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Coarse-Grained
Modeling of
Biomolecules
Series in Computational Biophysics
Nikolay V. Dokolyan, Series Editor
Edited by
Garegin A. Papoian
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2018 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, trans-
mitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter
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v
vi ◾ Contents
INDEX, 417
Series Preface
Nikolay V. Dokholyan
Series Editor
Chapel Hill, North Carolina
vii
Foreword
ix
x ◾ Foreword
this work are not yet universally loved, but they are beginning to bring new
insights into the study of biological structure and function.
The future will decide whether this scientific movement can bring forth
its Picasso or Modigliani.
Peter G. Wolynes
Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas
Editor
xi
xii ◾ Editor
xiii
xiv ◾ Contributors
Garegin A. Papoian
CONTENTS
I.1 Introduction xvii
I.2 Bottom-Up Coarse-Graining xviii
I.3 Top-Down Coarse-Graining xxi
I.4 Summary xxiv
Acknowledgments xxv
References xxv
I.1 INTRODUCTION
It is becoming increasingly clear that computer modeling will revolu-
tionize structural and molecular biology. While atomistic simulations of
biomolecules are well understood conceptually, coarse-grained models are
often viewed both with great interest—because of their promise to cut
through length and time scales—but also with certain confusion. The lat-
ter primarily arises from the difficulty of assessing the highly fragmented
landscape of coarse-grained modeling philosophies and strategies, which
should be juxtaposed with the rather straightforward and systematic devel-
opment of atomistic force fields. However, this diversity of approaches is
actually greatly advantageous, providing fertile ground for creative ideas
to germinate, compete with each other, and eventually turn into powerful
methods for attacking the most difficult problems of modern biology and
material science. Confusion, however, has a serious drawback of present-
ing a barrier of entry for younger scientists, who might be intrigued by the
xvii
xviii ◾ Introduction
coarse-grained models was the Ising model of magnetic spins, where the
latter interact with an external magnetic field and each other [21]. On
the one hand, as with many top-down models, the Ising model is highly
idealized and even unrealistic; however, it ushered a new era of much
deeper understanding of critical phenomena in the mid-twentieth cen-
tury. As a PhD dissertation project of Ising, under supervision of Lenz,
the 1D Ising model was developed to study the principles of ferromag-
netism, initially disappointing somewhat because it became clear that the
1D model does not undergo a phase transition at finite temperature. How-
ever, many important statistical mechanical techniques were developed
to solve it, such as the transfer matrix approach [21]. Later, Onsager’s
tour-de-force solution of the 2D Ising model lead to one of the key break-
throughs of twentieth-century science, namely, the possibility of nonclas-
sical exponents when asymptotically approaching the second-order phase
transition point [21]. This insight was later followed by some profound
ideas of scaling in strongly interacting systems, culminating in RG theory
[4–8,22], which explained many phenomena in statistical physics, con-
densed matter physics, and particle physics. Interestingly, the RG theory
provided one of the early formal routes to bottom-up coarse-graining, dis-
cussed above.
Deep physical insights into the fundamental nature of top-down
coarse-graining was given by Fisher in a profound review article in 1988 [7].
He credits Landau with the introduction of systematic effective field theo-
ries and inventing the concept of the order parameter to parsimoniously
describe the essential physics underlying various collective phenomena.
Quoting Fisher’s supposition of how Landau might have reasoned about
this subject [7]: “I may not understand the microscopic phenomena at all,
but I recognize that there is a microscopic level and I believe it should have
certain general, overall properties especially as regards locality and symme-
try: those then serve to govern the most characteristic behavior on scales
greater than atomic.” Hence, discovering a good order parameter can be one
of the most important early steps toward achieving deep physical under-
standing of complex organization in condensed matter systems [7].
In modeling of biomolecules, top-down coarse-graining also played
a critically important role. In 1980s and 1990s, highly idealized lattice
description of polymer chains were used to study protein folding [23–26].
While the lattice models are also very much artificial, they nevertheless lead
to numerous insights into protein folding thermodynamics, kinetics, and
even evolutionary design questions. Starting in the 1990s, off-lattice [27]
Introduction ◾ xxiii
I.4 SUMMARY
I hope I provided convincing arguments that bottom-up versus top-down
coarse-graining should not viewed as a battle of new ideas versus old
ones, or rigorous versus unrigorous statistical mechanics. Instead both
approaches can be very powerful and modern, each having remarkable
strengths, but also pitfalls, depending on the application area, and both will
stay with us for the foreseeable future. In this book, which covers modeling
of biomolecules, both approaches are well represented.
Despite covering quite a bit of material in diverse areas of structural
biology, this book is not encyclopedic. Additional topics and perspectives
have been well reviewed elsewhere, in particular, in an earlier book on
Introduction ◾ xxv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to sincerely thank my former mentors and teachers, who
showed me how to think deeply about statistical mechanics and quantum
chemistry, including Roald Hoffmann, Ben Widom, Michael Klein, and
Peter Wolynes. I also learned a lot and am grateful to all members of my
laboratory, formerly at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,
and currently at the University of Maryland in College Park. I would like
to thank Mary Pitman for reading this Introduction and providing help-
ful feedback. I owe a big debt of gratitude to my wife, Tatiana Meteleva,
and my children, Daniel and Karina, for unconditionally supporting me
and putting up with my heavy work and travel schedules. Finally, I would
like to dedicate this book to my mother and father, Hasmik Galstyan and
Haykaz Papoyan, who, despite difficult circumstances, made sure that my
brother and myself were provided with high-quality education and oppor-
tunities, instilling in us love of knowledge and teaching us how to be good
people.
REFERENCES
1. R. Zwanzig. Nonequilibrium Statistical Mechanics. Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 2001.
2. R. Kubo. Generalized cumulant expansion method. Journal of the Physical
Society of Japan, 17:1100, 1962.
3. M. Levitt and A. Warshel. Computer simulation of protein folding. Nature,
253(5494):694–698, 1975.
xxvi ◾ Introduction
4. L. P. Kadanoff. Scaling laws for Ising models near Tc. Physics, 2(263–272),
1966.
5. B. Widom. Equation of state in the neighborhood of the critical point. Jour-
nal of Chemical Physics, 43(11):3898–3905, 1965.
6. K. G. Wilson. Renormalization group and critical phenomena. I. Renormal-
ization group and the Kadanoff scaling picture. Physical Review B, 4(9):3174,
1971.
7. M. E. Fisher. Renormalization group theory: Its basis and formulation in sta-
tistical physics. Reviews of Modern Physics, 70(2):653, 1998.
8. E. Efrati, Z. Wang, A. Kolan, and L. P. Kadanoff. Real-space renormalization
in statistical mechanics. Reviews of Modern Physics, 86(2):647, 2014.
9. S. Ma. Renormalization group by Monte Carlo methods. Physical Review
Letters, 37(8):461, 1976.
10. R. Swendsen. Monte Carlo renormalization group. Physical Review Letters,
42(14):859–861, Apr 1979.
11. A. Lyubartsev and A. Laaksonen. Calculation of effective interaction poten-
tials from radial distribution functions: A reverse Monte Carlo approach.
Physical Review E, 52(4):3730–3737, Oct 1995.
12. A. Savelyev and G. A. Papoian. Molecular renormalization group coarse-
graining of electrolyte solutions: Application to aqueous NaCl and KCL.
Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 113(22):7785–7793, Jun 2009.
13. A. Chaimovich and M. S. Shell. Coarse-graining errors and numerical opti-
mization using a relative entropy framework. Journal of Chemical Physics,
134(9):094112, 2011.
14. S. Izvekov and G. A. Voth. A multiscale coarse-graining method for bio-
molecular systems. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 109(7):2469–2473, 2005.
15. W. G. Noid, J.-W. Chu, G. S. Ayton, V. Krishna, S. Izvekov, G. A. Voth, A. Das,
and H. C. Andersen. The multiscale coarse-graining method. I. A rigorous
bridge between atomistic and coarse-grained models. Journal of Chemical
Physics, 128(24):244114, 2008.
16. W. G. Noid. Perspective: Coarse-grained models for biomolecular systems.
Journal of Chemical Physics, 139(9):090901–26, 2013.
17. G. A. Voth, editor. Coarse-Graining of Condensed Phase and Biomolecular
Systems. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2008.
18. A. Savelyev and G. A. Papoian. Chemically accurate coarse graining of
double-stranded DNA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA,
107(47):20340–20345, 2010.
19. P. G. Wolynes. Evolution, energy landscapes and the paradoxes of protein
folding. Biochimie, 119:218–230, 2015.
20. A. Einstein. Investigations on the theory of the Brownian movement.
Annalen der Physik, 17(8):549–560, 1905.
21. R. J. Baxter. Exactly Solved Models in Statistical Mechanics (Dover Books on
Physics). Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 2007.
22. M. E. Fisher. The theory of condensation and the critical point. Physics,
3(5):255–283, 1967.
Introduction ◾ xxvii
Brannon näki hänet ensin, sillä Betty katsoi muualle. Josephine oli
odottanut, että hän olisi huudahtanut voimakkaasti tai ainakin
näyttänyt joitakin merkkejä hämmästyksestä tai levottomuudesta.
"Niin", sanoi hän sitten, kun Josephine oli kertonut tarinansa, "sen
täytyi tietenkin tuntua sinusta julmalta ja raakamaiselta, enkä
ymmärrä muuta kuin että olit vallan oikeassa ryhtyessäsi estämään
sitä. Luultavasti olisin tehnyt samalla tavalla, jos olisin sattunut
olemaan paikalla. Mutta Brannon sanoi sinulle totuuden. Laki lakina
on näillä seuduilla vain pilaa. Laista ei täällä kannata puhuakaan.
Sitä laiminlyödään aina kun se vain ei ole vahingoksi. Mies, joka
varastaa hevosen, tietää varsin hyvin, mikä kohtalo häntä odottaa,
jos hän joutuu kiinni. Hän kärsii tavan vakiinnuttaman rangaistuksen.
Se ei ole murha tavallisessa merkityksessä, koska sen täkäläinen
lakikirja sallii. Brannon ei katsonut asiaa samoilla silmillä kuin sinä,
vaikkakin hän epäilemättä aavisti mitä tunteita se sinussa herätti. Ja
mahdollisesti hän lisäksi ärsytti sinua nauramalla sinulle
hiljaisuudessa, kuten hänen tapansa on. Brannon on todellinen mies,
Jo."
Viides luku.
Mrs Whitman oli Ben Whitmanin äiti, yhden niistä kolmesta, joita
Betty oli ylistänyt ensimmäisinä päivinä hänen tulonsa jälkeen
Lawsonin karjatalolle. Hän oli hento, murhemielinen nainen, joka
kantoi sairautensa stoalaisella tyyneydellä. Kahteen vuoteen hän ei
ollut astunut jalallaan Whitmanin karjatalon seinien sisäpuolelta ja
hänen tervetulon toivotuksensa Josephinelle oli ollut liikuttavan
sydämellinen, samoin kuin hänen pyyntönsäkin, että hän uudistaisi
käyntinsä "hyvin pian."
Josephine oli luvannut tulla, mutta käynti oli lykkääntynyt yhä kun
Betty Lawsonilla oli paljon työtä, liian paljon joutaakseen
"vetelehtimään", kuten hän suoraan oli Josephinelle sanonut ja
Josephine ei taas halunnut lähteä yksin matkaan.
Varsin omituista oli, että kun hän yritti selitellä tuota tunnetta ei hän
tiennyt mistä aloittaa. Sillä hän tunsi, että kaikki minkä hän näki,
kiusasi häntä julmalla raa’alla voimallaan. Karja, jonka hän näki, oli
suurta, jäntevälihaksista, hurjasilmäistä ja ärtyisää, ja saattoi juosta
yhtä kovaa kuin hevonen. Hevoset olivat sitkeitä, pörrökarvaisia,
pahasisuisia petoja, jotka näkyivät iankaikkisesti vastustavan kaikkia
hillitsemisyrityksiä. Miehet, joita hän oli nähnyt, olivat hiljaisia, tuiman
näköisiä, itsetyytyväisiä, ja näyttivät täysin vastaavan seudun
karuutta. Ahavoittuneine kasvoineen ja rauhallisine, vakaville
silmineen näyttivät he pronssipatsailta joltakin esihistorialliselta
ajalta. Ja joka miehellä oli kuolettava ase vyöllään eikä hän epäillyt
että he joka hetki olivat valmiit sitä käyttämään.
Ja hän oli varma siitä, ettei Brannon ollut mennyt ulos, sillä — hän
myönsi sen punastuen — hän oli pitänyt silmällä ovea.
Mies oli ilmeisesti ontunut aivan kuin hänen jalkansa tai reitensä
olisi ollut loukkaantunut. Ilman ihmeellinen kuulakkuus vaikutti, että
hänen kasvonsa selvästi näkyivät päärakennukseen saakka ja
Josephine tunsi hänet samaksi tummaksi mieheksi, joka oli
kuiskannut hänelle tuona päivänä radan varrella, samaksi mieheksi,
joka oli auttanut häntä Les Artwellin vapauttamisessa.
Kuudes luku.
"Miten se loukkaantui?"
Mies nauroi leveästi. "Jo vain, Less on turvassa. Hän pyysi minua
kiittämään teitä. Te teitte hänelle hyvän työn, ma'am. Artwell ei ole
koskaan varastanut hevosta keneltäkään!" Hän katsoi Josephilleen
tuikeasti, kysyvästi. "Ettehän ole kertonut Brannonille, että minä
katkaisin Artwellin siteet?"
"Joutavia, sitä ette tee", sanoi hän nopeasti. "Siitä ei maksa vaivaa
olla levoton."
Tämä usko pysyi lujana siksi, kunnes hän pääsi kuistille ja sieltä
katsoi taakseen.
Seitsemäs luku.
"Odottakaa!"