reserve..................................................... 560

Lessening Dependence on Petroleum............................................... 562
Oil Production................................................................................... 563
The Race between Discovery and Production.................................. 566
What Does “Running Out” Really Mean?........................................ 567
Geopolitics........................................................................................ 569
Natural Gas....................................................................................... 572
Coal................................................................................................... 574
References......................................................................................... 576
Chapter 31 Renewable Energy from Biomass..................................................... 579

Introduction to Biomass.................................................................... 580
Is Biomass CO2 Neutral?................................................................... 583
Energy Crops..................................................................................... 584
Possible Disadvantages of Biomass................................................... 587
Wood................................................................................................. 589
Uses of Wood as an Energy Source.............................................. 590
Problems with the Use of Wood................................................... 592
Is Wood “Renewable”?................................................................. 593
Methanol............................................................................................ 595
Alcohols as Liquid Fuels for Vehicles.......................................... 595
Production of Methanol................................................................ 596
Advantages of Methanol............................................................... 597
Disadvantages of Methanol.......................................................... 598
Ethanol.............................................................................................. 599
Production of Ethanol...................................................................600
Advantages of Ethanol.................................................................. 601
Disadvantages of Ethanol............................................................. 601
Ethanol in the United States and Brazil.......................................603
Plant Oils and Biodiesel....................................................................604
Municipal Solid Waste......................................................................608
Methane from Biological Sources.....................................................609
Hydrogen........................................................................................... 611
References......................................................................................... 613
Chapter 32 Electricity from Wind....................................................................... 615

Where Wind Comes From................................................................ 615
Wind Energy in the Recent Past........................................................ 616
Wind Turbines................................................................................... 619
Wind as a Modern Energy Source.................................................... 624
Prime Locations for Wind Energy Development.............................. 624
Electricity from Wind: The Current Scene....................................... 626
xiv Contents
Advantages of Wind for Electricity Generation................................ 627

Potential Disadvantages of Wind as an Energy Source.................... 628
Comparison of Wind Energy with Other Sources of Electricity...... 631
References......................................................................................... 632
Chapter 33 Energy from the Sun......................................................................... 635

Energy from the Sun to Earth........................................................... 636
Passive Solar Heating of Buildings................................................... 638
Active Collection of Solar Energy for Heat and Hot Water.............. 641
Indirect Conversion of Solar Energy to Electricity...........................646
Photovoltaics: Direct Conversion of Solar Energy to Electricity...... 650
Advantages and Disadvantages of Solar as an Energy Source......... 658
Chapter 34 Nuclear Fusion: Bringing the Sun to Earth....................................... 661

Where the Sun Gets Its Energy......................................................... 661
Harnessing the Energy of Nuclear Fusion.........................................666
Fuel...............................................................................................666
Ignition......................................................................................... 667
Reactors........................................................................................ 669
Energy Capture............................................................................. 672
Comparing Fusion and Fission as Sources of Nuclear Energy......... 674
Promise and the Frustration of Fusion Energy................................. 675
References......................................................................................... 677
Glossary of Symbols, Abbreviations, and Acronyms........................................ 679
Preface
Our use of energy and our dependence on energy supplies pervade every activity that
we undertake and every aspect of our society. Agriculture, transportation, manu-
facturing, and domestic activities all require, in various ways, electricity and many
kinds of fuels. Energy is frequently in the news, with such issues as energy costs,
especially for petroleum products; availability of supplies, particularly in countries
that rely heavily on imports; and its availability in those parts of the world that still
lack an adequate energy infrastructure.
New energy sources and new ways of using energy have had transformative
effects on society. Very likely, daily life for most people into the mid-eighteenth cen-
tury was not very much different from that of their ancestors centuries earlier. Then
came the invention of the steam engine and the discovery of ways to produce and
transmit electricity. The late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries saw the rise of
the internal combustion engine and its applications in automobiles and airplanes. In
mid-century, nuclear energy became available. Now, in the early twenty-first cen-
tury, we see increasing interest in nonpolluting energy sources that are unlikely to be
depleted: solar energy, wind energy, and energy from plant products.
Particularly since the latter decades of the twentieth century, there has been an
increasing awareness that our use of energy is inextricably linked with impacts on
the environment. The most massive of these impacts is the likely human effects
on the global climate. Perhaps the most spectacular have been the tragic accidents
at nuclear reactors and the continual debate about the storage of nuclear waste.
However, the important lesson is that every energy source, no matter what it is, has
some technological advantages and some disadvantages, some negative impacts on
the environment and sometimes advantageous effects, and some economic draw-
backs and some incentives. As a society, our challenge is to navigate our way through
this sequence of positive and negative issues, choosing the optimum (or least bad)
solution for our locality. Despite the claims of advocates of many energy sources,
there is no one-size-fits-all answer.
This is the second edition of a book that grew out of a course on energy and society,
which I taught for many years at Penn State University. The course was intended for
students not majoring in science or engineering to fulfill partially their requirements
for science courses. Experience with the first edition has shown that this book can
also be read by persons wanting to learn more about energy and its impacts, reading
on their own without using the book as a textbook. I have assumed that most readers,
whether students or interested laypersons, will have minimal background in science
and mathematics, not beyond high school algebra and science. Readers without even
that background can still enjoy and learn from almost all the material in this book,
picking up the needed science “on the fly.”
As the energy and society course evolved over many years of revisions, it seemed
to me (and, I think, to most of the students) to present the material in a roughly
chronological fashion, beginning with the era in which almost everything relied on
xv
xvi Preface
human or animal muscles and ending with the early twenty-first century. Because of
this approach, the book as a whole can also serve as a history of technology, albeit
with special focus on energy technologies.
However, I have tried also to make the chapters, or short sequences of chapters,
accessible so that they can be read on their own or form the basis for a course more
narrowly focused than a broad-brush history of energy technology and its impacts on
society and on the environment.
I have benefitted greatly from the help of the many people listed in the
Acknowledgments, from student feedback on course evaluations, and from informal
discussions with colleagues at Penn State, North-West, and elsewhere. Any errors or
shortcomings are entirely my responsibility.
8 Energy and Society
an electric utility were to propose to construct a nuclear power plant in your town?
Likely, you would be bombarded with an entire range of arguments, pro and con,
ranging from the assurance that nothing can ever possibly go wrong to the asser-
tion that if this reactor is built, you and your families will be exposed to so much
radiation that you’ll glow in the dark. How can we determine where the truth lies?
(Perhaps it’s already obvious to most readers that in this specific example the truth
lies somewhere between these extremes—but where, exactly?) In fact, rather than
being at their mercy, you can become very frightening to the politicians, salesmen,
hucksters, and demagogues of this world, because by far the most truly dangerous
person is someone equipped to think for herself or himself.
Freedom of thought is the only guarantee against infection of people by mass myths,
which, in the hands of treacherous hypocrites and demagogues, can be transformed
into bloody dictatorships.
—Sakharov2
Because the world and the way we use energy are changing at such an incredible
pace, it is vital to be able to continue to learn throughout our lives. Fifty years ago,
digital watches and calculators didn’t exist. Forty years ago, these items cost multiple
hundreds of dollars each. Now, either can be purchased from displays at the checkout
stands of discount stores for less than ten dollars. Fifty years ago, vinyl records dom-
inated the music industry. Since then, we have seen a progression from vinyl records
to tape cassettes to compact disks to music downloaded from the “cloud.” Adding
compounds of lead to improve gasoline performance was an industry standard for
close to fifty years. Leaded gasoline vanished in about a decade.
It’s hoped that this book will help the reader feel confident to continue read-
ing elsewhere, continue learning, and continue probing. When we visit another
country, we can better appreciate its culture and customs if we can understand
something of the language. Unfortunately, it seems to many people that science
itself has now become another country, or another culture.* The technology of
energy and the issues surrounding energy use are all around us. Many energy-
related terms are in common use: acid rain, greenhouse effect, cold fusion, the
China syndrome, meltdown, and semiconductors are a few examples. This book
helps the interested reader to understand what these terms mean. This is especially
so because, as we will soon see (Chapter 2), a scientist sometimes uses a word in a
slightly different way or with a more restricted meaning than when the same word
is used in everyday conversation.
The second point is that there are limits as to what can be accomplished with
energy. We can’t create energy out of nothing. The best we can hope to do is to
utilize the amount of energy available to us and convert it from one form to another.
Ideally, we would hope to be able to convert energy completely from one form
to another, with no waste or losses. As we’ll see, we’ll never really be able to
* The concept of a society divided into two cultures, of which one is science, has been argued eloquently
and most famously by the British writer and physicist C.P. Snow (1905–1980) in his appropriately titled
book, Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution, first published in 1959.
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mut muheammiksi kuin meillä
ne ranskalaisin' on syötetyt,
myös paremmat höysteet on heillä."
Tuli appelsiinien vuoro, kun jo

teki lähtönsä hanhenpaisti;
ne ol' odottamattoman oivia,
ihan mainiolta ne maisti.
Jo äiti minulta mielissään

taas kyseli kyselemätään,
hän muisti sen tuhatkin seikkaa — mun
välin saada ol' aivan hätään.
"Mikä, lapsi kulta, on mieles nyt?

Yhä vieläkö ulkona tuolla
sa politikoit? Nyt kannaltas
minkä puolueen olet puolla?"
"Hyvät appelsiinit on, maammosein, ja tosi nautinnolla imen

suuhuni mehun ma makean ja annan kuorien olla."
XXI LUKU.
Taas alkaa kohota poroistaan vähitellen kaupunki polo; kuin

puudelin puoleksi kerityn on Hampurin hahmo nolo.
Näen murehella ma kadonneen

monen kallismuistoisen kadun. —
Missä talo, joss' suutelot suutelin
ma ensi lempeni sadun?
Missä kirjapaino, jost' ilmoille

mun matkakuvani tuli?
Missä kellari, jossa kerran mun
ens osterit suuhuni suli?
Ja Dreckwall, missä Dreckwall on?

Sit' on hakea turha työ nyt!
Missä paviljonki, joss' olen niin
monet sokeritortut syönyt?
Missä porvariston ja senaatin

koti korkea, raatitalo?
Tulen tuiman saalis! Pyhintäkään
ei säästänyt ahne palo.
Viel' ihmiset huokaili hätäänsä
ja kasvoilla murhe musta
palon suuren surkuteltavaa
he muisteli tapausta:
"Joka haaralla valkea valloillaan,

kaikk' kietoi se liekein ja sauhuin!
Tulipatsaina tornit kirkkojen
ne sortui ryskein ja pauhuin.
On porona vanha pörssi nyt,

joss' isämme asioivat
läpi vuosisatojen keskenään
niin rehellisesti kuin voivat.
Pankki, kaupungin kultainen sielu, jäi,

Herran kiitos! ja kirjat, joissa
joka miehen arvo merkitty
on selvissä numeroissa.
Meille kansat kaukaisimmatkin

keräs apua, kiitos Herran!
hyvä kauppa — se kolehti tuotti noin
miljoonan kahdeksan verran.
Tosihurskaat ja kristityt hoitivat

apukassaa tuota — ei tiennyt
käsi vasempi konsaan, paljonko
oli oikea kulloinkin vienyt.
Avoimiin käsiimme tulvanaan

tuli rahaa kaikista maista,
elintarpeita myös, ylenkatsottu
ei lahjaa minkäänlaista.
Tuli leivät ja lihat ja liemet myös,

puvut, peitteet tukkunansa!
Meille miel' oli Preussin kuninkaan
myös johtaa jo joukkojansa.
Tuho aineellinen tuli korvatuks,

se voitiin arvioida —
mutta hirmu se, meidän hirmumme,
sit' ei millään korvata voida!"
Sanoin rohkaisevasti ma: "Ette saa

noin, veikkoset, itkua valaa;
oli Troija parempi kaupunki,
vaan silt' oli pakko palaa.
Talot uudet tehkää ja kuivatkaa

pois katuinne ropakko-roiskut,
ja paremmat lait te laittakaa
ja paremmat paloruiskut.
Ei kilpikonna-lientänne
pidä liiaksi pippuroittaa,
nuo lihavat suomukarppinne myös
voi terveyttä vahingoittaa.
Vähän vaaraa kalkkunat teille saa,

vaan varottavammat on pillat
sen linnun, mi pesäks on ottanut
pormestarin peruukkivillat.
Mikä turman lintu se on, sit' ei
tässä tarvis sanoa mulla.
Mult' aina, kun sitä aattelen vaan,
ylös tahtoo yökätys tulla."
XXII LUKU.
Vielä muuttuneemmat kuin kaupunki on kaikk' ihmiset —

kallella-päiset ja apeat kadulla astuissaan kuin rauniot
käveleväiset.
On hoikat viel' yhä hoikenneet,

yhä pullistuneet on pulleet,
on lapset vanhoja, vanhat taas
on jälleen lapsiksi tulleet.
Moni imuvasikka entinen

nyt mua jo mullina kohtaa;
moni pikku hanhonen piiperö
emähanhen jo höyhenin hohtaa.
On vanha Gudel maalattu

ja siistitty sireeni-somaks;
tukan mustan ja hampaat valkeat
upo-uudet on hankkinut omaks.
Oli tuttuni, paperikauppias tuo,

lujin kestämään ajan hallan;
pää kehäss' on hiusten kellahtavain —
kuin Johannes kastaja vallan.
Näin ————:n vilahtamalta vain,

ohi pyyhkäs kuin puhallettu;
aju palanut raukan, ja Bieberill'
oli kuulemma vakuutettu.
Näin vanhan sensori-kuomanikin.

Tuli halki usman ja huurun
hän Hanhitorilla vastaani, —
pään kantoi kovin jo kuurun.
Me toistemme kättä pudistettiin,

ukon silmään kyynel täytti.
Miten iloitsikaan minut nähden taas!
Se liikuttavalta näytti. —
En kaikkia tavannut. Ajalliset

monelt' askeleet jo on laanneet.
Ah, silmäni Gumpelinoakaan
eloss' enää ei nähdä saaneet!
Pois suuren sielunsa henkäsi

jalo tuo juur' ennenkuin saavuin,
Jehovan istuimen eess' on nyt
seraafina kirkkain kaavuin.
Tuota käyrää Adonista turhaan hain

halki Hampurin kadut ja torit,
jolla kuppeja, yöposliineja
oli kaupan kukkurakorit.
Pikku Meyer vieläkö elossa lie,
sitä tiedä en toden totta;
en nähnyt miestä ja unohdin
selon Cornetilta ottaa.
Sarras, tuo puudeli uskollinen,

pois kuollut on — haikea hukka!
Kynäniekkaa kymmenen ennen maar
ois uhrannut Campe rukka. — —
On juutalaista ja kristittyä,
niin kauas kuin muisti kantaa,
väki Hampurin; — jälkimmäistenkään
tapa juur' ei ilmaiseks antaa.
Koko hyviä kristityt kaikk' on, myös

hyvin päivällisensä syövät,
ja vekselinlankeema-päivänsä
hyvin harvoin he laiminlyövät.
Taas juutalaisten joukkoa kaks

eri puoluetta on heitä;
synagoogassa vanhat vaeltaa
ja nuoret temppelinteitä.
Halu hangotella on nuorten, ne

sianlihan on nielijöitä,
demokraatteja; vanhat pikemmin taas
ovat ylimysmielijöitä.
Pidän vanhoista, pidän nuorista,

vaan varma se on kuin vala,
eräs muu laji: silakat savustetut,
on vielä parempi kala.
XXIII LUKU.
Tasavaltoina Hampurin varjoon saa hyvin Venedig sekä

Florens, mut on Hampurin osterit oivemmat, myö parhaita
kellari Lorenz.
Oli kaunis ilta, kun Campe vei

minut sinne, — meill' iltatuimaan
oli tuumana Reininviinissä
siell' osterit panna uimaan.
Hyvä seura siell' oli myös, mä näin

iloll' entistä veikkoa monta,
Chaufepién esimerkiksi, monta myös
uutta, ennen tuntematonta.
Oli Willen viiruinen naama, tuo

sukukirja, kärjellä miekkain
käsialaa täyteen kirjattu
akadeemisten vihasniekkain.
Ja Fucks oli, umpipakana,

verivihollinen. Jehovan,
vain Hegeliin uskoo ja hiukan myös
kai Venukseen Canovan.
Oli Campeni jalo Amphitryon,

hymy huulilla luopumatonna;
hänen silmänsä autuutta säteili
kuin kirkastettu Madonna.
Ma aattelin, pöydän aarteita

alas kaulaani halulla ajain:
"Tuo Campe on todella suuri mies,
kukka kaikkien kustantajain.
Joku toinen ois nälässä antanut

mun kulkea maita, teitä,
tää juottaa janonkin sammuksiin;
hänt' en mä ikinä heitä.
Ole kiitetty, luoja taivahan,

tään rypälemehun kun luonut,
ja kustantajaksi kun minulle
olet Julius Campen suonut!
Ole kiitetty, luoja taivahan,

