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HIGH-PERFORMANCE MATERIALS
AND ENGINEERED CHEMISTRY
Innovations in Physical Chemistry: Monograph Series
HIGH-PERFORMANCE MATERIALS
AND ENGINEERED CHEMISTRY
Edited by
Francisco Torrens, PhD
Devrim Balköse, PhD
Sabu Thomas, PhD
Apple Academic Press Inc. Apple Academic Press Inc.
3333 Mistwell Crescent 9 Spinnaker Way
Oakville, ON L6L 0A2 Waretown, NJ 08758
Canada USA
© 2018 by Apple Academic Press, Inc.
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-77188-598-0 (Hardcover)
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-315-18786-0 (eBook)
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any
electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and re-
cording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher
or its distributor, except in the case of brief excerpts or quotations for use in reviews or critical articles.
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is
quoted with permission and sources are indicated. Copyright for individual articles remains with the authors
as indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable
data and information, but the authors, editors, and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity
of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors, editors, and the publisher have attempted to
trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders
if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowl-
edged, please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
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and identification without intent to infringe.
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visit our website at www.appleacademicpress.com and the CRC Press website at www.crcpress.com
ABOUT THE EDITORS
List of Contributors........................................................................................ ix
List of Abbreviations....................................................................................xiii
Preface........................................................................................................ xvii
Index......................................................................................................................391
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Cristóbal N. Aguilar
Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila
25280, México
Sharma Amit L
Optical Devices and Systems, CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organisation, Chandigarh, India
Devrim Balköse
Department of Chemical Engineering, İzmir Institute of Technology, Gulbahce, Urla İzmir, Turkey
Ondrej Bošák
Institute of Materials Science, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology in Trnava, Slovak University
of Technology, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
Gloria Castellano
Departamento de Ciencias Experimentales y Matemáticas, Facultad de Veterinaria y Ciencias Experi-
mentales, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Guillem de Castro‑94, València E-46001,
Spain
Samiha F. Deriase
Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City Cairo 11727, Egypt
Miguel A. Esteso
U.D. Química Física, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid,
Spain
Muhammad Faisal
Department of Physics, PES Institute of Technology, Bangalore South Campus, Bangalore 560100,
Karnataka, India
Dipak K. Goswami
Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal,
India
Barış Gümüş
Department of Chemical Engineering, İzmir Institute of Technology, Gulbahce, Urla İzmir, Turkey
Palle Kiran
Department of Mathematics, Rayalaseema University, Kurnool 518002, Andhra Pradesh, India
Marián Kubliha
Institute of Materials Science, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology in Trnava, Slovak University
of Technology, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
Vladinír Labaš
Institute of Materials Science, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology in Trnava, Slovak University
of Technology, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
Ramón Larios-Cruz
Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila
25280, México
Victor M. M. Lobo
Department of Chemistry and Coimbra Chemistry Centre, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004535,
Portugal
Stanislav Minárik
Research Centre of Progressive Technologies, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovak
Republic
Julio C. Montañez
Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila
25280, México
Kumar Mukesh
Optical Devices and Systems, CSIR- Central Scientific Instruments Organisation, Chandigarh, India
Kumari Neelam
Optical Devices and Systems, CSIR- Central Scientific Instruments Organisation, Chandigarh, India
Ahmed M. Omer
Polymer Research Department, Advanced Technologies and New Materials Research Institute (ATNMRI),
City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab, Alexandria
21934, Egypt
Sukanchan Palit
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Energy Acres, Post-
Office-Bidholi via Premnagar, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India
Arely Prado-Barragán
Department of Biotechnology, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa, Delegación
Iztapalapa, Distrito Federal 09340, México
Ana C. F. Ribeiro
Department of Chemistry and Coimbra Chemistry Centre, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004535,
Portugal
Rosa M. Rodríguez-Jasso
Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila
25280, México
Héctor A. Ruiz
Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila
25280, México
Maysa M. Sabet
Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry of Drugs, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology,
Bratislava 84104, Slovakia
List of Contributors xi
Cecilia I. A. V. Santos
Department of Chemistry and Coimbra Chemistry Centre, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004535,
Portugal
Diana C. Silva
Department of Chemistry and Coimbra Chemistry Centre, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004535,
Portugal
Pedro S. P. Silva
Department of Physics, CFisUC, Universidade de Coimbra, Rua Larga, P-3004516 Coimbra, Portugal
Ladislav Šoltés
Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry of Drugs, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology,
Bratislava 84104, Slovakia
Nimmakayala V. V. Subbarao
Center for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
Parinam Sunita
Optical Devices and Systems, CSIR- Central Scientific Instruments Organisation, Chandigarh, India
Heru Susanto
Department of Information Management, College of Management, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
Tamer M. Tamer
Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry of Drugs, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology,
Bratislava 84104, Slovakia
Carmen Teijeiro
U.D. Química Física, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid,
Spain
Francisco Torrens
Institut Universitari de Ciència Molecular, Universitat de València, Edifici d’Instituts de Paterna, P. O.