kun suuri tulkoon-sanas
loi osterit mereen ja kasvamaan
maan Reininviiniä manas!
Sitruunia myöskin, antamaan

meren ostereille mehun —
tän' yönä suo, isä, vatsassain
vain hyvästi sulaa rehun!"
Tuo Reininviini niin hellyttää
minut aina, rinnasta haipuu
joka ristiriita, siell' elähtää
syvä ihmislemmen kaipuu.
Mun ajaa se katuja astelemaan

ulos alle taivallan välkeen;
sydän sydäntä hakee, ja silmä käy
valkohelmain hentojen jälkeen.
Ihan riutua moisena hetkenä

olen kaihoon, mi rinnan täyttää;
katit kaikki harmailta silmissäin,
Helenoilta naiset näyttää. — — —
Ja Drehbanin päähän päästessäin

kuun valossa kuninkainen
tuli vastaani vaimo-ihminen,
ylen korkeapovinen nainen.
Oli kukkeat kasvot kuin täysi kuu,

sini silmäin kuin turkoosikivi,
kuin ruusut posket, kuin kirsikka suu,
nenä myös vähän punehtivi.
Päässä päähine valkealiinainen

ihan linnakruunun malliin,
sen tärkkäys poimuihin taitettu
kuin tornit ja sakarat valliin.
Hän kantoi valkoista tunikkaa

alas pohkeille ulottuvaista.
Ja mitkä pohkeet! Kulkimet kuin
pari pylvästä doorilaista.
Mitä maallisin, mitä luonnollisin

joka ilme, mut että vaimo
oli ylempi olento, tiesi taus
yli-inhimillisen aimo.
Kävi kohti hän virkkain: "Terve taas

tykö Elben pitkältä tieltäs —
nuo kolmetoista ei vuotta viel'
ole, näämmä, muuttanut mieltäs!
Haet noita kauniita sieluja kai,

kera joitten niin monesti muinen
tässä kauniissa seudussa karkeli pois
sult' yö sulohaaveiluinen.
Nieli elämä, hirviö satapää,

ne jo irjuvin ikenineen;
pois aika vanha on vaipunut
jo armaine ajattarineen!
Poiss' on sulokukkaset, sydämes

jumaloimat nuoren — ne kukat
on langenneet, on lakastuneet,
ne myrsky runteli rukat.
Ne kuihtui, murtui, musertui

raa'an kohtalon-anturan alle —
niin, veikkonen, täällä kaikelle käy
ihanalle ja armahallel"
"Ken olet sa?" — huusin ma — "olethan
kuin unelma aikojen takaa!
Miss' asut sa, korkea kulkijatar,
ja saanko matkas ma jakaa?"
Hän hymyillen virkkoi: "Sa erehdyt,

olen kunniallinen nainen,
siveellinen, hieno henkilö, en
katuperhonen kaikellainen.
En moinen pikku mamselli,

siro etelän seikkailijatar —
sa tiedä: Hammonia, Hampurin
olen suojelusjumalatar!
Sä säpsähdät, laulaja uljas sa,

sä säpsähdät, säikähdytkin!
No niin, tule äläkä tuumaile,
jos tahdot seurata nytkin!"
Hohonaurussa tuohon ma huudahdin: "Heti kanssas ma

tulla tuumaan — käy edellä vaan, peräss' astutaan, vie vaikka
hornaan kuumaan!"
XXIV LUKU.
Miten salin ahtaista portaista lien ylös tullut, sit' en mä tiedä;

mua näkymättömät henget kai ylös sinne mahtoi viedä.
Siellä, kammiossa Hammonian,

pian hetket herttaiset kulki.
Mulle sympatiansa Jumalatar
jo vanhan tunnusti julki.
"Näes", — virkkoi hän — "ennen enimmän

tuo laulaja lempeni voitti,
joka meille hartaalla harpullaan
Messiaan suuruutta soitti.
Klopstockini kipsinen kaapin pääll'

on vielä, mut verkoissa lukin,
jo vuosia mulla hän ollut on
vain toimessa myssytukin.
Sua lemmin ma nyt. Näet vuoteeni

pääpohjissa kuvasi oman,
ja tuores laakeri, katsopas,
on seppelnä kuvan soman.
Se vaan, että olet mun poikiain
niin näykkinyt usein, se mua
välin todella syvästi loukkas, — nyt ei
saa enää se tapahtua.
Kera vuotten suita jo vallattomuus

tuo toivottavasti talttui,
ja mieles narreja kohtaankin
kai suvaitsevammaksi malttui.
Vaan sanos, kuinka sun pohjolaan

tuli matkata tuuma päähän
tähän vuoden-aikaan, kun tantereet
vilu talven jo vetää jäähän?"
"Oi Jumalatar!" — ma vastasin —

"syväll' ihmispovessa asuu
moni uinuva aatos, mi heräämään
ihan väärällä hetkellä osuu.
Hyvin päällisin puolin ma kyllä voin,

mut sisällä vaiva valvoi,
se päivä päivältä paheni vaan —
mua kotikaipaus kalvoi.
Kävi painostamaan tuo muuten niin

kevyt Ranskan ilma mua;
piti tänne päästäni hengittämään,
jos mieli ei tukehtua.
Käry turpeen ja tupakan täällä taas

piti tuntea täyttä rintaa;

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Energy and Society An Introduction

Second Edition Harold H. Schobert

Chemistry of Fossil Fuels and Biofuels 1st Edition

Introduction to the h Principle Second Edition

Sport Culture and Society An Introduction Grant Jarvie

Public sociology an introduction to Australian society

Laser Spectroscopy and Laser Imaging: An Introduction

An Introduction to Statistical Mechanics and

Global ethics an introduction Second Edition. Edition

Computational Materials Science: An Introduction,

Energy Society and

Energy Society and

Boca Raton London New York

CRC Press is an imprint of the

© 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

No claim to original U.S. Government works

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4822-1925-8 (eBook - PDF)

and the CRC Press Web site at

Chapter 2 Energy, Work, and Power.................................................................... 11

Chapter 3 Human Energy.................................................................................... 21

Chapter 4 The Energy Balance............................................................................ 37

Chapter 7 Combustion for Home Comfort........................................................... 75

Chapter 9 Wind Energy..................................................................................... 111

Chapter 10 Steam Engine.................................................................................... 125

Chapter 11 Heat and Thermal Efficiency............................................................ 147

Chapter 12 Introduction to Electricity................................................................. 173

Chapter 13 How Electricity Is Generated............................................................ 191

Chapter 14 Impacts of Electricity on Society......................................................205

And Then There Was Edison…........................................................209

Chapter 15 Electricity from Falling Water.......................................................... 223

Chapter 16 Electricity from Steam...................................................................... 245

Chapter 17 Energy for Transportation................................................................. 273

Energy Demands of Transportation.................................................. 295

Chapter 18 Petroleum and Its Products................................................................ 299

Chapter 19 Gasoline............................................................................................. 315

Chapter 20 Impact of the Automobile.................................................................. 329

Chapter 21 Jet Engines and Jet Fuel.................................................................... 347

The Turbojet Engine..................................................................... 353

Chapter 22 Diesel Engines and Diesel Fuel......................................................... 363

Chapter 23 Atomic Energy.................................................................................. 379

Chapter 24 Nuclear Power Plants.........................................................................407

The Boiling Water Reactor................................................................ 415

Chapter 25 The Nuclear Controversy.................................................................. 425

Chapter 26 Energy and the Environment............................................................. 459

Chapter 27 Acid Rain........................................................................................... 477

Effects on Aquatic Ecosystems....................................................484

Chapter 28 Vehicle Emissions and Emissionless Vehicles.................................. 499

Chapter 29 Global Climate Change..................................................................... 515

Chapter 30 Fossil Energy: Reserves, Resources, and Geopolitics....................... 551

Increasing the Petroleum Reserve..................................................... 560

Chapter 31 Renewable Energy from Biomass..................................................... 579

Chapter 32 Electricity from Wind....................................................................... 615

Advantages of Wind for Electricity Generation................................ 627

Chapter 33 Energy from the Sun......................................................................... 635

Chapter 34 Nuclear Fusion: Bringing the Sun to Earth....................................... 661

(se on palatsin.) — Pääoven edess' on

Ties oppaani: "Tässä asuu Ernst

Olo häll' on idyllisen turvallinen,

Hänet joskus nään, ja hän päivittää

Toiss' aamuna kamiinin ääressä näin

Tulin Harburgista Hampuriin ma tunnissa. Oli jo ilta, ja ilma

Ja kun äitini luo tulin äkkiään,

"Lapsi kulta, kolmetoista jo on