Box 22085, València E-46071, Spain
Merve Türk
Department of Chemical Engineering, İzmir Institute of Technology, Gulbahce, Urla İzmir, Turkey
R. R. Usmanova
Ufa State Technical University of Aviation, Ufa 450000, Bashkortostan, Russia
Fatma Ustun
Department of Chemical Engineering, İzmir Institute of Technology, Gulbahce, Urla İzmir, Turkey
Katarína Valachová
Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry of Drugs, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology,
Bratislava 84104, Slovakia
Karar Vinod
Optical Devices and Systems, CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organisation, Chandigarh, India
G. E. Zaikov
N. M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
This book:
• highlights some important areas of current interest in polymer
products and chemical processes
• focuses on topics with more advanced methods
• emphasizes precise mathematical development and actual
experimental details
• analyzes theories to formulate and prove the physicochemical
principles
• provides an up-to-date and thorough exposition of the present state
of the art of complex materials.
approaches, the idea of this method is to provide a unique model for the
optimization of engineering processes, without imposition of assumptions
relating to the type of process.
PART I
High-Performance Materials
CHAPTER 1
CONTENTS
Abstract.........................................................................................................4
1.1 Introduction..........................................................................................4
1.2 Development Process...........................................................................7
1.3 Case Studies.......................................................................................19
Keywords....................................................................................................31
References...................................................................................................31
4 High-Performance Materials and Engineered Chemistry
ABSTRACT
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Thin film optical filters are one of the important components which are used
in precision optics applications like optics, avionics, sensors, fiber optics,
and space applications.1–3 It consists of one or more thin layers of material
deposited on an optical component such as a lens or mirror, which alters the
way in which the optic component reflects and transmits light due to light
wave interference (see Fig. 1.1) and the differences in refractive indices of
layers and substrate.4 The thickness of the layers of coating material must
be in the order of the desired wavelength. Metals, metal oxides, dielectrics,
or composites having desired optical constants in the wavelength range of
interest are used for optical coating. Commonly used metals are gold (Au),
silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), titanium (Ti), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron
(Fe), platinum (Pt), etc., which can be deposited as either single layer or
multi-layers. Dielectric materials are magnesium fluoride (MgF2), titanium
dioxide (TiO2), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), silicon dioxide (SiO2), hafnium
dioxide (HfO2), lithium fluoride (LiF), zinc sulfide (ZnS), indium tin oxide,
etc., which are commonly used for coating.
These materials can be deposited on a variety of substrate materials such
as optical grade glass (BK7, SF6, and SK2 used in precision optics), plas-
tics, metals, semiconductors, and ceramics. Various theoretical and experi-
mental investigations have been carried out on properties of metal oxide thin
films.5–9 TiO2 is one of the semi-conductor metal oxides, which has gained a
lot of attention in past few years due to its excellent physical, chemical, and
optical properties.10–14 It has a high band energy and exhibits high transpar-
ency in the visible region. TiO2 has tunable refractive index, low thermal
stress, and high stability, which make it suitable for various applications like
sensors, optical coatings, self-cleaning, anti-fogging,15 anti-reflective coat-
ings,16 band pass, and band stop filters, where it is used in combination with
other dielectric materials.17,18
Optical Thin Film Filters: Design, Fabrication, and Characterization 5
n1 = n0 ns (1.1)
where n1 is the index of the thin layer, and n0 and ns are the indices of the
two media.
6 High-Performance Materials and Engineered Chemistry
1.2.1 DESIGN
The design of optical thin film coatings has always remained as a key
research area in the field of optical filters as it has outpaced the manufac-
turing capabilities of most of the advanced deposition processes with the
incorporation of graded index, graded thickness, and apodization concepts.
Advances in computation techniques have resulted in better synthesis and
optimization methods to match the required filter performance. An efficient
design of an optical thin film filter largely depends on the choice of suit-
able material combinations, a good starting design coupled with a powerful
optimization algorithm. Starting design includes the selection of various
design parameters like substrate and coating materials, thickness, refractive
index, number of layers, angle of incidence, etc. Algorithms like genetic
algorithm,33,34 particle swarm optimization,35 etc. are used for the design and
optimization of the filters.
Design procedure includes:
a. coating plant,
b. substrate cleaning and preparation,
c. material preparation,
4. coating process.
The preparation of materials for deposition or coating depends upon the type
of deposition to be performed (which is discussed in Section 1.2.2.4). The
materials can be either in solid or in chemical (gaseous) form. This chapter
mainly considers the solid materials which are usually in tablet, palettes, or
powdered form. Tablets or palettes are powdered using mortar and pestle
before they can be used for deposition. The selected materials during design
process are filled into the boats/crucibles and are kept in the crucible holder
inside the chamber of the deposition plant. The material of the boat depends
upon the type of material being used. For materials with high melting point
usually molybdenum or tungsten boats are used.
There are a number of methods in which thin films can be grown or depos-
ited36,37 on a substrate. The type of deposition technique chosen for a partic-
ular filter depends on the application of that filter as well as mechanical and
environmental stress stability requirements.
Deposition techniques of thin films are broadly divided into two categories: